diff --git a/crates/kumo-spf/src/lib.rs b/crates/kumo-spf/src/lib.rs
index 32c2509c..029f83bf 100644
--- a/crates/kumo-spf/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/kumo-spf/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ use instant_xml::{FromXml, ToXml};
 use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
 use std::fmt;
 use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
 pub mod record;
@@ -160,6 +162,7 @@ struct SpfContext<'a> {
     pub(crate) now: SystemTime,
     pub(crate) ehlo_domain: Option<&'a str>,
     pub(crate) relaying_host_name: &'a str,
+    lookups_remaining: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> SpfContext<'a> {
@@ -187,12 +190,14 @@ impl<'a> SpfContext<'a> {
             now: SystemTime::now(),
             ehlo_domain: None,
             relaying_host_name: "localhost",
+            lookups_remaining: Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(10)),
         })
     }
 
     pub fn with_ehlo_domain(&self, ehlo_domain: Option<&'a str>) -> Self {
         Self {
             ehlo_domain,
+            lookups_remaining: self.lookups_remaining.clone(),
             ..*self
         }
     }
@@ -200,15 +205,39 @@ impl<'a> SpfContext<'a> {
     pub fn with_relaying_host_name(&self, relaying_host_name: Option<&'a str>) -> Self {
         Self {
             relaying_host_name: relaying_host_name.unwrap_or(self.relaying_host_name),
+            lookups_remaining: self.lookups_remaining.clone(),
             ..*self
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn with_domain(&self, domain: &'a str) -> Self {
-        Self { domain, ..*self }
+        Self {
+            domain,
+            lookups_remaining: self.lookups_remaining.clone(),
+            ..*self
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn check_lookup_limit(&self) -> Result<(), SpfResult> {
+        let remain = self.lookups_remaining.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+        if remain > 0 {
+            self.lookups_remaining.store(remain - 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        Err(SpfResult {
+            disposition: SpfDisposition::PermError,
+            context: "DNS lookup limits exceeded".to_string(),
+        })
     }
 
     pub async fn check(&self, resolver: &dyn Resolver, initial: bool) -> SpfResult {
+        if !initial {
+            if let Err(err) = self.check_lookup_limit() {
+                return err;
+            }
+        }
+
         let name = match Name::from_str_relaxed(self.domain) {
             Ok(name) => name,
             Err(_) => {
@@ -300,6 +329,9 @@ impl<'a> SpfContext<'a> {
         spec: Option<&MacroSpec>,
         resolver: &dyn Resolver,
     ) -> Result<Option<String>, SpfResult> {
+        // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7208#section-4.6.4
+        self.check_lookup_limit()?;
+
         let domain = self.domain(spec, resolver).await?;
 
         let domain = match Name::from_str_relaxed(&domain) {
@@ -322,7 +354,14 @@ impl<'a> SpfContext<'a> {
             }
         };
 
-        for ptr in ptrs.iter().filter(|ptr| domain.zone_of(ptr)) {
+        for (idx, ptr) in ptrs.iter().filter(|ptr| domain.zone_of(ptr)).enumerate() {
+            if idx >= 10 {
+                // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7208#section-4.6.4
+                return Err(SpfResult {
+                    disposition: SpfDisposition::PermError,
+                    context: format!("too many PTR records for {}", self.client_ip),
+                });
+            }
             match resolver.resolve_ip(&ptr.to_string()).await {
                 Ok(ips) => {
                     if ips.iter().any(|&ip| ip == self.client_ip) {
diff --git a/crates/kumo-spf/src/record.rs b/crates/kumo-spf/src/record.rs
index 4c2f92cf..4f43b335 100644
--- a/crates/kumo-spf/src/record.rs
+++ b/crates/kumo-spf/src/record.rs
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ impl Directive {
         let matched = match &self.mechanism {
             Mechanism::All => true,
             Mechanism::A { domain, cidr_len } => {
+                cx.check_lookup_limit()?;
                 let domain = cx.domain(domain.as_ref(), resolver).await?;
                 let resolved = match resolver.resolve_ip(&domain).await {
                     Ok(ips) => ips,
@@ -176,6 +177,7 @@ impl Directive {
                     .any(|&resolved_ip| cidr_len.matches(cx.client_ip, resolved_ip))
             }
             Mechanism::Mx { domain, cidr_len } => {
+                cx.check_lookup_limit()?;
                 let domain = cx.domain(domain.as_ref(), resolver).await?;
                 let exchanges = match resolver.resolve_mx(&domain).await {
                     Ok(exchanges) => exchanges,
@@ -188,7 +190,15 @@ impl Directive {
                 };
 
                 let mut matched = false;
-                for exchange in exchanges {
+                for (idx, exchange) in exchanges.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                    if idx >= 10 {
+                        // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7208#section-4.6.4
+                        return Err(SpfResult {
+                            disposition: SpfDisposition::PermError,
+                            context: format!("too many MX records for {domain}"),
+                        });
+                    }
+
                     let resolved = match resolver.resolve_ip(&exchange.to_string()).await {
                         Ok(ips) => ips,
                         Err(err) => {
@@ -227,6 +237,7 @@ impl Directive {
             }
             .matches(cx.client_ip, IpAddr::V6(*ip6_network)),
             Mechanism::Ptr { domain } => {
+                // Note that validated_domain applies lookup limits
                 let validated_domain = cx.validated_domain(domain.as_ref(), resolver).await?;
 
                 validated_domain.is_some()
@@ -266,6 +277,7 @@ impl Directive {
                 }
             }
             Mechanism::Exists { domain } => {
+                cx.check_lookup_limit()?;
                 let domain = cx.domain(Some(domain), resolver).await?;
                 match resolver.resolve_ip(&domain).await {
                     Ok(ips) => ips.iter().any(|ip| ip.is_ipv4()),
diff --git a/crates/kumo-spf/src/tests.rs b/crates/kumo-spf/src/tests.rs
index 1d57c7ba..a73cbb41 100644
--- a/crates/kumo-spf/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/kumo-spf/src/tests.rs
@@ -395,6 +395,29 @@ async fn ptr() {
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn lookup_limits() {
+    let mut resolver = TestResolver::default().with_zone(EXAMPLE_COM);
+    for i in 1..=15 {
+        resolver = resolver.with_txt(
+            &format!("inc{i}.com"),
+            format!("v=spf1 redirect=inc{}.com", i + 1),
+        );
+    }
+
+    let resolver = resolver.with_txt("example.com", "v=spf1 redirect=inc1.com".to_string());
+
+    let result = evaluate_ip(Ipv4Addr::from([192, 0, 2, 65]), &resolver).await;
+    k9::assert_equal!(
+        &result,
+        &SpfResult {
+            disposition: SpfDisposition::PermError,
+            context: "DNS lookup limits exceeded".to_owned(),
+        },
+        "{result:?}"
+    );
+}
+
 /// https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208#appendix-A
 const EXAMPLE_COM: &str = r#"; A domain with two mail servers, two hosts, and two servers
 ; at the domain name