feat(node): parse arrow types in alterColumns() (#2208)

Previously, users could only specify new data types in `alterColumns` as
strings:

```ts
await tbl.alterColumns([
  path: "price",
  dataType: "float"
]);
```

But this has some problems:

1. It wasn't clear what were valid types
2. It was impossible to specify nested types, like lists and vector
columns.

This PR changes it to take an Arrow data type, similar to how the Python
API works. This allows casting vector types:

```ts
await tbl.alterColumns([
  {
    path: "vector",
    dataType: new arrow.FixedSizeList(
      2,
      new arrow.Field("item", new arrow.Float16(), false),
    ),
  },
]);
```

Closes #2185

python/python/tests/docs/test_basic.py

@@ -83,6 +83,21 @@ def test_quickstart(tmp_path):
         }
     )
     # --8<-- [end:alter_columns]
+    # --8<-- [start:alter_columns_vector]
+    tbl.alter_columns(
+        {
+            "path": "vector",
+            "data_type": pa.list_(pa.float16(), list_size=2),
+        }
+    )
+    # --8<-- [end:alter_columns_vector]
+    # Change it back since we can get a panic with fp16
+    tbl.alter_columns(
+        {
+            "path": "vector",
+            "data_type": pa.list_(pa.float32(), list_size=2),
+        }
+    )
     # --8<-- [start:drop_columns]
     tbl.drop_columns(["dbl_price"])
     # --8<-- [end:drop_columns]
@@ -162,6 +177,21 @@ async def test_quickstart_async(tmp_path):
         }
     )
     # --8<-- [end:alter_columns_async]
+    # --8<-- [start:alter_columns_async_vector]
+    await tbl.alter_columns(
+        {
+            "path": "vector",
+            "data_type": pa.list_(pa.float16(), list_size=2),
+        }
+    )
+    # --8<-- [end:alter_columns_async_vector]
+    # Change it back since we can get a panic with fp16
+    await tbl.alter_columns(
+        {
+            "path": "vector",
+            "data_type": pa.list_(pa.float32(), list_size=2),
+        }
+    )
     # --8<-- [start:drop_columns_async]
     await tbl.drop_columns(["dbl_price"])
     # --8<-- [end:drop_columns_async]