fix(python): remove dependency on retry package (#1749)

## user story

fixes https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/issues/1480

https://github.com/invl/retry has not had an update in 8 years, one if
its sub-dependencies via requirements.txt
(https://github.com/pytest-dev/py) is no longer maintained and has a
high severity vulnerability (CVE-2022-42969).

retry is only used for a single function in the python codebase for a
deprecated helper function `with_embeddings`, which was created for an
older tutorial (https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/pull/12) [but is now
deprecated](https://lancedb.github.io/lancedb/embeddings/legacy/).

## changes

i backported a limited range of functionality of the `@retry()`
decorator directly into lancedb so that we no longer have a dependency
to the `retry` package.

## tests

```
/Users/james/src/lancedb/python $ ruff check .
All checks passed!
/Users/james/src/lancedb/python $ pytest python/tests/test_embeddings.py
python/tests/test_embeddings.py .......s....                                                                                                                        [100%]
================================================================ 11 passed, 1 skipped, 2 warnings in 7.08s ================================================================
```

python/python/tests/test_embeddings.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 #  limitations under the License.
 from typing import List, Union
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 
 import lance
 import lancedb
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ from lancedb.embeddings import (
 )
 from lancedb.embeddings.base import TextEmbeddingFunction
 from lancedb.embeddings.registry import get_registry, register
+from lancedb.embeddings.utils import retry
 from lancedb.pydantic import LanceModel, Vector
 
 
@@ -225,3 +227,12 @@ def test_embedding_function_safe_model_dump(embedding_type):
                 f"{embedding_type}: Private attribute '{key}' "
                 f"is present in dumped model"
             )
+
+
+@patch("time.sleep")
+def test_retry(mock_sleep):
+    test_function = MagicMock(side_effect=[Exception] * 9 + ["result"])
+    test_function = retry()(test_function)
+    result = test_function()
+    assert mock_sleep.call_count == 9
+    assert result == "result"