* feat: metric batch 2s PoC
Signed-off-by: jeremyhi <fengjiachun@gmail.com>
* chore: max_concurrent_flushes
Signed-off-by: jeremyhi <fengjiachun@gmail.com>
* chore: work channel size
Signed-off-by: jeremyhi <fengjiachun@gmail.com>
* feat(servers): add metrics and logs for pending rows batch flush
Add the `FLUSH_ELAPSED` histogram metric to track the duration of pending
rows batch flushes in the Prometheus store protocol handler. This provides
better observability into the performance and latency of the batcher.
Also update telemetry by:
- Recording elapsed time for both successful and failed flush operations.
- Adding an informational log upon successful flush including row count and duration.
- Including elapsed time in error logs when a flush fails.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat(servers): implement columnar batching for pending rows
Refactor PendingRowsBatcher to use columnar batching for the metrics
store. Incoming RowInsertRequests are now converted to RecordBatches,
partitioned, and flushed via BulkInsert requests to datanodes.
- Enhance MultiDimPartitionRule to handle scalar boolean predicates.
- Add metrics for tracking flush failures and dropped rows.
- Update dependencies to support columnar batching in servers.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat(servers): add backpressure for pending rows
Implement backpressure in PendingRowsBatcher by limiting in-flight
requests with a semaphore and making the submission wait for the flush
result. This ensures Prometheus write requests are throttled and only
return once the data has been successfully flushed to datanodes.
- Add max_inflight_requests to PromStoreOptions.
- Use oneshot channels to notify submitters of flush completion.
- Limit concurrent requests using a new inflight_semaphore.
- Update PendingRowsBatcher::submit to wait for the flush outcome.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat: add stage-level metrics for bulk ingestion
Introduce histograms to track the elapsed time of various stages in the
metric engine bulk insert path and the server's pending rows batcher.
This provides better observability into the performance bottlenecks
of the ingestion pipeline.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* - `src/metric-engine/src/engine/bulk_insert.rs`: Removed the fallback mechanism that converted record batches to rows when bulk inserts were unsupported, along with related helper functions and unused imports.
- `src/operator/src/insert.rs`: Removed an unused import (`common_time::TimeToLive::Instant`).
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat(servers): columnar Prom remote write
Optimize the Prometheus remote write path by allowing direct conversion
from decoded Prometheus samples to Arrow RecordBatches. This bypasses
intermediate row-based representations when `PendingRowsBatcher` is
active and no pipeline is used, improving ingestion efficiency.
- Implement `as_record_batch_groups` in `TablesBuilder` and `PromWriteRequest`.
- Add `submit_prom_record_batch_groups` to `PendingRowsBatcher`.
- Introduce `DecodedPromWriteRequest` in `prom_store`.
- Implement row-to-RecordBatch conversion logic in `prom_row_builder`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* Revert "feat(servers): columnar Prom remote write"
This reverts commit efbb63c12a3e7fcec03858ea0351efd94fec8242.
* refactor(servers): improve row to RecordBatch conversion
- Use `snafu::ensure` for row validation in `rows_to_record_batch`.
- Add explicit type hint for `MutableVector` to improve clarity.
- Reorganize and clean up imports in `pending_rows_batcher.rs`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* perf(servers): use arrow builders for row conversion
This commit optimizes the conversion from `api::v1::Rows` to `RecordBatch`
by using Arrow builders directly. This avoids the overhead of
`MutableVector` and `common_recordbatch`, leading to better performance
in the `pending_rows_batcher`.
Additionally, the `#[allow(dead_code)]` attribute is removed from
`modify_batch_sparse` in the metric engine as it is now utilized.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* perf(metric-engine): optimize batch modification
Optimize `modify_batch_sparse` by reusing buffers, using Arrow
builders, and employing fast-path encoding methods. This reduces
allocations and avoids redundant downcasting and serializer overhead.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat/metric-engine-support-bulk:
**Add Environment Variable for Batch Sync Control**
- `pending_rows_batcher.rs`: Introduced an environment variable `PENDING_ROWS_BATCH_SYNC` to control the synchronization behavior of batch processing. If set to true, the function will wait for the flush result; otherwise, it will return immediatel
with the total rows count.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* wip
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* chore: update and fix clippy
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* fix: failing test
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* picking-pending-rows-batcher:
### Commit Message
Remove Unused Code and Simplify Error Handling
- **`src/error.rs`**: Removed the `BatcherQueueFull` error variant and its associated logic, simplifying the error handling by removing unused code.
- **`src/http/prom_store.rs`**: Eliminated the `try_decompress` function, streamlining the decompression logic by directly using `snappy_decompress` in `decode_remote_read_request`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* chore: parse PENDING_ROWS_BATCH_SYNC once
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* chore: revert unrelated changes
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* **Refactor Prometheus Write Handling**
- **`prom_store.rs`**: Introduced `pre_write` method in `PromStoreProtocolHandler` to handle pre-write checks for Prometheus remote write requests. Updated `write` method to utilize `pre_write`.
- **`server.rs`**: Modified `PendingRowsBatcher` initialization to conditionally create a batcher based on `with_metric_engine` flag.
- **`http/prom_store.rs`**: Integrated `pre_write` checks before submitting requests to `PendingRowsBatcher`.
- **`query_handler.rs`**: Added `pre_write` method to `PromStoreProtocolHandler` trait for pre-write operations.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* picking-pending-rows-batcher:
- **Fix Label Typo**: Corrected a typo in the label value from `"flush_wn ite_region"` to `"flush_write_region"` in `pending_rows_batcher.rs`.
- **Refactor Array Building Logic**: Introduced a macro `build_array!` to streamline the construction of `ArrayRef` for different data types, reducing code duplication in `pending_rows_batcher.rs`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* format toml
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* picking-pending-rows-batcher:
### Update PromStore and PendingRowsBatcher Configuration
- **`prom_store.rs`**: Set `pending_rows_flush_interval` to `Duration::ZERO` to disable automatic flushing.
- **`pending_rows_batcher.rs`**: Enhance validation to disable the batcher when `flush_interval` is zero or configuration values like `max_batch_rows`, `max_concurrent_flushes`, `worker_channel_capacity`, or `max_inflight_requests` are zero, preventing potential panics or deadlocks.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* picking-pending-rows-batcher:
### Update `pending_rows_flush_interval` to Zero
- **Files Modified**:
- `src/frontend/src/service_config/prom_store.rs`
- `tests-integration/tests/http.rs`
- **Key Changes**:
- Updated `pending_rows_flush_interval` from `Duration::from_secs(2)` to `Duration::ZERO` in `prom_store.rs`.
- Changed `pending_rows_flush_interval` configuration from `"2s"` to `"0s"` in `http.rs`.
These changes set the flush interval to zero, potentially affecting how frequently pending rows are flushed.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* picking-pending-rows-batcher:
**Add Worker Management Enhancements**
- **`metrics.rs`**: Introduced `PENDING_WORKERS` gauge to track active pending rows batch workers.
- **`pending_rows_batcher.rs`**:
- Added worker idle timeout logic with `WORKER_IDLE_TIMEOUT_MULTIPLIER`.
- Implemented worker management functions: `spawn_worker`, `remove_worker_if_same_channel`, and `should_close_worker_on_idle_timeout`.
- Enhanced worker lifecycle management to handle idle workers and ensure proper cleanup.
- **Tests**: Added unit tests for worker removal and idle timeout logic.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* fix: clippy
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
---------
Signed-off-by: jeremyhi <fengjiachun@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: jeremyhi <fengjiachun@gmail.com>
* refactor/prom-related-code:
### Commit Message
Refactor Byte Handling and Improve Decoding Logic
- **`prom_decode.rs`**: Removed `Bytes` usage in favor of `Vec<u8>` for handling raw data, improving memory management and simplifying the decoding process.
- **`prom_store.rs`**: Updated `try_decompress` function to return `Vec<u8>` instead of `Bytes`, aligning with the new data handling approach.
- **`prom_row_builder.rs`**: Modified `TablesBuilder` to use `Vec<u8>` for `raw_data`, enhancing data manipulation capabilities.
- **`proto.rs`**: Refactored `PromWriteRequest` decoding logic to use `Vec<u8>`, optimizing the buffer management and decoding flow.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* refactor: mod structure
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* refactor/prom-related-code:
- **Refactor `prom_store.rs` and `prom_remote_write/mod.rs`:** Moved `decode_remote_write_request` and `try_decompress` functions from `prom_store.rs` to `prom_remote_write/mod.rs`. This change centralizes the logic related to remote write request
decoding and decompression.
- **Update `PromValidationMode` in `validation.rs`:** Implemented `Default` trait using the `#[derive(Default)]` attribute for `PromValidationMode` and updated related methods to use `Result` instead of `std::result::Result`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* refactor/prom-related-code:
### Remove `proto.rs` and Update References
- **Removed**: Deleted the `proto.rs` file, which contained re-exports for Prometheus remote write decode types.
- **Updated References**: Adjusted references to `PromSeriesProcessor` and `PromWriteRequest` in `prom_decode.rs` and `prom_store.rs` to import directly from `prom_remote_write`.
- **Modified Modules**: Removed the `proto` module from `lib.rs`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* fix: lint
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* fix: remove assert_eq
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* refactor/prom-related-code:
### Refactor Prometheus Remote Write Module
- **Modularization of `prom_remote_write`:**
- Split `PromValidationMode` and `validate_label_name` into a new `validation` module.
- Moved `PromSeriesProcessor` and `PromWriteRequest` to a `decode` module.
- Separated `PromLabel` into a `types` module and adjusted visibility.
- **Visibility Adjustments:**
- Changed `PromTimeSeries` and `PromLabel` structs to `pub(crate)` for internal use.
- **File Updates:**
- Updated references in `prom_decode.rs`, `http.rs`, `prom_store.rs`, `decode.rs`, `mod.rs`, `row_builder.rs`, `types.rs`, `prom_store_test.rs`, and `test_util.rs` to reflect module changes.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
---------
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
refactor/building-backend-in-object-store:
### Refactor Object Store Configuration
- **Centralize Object Store Configurations**: Moved object store configurations (`FileConfig`, `S3Config`, `OssConfig`, `AzblobConfig`, `GcsConfig`) to `object-store/src/config.rs`.
- **Error Handling Enhancements**: Introduced `object-store/src/error.rs` for improved error handling related to object store operations.
- **Factory Pattern for Object Store**: Implemented `object-store/src/factory.rs` to create object store instances, consolidating logic from `datanode/src/store.rs`.
- **Remove Redundant Store Implementations**: Deleted individual store files (`azblob.rs`, `fs.rs`, `gcs.rs`, `oss.rs`, `s3.rs`) from `datanode/src/store/`.
- **Update Usage of Object Store Config**: Updated references to `ObjectStoreConfig` in `datanode.rs`, `standalone.rs`, `config.rs`, and `error.rs` to use the new centralized configuration.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat/answer-ctrl-c-in-mysql:
## Implement Connection ID-based Query Killing
### Key Changes:
- **Connection ID Management:**
- Added `connection_id` to `Session` and `QueryContext` in `src/session/src/lib.rs` and `src/session/src/context.rs`.
- Updated `MysqlInstanceShim` and `MysqlServer` to handle `connection_id` in `src/servers/src/mysql/handler.rs` and `src/servers/src/mysql/server.rs`.
- **KILL Statement Enhancements:**
- Introduced `Kill` enum to handle both `ProcessId` and `ConnectionId` in `src/sql/src/statements/kill.rs`.
- Updated `ParserContext` to parse `KILL QUERY <connection_id>` in `src/sql/src/parser.rs`.
- Modified `StatementExecutor` to support killing queries by `connection_id` in `src/operator/src/statement/kill.rs`.
- **Process Management:**
- Refactored `ProcessManager` to include `connection_id` in `src/catalog/src/process_manager.rs`.
- Added `kill_local_process` method for local query termination.
- **Testing:**
- Added tests for `KILL` statement parsing and execution in `src/sql/src/parser.rs`.
### Affected Files:
- `Cargo.lock`, `Cargo.toml`
- `src/catalog/src/process_manager.rs`
- `src/frontend/src/instance.rs`
- `src/frontend/src/stream_wrapper.rs`
- `src/operator/src/statement.rs`
- `src/operator/src/statement/kill.rs`
- `src/servers/src/mysql/federated.rs`
- `src/servers/src/mysql/handler.rs`
- `src/servers/src/mysql/server.rs`
- `src/servers/src/postgres.rs`
- `src/session/src/context.rs`
- `src/session/src/lib.rs`
- `src/sql/src/parser.rs`
- `src/sql/src/statements.rs`
- `src/sql/src/statements/kill.rs`
- `src/sql/src/statements/statement.rs`
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
Conflicts:
Cargo.lock
Cargo.toml
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat/answer-ctrl-c-in-mysql:
### Enhance Process Management and Execution
- **`process_manager.rs`**: Added a new method `find_processes_by_connection_id` to filter processes by connection ID, improving process management capabilities.
- **`kill.rs`**: Refactored the process killing logic to utilize the new `find_processes_by_connection_id` method, streamlining the execution flow and reducing redundant checks.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat/answer-ctrl-c-in-mysql:
## Commit Message
### Update Process ID Type and Refactor Code
- **Change Process ID Type**: Updated the process ID type from `u64` to `u32` across multiple files to optimize memory usage. Affected files include `process_manager.rs`, `lib.rs`, `database.rs`, `instance.rs`, `server.rs`, `stream_wrapper.rs`, `kill.rs`, `federated.rs`, `handler.rs`, `server.rs`,
`postgres.rs`, `mysql_server_test.rs`, `context.rs`, `lib.rs`, and `test_util.rs`.
- **Remove Connection ID**: Removed the `connection_id` field and related logic from `process_manager.rs`, `lib.rs`, `instance.rs`, `server.rs`, `stream_wrapper.rs`, `kill.rs`, `federated.rs`, `handler.rs`, `server.rs`, `postgres.rs`, `mysql_server_test.rs`, `context.rs`, `lib.rs`, and `test_util.rs` to
simplify the codebase.
- **Refactor Process Management**: Refactored process management logic to improve clarity and maintainability in `process_manager.rs`, `kill.rs`, and `handler.rs`.
- **Enhance MySQL Server Handling**: Improved MySQL server handling by integrating process management in `server.rs` and `mysql_server_test.rs`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat/answer-ctrl-c-in-mysql:
### Add Process Manager to Postgres Server
- **`src/frontend/src/server.rs`**: Updated server initialization to include `process_manager`.
- **`src/servers/src/postgres.rs`**: Modified `MakePostgresServerHandler` to accept `process_id` for session creation.
- **`src/servers/src/postgres/server.rs`**: Integrated `process_manager` into `PostgresServer` for generating `process_id` during connection handling.
- **`src/servers/tests/postgres/mod.rs`** and **`tests-integration/src/test_util.rs`**: Adjusted test server setup to accommodate optional `process_manager`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* feat/answer-ctrl-c-in-mysql:
Update `greptime-proto` Dependency
- Updated the `greptime-proto` dependency to a new revision in both `Cargo.lock` and `Cargo.toml`.
- `Cargo.lock`: Changed source revision from `d75a56e05a87594fe31ad5c48525e9b2124149ba` to `fdcbe5f1c7c467634c90a1fd1a00a784b92a4e80`.
- `Cargo.toml`: Updated the `greptime-proto` git revision to match the new commit.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
---------
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* chore/enable-flight-encoder:
### Add Flight Compression Support
- **Configuration Updates**:
- Added `grpc.flight_compression` option to `config/config.md`, `config/datanode.example.toml`, and `config/frontend.example.toml` to specify compression modes for Arrow IPC service.
- **Code Enhancements**:
- Updated `FlightEncoder` in `src/common/grpc/src/flight.rs` to support compression modes.
- Modified `RegionServer` and `DatanodeBuilder` in `src/datanode/src/datanode.rs` and `src/datanode/src/region_server.rs` to handle `FlightCompression`.
- Integrated `FlightCompression` in `src/servers/src/grpc.rs` and `src/servers/src/grpc/flight.rs` to manage compression settings.
- **Testing and Integration**:
- Updated test utilities and integration tests in `tests-integration/src/grpc/flight.rs` and `tests-integration/src/test_util.rs` to include `FlightCompression`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
* chore/enable-flight-encoder:
### Enable Compression in FlightClient
- **`client.rs`**: Updated `make_flight_client` to accept `send_compression` and `accept_compression` parameters, enabling Zstd compression for sending and receiving messages.
- **`client_manager.rs`**: Modified `datanode` method to pass compression settings from `ChannelConfig` to `RegionRequester`.
- **`database.rs`**: Adjusted calls to `make_flight_client` to include compression parameters.
- **`region.rs`**: Updated `RegionRequester` to store and utilize compression settings.
- **`frontend.rs`**: Configured `ChannelConfig` to enable compression based on options.
- **`channel_manager.rs`**: Added `send_compression` and `accept_compression` fields to `ChannelConfig` with default values and updated tests accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <lhuang@greptime.com>
* chore/enable-flight-encoder:
### Update Compression Defaults and Documentation
- **Configuration Files**: Updated `datanode.example.toml` and `frontend.example.toml` to include a default setting comment for `flight_compression`, specifying it defaults to `none`.
- **gRPC Server Code**: Modified `grpc.rs` to set `None` as the default for `FlightCompression` instead of `ArrowIpc`.
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <lhuang@greptime.com>
---------
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <lhuang@greptime.com>
* feat/lossy-string-validation-in-prom-remote-write:
### Commit Message
#### Refactor Prometheus Validation Mode
- **Replace `is_strict_mode` with `PromValidationMode` Enum:**
- Updated `HttpOptions` and related structures to use `PromValidationMode` enum instead of the boolean `is_strict_mode`.
- Modified functions and tests to accommodate the new enum, ensuring flexible validation modes (`Strict`, `Lossy`, `Unchecked`).
- Affected files: `server.rs`, `prom_decode.rs`, `http.rs`, `prom_store.rs`, `prom_row_builder.rs`, `proto.rs`, `prom_store_test.rs`, `test_util.rs`, `http.rs`.
- **Enhance UTF-8 String Decoding:**
- Introduced `decode_string` function to handle UTF-8 string decoding based on the selected `PromValidationMode`.
- Affected files: `proto.rs`, `prom_row_builder.rs`.
This refactor improves the flexibility and clarity of Prometheus request handling by allowing different validation strategies.
* feat/lossy-string-validation-in-prom-remote-write:
- **Add Prometheus Validation Mode Configuration:**
- Updated `config/config.md`, `config/frontend.example.toml`, and `config/standalone.example.toml` to include `http.prom_validation_mode` setting for Prometheus remote write requests.
- **Enhance Benchmarking for Prometheus Requests:**
- Modified `src/servers/benches/prom_decode.rs` to benchmark different Prometheus validation modes (`Strict`, `Lossy`, `Unchecked`).
- **Implement and Test String Decoding:**
- Added `decode_string` function and comprehensive tests in `src/servers/src/proto.rs` to handle string decoding with different validation modes.
* feat/lossy-string-validation-in-prom-remote-write:
### Add Histogram Buckets to Metrics
- **Files Modified**: `src/servers/src/metrics.rs`
- **Key Changes**:
- Added specific histogram buckets to `METRIC_MYSQL_QUERY_TIMER`, `METRIC_POSTGRES_QUERY_TIMER`, and `METRIC_SERVER_GRPC_PROM_REQUEST_TIMER` to enhance granularity in query elapsed time metrics.
* feat/lossy-string-validation-in-prom-remote-write:
### Update Prometheus Validation Mode Default
- **Config Documentation**: Updated the default description for `http.prom_validation_mode` to indicate that "strict" is the default option in `config.md`, `frontend.example.toml`, and `standalone.example.toml`.
- **HTTP Server Implementation**: Changed the default `prom_validation_mode` to `PromValidationMode::Strict` in `src/servers/src/http.rs`.
* feat/lossy-string-validation-in-prom-remote-write:
**Commit Message:**
Update Prometheus Validation Mode to Strict
- Changed `http.prom_validation_mode` from `unchecked` to `strict` in `config.md`, `frontend.example.toml`, and
`standalone.example.toml` to enforce strict validation of Prometheus remote write requests.
* fix: do not add projection for cast
Use cast to build time filter directly instead of adding a projection,
which will cause column not found
* feat: cast before creating plan
* feat: implement Arrow Flight "DoPut" in Frontend
* support auth for "do_put"
* set request_id in DoPut requests and responses
* set "db" in request header
* refactor: remove mode option in configuration files
* chore: remove mode in configuration file
* remvoe mode field in FlownodeOptions
* add comment for test
* update config.md
* remove mode field in standalone options
* fix: ci
* refactor: rename grpc options
* refactor: make the arg clearly
* chore: comments on server_addr
* chore: fix test
* chore: remove the store_addr alias
* refactor: cli option rpc_server_addr
* chore: keep store-addr alias
* chore: by comment
* feat: make instant_query and range_query to supports not-equal matchers
* feat: impl query_metric_names
* feat: forgot some files and refactor
* chore: test and docs
* fix: typo
Co-authored-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>
* refactor: parse_query
* chore: improve test
* fix: use current catalog to query information_schema
---------
Co-authored-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>
* feat: support cancellation
* chore: add unit test for cancellation
* chore: minor refactor
* feat: we do not need to spawn in distributed mode
---------
Co-authored-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>
* set global runtime size
* fix: resolve PR comments
* fix: log the whole option
* fix ci
* debug ci
* debug ci
---------
Co-authored-by: Weny Xu <wenymedia@gmail.com>
