fix(python): remove dependency on retry package (#1749)

## user story

fixes https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/issues/1480

https://github.com/invl/retry has not had an update in 8 years, one if
its sub-dependencies via requirements.txt
(https://github.com/pytest-dev/py) is no longer maintained and has a
high severity vulnerability (CVE-2022-42969).

retry is only used for a single function in the python codebase for a
deprecated helper function `with_embeddings`, which was created for an
older tutorial (https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/pull/12) [but is now
deprecated](https://lancedb.github.io/lancedb/embeddings/legacy/).

## changes

i backported a limited range of functionality of the `@retry()`
decorator directly into lancedb so that we no longer have a dependency
to the `retry` package.

## tests

```
/Users/james/src/lancedb/python $ ruff check .
All checks passed!
/Users/james/src/lancedb/python $ pytest python/tests/test_embeddings.py
python/tests/test_embeddings.py .......s....                                                                                                                        [100%]
================================================================ 11 passed, 1 skipped, 2 warnings in 7.08s ================================================================
```

python/pyproject.toml

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ dependencies = [
     "deprecation",
     "pylance==0.18.2",
     "requests>=2.31.0",
-    "retry>=0.9.2",
     "tqdm>=4.27.0",
     "pydantic>=1.10",
     "attrs>=21.3.0",