metric_engine/

engine.rs

// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

mod alter;
mod bulk_insert;
mod catchup;
mod close;
mod create;
mod drop;
mod flush;
mod open;
mod options;
mod put;
mod read;
mod region_metadata;
mod staging;
mod state;
mod sync;

use std::any::Any;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
use std::time::Instant;

use api::region::RegionResponse;
use async_trait::async_trait;
use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
use common_runtime::RepeatedTask;
use mito2::engine::MitoEngine;
pub(crate) use options::IndexOptions;
use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
pub(crate) use state::MetricEngineState;
use store_api::metadata::RegionMetadataRef;
use store_api::metric_engine_consts::METRIC_ENGINE_NAME;
use store_api::region_engine::{
    BatchResponses, RegionEngine, RegionRole, RegionScannerRef, RegionStatistic,
    RemapManifestsRequest, RemapManifestsResponse, SetRegionRoleStateResponse,
    SetRegionRoleStateSuccess, SettableRegionRoleState, SyncRegionFromRequest,
    SyncRegionFromResponse,
};
use store_api::region_request::{
    AffectedRows, BatchRegionDdlRequest, RegionCatchupRequest, RegionOpenRequest, RegionPutRequest,
    RegionRequest, RegionTruncateRequest,
};
use store_api::storage::{RegionId, ScanRequest, SequenceNumber};

use crate::config::EngineConfig;
use crate::data_region::DataRegion;
use crate::error::{
    self, Error, Result, StartRepeatedTaskSnafu, UnsupportedRegionRequestSnafu,
    UnsupportedRemapManifestsRequestSnafu,
};
use crate::metadata_region::MetadataRegion;
use crate::repeated_task::FlushMetadataRegionTask;
use crate::row_modifier::RowModifier;
use crate::utils::{self, get_region_statistic};

#[cfg_attr(doc, aquamarine::aquamarine)]
/// # Metric Engine
///
/// ## Regions
///
/// Regions in this metric engine has several roles. There is `PhysicalRegion`,
/// which refer to the region that actually stores the data. And `LogicalRegion`
/// that is "simulated" over physical regions. Each logical region is associated
/// with one physical region group, which is a group of two physical regions.
/// Their relationship is illustrated below:
///
/// ```mermaid
/// erDiagram
///     LogicalRegion ||--o{ PhysicalRegionGroup : corresponds
///     PhysicalRegionGroup ||--|| DataRegion : contains
///     PhysicalRegionGroup ||--|| MetadataRegion : contains
/// ```
///
/// Metric engine uses two region groups. One is for data region
/// ([METRIC_DATA_REGION_GROUP](crate::consts::METRIC_DATA_REGION_GROUP)), and the
/// other is for metadata region ([METRIC_METADATA_REGION_GROUP](crate::consts::METRIC_METADATA_REGION_GROUP)).
/// From the definition of [`RegionId`], we can convert between these two physical
/// region ids easily. Thus in the code base we usually refer to one "physical
/// region id", and convert it to the other one when necessary.
///
/// The logical region, in contrast, is a virtual region. It doesn't has dedicated
/// storage or region group. Only a region id that is allocated by meta server.
/// And all other things is shared with other logical region that are associated
/// with the same physical region group.
///
/// For more document about physical regions, please refer to [`MetadataRegion`]
/// and [`DataRegion`].
///
/// ## Operations
///
/// Both physical and logical region are accessible to user. But the operation
/// they support are different. List below:
///
/// | Operations | Logical Region | Physical Region |
/// | ---------- | -------------- | --------------- |
/// |   Create   |       ✅        |        ✅        |
/// |    Drop    |       ✅        |        ❓*       |
/// |   Write    |       ✅        |        ❌        |
/// |    Read    |       ✅        |        ✅        |
/// |   Close    |       ✅        |        ✅        |
/// |    Open    |       ✅        |        ✅        |
/// |   Alter    |       ✅        |        ❓*       |
///
/// *: Physical region can be dropped only when all related logical regions are dropped.
/// *: Alter: Physical regions only support altering region options.
///
/// ## Internal Columns
///
/// The physical data region contains two internal columns. Should
/// mention that "internal" here is for metric engine itself. Mito
/// engine will add it's internal columns to the region as well.
///
/// Their column id is registered in [`ReservedColumnId`]. And column name is
/// defined in [`DATA_SCHEMA_TSID_COLUMN_NAME`] and [`DATA_SCHEMA_TABLE_ID_COLUMN_NAME`].
///
/// Tsid is generated by hashing all tags. And table id is retrieved from logical region
/// id to distinguish data from different logical tables.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct MetricEngine {
    inner: Arc<MetricEngineInner>,
}

#[async_trait]
impl RegionEngine for MetricEngine {
    /// Name of this engine
    fn name(&self) -> &str {
        METRIC_ENGINE_NAME
    }

    async fn handle_batch_open_requests(
        &self,
        parallelism: usize,
        requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<BatchResponses, BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .handle_batch_open_requests(parallelism, requests)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    async fn handle_batch_catchup_requests(
        &self,
        parallelism: usize,
        requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionCatchupRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<BatchResponses, BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .handle_batch_catchup_requests(parallelism, requests)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    async fn handle_batch_ddl_requests(
        &self,
        batch_request: BatchRegionDdlRequest,
    ) -> Result<RegionResponse, BoxedError> {
        match batch_request {
            BatchRegionDdlRequest::Create(requests) => {
                let mut extension_return_value = HashMap::new();
                let rows = self
                    .inner
                    .create_regions(requests, &mut extension_return_value)
                    .await
                    .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;

                Ok(RegionResponse {
                    affected_rows: rows,
                    extensions: extension_return_value,
                    metadata: Vec::new(),
                })
            }
            BatchRegionDdlRequest::Alter(requests) => {
                let mut extension_return_value = HashMap::new();
                let rows = self
                    .inner
                    .alter_regions(requests, &mut extension_return_value)
                    .await
                    .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;

                Ok(RegionResponse {
                    affected_rows: rows,
                    extensions: extension_return_value,
                    metadata: Vec::new(),
                })
            }
            BatchRegionDdlRequest::Drop(requests) => {
                self.handle_requests(
                    requests
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|(region_id, req)| (region_id, RegionRequest::Drop(req))),
                )
                .await
            }
        }
    }

    /// Handles non-query request to the region. Returns the count of affected rows.
    async fn handle_request(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: RegionRequest,
    ) -> Result<RegionResponse, BoxedError> {
        let mut extension_return_value = HashMap::new();

        let result = match request {
            RegionRequest::EnterStaging(_) => {
                if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
                    self.handle_enter_staging_request(region_id, request).await
                } else {
                    UnsupportedRegionRequestSnafu { request }.fail()
                }
            }
            RegionRequest::ApplyStagingManifest(_) => {
                if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
                    return self.inner.mito.handle_request(region_id, request).await;
                } else {
                    UnsupportedRegionRequestSnafu { request }.fail()
                }
            }
            RegionRequest::Put(put) => self.inner.put_region(region_id, put).await,
            RegionRequest::Create(create) => {
                self.inner
                    .create_regions(vec![(region_id, create)], &mut extension_return_value)
                    .await
            }
            RegionRequest::Drop(drop) => self.inner.drop_region(region_id, drop).await,
            RegionRequest::Open(open) => self.inner.open_region(region_id, open).await,
            RegionRequest::CleanUp(clean_up) => {
                self.inner.clean_up_region(region_id, clean_up).await
            }
            RegionRequest::Close(close) => self.inner.close_region(region_id, close).await,
            RegionRequest::Alter(alter) => {
                self.inner
                    .alter_regions(vec![(region_id, alter)], &mut extension_return_value)
                    .await
            }
            RegionRequest::Compact(_) => {
                if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
                    self.inner
                        .mito
                        .handle_request(region_id, request)
                        .await
                        .context(error::MitoFlushOperationSnafu)
                        .map(|response| response.affected_rows)
                } else {
                    UnsupportedRegionRequestSnafu { request }.fail()
                }
            }
            RegionRequest::Flush(req) => self.inner.flush_region(region_id, req).await,
            RegionRequest::BuildIndex(_) => {
                if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
                    self.inner
                        .mito
                        .handle_request(region_id, request)
                        .await
                        .context(error::MitoFlushOperationSnafu)
                        .map(|response| response.affected_rows)
                } else {
                    UnsupportedRegionRequestSnafu { request }.fail()
                }
            }
            RegionRequest::Truncate(RegionTruncateRequest::Unflushed) => {
                if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
                    self.inner
                        .mito
                        .handle_request(
                            utils::to_data_region_id(region_id),
                            RegionRequest::Truncate(RegionTruncateRequest::Unflushed),
                        )
                        .await
                        .context(error::MitoTruncateOperationSnafu)
                        .map(|response| response.affected_rows)
                } else {
                    UnsupportedRegionRequestSnafu {
                        request: RegionRequest::Truncate(RegionTruncateRequest::Unflushed),
                    }
                    .fail()
                }
            }
            RegionRequest::Truncate(request) => UnsupportedRegionRequestSnafu {
                request: RegionRequest::Truncate(request),
            }
            .fail(),
            RegionRequest::Delete(delete) => self.inner.delete_region(region_id, delete).await,
            RegionRequest::Catchup(_) => {
                let mut response = self
                    .inner
                    .handle_batch_catchup_requests(
                        1,
                        vec![(region_id, RegionCatchupRequest::default())],
                    )
                    .await
                    .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
                debug_assert_eq!(response.len(), 1);
                let (resp_region_id, response) = response
                    .pop()
                    .context(error::UnexpectedRequestSnafu {
                        reason: "expected 1 response, but got zero responses",
                    })
                    .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
                debug_assert_eq!(region_id, resp_region_id);
                return response;
            }
            RegionRequest::BulkInserts(bulk) => {
                self.inner.bulk_insert_region(region_id, bulk).await
            }
        };

        result.map_err(BoxedError::new).map(|rows| RegionResponse {
            affected_rows: rows,
            extensions: extension_return_value,
            metadata: Vec::new(),
        })
    }

    async fn handle_query(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: ScanRequest,
    ) -> Result<RegionScannerRef, BoxedError> {
        self.handle_query(region_id, request).await
    }

    async fn get_committed_sequence(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
    ) -> Result<SequenceNumber, BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .get_last_seq_num(region_id)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    /// Retrieves region's metadata.
    async fn get_metadata(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Result<RegionMetadataRef, BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .load_region_metadata(region_id)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    /// Retrieves region's disk usage.
    ///
    /// Note: Returns `None` if it's a logical region.
    fn region_statistic(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<RegionStatistic> {
        if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
            get_region_statistic(&self.inner.mito, region_id)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Stops the engine
    async fn stop(&self) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
        // don't need to stop the underlying mito engine
        Ok(())
    }

    fn set_region_role(&self, region_id: RegionId, role: RegionRole) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
        // ignore the region not found error
        for x in [
            utils::to_metadata_region_id(region_id),
            utils::to_data_region_id(region_id),
        ] {
            if let Err(e) = self.inner.mito.set_region_role(x, role)
                && e.status_code() != StatusCode::RegionNotFound
            {
                return Err(e);
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn set_region_role_with_lease(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        role: RegionRole,
        deadline: Instant,
    ) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
        // ignore the region not found error
        for x in [
            utils::to_metadata_region_id(region_id),
            utils::to_data_region_id(region_id),
        ] {
            if let Err(e) = self
                .inner
                .mito
                .set_region_role_with_lease(x, role, deadline)
                && e.status_code() != StatusCode::RegionNotFound
            {
                return Err(e);
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn sync_region(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: SyncRegionFromRequest,
    ) -> Result<SyncRegionFromResponse, BoxedError> {
        match request {
            SyncRegionFromRequest::FromManifest(manifest_info) => self
                .inner
                .sync_region_from_manifest(region_id, manifest_info)
                .await
                .map_err(BoxedError::new),
            SyncRegionFromRequest::FromRegion {
                source_region_id,
                parallelism,
            } => {
                if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
                    self.inner
                        .sync_region_from_region(region_id, source_region_id, parallelism)
                        .await
                        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
                } else {
                    Err(BoxedError::new(
                        error::UnsupportedSyncRegionFromRequestSnafu { region_id }.build(),
                    ))
                }
            }
        }
    }

    async fn remap_manifests(
        &self,
        request: RemapManifestsRequest,
    ) -> Result<RemapManifestsResponse, BoxedError> {
        let region_id = request.region_id;
        if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
            self.inner.mito.remap_manifests(request).await
        } else {
            Err(BoxedError::new(
                UnsupportedRemapManifestsRequestSnafu { region_id }.build(),
            ))
        }
    }

    async fn set_region_role_state_gracefully(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        region_role_state: SettableRegionRoleState,
    ) -> std::result::Result<SetRegionRoleStateResponse, BoxedError> {
        let metadata_result = match self
            .inner
            .mito
            .set_region_role_state_gracefully(
                utils::to_metadata_region_id(region_id),
                region_role_state,
            )
            .await?
        {
            SetRegionRoleStateResponse::Success(success) => success,
            SetRegionRoleStateResponse::NotFound => {
                return Ok(SetRegionRoleStateResponse::NotFound);
            }
            SetRegionRoleStateResponse::InvalidTransition(error) => {
                return Ok(SetRegionRoleStateResponse::InvalidTransition(error));
            }
        };

        let data_result = match self
            .inner
            .mito
            .set_region_role_state_gracefully(region_id, region_role_state)
            .await?
        {
            SetRegionRoleStateResponse::Success(success) => success,
            SetRegionRoleStateResponse::NotFound => {
                return Ok(SetRegionRoleStateResponse::NotFound);
            }
            SetRegionRoleStateResponse::InvalidTransition(error) => {
                return Ok(SetRegionRoleStateResponse::InvalidTransition(error));
            }
        };

        Ok(SetRegionRoleStateResponse::success(
            SetRegionRoleStateSuccess::metric(
                data_result.last_entry_id().unwrap_or_default(),
                metadata_result.last_entry_id().unwrap_or_default(),
            ),
        ))
    }

    /// Returns the physical region role.
    ///
    /// Note: Returns `None` if it's a logical region.
    fn role(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<RegionRole> {
        if self.inner.is_physical_region(region_id) {
            self.inner.mito.role(region_id)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }
}

/// Outcome of a group of input requests.
///
/// Requests rejected before physical-region grouping produce singleton failures.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct PutGroupResult {
    /// Positions in the input batch, including separate entries for the same region.
    pub request_indices: Vec<usize>,
    /// Aggregate rows on success; no other physical group's outcome is implied.
    pub result: Result<AffectedRows>,
}

impl MetricEngine {
    pub fn try_new(mito: MitoEngine, mut config: EngineConfig) -> Result<Self> {
        let metadata_region = MetadataRegion::new(mito.clone());
        let data_region = DataRegion::new(mito.clone());
        let state = Arc::new(RwLock::default());
        config.sanitize();
        let flush_interval = config.flush_metadata_region_interval;
        let inner = Arc::new(MetricEngineInner {
            mito: mito.clone(),
            metadata_region,
            data_region,
            state: state.clone(),
            row_modifier: RowModifier::default(),
            flush_task: RepeatedTask::new(
                flush_interval,
                Box::new(FlushMetadataRegionTask {
                    state: state.clone(),
                    mito: mito.clone(),
                }),
            ),
        });
        inner
            .flush_task
            .start(common_runtime::global_runtime())
            .context(StartRepeatedTaskSnafu { name: "flush_task" })?;
        Ok(Self { inner })
    }

    pub fn mito(&self) -> MitoEngine {
        self.inner.mito.clone()
    }

    /// Writes all physical-region groups and retains each group's outcome.
    pub async fn put_regions_batch(
        &self,
        requests: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = (RegionId, RegionPutRequest)>,
    ) -> Vec<PutGroupResult> {
        self.inner.put_regions_batch(requests).await
    }

    /// Returns all logical regions associated with the physical region.
    pub async fn logical_regions(&self, physical_region_id: RegionId) -> Result<Vec<RegionId>> {
        self.inner
            .metadata_region
            .logical_regions(physical_region_id)
            .await
    }

    /// Handles substrait query and return a stream of record batches
    async fn handle_query(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: ScanRequest,
    ) -> Result<RegionScannerRef, BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .read_region(region_id, request)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    async fn handle_requests(
        &self,
        requests: impl IntoIterator<Item = (RegionId, RegionRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<RegionResponse, BoxedError> {
        let mut affected_rows = 0;
        let mut extensions = HashMap::new();
        for (region_id, request) in requests {
            let response = self.handle_request(region_id, request).await?;
            affected_rows += response.affected_rows;
            extensions.extend(response.extensions);
        }

        Ok(RegionResponse {
            affected_rows,
            extensions,
            metadata: Vec::new(),
        })
    }
}

/// Shared definitions must agree before CREATE/ALTER mutates either region.
fn validate_shared_column(
    region_id: store_api::storage::RegionId,
    existing: &store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata,
    proposed: &store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata,
) -> crate::error::Result<()> {
    snafu::ensure!(
        existing.column_schema.data_type == proposed.column_schema.data_type
            && existing.semantic_type == proposed.semantic_type,
        crate::error::InvalidRequestSnafu {
            region_id,
            reason: format!(
                "incompatible shared physical column `{}`",
                proposed.column_schema.name
            ),
        }
    );
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl MetricEngine {
    pub async fn scan_to_stream(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: ScanRequest,
    ) -> Result<common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream, BoxedError> {
        self.inner.scan_to_stream(region_id, request).await
    }
}

struct MetricEngineInner {
    mito: MitoEngine,
    metadata_region: MetadataRegion,
    data_region: DataRegion,
    state: Arc<RwLock<MetricEngineState>>,
    row_modifier: RowModifier,
    flush_task: RepeatedTask<Error>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use std::assert_matches;
    use std::collections::HashMap;

    use api::v1::Rows;
    use common_recordbatch::RecordBatches;
    use common_telemetry::info;
    use common_wal::options::{KafkaWalOptions, WalOptions};
    use mito2::sst::location::region_dir_from_table_dir;
    use mito2::test_util::{kafka_log_store_factory, prepare_test_for_kafka_log_store};
    use store_api::metric_engine_consts::PHYSICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY;
    use store_api::mito_engine_options::WAL_OPTIONS_KEY;
    use store_api::region_request::{
        PathType, RegionCleanUpRequest, RegionCloseRequest, RegionDropRequest, RegionFlushRequest,
        RegionOpenRequest, RegionPutRequest, RegionRequest, RegionTruncateRequest,
    };

    use super::*;
    use crate::maybe_skip_kafka_log_store_integration_test;
    use crate::test_util::{
        TestEnv, build_rows, create_logical_region_request, row_schema_with_tags,
    };

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_build_series_index_forwarding() {
        use api::v1::region::build_index_request;
        use store_api::region_request::RegionBuildIndexRequest;

        let env = TestEnv::new().await;
        env.init_metric_region().await;
        let request = || {
            RegionRequest::BuildIndex(RegionBuildIndexRequest {
                options: Some(build_index_request::Options::SeriesIndex(Default::default())),
            })
        };
        // Default Mito config disables series indexes: reaching that error proves forwarding.
        let error = env
            .metric()
            .handle_request(env.default_physical_region_id(), request())
            .await
            .unwrap_err();
        let error = format!("{error:?}");
        assert!(error.contains("series index is disabled"), "{error}");
        let error = env
            .metric()
            .handle_request(env.default_logical_region_id(), request())
            .await
            .unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(
            common_error::status_code::StatusCode::Unsupported,
            error.status_code()
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_discard_unflushed_data_only() {
        let env = TestEnv::new().await;
        env.init_metric_region().await;

        let engine = env.metric();
        let mito = env.mito();
        let physical_region_id = env.default_physical_region_id();
        let logical_region_id = env.default_logical_region_id();
        let data_region_id = utils::to_data_region_id(physical_region_id);
        let metadata_region_id = utils::to_metadata_region_id(physical_region_id);

        let metadata_memtable_size = mito
            .region_statistic(metadata_region_id)
            .unwrap()
            .memtable_size;
        assert!(metadata_memtable_size > 0);

        engine
            .handle_request(
                logical_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Put(RegionPutRequest {
                    skip_wal: false,
                    rows: Rows {
                        schema: row_schema_with_tags(&["job"]),
                        rows: build_rows(1, 5),
                    },
                    hint: None,
                    partition_expr_version: None,
                }),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(mito.region_statistic(data_region_id).unwrap().memtable_size > 0);

        engine
            .handle_request(
                physical_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Truncate(RegionTruncateRequest::Unflushed),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            0,
            mito.region_statistic(data_region_id).unwrap().memtable_size
        );
        assert_eq!(
            metadata_memtable_size,
            mito.region_statistic(metadata_region_id)
                .unwrap()
                .memtable_size
        );

        let stream = engine
            .scan_to_stream(logical_region_id, ScanRequest::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let batches = RecordBatches::try_collect(stream).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            0,
            batches.iter().map(|batch| batch.num_rows()).sum::<usize>()
        );

        // This maintenance operation applies to a physical region group only.
        engine
            .handle_request(
                logical_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Truncate(RegionTruncateRequest::Unflushed),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap_err();
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn close_open_regions() {
        let env = TestEnv::new().await;
        env.init_metric_region().await;
        let engine = env.metric();

        // close physical region
        let physical_region_id = env.default_physical_region_id();
        engine
            .handle_request(
                physical_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest::default()),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // reopen physical region
        let physical_region_option = [(PHYSICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY.to_string(), String::new())]
            .into_iter()
            .collect();
        let open_request = RegionOpenRequest {
            engine: METRIC_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
            table_dir: TestEnv::default_table_dir(),
            path_type: PathType::Bare, // Use Bare path type for engine regions
            options: physical_region_option,
            skip_wal_replay: false,
            checkpoint: None,
            requirements: Default::default(),
        };
        engine
            .handle_request(physical_region_id, RegionRequest::Open(open_request))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // close nonexistent region won't report error
        let nonexistent_region_id = RegionId::new(12313, 12);
        engine
            .handle_request(
                nonexistent_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest::default()),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // open nonexistent region won't report error
        let invalid_open_request = RegionOpenRequest {
            engine: METRIC_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
            table_dir: TestEnv::default_table_dir(),
            path_type: PathType::Bare, // Use Bare path type for engine regions
            options: HashMap::new(),
            skip_wal_replay: false,
            checkpoint: None,
            requirements: Default::default(),
        };
        engine
            .handle_request(
                nonexistent_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Open(invalid_open_request),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_offline_cleanup_physical_region() {
        let env = TestEnv::new().await;
        env.init_metric_region().await;
        let engine = env.metric();
        let mito = env.mito();
        let physical_region_id = env.default_physical_region_id();
        let metadata_region_id = crate::utils::to_metadata_region_id(physical_region_id);
        let data_region_id = crate::utils::to_data_region_id(physical_region_id);

        engine
            .handle_request(
                physical_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest::default()),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let object_store = env.get_object_store().unwrap();
        let metadata_region_dir = region_dir_from_table_dir(
            &TestEnv::default_table_dir(),
            metadata_region_id,
            PathType::Metadata,
        );
        let data_region_dir = region_dir_from_table_dir(
            &TestEnv::default_table_dir(),
            data_region_id,
            PathType::Data,
        );
        assert!(object_store.exists(&metadata_region_dir).await.unwrap());
        assert!(object_store.exists(&data_region_dir).await.unwrap());

        let physical_region_option = [(PHYSICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY.to_string(), String::new())]
            .into_iter()
            .collect();
        let clean_up_request = RegionCleanUpRequest {
            engine: METRIC_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
            table_dir: TestEnv::default_table_dir(),
            path_type: PathType::Bare,
            options: physical_region_option,
        };
        engine
            .handle_request(physical_region_id, RegionRequest::CleanUp(clean_up_request))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(!mito.is_region_exists(metadata_region_id));
        assert!(!mito.is_region_exists(data_region_id));
        assert!(!object_store.exists(&metadata_region_dir).await.unwrap());
        assert!(!object_store.exists(&data_region_dir).await.unwrap());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_role() {
        let env = TestEnv::new().await;
        env.init_metric_region().await;

        let logical_region_id = env.default_logical_region_id();
        let physical_region_id = env.default_physical_region_id();

        assert!(env.metric().role(logical_region_id).is_none());
        assert!(env.metric().role(physical_region_id).is_some());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_region_disk_usage() {
        let env = TestEnv::new().await;
        env.init_metric_region().await;

        let logical_region_id = env.default_logical_region_id();
        let physical_region_id = env.default_physical_region_id();

        assert!(env.metric().region_statistic(logical_region_id).is_none());
        assert!(env.metric().region_statistic(physical_region_id).is_some());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_open_region_failure() {
        let env = TestEnv::new().await;
        env.init_metric_region().await;
        let physical_region_id = env.default_physical_region_id();

        let metric_engine = env.metric();
        metric_engine
            .handle_request(
                physical_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Flush(RegionFlushRequest::default()),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let path = region_dir_from_table_dir(
            &TestEnv::default_table_dir(),
            physical_region_id,
            PathType::Metadata,
        );
        let object_store = env.get_object_store().unwrap();
        let list = object_store.list(&path).await.unwrap();
        // Delete parquet files in metadata region
        for entry in list {
            if entry.metadata().is_dir() {
                continue;
            }
            if entry.name().ends_with("parquet") {
                info!("deleting {}", entry.path());
                object_store.delete(entry.path()).await.unwrap();
            }
        }

        let physical_region_option = [(PHYSICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY.to_string(), String::new())]
            .into_iter()
            .collect();
        let open_request = RegionOpenRequest {
            engine: METRIC_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
            table_dir: TestEnv::default_table_dir(),
            path_type: PathType::Bare,
            options: physical_region_option,
            skip_wal_replay: false,
            checkpoint: None,
            requirements: Default::default(),
        };
        // Opening an already opened region should succeed.
        // Since the region is already open, no metadata recovery operations will be performed.
        metric_engine
            .handle_request(physical_region_id, RegionRequest::Open(open_request))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // Close the region
        metric_engine
            .handle_request(
                physical_region_id,
                RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest::default()),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // Try to reopen region.
        let physical_region_option = [(PHYSICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY.to_string(), String::new())]
            .into_iter()
            .collect();
        let open_request = RegionOpenRequest {
            engine: METRIC_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
            table_dir: TestEnv::default_table_dir(),
            path_type: PathType::Bare,
            options: physical_region_option,
            skip_wal_replay: false,
            checkpoint: None,
            requirements: Default::default(),
        };
        let err = metric_engine
            .handle_request(physical_region_id, RegionRequest::Open(open_request))
            .await
            .unwrap_err();
        // Failed to open region because of missing parquet files.
        assert_eq!(err.status_code(), StatusCode::StorageUnavailable);

        let mito_engine = metric_engine.mito();
        let data_region_id = utils::to_data_region_id(physical_region_id);
        let metadata_region_id = utils::to_metadata_region_id(physical_region_id);
        // The metadata/data region should be closed.
        let err = mito_engine.get_metadata(data_region_id).await.unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(err.status_code(), StatusCode::RegionNotFound);
        let err = mito_engine
            .get_metadata(metadata_region_id)
            .await
            .unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(err.status_code(), StatusCode::RegionNotFound);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_catchup_regions() {
        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
        maybe_skip_kafka_log_store_integration_test!();
        let kafka_log_store_factory = kafka_log_store_factory().unwrap();
        let mito_env = mito2::test_util::TestEnv::new()
            .await
            .with_log_store_factory(kafka_log_store_factory.clone());
        let env = TestEnv::with_mito_env(mito_env).await;
        let table_dir = |region_id| format!("table/{region_id}");
        let mut physical_region_ids = vec![];
        let mut logical_region_ids = vec![];

        let num_topics = 3;
        let num_physical_regions = 8;
        let num_logical_regions = 16;
        let parallelism = 2;
        let mut topics = Vec::with_capacity(num_topics);
        for _ in 0..num_topics {
            let topic = prepare_test_for_kafka_log_store(&kafka_log_store_factory)
                .await
                .unwrap();
            topics.push(topic);
        }

        let topic_idx = |id| (id as usize) % num_topics;
        // Creates physical regions
        for i in 0..num_physical_regions {
            let physical_region_id = RegionId::new(1, i);
            physical_region_ids.push(physical_region_id);

            let wal_options = WalOptions::Kafka(KafkaWalOptions::new(topics[topic_idx(i)].clone()));
            env.create_physical_region(
                physical_region_id,
                &table_dir(physical_region_id),
                vec![(
                    WAL_OPTIONS_KEY.to_string(),
                    serde_json::to_string(&wal_options).unwrap(),
                )],
            )
            .await;
            // Creates logical regions for each physical region
            for j in 0..num_logical_regions {
                let logical_region_id = RegionId::new(1024 + i, j);
                logical_region_ids.push(logical_region_id);
                env.create_logical_region(physical_region_id, logical_region_id)
                    .await;
            }
        }

        let metric_engine = env.metric();
        // Closes all regions
        for region_id in logical_region_ids.iter().chain(physical_region_ids.iter()) {
            metric_engine
                .handle_request(
                    *region_id,
                    RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest::default()),
                )
                .await
                .unwrap();
        }

        // Opens all regions and skip the wal
        let requests = physical_region_ids
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(idx, region_id)| {
                let mut options = HashMap::new();
                let wal_options =
                    WalOptions::Kafka(KafkaWalOptions::new(topics[topic_idx(idx as u32)].clone()));
                options.insert(PHYSICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY.to_string(), String::new());
                options.insert(
                    WAL_OPTIONS_KEY.to_string(),
                    serde_json::to_string(&wal_options).unwrap(),
                );
                (
                    *region_id,
                    RegionOpenRequest {
                        engine: METRIC_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
                        table_dir: table_dir(*region_id),
                        path_type: PathType::Bare,
                        options: options.clone(),
                        skip_wal_replay: true,
                        checkpoint: None,
                        requirements: Default::default(),
                    },
                )
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        info!("Open batch regions with parallelism: {parallelism}");
        metric_engine
            .handle_batch_open_requests(parallelism, requests)
            .await
            .unwrap();
        {
            let state = metric_engine.inner.state.read().unwrap();
            for logical_region in &logical_region_ids {
                assert!(!state.logical_regions().contains_key(logical_region));
            }
        }

        let catch_requests = physical_region_ids
            .iter()
            .map(|region_id| {
                (
                    *region_id,
                    RegionCatchupRequest {
                        set_writable: true,
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        metric_engine
            .handle_batch_catchup_requests(parallelism, catch_requests)
            .await
            .unwrap();
        {
            let state = metric_engine.inner.state.read().unwrap();
            for logical_region in &logical_region_ids {
                assert!(state.logical_regions().contains_key(logical_region));
            }
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_drop_region() {
        let env = TestEnv::new().await;
        let engine = env.metric();
        let physical_region_id1 = RegionId::new(1024, 0);
        let logical_region_id1 = RegionId::new(1025, 0);
        env.create_physical_region(physical_region_id1, "/test_dir1", vec![])
            .await;
        let region_create_request1 =
            create_logical_region_request(&["job"], physical_region_id1, "logical1");
        engine
            .handle_batch_ddl_requests(BatchRegionDdlRequest::Create(vec![(
                logical_region_id1,
                region_create_request1,
            )]))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let err = engine
            .handle_request(
                physical_region_id1,
                RegionRequest::Drop(RegionDropRequest {
                    fast_path: false,
                    force: false,
                    partial_drop: false,
                }),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap_err();
        assert_matches!(
            err.as_any().downcast_ref::<Error>().unwrap(),
            &Error::PhysicalRegionBusy { .. }
        );

        engine
            .handle_request(
                physical_region_id1,
                RegionRequest::Drop(RegionDropRequest {
                    fast_path: false,
                    force: true,
                    partial_drop: false,
                }),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(
            engine
                .inner
                .state
                .read()
                .unwrap()
                .physical_region_states()
                .get(&physical_region_id1)
                .is_none()
        );
        assert!(
            engine
                .inner
                .state
                .read()
                .unwrap()
                .logical_regions()
                .get(&logical_region_id1)
                .is_none()
        );
    }
}