test: part of parser test migrated from duckdb (#5125)

* test: update test

* fix: fix test

tests/cases/standalone/common/parser/parser.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+-- columns aliases, from:
+-- https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/9196dd9b0a163e6c8aada26218803d04be30c562/test/sql/parser/columns_aliases.test
+
+CREATE TABLE integers (ts TIMESTAMP TIME INDEX, i INT, j INT);
+
+INSERT INTO integers SELECT 0::TIMESTAMP ts, 42 i, 84 j UNION ALL SELECT 1::TIMESTAMP, 13, 14;
+
+SELECT i, j FROM (SELECT COLUMNS(*)::VARCHAR FROM integers);
+
+SELECT i, j FROM (SELECT * FROM integers);
+
+SELECT min_i, min_j, max_i, max_j FROM (SELECT MIN(i) AS "min_i", MAX(i) AS "max_i", MIN(j) AS "min_j", MAX(j) AS "max_j" FROM integers);
+
+DROP TABLE integers;
+
+-- skipped, unsupported feature: digit separators
+-- SELECT 1_000_000;
+
+-- skipped, unsupported feature: division operator precedence
+-- SELECT 6 + 1 // 2;
+
+-- expression depth, from:
+-- https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/9196dd9b0a163e6c8aada26218803d04be30c562/test/sql/parser/expression_depth_limit.test
+SELECT (1+(1+(1+(1+(1+(1+(1+1)))))));
+
+-- skipped, unsupported feature: dollar quotes
+-- SELECT $$$$ = '';
+
+-- skipped, unsupported feature: from_first, see also:
+-- https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/5012
+-- FROM integers;
+
+-- skipped, unsupported feature: function chaining
+-- SELECT "abcd".upper().lower();