operator/

expr_helper.rs

// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
pub mod trigger;

use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};

use api::helper::ColumnDataTypeWrapper;
use api::v1::alter_database_expr::Kind as AlterDatabaseKind;
use api::v1::alter_table_expr::Kind as AlterTableKind;
use api::v1::column_def::{options_from_column_schema, try_as_column_schema};
use api::v1::{
    AddColumn, AddColumns, AlterDatabaseExpr, AlterTableExpr, Analyzer, ColumnDataType,
    ColumnDataTypeExtension, CreateFlowExpr, CreateTableExpr, CreateViewExpr, DropColumn,
    DropColumns, DropDefaults, ExpireAfter, FulltextBackend as PbFulltextBackend,
    JsonSettings as PbJsonSettings, JsonTypeHint as PbJsonTypeHint, ModifyColumnType,
    ModifyColumnTypes, RenameTable, SemanticType, SetDatabaseOptions, SetDefaults, SetFulltext,
    SetIndex, SetIndexes, SetInverted, SetJsonSettings, SetSkipping, SetTableOptions,
    SkippingIndexType as PbSkippingIndexType, TableName, UnsetDatabaseOptions, UnsetFulltext,
    UnsetIndex, UnsetIndexes, UnsetInverted, UnsetSkipping, UnsetTableOptions, set_index,
    unset_index,
};
use common_datasource::object_store::LocalFileAccess;
use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
use common_grpc_expr::util::ColumnExpr;
use common_time::Timezone;
use datafusion::sql::planner::object_name_to_table_reference;
use datatypes::json::JsonSettings;
use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
use datatypes::schema::{
    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_ANALYZER, COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_BACKEND,
    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_CASE_SENSITIVE, COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY, COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
    COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY, COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_TYPE, COMMENT_KEY,
    ColumnDefaultConstraint, ColumnSchema, FulltextAnalyzer, FulltextBackend, Schema,
    SkippingIndexType,
};
use file_engine::FileOptions;
use query::sql::{
    check_file_to_table_schema_compatibility, file_column_schemas_to_table,
    infer_file_table_schema, prepare_file_table_files,
};
use session::context::QueryContextRef;
use session::table_name::table_idents_to_full_name;
use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt, ensure};
use sql::ast::{
    ColumnDef, ColumnOption, ColumnOptionDef, Expr, Ident, ObjectName, ObjectNamePartExt,
};
use sql::dialect::GreptimeDbDialect;
use sql::parser::ParserContext;
use sql::statements::alter::{
    AlterDatabase, AlterDatabaseOperation, AlterTable, AlterTableOperation,
};
use sql::statements::create::{
    Column as SqlColumn, ColumnExtensions, CreateExternalTable, CreateFlow, CreateTable,
    CreateView, TableConstraint,
};
use sql::statements::{
    OptionMap, column_to_schema, concrete_data_type_to_sql_data_type, sql_col_to_grpc_col_def,
    sql_data_type_to_concrete_data_type, value_to_sql_value,
};
use sql::util::extract_tables_from_query;
use store_api::mito_engine_options::{COMPACTION_OVERRIDE, COMPACTION_TYPE};
use table::requests::{FILE_TABLE_META_KEY, TableOptions};
use table::table_reference::TableReference;
#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
pub use trigger::to_create_trigger_task_expr;

use crate::error::{
    BuildCreateExprOnInsertionSnafu, ColumnDataTypeSnafu, ConvertColumnDefaultConstraintSnafu,
    ConvertIdentifierSnafu, EncodeJsonSnafu, ExternalSnafu, FindNewColumnsOnInsertionSnafu,
    IllegalPrimaryKeysDefSnafu, InferFileTableSchemaSnafu, InvalidColumnDefSnafu,
    InvalidFlowNameSnafu, InvalidSqlSnafu, NotSupportedSnafu, ParseSqlSnafu, ParseSqlValueSnafu,
    PrepareFileTableSnafu, Result, SchemaIncompatibleSnafu, UnrecognizedTableOptionSnafu,
};

pub fn create_table_expr_by_column_schemas(
    table_name: &TableReference<'_>,
    column_schemas: &[api::v1::ColumnSchema],
    engine: &str,
    desc: Option<&str>,
) -> Result<CreateTableExpr> {
    let column_exprs = ColumnExpr::from_column_schemas(column_schemas);
    let expr = common_grpc_expr::util::build_create_table_expr(
        None,
        table_name,
        column_exprs,
        engine,
        desc.unwrap_or("Created on insertion"),
    )
    .context(BuildCreateExprOnInsertionSnafu)?;

    validate_create_expr(&expr)?;
    Ok(expr)
}

pub fn extract_add_columns_expr(
    schema: &Schema,
    column_exprs: Vec<ColumnExpr>,
) -> Result<Option<AddColumns>> {
    let add_columns = common_grpc_expr::util::extract_new_columns(schema, column_exprs)
        .context(FindNewColumnsOnInsertionSnafu)?;
    if let Some(add_columns) = &add_columns {
        validate_add_columns_expr(add_columns)?;
    }
    Ok(add_columns)
}

//   cpu float64,
//   memory float64,
//   TIME INDEX (ts),
//   PRIMARY KEY(host)
// ) WITH (location='/var/data/city.csv', format='csv');
// ```
// The user needs to specify the TIME INDEX column. If there is no suitable
// column in the file to use as TIME INDEX, an additional placeholder column
// needs to be created as the TIME INDEX, and a `DEFAULT <value>` constraint
// should be added.
//
//
// When the `CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE` statement is in inferred form, like
// ```sql
// CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS city WITH (location='/var/data/city.csv',format='csv');
// ```
// 1. If the TIME INDEX column can be inferred from metadata, use that column
//    as the TIME INDEX. Otherwise,
// 2. If a column named `greptime_timestamp` exists (with the requirement that
//    the column is with type TIMESTAMP, otherwise an error is thrown), use
//    that column as the TIME INDEX. Otherwise,
// 3. Automatically create the `greptime_timestamp` column and add a `DEFAULT 0`
//    constraint.
pub(crate) async fn create_external_expr(
    create: CreateExternalTable,
    query_ctx: &QueryContextRef,
    local_file_access: &LocalFileAccess,
) -> Result<CreateTableExpr> {
    let (catalog_name, schema_name, table_name) =
        table_idents_to_full_name(&create.name, query_ctx)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
            .context(ExternalSnafu)?;

    let mut table_options = create.options.into_map();

    let (object_store, files) = prepare_file_table_files(&table_options, local_file_access)
        .await
        .context(PrepareFileTableSnafu)?;

    let file_column_schemas = infer_file_table_schema(&object_store, &files, &table_options)
        .await
        .context(InferFileTableSchemaSnafu)?
        .column_schemas()
        .to_vec();

    let (time_index, primary_keys, table_column_schemas) = if !create.columns.is_empty() {
        // expanded form
        let time_index = find_time_index(&create.constraints)?;
        let primary_keys = find_primary_keys(&create.columns, &create.constraints)?;
        let column_schemas =
            columns_to_column_schemas(&create.columns, &time_index, Some(&query_ctx.timezone()))?;
        (time_index, primary_keys, column_schemas)
    } else {
        // inferred form
        let (column_schemas, time_index) = file_column_schemas_to_table(&file_column_schemas);
        let primary_keys = vec![];
        (time_index, primary_keys, column_schemas)
    };

    check_file_to_table_schema_compatibility(&file_column_schemas, &table_column_schemas)
        .context(SchemaIncompatibleSnafu)?;

    let meta = FileOptions {
        files,
        file_column_schemas,
    };
    table_options.insert(
        FILE_TABLE_META_KEY.to_string(),
        serde_json::to_string(&meta).context(EncodeJsonSnafu)?,
    );

    let column_defs = column_schemas_to_defs(table_column_schemas, &primary_keys)?;
    let expr = CreateTableExpr {
        catalog_name,
        schema_name,
        table_name,
        desc: String::default(),
        column_defs,
        time_index,
        primary_keys,
        create_if_not_exists: create.if_not_exists,
        table_options,
        table_id: None,
        engine: create.engine.clone(),
    };

    Ok(expr)
}

/// Convert `CreateTable` statement to [`CreateTableExpr`] gRPC request.
pub fn create_to_expr(
    create: &CreateTable,
    query_ctx: &QueryContextRef,
) -> Result<CreateTableExpr> {
    let (catalog_name, schema_name, table_name) =
        table_idents_to_full_name(&create.name, query_ctx)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
            .context(ExternalSnafu)?;

    let time_index = find_time_index(&create.constraints)?;
    let mut table_options = HashMap::from(
        &TableOptions::try_from_iter(create.options.to_str_map())
            .context(UnrecognizedTableOptionSnafu)?,
    );

    if table_options.contains_key(COMPACTION_TYPE) {
        table_options.insert(COMPACTION_OVERRIDE.to_string(), "true".to_string());
    }

    let primary_keys = find_primary_keys(&create.columns, &create.constraints)?;

    let expr = CreateTableExpr {
        catalog_name,
        schema_name,
        table_name,
        desc: String::default(),
        column_defs: columns_to_expr(
            &create.columns,
            &time_index,
            &primary_keys,
            Some(&query_ctx.timezone()),
        )?,
        time_index,
        primary_keys,
        create_if_not_exists: create.if_not_exists,
        table_options,
        table_id: None,
        engine: create.engine.clone(),
    };

    validate_create_expr(&expr)?;
    Ok(expr)
}

/// Convert gRPC's [`CreateTableExpr`] back to `CreateTable` statement.
/// You can use `create_table_expr_by_column_schemas` to create a `CreateTableExpr` from column schemas.
///
/// # Parameters
///
/// * `expr` - The `CreateTableExpr` to convert
/// * `quote_style` - Optional quote style for identifiers (defaults to MySQL style ` backtick)
pub fn expr_to_create(expr: &CreateTableExpr, quote_style: Option<char>) -> Result<CreateTable> {
    let quote_style = quote_style.unwrap_or('`');

    // Convert table name
    let table_name = ObjectName(vec![sql::ast::ObjectNamePart::Identifier(
        sql::ast::Ident::with_quote(quote_style, &expr.table_name),
    )]);

    // Convert columns
    let mut columns = Vec::with_capacity(expr.column_defs.len());
    for column_def in &expr.column_defs {
        let column_schema = try_as_column_schema(column_def).context(InvalidColumnDefSnafu {
            column: &column_def.name,
        })?;

        let mut options = Vec::new();

        // Add NULL/NOT NULL constraint
        if column_def.is_nullable {
            options.push(ColumnOptionDef {
                name: None,
                option: ColumnOption::Null,
            });
        } else {
            options.push(ColumnOptionDef {
                name: None,
                option: ColumnOption::NotNull,
            });
        }

        // Add DEFAULT constraint if present
        if let Some(default_constraint) = column_schema.default_constraint() {
            let expr = match default_constraint {
                ColumnDefaultConstraint::Value(v) => {
                    Expr::Value(value_to_sql_value(v).context(ParseSqlValueSnafu)?.into())
                }
                ColumnDefaultConstraint::Function(func_expr) => {
                    ParserContext::parse_function(func_expr, &GreptimeDbDialect {})
                        .context(ParseSqlSnafu)?
                }
            };
            options.push(ColumnOptionDef {
                name: None,
                option: ColumnOption::Default(expr),
            });
        }

        // Add COMMENT if present
        if !column_def.comment.is_empty() {
            options.push(ColumnOptionDef {
                name: None,
                option: ColumnOption::Comment(column_def.comment.clone()),
            });
        }

        // Note: We don't add inline PRIMARY KEY options here,
        // we'll handle all primary keys as constraints instead for consistency

        // Handle column extensions (fulltext, inverted index, skipping index)
        let mut extensions = ColumnExtensions::default();

        // Add fulltext index options if present
        if let Ok(Some(opt)) = column_schema.fulltext_options()
            && opt.enable
        {
            let mut map = HashMap::from([
                (
                    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_ANALYZER.to_string(),
                    opt.analyzer.to_string(),
                ),
                (
                    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_CASE_SENSITIVE.to_string(),
                    opt.case_sensitive.to_string(),
                ),
                (
                    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_BACKEND.to_string(),
                    opt.backend.to_string(),
                ),
            ]);
            if opt.backend == FulltextBackend::Bloom {
                map.insert(
                    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY.to_string(),
                    opt.granularity.to_string(),
                );
                map.insert(
                    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE.to_string(),
                    opt.false_positive_rate().to_string(),
                );
            }
            extensions.fulltext_index_options = Some(map.into());
        }

        // Add skipping index options if present
        if let Ok(Some(opt)) = column_schema.skipping_index_options() {
            let map = HashMap::from([
                (
                    COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY.to_string(),
                    opt.granularity.to_string(),
                ),
                (
                    COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE.to_string(),
                    opt.false_positive_rate().to_string(),
                ),
                (
                    COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_TYPE.to_string(),
                    opt.index_type.to_string(),
                ),
            ]);
            extensions.skipping_index_options = Some(map.into());
        }

        // Add inverted index options if present
        if column_schema.is_inverted_indexed() {
            extensions.inverted_index_options = Some(HashMap::new().into());
        }

        let sql_column = SqlColumn {
            column_def: ColumnDef {
                name: Ident::with_quote(quote_style, &column_def.name),
                data_type: concrete_data_type_to_sql_data_type(&column_schema.data_type)
                    .context(ParseSqlSnafu)?,
                options,
            },
            extensions,
        };

        columns.push(sql_column);
    }

    // Convert constraints
    let mut constraints = Vec::new();

    // Add TIME INDEX constraint
    constraints.push(TableConstraint::TimeIndex {
        column: Ident::with_quote(quote_style, &expr.time_index),
    });

    // Add PRIMARY KEY constraint (always add as constraint for consistency)
    if !expr.primary_keys.is_empty() {
        let primary_key_columns: Vec<Ident> = expr
            .primary_keys
            .iter()
            .map(|pk| Ident::with_quote(quote_style, pk))
            .collect();

        constraints.push(TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
            columns: primary_key_columns,
        });
    }

    // Convert table options
    let mut options = OptionMap::default();
    for (key, value) in &expr.table_options {
        options.insert(key.clone(), value.clone());
    }

    Ok(CreateTable {
        if_not_exists: expr.create_if_not_exists,
        table_id: expr.table_id.as_ref().map(|tid| tid.id).unwrap_or(0),
        name: table_name,
        columns,
        engine: expr.engine.clone(),
        constraints,
        options,
        partitions: None,
    })
}

/// Validate the [`CreateTableExpr`] request.
pub fn validate_create_expr(create: &CreateTableExpr) -> Result<()> {
    // construct column list
    let mut column_to_indices = HashMap::with_capacity(create.column_defs.len());
    for (idx, column) in create.column_defs.iter().enumerate() {
        if let Some(indices) = column_to_indices.get(&column.name) {
            return InvalidSqlSnafu {
                err_msg: format!(
                    "column name `{}` is duplicated at index {} and {}",
                    column.name, indices, idx
                ),
            }
            .fail();
        }
        column_to_indices.insert(&column.name, idx);
    }

    // verify time_index exists
    let time_index_idx =
        column_to_indices
            .get(&create.time_index)
            .with_context(|| InvalidSqlSnafu {
                err_msg: format!(
                    "column name `{}` is not found in column list",
                    create.time_index
                ),
            })?;

    // verify time_index is a timestamp column
    let time_index_column = &create.column_defs[*time_index_idx];
    let data_type = ConcreteDataType::from(
        ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
            time_index_column.data_type,
            time_index_column.datatype_extension.clone(),
        )
        .context(ColumnDataTypeSnafu)?,
    );
    ensure!(
        data_type.is_timestamp(),
        InvalidSqlSnafu {
            err_msg: format!(
                "column `{}` is not a timestamp type, it can't be used as time index",
                create.time_index
            ),
        }
    );

    // verify primary_key exists
    for pk in &create.primary_keys {
        let _ = column_to_indices
            .get(&pk)
            .with_context(|| InvalidSqlSnafu {
                err_msg: format!("column name `{}` is not found in column list", pk),
            })?;
    }

    // construct primary_key set
    let mut pk_set = HashSet::new();
    for pk in &create.primary_keys {
        if !pk_set.insert(pk) {
            return InvalidSqlSnafu {
                err_msg: format!("column name `{}` is duplicated in primary keys", pk),
            }
            .fail();
        }
    }

    // verify time index is not primary key
    if pk_set.contains(&create.time_index) {
        return InvalidSqlSnafu {
            err_msg: format!(
                "column name `{}` is both primary key and time index",
                create.time_index
            ),
        }
        .fail();
    }

    for column in &create.column_defs {
        // verify do not contain interval type column issue #3235
        if is_interval_type(&column.data_type()) {
            return InvalidSqlSnafu {
                err_msg: format!(
                    "column name `{}` is interval type, which is not supported",
                    column.name
                ),
            }
            .fail();
        }
        // verify do not contain datetime type column issue #5489
        if is_date_time_type(&column.data_type()) {
            return InvalidSqlSnafu {
                err_msg: format!(
                    "column name `{}` is datetime type, which is not supported, please use `timestamp` type instead",
                    column.name
                ),
            }
            .fail();
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn validate_add_columns_expr(add_columns: &AddColumns) -> Result<()> {
    for add_column in &add_columns.add_columns {
        let Some(column_def) = &add_column.column_def else {
            continue;
        };
        if is_date_time_type(&column_def.data_type()) {
            return InvalidSqlSnafu {
                    err_msg: format!("column name `{}` is datetime type, which is not supported, please use `timestamp` type instead", column_def.name),
                }
                .fail();
        }
        if is_interval_type(&column_def.data_type()) {
            return InvalidSqlSnafu {
                err_msg: format!(
                    "column name `{}` is interval type, which is not supported",
                    column_def.name
                ),
            }
            .fail();
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn is_date_time_type(data_type: &ColumnDataType) -> bool {
    matches!(data_type, ColumnDataType::Datetime)
}

fn is_interval_type(data_type: &ColumnDataType) -> bool {
    matches!(
        data_type,
        ColumnDataType::IntervalYearMonth
            | ColumnDataType::IntervalDayTime
            | ColumnDataType::IntervalMonthDayNano
    )
}

fn find_primary_keys(
    columns: &[SqlColumn],
    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
    let columns_pk = columns
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|x| {
            if x.options()
                .iter()
                .any(|o| matches!(o.option, ColumnOption::PrimaryKey(_)))
            {
                Some(x.name().value.clone())
            } else {
                None
            }
        })
        .collect::<Vec<String>>();

    ensure!(
        columns_pk.len() <= 1,
        IllegalPrimaryKeysDefSnafu {
            msg: "not allowed to inline multiple primary keys in columns options"
        }
    );

    let constraints_pk = constraints
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|constraint| match constraint {
            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => {
                Some(columns.iter().map(|ident| ident.value.clone()))
            }
            _ => None,
        })
        .flatten()
        .collect::<Vec<String>>();

    ensure!(
        columns_pk.is_empty() || constraints_pk.is_empty(),
        IllegalPrimaryKeysDefSnafu {
            msg: "found definitions of primary keys in multiple places"
        }
    );

    let mut primary_keys = Vec::with_capacity(columns_pk.len() + constraints_pk.len());
    primary_keys.extend(columns_pk);
    primary_keys.extend(constraints_pk);
    Ok(primary_keys)
}

pub fn find_time_index(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> Result<String> {
    let time_index = constraints
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|constraint| match constraint {
            TableConstraint::TimeIndex { column, .. } => Some(&column.value),
            _ => None,
        })
        .collect::<Vec<&String>>();
    ensure!(
        time_index.len() == 1,
        InvalidSqlSnafu {
            err_msg: "must have one and only one TimeIndex columns",
        }
    );
    Ok(time_index[0].clone())
}

fn columns_to_expr(
    column_defs: &[SqlColumn],
    time_index: &str,
    primary_keys: &[String],
    timezone: Option<&Timezone>,
) -> Result<Vec<api::v1::ColumnDef>> {
    let column_schemas = columns_to_column_schemas(column_defs, time_index, timezone)?;
    column_schemas_to_defs(column_schemas, primary_keys)
}

fn columns_to_column_schemas(
    columns: &[SqlColumn],
    time_index: &str,
    timezone: Option<&Timezone>,
) -> Result<Vec<ColumnSchema>> {
    columns
        .iter()
        .map(|c| column_to_schema(c, time_index, timezone).context(ParseSqlSnafu))
        .collect::<Result<Vec<ColumnSchema>>>()
}

// TODO(weny): refactor this function to use `try_as_column_def`
pub fn column_schemas_to_defs(
    column_schemas: Vec<ColumnSchema>,
    primary_keys: &[String],
) -> Result<Vec<api::v1::ColumnDef>> {
    let column_datatypes: Vec<(ColumnDataType, Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>)> = column_schemas
        .iter()
        .map(|c| {
            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_from(c.data_type.clone())
                .map(|w| w.to_parts())
                .context(ColumnDataTypeSnafu)
        })
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;

    column_schemas
        .iter()
        .zip(column_datatypes)
        .map(|(schema, datatype)| {
            let semantic_type = if schema.is_time_index() {
                SemanticType::Timestamp
            } else if primary_keys.contains(&schema.name) {
                SemanticType::Tag
            } else {
                SemanticType::Field
            } as i32;
            let comment = schema
                .metadata()
                .get(COMMENT_KEY)
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_default();

            Ok(api::v1::ColumnDef {
                name: schema.name.clone(),
                data_type: datatype.0 as i32,
                is_nullable: schema.is_nullable(),
                default_constraint: match schema.default_constraint() {
                    None => vec![],
                    Some(v) => {
                        v.clone()
                            .try_into()
                            .context(ConvertColumnDefaultConstraintSnafu {
                                column_name: &schema.name,
                            })?
                    }
                },
                semantic_type,
                comment,
                datatype_extension: datatype.1,
                options: options_from_column_schema(schema),
            })
        })
        .collect()
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct RepartitionRequest {
    pub catalog_name: String,
    pub schema_name: String,
    pub table_name: String,
    pub source: RepartitionSource,
    pub into_exprs: Vec<Expr>,
    pub options: OptionMap,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum RepartitionSource {
    Partitions {
        from_exprs: Vec<Expr>,
        target_partition_columns: Option<Vec<String>>,
    },
    Unpartitioned {
        partition_columns: Vec<String>,
    },
}

pub(crate) fn to_repartition_request(
    alter_table: AlterTable,
    query_ctx: &QueryContextRef,
) -> Result<RepartitionRequest> {
    let AlterTable {
        table_name,
        alter_operation,
        options,
    } = alter_table;

    let (catalog_name, schema_name, table_name) = table_idents_to_full_name(&table_name, query_ctx)
        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
        .context(ExternalSnafu)?;

    let (source, into_exprs) = match alter_operation {
        AlterTableOperation::Repartition { operation } => (
            RepartitionSource::Partitions {
                from_exprs: operation.from_exprs,
                target_partition_columns: operation.partition_columns.map(|columns| {
                    columns
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|ident| ident.value)
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                }),
            },
            operation.into_exprs,
        ),
        AlterTableOperation::Partition { partitions } => (
            RepartitionSource::Unpartitioned {
                partition_columns: partitions
                    .column_list
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|ident| ident.value)
                    .collect(),
            },
            partitions.exprs,
        ),
        _ => {
            return InvalidSqlSnafu {
                err_msg: "expected REPARTITION or PARTITION operation",
            }
            .fail();
        }
    };

    Ok(RepartitionRequest {
        catalog_name,
        schema_name,
        table_name,
        source,
        into_exprs,
        options,
    })
}

fn json_settings_to_proto(settings: JsonSettings) -> Result<PbJsonSettings> {
    let (type_hints, max_auto_expanded_paths) = settings.into_parts();
    let type_hints = type_hints
        .into_iter()
        .map(|hint| {
            let (data_type, datatype_extension) = ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_from(hint.data_type)
                .map(|w| w.to_parts())
                .context(ColumnDataTypeSnafu)?;

            Ok(PbJsonTypeHint {
                path: hint.path,
                data_type: data_type as i32,
                datatype_extension,
            })
        })
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;

    Ok(PbJsonSettings {
        type_hints,
        max_auto_expanded_paths,
    })
}

/// Converts a SQL alter table statement into a gRPC alter table expression.
pub(crate) fn to_alter_table_expr(
    alter_table: AlterTable,
    query_ctx: &QueryContextRef,
) -> Result<AlterTableExpr> {
    let (catalog_name, schema_name, table_name) =
        table_idents_to_full_name(alter_table.table_name(), query_ctx)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
            .context(ExternalSnafu)?;

    let kind = match alter_table.alter_operation {
        AlterTableOperation::AddConstraint(_) => {
            return NotSupportedSnafu {
                feat: "ADD CONSTRAINT",
            }
            .fail();
        }
        AlterTableOperation::AddColumns { add_columns } => AlterTableKind::AddColumns(AddColumns {
            add_columns: add_columns
                .into_iter()
                .map(|add_column| {
                    let column_def =
                        sql_col_to_grpc_col_def(&add_column.column, Some(&query_ctx.timezone()))
                            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
                            .context(ExternalSnafu)?;
                    if is_interval_type(&column_def.data_type()) {
                        return NotSupportedSnafu {
                            feat: "Add column with interval type",
                        }
                        .fail();
                    }
                    Ok(AddColumn {
                        column_def: Some(column_def),
                        location: add_column.location.as_ref().map(From::from),
                        add_if_not_exists: add_column.add_if_not_exists,
                    })
                })
                .collect::<Result<Vec<AddColumn>>>()?,
        }),
        AlterTableOperation::ModifyColumnType {
            column_name,
            target_type,
            ..
        } => {
            let target_type =
                sql_data_type_to_concrete_data_type(&target_type).context(ParseSqlSnafu)?;

            // Currently disallow modify column type to json2.
            if target_type.is_json2() {
                return NotSupportedSnafu {
                    feat: "ALTER TABLE MODIFY COLUMN to JSON2 type",
                }
                .fail();
            }

            let (target_type, target_type_extension) = ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_from(target_type)
                .map(|w| w.to_parts())
                .context(ColumnDataTypeSnafu)?;
            if is_interval_type(&target_type) {
                return NotSupportedSnafu {
                    feat: "Modify column type to interval type",
                }
                .fail();
            }
            AlterTableKind::ModifyColumnTypes(ModifyColumnTypes {
                modify_column_types: vec![ModifyColumnType {
                    column_name: column_name.value,
                    target_type: target_type as i32,
                    target_type_extension,
                }],
            })
        }
        AlterTableOperation::SetJsonSettings {
            column_name,
            json2_options,
        } => {
            let settings = match json2_options {
                Some(options) => options.build_json_settings().context(ParseSqlSnafu)?,
                None => datatypes::json::JsonSettings::new_v2(),
            };

            AlterTableKind::SetJsonSettings(SetJsonSettings {
                column_name: column_name.value,
                settings: Some(json_settings_to_proto(settings)?),
            })
        }
        AlterTableOperation::DropColumn { name } => AlterTableKind::DropColumns(DropColumns {
            drop_columns: vec![DropColumn {
                name: name.value.clone(),
            }],
        }),
        AlterTableOperation::RenameTable { new_table_name } => {
            AlterTableKind::RenameTable(RenameTable {
                new_table_name: new_table_name.clone(),
            })
        }
        AlterTableOperation::SetTableOptions { options } => {
            AlterTableKind::SetTableOptions(SetTableOptions {
                table_options: options.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
            })
        }
        AlterTableOperation::UnsetTableOptions { keys } => {
            AlterTableKind::UnsetTableOptions(UnsetTableOptions { keys })
        }
        AlterTableOperation::Repartition { .. } => {
            return NotSupportedSnafu {
                feat: "ALTER TABLE ... REPARTITION",
            }
            .fail();
        }
        AlterTableOperation::Partition { .. } => {
            return NotSupportedSnafu {
                feat: "ALTER TABLE ... PARTITION ON COLUMNS",
            }
            .fail();
        }
        AlterTableOperation::SetIndex { options } => {
            let option = match options {
                sql::statements::alter::SetIndexOperation::Fulltext {
                    column_name,
                    options,
                } => SetIndex {
                    options: Some(set_index::Options::Fulltext(SetFulltext {
                        column_name: column_name.value,
                        enable: options.enable,
                        analyzer: match options.analyzer {
                            FulltextAnalyzer::English => Analyzer::English.into(),
                            FulltextAnalyzer::Chinese => Analyzer::Chinese.into(),
                        },
                        case_sensitive: options.case_sensitive,
                        backend: match options.backend {
                            FulltextBackend::Bloom => PbFulltextBackend::Bloom.into(),
                            FulltextBackend::Tantivy => PbFulltextBackend::Tantivy.into(),
                        },
                        granularity: options.granularity as u64,
                        false_positive_rate: options.false_positive_rate(),
                    })),
                },
                sql::statements::alter::SetIndexOperation::Inverted { column_name } => SetIndex {
                    options: Some(set_index::Options::Inverted(SetInverted {
                        column_name: column_name.value,
                    })),
                },
                sql::statements::alter::SetIndexOperation::Skipping {
                    column_name,
                    options,
                } => SetIndex {
                    options: Some(set_index::Options::Skipping(SetSkipping {
                        column_name: column_name.value,
                        enable: true,
                        granularity: options.granularity as u64,
                        false_positive_rate: options.false_positive_rate(),
                        skipping_index_type: match options.index_type {
                            SkippingIndexType::BloomFilter => {
                                PbSkippingIndexType::BloomFilter.into()
                            }
                        },
                    })),
                },
            };
            AlterTableKind::SetIndexes(SetIndexes {
                set_indexes: vec![option],
            })
        }
        AlterTableOperation::UnsetIndex { options } => {
            let option = match options {
                sql::statements::alter::UnsetIndexOperation::Fulltext { column_name } => {
                    UnsetIndex {
                        options: Some(unset_index::Options::Fulltext(UnsetFulltext {
                            column_name: column_name.value,
                        })),
                    }
                }
                sql::statements::alter::UnsetIndexOperation::Inverted { column_name } => {
                    UnsetIndex {
                        options: Some(unset_index::Options::Inverted(UnsetInverted {
                            column_name: column_name.value,
                        })),
                    }
                }
                sql::statements::alter::UnsetIndexOperation::Skipping { column_name } => {
                    UnsetIndex {
                        options: Some(unset_index::Options::Skipping(UnsetSkipping {
                            column_name: column_name.value,
                        })),
                    }
                }
            };

            AlterTableKind::UnsetIndexes(UnsetIndexes {
                unset_indexes: vec![option],
            })
        }
        AlterTableOperation::DropDefaults { columns } => {
            AlterTableKind::DropDefaults(DropDefaults {
                drop_defaults: columns
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|col| {
                        let column_name = col.0.to_string();
                        Ok(api::v1::DropDefault { column_name })
                    })
                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?,
            })
        }
        AlterTableOperation::SetDefaults { defaults } => AlterTableKind::SetDefaults(SetDefaults {
            set_defaults: defaults
                .into_iter()
                .map(|col| {
                    let column_name = col.column_name.to_string();
                    let default_constraint = serde_json::to_string(&col.default_constraint)
                        .context(EncodeJsonSnafu)?
                        .into_bytes();
                    Ok(api::v1::SetDefault {
                        column_name,
                        default_constraint,
                    })
                })
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?,
        }),
    };

    Ok(AlterTableExpr {
        catalog_name,
        schema_name,
        table_name,
        kind: Some(kind),
    })
}

/// Try to cast the `[AlterDatabase]` statement into gRPC `[AlterDatabaseExpr]`.
pub fn to_alter_database_expr(
    alter_database: AlterDatabase,
    query_ctx: &QueryContextRef,
) -> Result<AlterDatabaseExpr> {
    let catalog = query_ctx.current_catalog();
    let schema = alter_database.database_name;

    let kind = match alter_database.alter_operation {
        AlterDatabaseOperation::SetDatabaseOption { options } => {
            let options = options.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();
            AlterDatabaseKind::SetDatabaseOptions(SetDatabaseOptions {
                set_database_options: options,
            })
        }
        AlterDatabaseOperation::UnsetDatabaseOption { keys } => {
            AlterDatabaseKind::UnsetDatabaseOptions(UnsetDatabaseOptions { keys })
        }
    };

    Ok(AlterDatabaseExpr {
        catalog_name: catalog.to_string(),
        schema_name: schema.to_string(),
        kind: Some(kind),
    })
}

/// Try to cast the `[CreateViewExpr]` statement into gRPC `[CreateViewExpr]`.
pub fn to_create_view_expr(
    stmt: CreateView,
    logical_plan: Vec<u8>,
    table_names: Vec<TableName>,
    columns: Vec<String>,
    plan_columns: Vec<String>,
    definition: String,
    query_ctx: QueryContextRef,
) -> Result<CreateViewExpr> {
    let (catalog_name, schema_name, view_name) = table_idents_to_full_name(&stmt.name, &query_ctx)
        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
        .context(ExternalSnafu)?;

    let expr = CreateViewExpr {
        catalog_name,
        schema_name,
        view_name,
        logical_plan,
        create_if_not_exists: stmt.if_not_exists,
        or_replace: stmt.or_replace,
        table_names,
        columns,
        plan_columns,
        definition,
    };

    Ok(expr)
}

pub fn to_create_flow_task_expr(
    create_flow: CreateFlow,
    query_ctx: &QueryContextRef,
) -> Result<CreateFlowExpr> {
    // retrieve sink table name
    let sink_table_ref = object_name_to_table_reference(create_flow.sink_table_name.clone(), true)
        .with_context(|_| ConvertIdentifierSnafu {
            ident: create_flow.sink_table_name.to_string(),
        })?;
    let catalog = sink_table_ref
        .catalog()
        .unwrap_or(query_ctx.current_catalog())
        .to_string();
    let schema = sink_table_ref
        .schema()
        .map(|s| s.to_owned())
        .unwrap_or(query_ctx.current_schema());

    let sink_table_name = TableName {
        catalog_name: catalog,
        schema_name: schema,
        table_name: sink_table_ref.table().to_string(),
    };

    let source_table_names = extract_tables_from_query(&create_flow.query)
        .map(|name| {
            let reference =
                object_name_to_table_reference(name.clone(), true).with_context(|_| {
                    ConvertIdentifierSnafu {
                        ident: name.to_string(),
                    }
                })?;
            let catalog = reference
                .catalog()
                .unwrap_or(query_ctx.current_catalog())
                .to_string();
            let schema = reference
                .schema()
                .map(|s| s.to_string())
                .unwrap_or(query_ctx.current_schema());

            let table_name = TableName {
                catalog_name: catalog,
                schema_name: schema,
                table_name: reference.table().to_string(),
            };
            Ok(table_name)
        })
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;

    let eval_interval = create_flow.eval_interval;

    let flow_options = stringify_flow_options(create_flow.flow_options)?;
    Ok(CreateFlowExpr {
        catalog_name: query_ctx.current_catalog().to_string(),
        flow_name: sanitize_flow_name(create_flow.flow_name)?,
        source_table_names,
        sink_table_name: Some(sink_table_name),
        or_replace: create_flow.or_replace,
        create_if_not_exists: create_flow.if_not_exists,
        expire_after: create_flow.expire_after.map(|value| ExpireAfter { value }),
        eval_interval: eval_interval.map(|seconds| api::v1::EvalInterval { seconds }),
        comment: create_flow.comment.unwrap_or_default(),
        sql: create_flow.query.to_string(),
        flow_options,
    })
}

fn stringify_flow_options(flow_options: OptionMap) -> Result<HashMap<String, String>> {
    let options_len = flow_options.len();
    let flow_options = flow_options.into_map();
    ensure!(
        flow_options.len() == options_len,
        InvalidSqlSnafu {
            err_msg: "flow options only support scalar string-compatible values".to_string(),
        }
    );
    Ok(flow_options)
}

/// sanitize the flow name, remove possible quotes
fn sanitize_flow_name(mut flow_name: ObjectName) -> Result<String> {
    ensure!(
        flow_name.0.len() == 1,
        InvalidFlowNameSnafu {
            name: flow_name.to_string(),
        }
    );
    // safety: we've checked flow_name.0 has exactly one element.
    Ok(flow_name.0.swap_remove(0).to_string_unquoted())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::collections::HashMap;

    use api::v1::{SetDatabaseOptions, UnsetDatabaseOptions};
    use datatypes::extension::json::is_json2_extension_type;
    use datatypes::value::Value;
    use session::context::{QueryContext, QueryContextBuilder};
    use sql::dialect::GreptimeDbDialect;
    use sql::parser::{ParseOptions, ParserContext};
    use sql::statements::statement::Statement;
    use store_api::storage::ColumnDefaultConstraint;

    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_to_alter_add_json2_column_preserves_extension() {
        let sql = "ALTER TABLE monitor ADD COLUMN payload JSON2;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();
        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        let expr = to_alter_table_expr(alter_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let AlterTableKind::AddColumns(AddColumns { add_columns, .. }) = expr.kind.unwrap() else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let column_def = add_columns[0].column_def.as_ref().unwrap();
        let column_schema = try_as_column_schema(column_def).unwrap();
        let schema = Schema::new(vec![column_schema]);

        assert!(is_json2_extension_type(&schema.arrow_schema().fields()[0]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_alter_add_json2_column_preserves_settings() {
        let sql = "ALTER TABLE monitor ADD COLUMN payload JSON2(max_auto_expanded_paths = 0, service STRING, nested.value BIGINT)";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();
        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_alter_table_expr(alter_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let AlterTableKind::AddColumns(AddColumns { add_columns, .. }) = expr.kind.unwrap() else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let column_schema =
            try_as_column_schema(add_columns[0].column_def.as_ref().unwrap()).unwrap();
        let metadata: datatypes::extension::json::JsonMetadata =
            serde_json::from_str(&column_schema.metadata()["ARROW:extension:metadata"]).unwrap();
        let settings = metadata.json_settings();
        assert_eq!(Some(0), settings.max_auto_expanded_paths());
        assert_eq!(2, settings.type_hints().len());
        assert_eq!(vec!["service"], settings.type_hints()[0].path);
        assert_eq!(vec!["nested", "value"], settings.type_hints()[1].path);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_flow_tql_expr() {
        let sql = r#"
CREATE FLOW calc_reqs SINK TO cnt_reqs AS
TQL EVAL (0, 15, '5s') count_values("status_code", http_requests);"#;
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default());

        assert!(
            stmt.is_err(),
            "Expected error for invalid TQL EVAL parameters: {:#?}",
            stmt
        );

        let sql = r#"
CREATE FLOW calc_reqs SINK TO cnt_reqs AS
TQL EVAL (now() - '15s'::interval, now(), '5s') count_values("status_code", http_requests);"#;
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();

        let to_dot_sep =
            |c: TableName| format!("{}.{}.{}", c.catalog_name, c.schema_name, c.table_name);
        assert_eq!("calc_reqs", expr.flow_name);
        assert_eq!("greptime", expr.catalog_name);
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.public.cnt_reqs",
            expr.sink_table_name.map(to_dot_sep).unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(1, expr.source_table_names.len());
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.public.http_requests",
            to_dot_sep(expr.source_table_names[0].clone())
        );
        assert_eq!(
            r#"TQL EVAL (now() - '15s'::interval, now(), '5s') count_values("status_code", http_requests)"#,
            expr.sql
        );

        let sql = r#"
CREATE FLOW calc_reqs SINK TO cnt_reqs AS
TQL EVAL (now() - '15s'::interval, now(), '5s') count_values("status_code", http_requests{__schema__="greptime_private"});"#;
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();
        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(1, expr.source_table_names.len());
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.greptime_private.http_requests",
            to_dot_sep(expr.source_table_names[0].clone())
        );

        let sql = r#"
CREATE FLOW calc_reqs SINK TO cnt_reqs AS
TQL EVAL (now() - '15s'::interval, now(), '5s') count_values("status_code", http_requests{__database__="greptime_private"});"#;
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();
        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(1, expr.source_table_names.len());
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.greptime_private.http_requests",
            to_dot_sep(expr.source_table_names[0].clone())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_flow_tql_cte_source_tables() {
        let sql = r#"
CREATE FLOW calc_cte
SINK TO metric_cte_sink
EVAL INTERVAL '1m'
AS
WITH tql(ts, the_value) AS (
  TQL EVAL (now() - '1m'::interval, now(), '5s') metric_cte
)
SELECT * FROM tql;
"#;

        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();

        let to_dot_sep =
            |c: TableName| format!("{}.{}.{}", c.catalog_name, c.schema_name, c.table_name);
        assert_eq!(1, expr.source_table_names.len());
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.public.metric_cte",
            to_dot_sep(expr.source_table_names[0].clone())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_flow_tql_cte_source_tables_quoted_cte_name() {
        let sql = r#"
CREATE FLOW calc_cte
SINK TO metric_cte_sink
EVAL INTERVAL '1m'
AS
WITH "TQL"(ts, the_value) AS (
  TQL EVAL (now() - '1m'::interval, now(), '5s') metric_cte
)
SELECT * FROM "TQL";
"#;

        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();

        let to_dot_sep =
            |c: TableName| format!("{}.{}.{}", c.catalog_name, c.schema_name, c.table_name);
        assert_eq!(1, expr.source_table_names.len());
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.public.metric_cte",
            to_dot_sep(expr.source_table_names[0].clone())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_flow_tql_cte_source_tables_same_name() {
        let sql = r#"
CREATE FLOW calc_cte
SINK TO metric_cte_sink
EVAL INTERVAL '1m'
AS
WITH tql(ts, the_value) AS (
  TQL EVAL (now() - '1m'::interval, now(), '5s') tql
)
SELECT * FROM tql;
"#;

        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();

        let to_dot_sep =
            |c: TableName| format!("{}.{}.{}", c.catalog_name, c.schema_name, c.table_name);
        assert_eq!(1, expr.source_table_names.len());
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.public.tql",
            to_dot_sep(expr.source_table_names[0].clone())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_flow_expr() {
        let sql = r"
CREATE FLOW test_distinct_basic SINK TO out_distinct_basic AS
SELECT
    DISTINCT number as dis
FROM
    distinct_basic;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();

        let to_dot_sep =
            |c: TableName| format!("{}.{}.{}", c.catalog_name, c.schema_name, c.table_name);
        assert_eq!("test_distinct_basic", expr.flow_name);
        assert_eq!("greptime", expr.catalog_name);
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.public.out_distinct_basic",
            expr.sink_table_name.map(to_dot_sep).unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(1, expr.source_table_names.len());
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.public.distinct_basic",
            to_dot_sep(expr.source_table_names[0].clone())
        );
        assert_eq!(
            r"SELECT
    DISTINCT number as dis
FROM
    distinct_basic",
            expr.sql
        );

        let sql = r"
CREATE FLOW `task_2`
SINK TO schema_1.table_1
AS
SELECT max(c1), min(c2) FROM schema_2.table_2;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();

        let to_dot_sep =
            |c: TableName| format!("{}.{}.{}", c.catalog_name, c.schema_name, c.table_name);
        assert_eq!("task_2", expr.flow_name);
        assert_eq!("greptime", expr.catalog_name);
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.schema_1.table_1",
            expr.sink_table_name.map(to_dot_sep).unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(1, expr.source_table_names.len());
        assert_eq!(
            "greptime.schema_2.table_2",
            to_dot_sep(expr.source_table_names[0].clone())
        );
        assert_eq!("SELECT max(c1), min(c2) FROM schema_2.table_2", expr.sql);
        assert!(expr.flow_options.is_empty());

        let sql = r"
CREATE FLOW task_3
SINK TO schema_1.table_1
WITH (defer_on_missing_source = 'true', foo = 'bar')
AS
SELECT max(c1), min(c2) FROM schema_2.table_2;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            expr.flow_options,
            HashMap::from([
                ("defer_on_missing_source".to_string(), "true".to_string()),
                ("foo".to_string(), "bar".to_string()),
            ])
        );

        let sql = r"
CREATE FLOW task_4
SINK TO schema_1.table_1
WITH (defer_on_missing_source = true)
AS
SELECT max(c1), min(c2) FROM schema_2.table_2;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            expr.flow_options,
            HashMap::from([("defer_on_missing_source".to_string(), "true".to_string(),)])
        );

        let sql = r"
CREATE FLOW task_5
SINK TO schema_1.table_1
WITH (defer_on_missing_source = [true])
AS
SELECT max(c1), min(c2) FROM schema_2.table_2;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let res = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc());
        assert!(res.is_err());
        assert!(
            res.unwrap_err()
                .to_string()
                .contains("flow options only support scalar string-compatible values")
        );

        let sql = r"
CREATE FLOW abc.`task_2`
SINK TO schema_1.table_1
AS
SELECT max(c1), min(c2) FROM schema_2.table_2;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateFlow(create_flow) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let res = to_create_flow_task_expr(create_flow, &QueryContext::arc());

        assert!(res.is_err());
        assert!(
            res.unwrap_err()
                .to_string()
                .contains("Invalid flow name: abc.`task_2`")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_to_expr() {
        let sql = "CREATE TABLE monitor (host STRING,ts TIMESTAMP,TIME INDEX (ts),PRIMARY KEY(host)) ENGINE=mito WITH(ttl='3days', write_buffer_size='1024KB');";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateTable(create_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = create_to_expr(&create_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("3days", expr.table_options.get("ttl").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(
            "1.0MiB",
            expr.table_options.get("write_buffer_size").unwrap()
        );

        let sql = "CREATE TABLE monitor (ts TIMESTAMP TIME INDEX) WITH(skip_wal='false');";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();
        let Statement::CreateTable(create_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = create_to_expr(&create_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            Some("false"),
            expr.table_options
                .get(store_api::mito_engine_options::SKIP_WAL_KEY)
                .map(String::as_str)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_invalid_create_to_expr() {
        let cases = [
            // duplicate column declaration
            "CREATE TABLE monitor (host STRING primary key, ts TIMESTAMP TIME INDEX, some_column text, some_column string);",
            // duplicate primary key
            "CREATE TABLE monitor (host STRING, ts TIMESTAMP TIME INDEX, some_column STRING, PRIMARY KEY (some_column, host, some_column));",
            // time index is primary key
            "CREATE TABLE monitor (host STRING, ts TIMESTAMP TIME INDEX, PRIMARY KEY (host, ts));",
        ];

        for sql in cases {
            let stmt = ParserContext::create_with_dialect(
                sql,
                &GreptimeDbDialect {},
                ParseOptions::default(),
            )
            .unwrap()
            .pop()
            .unwrap();
            let Statement::CreateTable(create_table) = stmt else {
                unreachable!()
            };
            create_to_expr(&create_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap_err();
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_to_expr_with_default_timestamp_value() {
        let sql = "CREATE TABLE monitor (v double,ts TIMESTAMP default '2024-01-30T00:01:01',TIME INDEX (ts)) engine=mito;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateTable(create_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        // query context with system timezone UTC.
        let expr = create_to_expr(&create_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let ts_column = &expr.column_defs[1];
        let constraint = assert_ts_column(ts_column);
        assert!(
            matches!(constraint, ColumnDefaultConstraint::Value(Value::Timestamp(ts))
                         if ts.to_iso8601_string() == "2024-01-30 00:01:01+0000")
        );

        // query context with timezone `+08:00`
        let ctx = QueryContextBuilder::default()
            .timezone(Timezone::from_tz_string("+08:00").unwrap())
            .build()
            .into();
        let expr = create_to_expr(&create_table, &ctx).unwrap();
        let ts_column = &expr.column_defs[1];
        let constraint = assert_ts_column(ts_column);
        assert!(
            matches!(constraint, ColumnDefaultConstraint::Value(Value::Timestamp(ts))
                         if ts.to_iso8601_string() == "2024-01-29 16:01:01+0000")
        );
    }

    fn assert_ts_column(ts_column: &api::v1::ColumnDef) -> ColumnDefaultConstraint {
        assert_eq!("ts", ts_column.name);
        assert_eq!(
            ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond as i32,
            ts_column.data_type
        );
        assert!(!ts_column.default_constraint.is_empty());

        ColumnDefaultConstraint::try_from(&ts_column.default_constraint[..]).unwrap()
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_alter_expr() {
        let sql = "ALTER DATABASE greptime SET key1='value1', key2='value2';";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterDatabase(alter_database) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        let expr = to_alter_database_expr(alter_database, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let kind = expr.kind.unwrap();

        let AlterDatabaseKind::SetDatabaseOptions(SetDatabaseOptions {
            set_database_options,
        }) = kind
        else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        assert_eq!(2, set_database_options.len());
        assert_eq!("key1", set_database_options[0].key);
        assert_eq!("value1", set_database_options[0].value);
        assert_eq!("key2", set_database_options[1].key);
        assert_eq!("value2", set_database_options[1].value);

        let sql = "ALTER DATABASE greptime UNSET key1, key2;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterDatabase(alter_database) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        let expr = to_alter_database_expr(alter_database, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let kind = expr.kind.unwrap();

        let AlterDatabaseKind::UnsetDatabaseOptions(UnsetDatabaseOptions { keys }) = kind else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        assert_eq!(2, keys.len());
        assert!(keys.contains(&"key1".to_string()));
        assert!(keys.contains(&"key2".to_string()));

        let sql = "ALTER TABLE monitor add column ts TIMESTAMP default '2024-01-30T00:01:01';";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        // query context with system timezone UTC.
        let expr = to_alter_table_expr(alter_table.clone(), &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let kind = expr.kind.unwrap();

        let AlterTableKind::AddColumns(AddColumns { add_columns, .. }) = kind else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        assert_eq!(1, add_columns.len());
        let ts_column = add_columns[0].column_def.clone().unwrap();
        let constraint = assert_ts_column(&ts_column);
        assert!(
            matches!(constraint, ColumnDefaultConstraint::Value(Value::Timestamp(ts))
                         if ts.to_iso8601_string() == "2024-01-30 00:01:01+0000")
        );

        //
        // query context with timezone `+08:00`
        let ctx = QueryContextBuilder::default()
            .timezone(Timezone::from_tz_string("+08:00").unwrap())
            .build()
            .into();
        let expr = to_alter_table_expr(alter_table, &ctx).unwrap();
        let kind = expr.kind.unwrap();

        let AlterTableKind::AddColumns(AddColumns { add_columns, .. }) = kind else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        assert_eq!(1, add_columns.len());
        let ts_column = add_columns[0].column_def.clone().unwrap();
        let constraint = assert_ts_column(&ts_column);
        assert!(
            matches!(constraint, ColumnDefaultConstraint::Value(Value::Timestamp(ts))
                         if ts.to_iso8601_string() == "2024-01-29 16:01:01+0000")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_alter_modify_column_type_expr() {
        let sql = "ALTER TABLE monitor MODIFY COLUMN mem_usage STRING;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        // query context with system timezone UTC.
        let expr = to_alter_table_expr(alter_table.clone(), &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let kind = expr.kind.unwrap();

        let AlterTableKind::ModifyColumnTypes(ModifyColumnTypes {
            modify_column_types,
        }) = kind
        else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        assert_eq!(1, modify_column_types.len());
        let modify_column_type = &modify_column_types[0];

        assert_eq!("mem_usage", modify_column_type.column_name);
        assert_eq!(
            ColumnDataType::String as i32,
            modify_column_type.target_type
        );
        assert!(modify_column_type.target_type_extension.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_alter_set_json_settings_expr() {
        let sql = "ALTER TABLE monitor MODIFY COLUMN payload JSON2 (service STRING);";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_alter_table_expr(alter_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let kind = expr.kind.unwrap();

        let AlterTableKind::SetJsonSettings(modify) = kind else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        assert_eq!("payload", modify.column_name);
        let settings = modify.settings.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(Some(100), settings.max_auto_expanded_paths);
        assert_eq!(1, settings.type_hints.len());
        assert_eq!(["service"], &settings.type_hints[0].path[..]);

        let sql = "ALTER TABLE monitor MODIFY COLUMN payload JSON2;";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let expr = to_alter_table_expr(alter_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let kind = expr.kind.unwrap();

        let AlterTableKind::SetJsonSettings(modify) = kind else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        let settings = modify.settings.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(Some(100), settings.max_auto_expanded_paths);
        assert!(settings.type_hints.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_repartition_request() {
        let sql = r#"
ALTER TABLE metrics REPARTITION (
  device_id < 100
) INTO (
  device_id < 100 AND area < 'South',
  device_id < 100 AND area >= 'South'
);"#;
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        let request = to_repartition_request(alter_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("greptime", request.catalog_name);
        assert_eq!("public", request.schema_name);
        assert_eq!("metrics", request.table_name);
        let RepartitionSource::Partitions {
            from_exprs,
            target_partition_columns,
        } = request.source
        else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        assert!(target_partition_columns.is_none());
        assert_eq!(
            from_exprs
                .into_iter()
                .map(|x| x.to_string())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec!["device_id < 100".to_string()]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            request
                .into_exprs
                .into_iter()
                .map(|x| x.to_string())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![
                "device_id < 100 AND area < 'South'".to_string(),
                "device_id < 100 AND area >= 'South'".to_string()
            ]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_repartition_request_with_target_partition_columns() {
        let sql = r#"
ALTER TABLE metrics REPARTITION (
  device_id < 100
) ON COLUMNS (device_id, area) INTO (
  device_id < 100 AND area < 'South',
  device_id < 100 AND area >= 'South'
);"#;
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        let request = to_repartition_request(alter_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        let RepartitionSource::Partitions {
            target_partition_columns,
            ..
        } = request.source
        else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        assert_eq!(
            target_partition_columns,
            Some(vec!["device_id".to_string(), "area".to_string()])
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_repartition_request_with_unpartitioned_source() {
        let sql = r#"
ALTER TABLE metrics PARTITION ON COLUMNS (device_id, area) (
  device_id < 100 AND area < 'South',
  device_id < 100 AND area >= 'South'
);"#;
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::AlterTable(alter_table) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        let request = to_repartition_request(alter_table, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("greptime", request.catalog_name);
        assert_eq!("public", request.schema_name);
        assert_eq!("metrics", request.table_name);
        let RepartitionSource::Unpartitioned { partition_columns } = request.source else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        assert_eq!(partition_columns, vec!["device_id", "area"]);
        assert_eq!(
            request
                .into_exprs
                .into_iter()
                .map(|x| x.to_string())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![
                "device_id < 100 AND area < 'South'".to_string(),
                "device_id < 100 AND area >= 'South'".to_string()
            ]
        );
    }

    fn new_test_table_names() -> Vec<TableName> {
        vec![
            TableName {
                catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
                schema_name: "public".to_string(),
                table_name: "a_table".to_string(),
            },
            TableName {
                catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
                schema_name: "public".to_string(),
                table_name: "b_table".to_string(),
            },
        ]
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_create_view_expr() {
        let sql = "CREATE VIEW test AS SELECT * FROM NUMBERS";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateView(stmt) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        let logical_plan = vec![1, 2, 3];
        let table_names = new_test_table_names();
        let columns = vec!["a".to_string()];
        let plan_columns = vec!["number".to_string()];

        let expr = to_create_view_expr(
            stmt,
            logical_plan.clone(),
            table_names.clone(),
            columns.clone(),
            plan_columns.clone(),
            sql.to_string(),
            QueryContext::arc(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!("greptime", expr.catalog_name);
        assert_eq!("public", expr.schema_name);
        assert_eq!("test", expr.view_name);
        assert!(!expr.create_if_not_exists);
        assert!(!expr.or_replace);
        assert_eq!(logical_plan, expr.logical_plan);
        assert_eq!(table_names, expr.table_names);
        assert_eq!(sql, expr.definition);
        assert_eq!(columns, expr.columns);
        assert_eq!(plan_columns, expr.plan_columns);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_create_view_expr_complex() {
        let sql = "CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW IF NOT EXISTS test.test_view AS SELECT * FROM NUMBERS";
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateView(stmt) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        let logical_plan = vec![1, 2, 3];
        let table_names = new_test_table_names();
        let columns = vec!["a".to_string()];
        let plan_columns = vec!["number".to_string()];

        let expr = to_create_view_expr(
            stmt,
            logical_plan.clone(),
            table_names.clone(),
            columns.clone(),
            plan_columns.clone(),
            sql.to_string(),
            QueryContext::arc(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!("greptime", expr.catalog_name);
        assert_eq!("test", expr.schema_name);
        assert_eq!("test_view", expr.view_name);
        assert!(expr.create_if_not_exists);
        assert!(expr.or_replace);
        assert_eq!(logical_plan, expr.logical_plan);
        assert_eq!(table_names, expr.table_names);
        assert_eq!(sql, expr.definition);
        assert_eq!(columns, expr.columns);
        assert_eq!(plan_columns, expr.plan_columns);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_expr_to_create() {
        let sql = r#"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tt` (
  `timestamp` TIMESTAMP(9) NOT NULL,
  `ip_address` STRING NULL SKIPPING INDEX WITH(false_positive_rate = '0.01', granularity = '10240', type = 'BLOOM'),
  `username` STRING NULL,
  `http_method` STRING NULL INVERTED INDEX,
  `request_line` STRING NULL FULLTEXT INDEX WITH(analyzer = 'English', backend = 'bloom', case_sensitive = 'false', false_positive_rate = '0.01', granularity = '10240'),
  `protocol` STRING NULL,
  `status_code` INT NULL INVERTED INDEX,
  `response_size` BIGINT NULL,
  `message` STRING NULL,
  TIME INDEX (`timestamp`),
  PRIMARY KEY (`username`, `status_code`)
)
ENGINE=mito
WITH(
  append_mode = 'true'
)"#;
        let stmt =
            ParserContext::create_with_dialect(sql, &GreptimeDbDialect {}, ParseOptions::default())
                .unwrap()
                .pop()
                .unwrap();

        let Statement::CreateTable(original_create) = stmt else {
            unreachable!()
        };

        // Convert CreateTable -> CreateTableExpr -> CreateTable
        let expr = create_to_expr(&original_create, &QueryContext::arc()).unwrap();

        let create_table = expr_to_create(&expr, Some('`')).unwrap();
        let new_sql = format!("{:#}", create_table);
        assert_eq!(sql, new_sql);
    }
}