feat: add output_schema method to queries (#2717)

This is a helper utility I need for some of my data loader work. It
makes it easy to see the output schema even when a `select` has been
applied.

docs/src/js/classes/Query.md

@@ -343,6 +343,29 @@ This is useful for pagination.
 
 ***
 
+### outputSchema()
+
+```ts
+outputSchema(): Promise<Schema<any>>
+```
+
+Returns the schema of the output that will be returned by this query.
+
+This can be used to inspect the types and names of the columns that will be
+returned by the query before executing it.
+
+#### Returns
+
+`Promise`&lt;`Schema`&lt;`any`&gt;&gt;
+
+An Arrow Schema describing the output columns.
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+`StandardQueryBase.outputSchema`
+
+***
+
 ### select()
 
 ```ts

docs/src/js/classes/QueryBase.md

@@ -140,6 +140,25 @@ const plan = await table.query().nearestTo([0.5, 0.2]).explainPlan();
 
 ***
 
+### outputSchema()
+
+```ts
+outputSchema(): Promise<Schema<any>>
+```
+
+Returns the schema of the output that will be returned by this query.
+
+This can be used to inspect the types and names of the columns that will be
+returned by the query before executing it.
+
+#### Returns
+
+`Promise`&lt;`Schema`&lt;`any`&gt;&gt;
+
+An Arrow Schema describing the output columns.
+
+***
+
 ### select()
 
 ```ts

docs/src/js/classes/TakeQuery.md

@@ -143,6 +143,29 @@ const plan = await table.query().nearestTo([0.5, 0.2]).explainPlan();
 
 ***
 
+### outputSchema()
+
+```ts
+outputSchema(): Promise<Schema<any>>
+```
+
+Returns the schema of the output that will be returned by this query.
+
+This can be used to inspect the types and names of the columns that will be
+returned by the query before executing it.
+
+#### Returns
+
+`Promise`&lt;`Schema`&lt;`any`&gt;&gt;
+
+An Arrow Schema describing the output columns.
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+[`QueryBase`](QueryBase.md).[`outputSchema`](QueryBase.md#outputschema)
+
+***
+
 ### select()
 
 ```ts

docs/src/js/classes/VectorQuery.md

@@ -498,6 +498,29 @@ This is useful for pagination.
 
 ***
 
+### outputSchema()
+
+```ts
+outputSchema(): Promise<Schema<any>>
+```
+
+Returns the schema of the output that will be returned by this query.
+
+This can be used to inspect the types and names of the columns that will be
+returned by the query before executing it.
+
+#### Returns
+
+`Promise`&lt;`Schema`&lt;`any`&gt;&gt;
+
+An Arrow Schema describing the output columns.
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+`StandardQueryBase.outputSchema`
+
+***
+
 ### postfilter()
 
 ```ts

docs/src/js/interfaces/IvfRqOptions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+[**@lancedb/lancedb**](../README.md) • **Docs**
+
+***
+
+[@lancedb/lancedb](../globals.md) / IvfRqOptions
+
+# Interface: IvfRqOptions
+
+## Properties
+
+### distanceType?
+
+```ts
+optional distanceType: "l2" | "cosine" | "dot";
+```
+
+Distance type to use to build the index.
+
+Default value is "l2".
+
+This is used when training the index to calculate the IVF partitions
+(vectors are grouped in partitions with similar vectors according to this
+distance type) and during quantization.
+
+The distance type used to train an index MUST match the distance type used
+to search the index. Failure to do so will yield inaccurate results.
+
+The following distance types are available:
+
+"l2" - Euclidean distance.
+"cosine" - Cosine distance.
+"dot" - Dot product.
+
+***
+
+### maxIterations?
+
+```ts
+optional maxIterations: number;
+```
+
+Max iterations to train IVF kmeans.
+
+When training an IVF index we use kmeans to calculate the partitions. This parameter
+controls how many iterations of kmeans to run.
+
+The default value is 50.
+
+***
+
+### numBits?
+
+```ts
+optional numBits: number;
+```
+
+Number of bits per dimension for residual quantization.
+
+This value controls how much each residual component is compressed. The more
+bits, the more accurate the index will be but the slower search. Typical values
+are small integers; the default is 1 bit per dimension.
+
+***
+
+### numPartitions?
+
+```ts
+optional numPartitions: number;
+```
+
+The number of IVF partitions to create.
+
+This value should generally scale with the number of rows in the dataset.
+By default the number of partitions is the square root of the number of
+rows.
+
+If this value is too large then the first part of the search (picking the
+right partition) will be slow. If this value is too small then the second
+part of the search (searching within a partition) will be slow.
+
+***
+
+### sampleRate?
+
+```ts
+optional sampleRate: number;
+```
+
+The number of vectors, per partition, to sample when training IVF kmeans.
+
+When an IVF index is trained, we need to calculate partitions. These are groups
+of vectors that are similar to each other. To do this we use an algorithm called kmeans.
+
+Running kmeans on a large dataset can be slow. To speed this up we run kmeans on a
+random sample of the data. This parameter controls the size of the sample. The total
+number of vectors used to train the index is `sample_rate * num_partitions`.
+
+Increasing this value might improve the quality of the index but in most cases the
+default should be sufficient.
+
+The default value is 256.

nodejs/__test__/query.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright The LanceDB Authors
+
+import * as tmp from "tmp";
+
+import { type Table, connect } from "../lancedb";
+import {
+  Field,
+  FixedSizeList,
+  Float32,
+  Int64,
+  Schema,
+  Utf8,
+  makeArrowTable,
+} from "../lancedb/arrow";
+import { Index } from "../lancedb/indices";
+
+describe("Query outputSchema", () => {
+  let tmpDir: tmp.DirResult;
+  let table: Table;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    tmpDir = tmp.dirSync({ unsafeCleanup: true });
+    const db = await connect(tmpDir.name);
+
+    // Create table with explicit schema to ensure proper types
+    const schema = new Schema([
+      new Field("a", new Int64(), true),
+      new Field("text", new Utf8(), true),
+      new Field(
+        "vec",
+        new FixedSizeList(2, new Field("item", new Float32())),
+        true,
+      ),
+    ]);
+
+    const data = makeArrowTable(
+      [
+        { a: 1n, text: "foo", vec: [1, 2] },
+        { a: 2n, text: "bar", vec: [3, 4] },
+        { a: 3n, text: "baz", vec: [5, 6] },
+      ],
+      { schema },
+    );
+    table = await db.createTable("test", data);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    tmpDir.removeCallback();
+  });
+
+  it("should return schema for plain query", async () => {
+    const schema = await table.query().outputSchema();
+
+    expect(schema.fields.length).toBe(3);
+    expect(schema.fields.map((f) => f.name)).toEqual(["a", "text", "vec"]);
+    expect(schema.fields[0].type.toString()).toBe("Int64");
+    expect(schema.fields[1].type.toString()).toBe("Utf8");
+  });
+
+  it("should return schema with dynamic projection", async () => {
+    const schema = await table.query().select({ bl: "a * 2" }).outputSchema();
+
+    expect(schema.fields.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(schema.fields[0].name).toBe("bl");
+    expect(schema.fields[0].type.toString()).toBe("Int64");
+  });
+
+  it("should return schema for vector search with _distance column", async () => {
+    const schema = await table
+      .vectorSearch([1, 2])
+      .select(["a"])
+      .outputSchema();
+
+    expect(schema.fields.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(schema.fields.map((f) => f.name)).toEqual(["a", "_distance"]);
+    expect(schema.fields[0].type.toString()).toBe("Int64");
+    expect(schema.fields[1].type.toString()).toBe("Float32");
+  });
+
+  it("should return schema for FTS search", async () => {
+    await table.createIndex("text", { config: Index.fts() });
+
+    const schema = await table
+      .search("foo", "fts")
+      .select(["a"])
+      .outputSchema();
+
+    // FTS search includes _score column in addition to selected columns
+    expect(schema.fields.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(schema.fields.map((f) => f.name)).toContain("a");
+    expect(schema.fields.map((f) => f.name)).toContain("_score");
+    const aField = schema.fields.find((f) => f.name === "a");
+    expect(aField?.type.toString()).toBe("Int64");
+  });
+
+  it("should return schema for take query", async () => {
+    const schema = await table.takeOffsets([0]).select(["text"]).outputSchema();
+
+    expect(schema.fields.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(schema.fields[0].name).toBe("text");
+    expect(schema.fields[0].type.toString()).toBe("Utf8");
+  });
+
+  it("should return full schema when no select is specified", async () => {
+    const schema = await table.query().outputSchema();
+
+    // Should return all columns
+    expect(schema.fields.length).toBe(3);
+  });
+});

nodejs/lancedb/query.ts

@@ -326,6 +326,25 @@ export class QueryBase<
       return this.inner.analyzePlan();
     }
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the schema of the output that will be returned by this query.
+   *
+   * This can be used to inspect the types and names of the columns that will be
+   * returned by the query before executing it.
+   *
+   * @returns An Arrow Schema describing the output columns.
+   */
+  async outputSchema(): Promise<import("./arrow").Schema> {
+    let schemaBuffer: Buffer;
+    if (this.inner instanceof Promise) {
+      schemaBuffer = await this.inner.then((inner) => inner.outputSchema());
+    } else {
+      schemaBuffer = await this.inner.outputSchema();
+    }
+    const schema = tableFromIPC(schemaBuffer).schema;
+    return schema;
+  }
 }
 
 export class StandardQueryBase<

nodejs/src/query.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::error::NapiErrorExt;
 use crate::iterator::RecordBatchIterator;
 use crate::rerankers::Reranker;
 use crate::rerankers::RerankerCallbacks;
-use crate::util::parse_distance_type;
+use crate::util::{parse_distance_type, schema_to_buffer};
 
 #[napi]
 pub struct Query {
@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ impl Query {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
 
+    #[napi(catch_unwind)]
+    pub async fn output_schema(&self) -> napi::Result<Buffer> {
+        let schema = self.inner.output_schema().await.default_error()?;
+        schema_to_buffer(&schema)
+    }
+
     #[napi(catch_unwind)]
     pub async fn execute(
         &self,
@@ -273,6 +279,12 @@ impl VectorQuery {
             .rerank(Arc::new(Reranker::new(callbacks)));
     }
 
+    #[napi(catch_unwind)]
+    pub async fn output_schema(&self) -> napi::Result<Buffer> {
+        let schema = self.inner.output_schema().await.default_error()?;
+        schema_to_buffer(&schema)
+    }
+
     #[napi(catch_unwind)]
     pub async fn execute(
         &self,
@@ -346,6 +358,12 @@ impl TakeQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
 
+    #[napi(catch_unwind)]
+    pub async fn output_schema(&self) -> napi::Result<Buffer> {
+        let schema = self.inner.output_schema().await.default_error()?;
+        schema_to_buffer(&schema)
+    }
+
     #[napi(catch_unwind)]
     pub async fn execute(
         &self,

nodejs/src/table.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use arrow_ipc::writer::FileWriter;
 use lancedb::ipc::ipc_file_to_batches;
 use lancedb::table::{
     AddDataMode, ColumnAlteration as LanceColumnAlteration, Duration, NewColumnTransform,
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@ use crate::error::NapiErrorExt;
 use crate::index::Index;
 use crate::merge::NativeMergeInsertBuilder;
 use crate::query::{Query, TakeQuery, VectorQuery};
+use crate::util::schema_to_buffer;
 
 #[napi]
 pub struct Table {
@@ -64,14 +64,7 @@ impl Table {
     #[napi(catch_unwind)]
     pub async fn schema(&self) -> napi::Result<Buffer> {
         let schema = self.inner_ref()?.schema().await.default_error()?;
-        let mut writer = FileWriter::try_new(vec![], &schema)
-            .map_err(|e| napi::Error::from_reason(format!("Failed to create IPC file: {}", e)))?;
-        writer
-            .finish()
-            .map_err(|e| napi::Error::from_reason(format!("Failed to finish IPC file: {}", e)))?;
-        Ok(Buffer::from(writer.into_inner().map_err(|e| {
-            napi::Error::from_reason(format!("Failed to get IPC file: {}", e))
-        })?))
+        schema_to_buffer(&schema)
     }
 
     #[napi(catch_unwind)]

nodejs/src/util.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright The LanceDB Authors
 
+use arrow_ipc::writer::FileWriter;
+use arrow_schema::Schema;
 use lancedb::DistanceType;
+use napi::bindgen_prelude::Buffer;
 
 pub fn parse_distance_type(distance_type: impl AsRef<str>) -> napi::Result<DistanceType> {
     match distance_type.as_ref().to_lowercase().as_str() {
@@ -15,3 +18,15 @@ pub fn parse_distance_type(distance_type: impl AsRef<str>) -> napi::Result<Dista
         ))),
     }
 }
+
+/// Convert an Arrow Schema to an Arrow IPC file buffer
+pub fn schema_to_buffer(schema: &Schema) -> napi::Result<Buffer> {
+    let mut writer = FileWriter::try_new(vec![], schema)
+        .map_err(|e| napi::Error::from_reason(format!("Failed to create IPC file: {}", e)))?;
+    writer
+        .finish()
+        .map_err(|e| napi::Error::from_reason(format!("Failed to finish IPC file: {}", e)))?;
+    Ok(Buffer::from(writer.into_inner().map_err(|e| {
+        napi::Error::from_reason(format!("Failed to get IPC file: {}", e))
+    })?))
+}

python/python/lancedb/_lancedb.pyi

@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ class Table:
     @property
     def tags(self) -> Tags: ...
     def query(self) -> Query: ...
+    def take_offsets(self, offsets: list[int]) -> TakeQuery: ...
+    def take_row_ids(self, row_ids: list[int]) -> TakeQuery: ...
     def vector_search(self) -> VectorQuery: ...
 
 class Tags:
@@ -165,6 +167,7 @@ class Query:
     def postfilter(self): ...
     def nearest_to(self, query_vec: pa.Array) -> VectorQuery: ...
     def nearest_to_text(self, query: dict) -> FTSQuery: ...
+    async def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema: ...
     async def execute(
         self, max_batch_length: Optional[int], timeout: Optional[timedelta]
     ) -> RecordBatchStream: ...
@@ -172,6 +175,13 @@ class Query:
     async def analyze_plan(self) -> str: ...
     def to_query_request(self) -> PyQueryRequest: ...
 
+class TakeQuery:
+    def select(self, columns: List[str]): ...
+    def with_row_id(self): ...
+    async def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema: ...
+    async def execute(self) -> RecordBatchStream: ...
+    def to_query_request(self) -> PyQueryRequest: ...
+
 class FTSQuery:
     def where(self, filter: str): ...
     def select(self, columns: List[str]): ...
@@ -183,12 +193,14 @@ class FTSQuery:
     def get_query(self) -> str: ...
     def add_query_vector(self, query_vec: pa.Array) -> None: ...
     def nearest_to(self, query_vec: pa.Array) -> HybridQuery: ...
+    async def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema: ...
     async def execute(
         self, max_batch_length: Optional[int], timeout: Optional[timedelta]
     ) -> RecordBatchStream: ...
     def to_query_request(self) -> PyQueryRequest: ...
 
 class VectorQuery:
+    async def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema: ...
     async def execute(self) -> RecordBatchStream: ...
     def where(self, filter: str): ...
     def select(self, columns: List[str]): ...

python/python/lancedb/query.py

@@ -1237,6 +1237,14 @@ class LanceVectorQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
         self._refine_factor = refine_factor
         return self
 
+    def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema:
+        """
+        Return the output schema for the query
+
+        This does not execute the query.
+        """
+        return self._table._output_schema(self.to_query_object())
+
     def to_arrow(self, *, timeout: Optional[timedelta] = None) -> pa.Table:
         """
         Execute the query and return the results as an
@@ -1452,6 +1460,14 @@ class LanceFtsQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
             offset=self._offset,
         )
 
+    def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema:
+        """
+        Return the output schema for the query
+
+        This does not execute the query.
+        """
+        return self._table._output_schema(self.to_query_object())
+
     def to_arrow(self, *, timeout: Optional[timedelta] = None) -> pa.Table:
         path, fs, exist = self._table._get_fts_index_path()
         if exist:
@@ -1595,6 +1611,10 @@ class LanceEmptyQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
             offset=self._offset,
         )
 
+    def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema:
+        query = self.to_query_object()
+        return self._table._output_schema(query)
+
     def to_batches(
         self, /, batch_size: Optional[int] = None, timeout: Optional[timedelta] = None
     ) -> pa.RecordBatchReader:
@@ -2238,6 +2258,14 @@ class AsyncQueryBase(object):
             )
         )
 
+    async def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema:
+        """
+        Return the output schema for the query
+
+        This does not execute the query.
+        """
+        return await self._inner.output_schema()
+
     async def to_arrow(self, timeout: Optional[timedelta] = None) -> pa.Table:
         """
         Execute the query and collect the results into an Apache Arrow Table.
@@ -3193,6 +3221,14 @@ class BaseQueryBuilder(object):
         self._inner.with_row_id()
         return self
 
+    def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema:
+        """
+        Return the output schema for the query
+
+        This does not execute the query.
+        """
+        return LOOP.run(self._inner.output_schema())
+
     def to_batches(
         self,
         *,

python/python/lancedb/remote/table.py

@@ -436,6 +436,9 @@ class RemoteTable(Table):
     def _analyze_plan(self, query: Query) -> str:
         return LOOP.run(self._table._analyze_plan(query))
 
+    def _output_schema(self, query: Query) -> pa.Schema:
+        return LOOP.run(self._table._output_schema(query))
+
     def merge_insert(self, on: Union[str, Iterable[str]]) -> LanceMergeInsertBuilder:
         """Returns a [`LanceMergeInsertBuilder`][lancedb.merge.LanceMergeInsertBuilder]
         that can be used to create a "merge insert" operation.

python/python/lancedb/table.py

@@ -1248,6 +1248,9 @@ class Table(ABC):
     @abstractmethod
     def _analyze_plan(self, query: Query) -> str: ...
 
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _output_schema(self, query: Query) -> pa.Schema: ...
+
     @abstractmethod
     def _do_merge(
         self,
@@ -2761,6 +2764,9 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
     def _analyze_plan(self, query: Query) -> str:
         return LOOP.run(self._table._analyze_plan(query))
 
+    def _output_schema(self, query: Query) -> pa.Schema:
+        return LOOP.run(self._table._output_schema(query))
+
     def _do_merge(
         self,
         merge: LanceMergeInsertBuilder,
@@ -3918,6 +3924,10 @@ class AsyncTable:
         async_query = self._sync_query_to_async(query)
         return await async_query.analyze_plan()
 
+    async def _output_schema(self, query: Query) -> pa.Schema:
+        async_query = self._sync_query_to_async(query)
+        return await async_query.output_schema()
+
     async def _do_merge(
         self,
         merge: LanceMergeInsertBuilder,

python/python/tests/test_query.py

@@ -1298,6 +1298,79 @@ async def test_query_serialization_async(table_async: AsyncTable):
     )
 
 
+def test_query_schema(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path)
+    tbl = db.create_table(
+        "test",
+        pa.table(
+            {
+                "a": [1, 2, 3],
+                "text": ["a", "b", "c"],
+                "vec": pa.array(
+                    [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]], pa.list_(pa.float32(), list_size=2)
+                ),
+            }
+        ),
+    )
+
+    assert tbl.search(None).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {
+            "a": pa.int64(),
+            "text": pa.string(),
+            "vec": pa.list_(pa.float32(), list_size=2),
+        }
+    )
+    assert tbl.search(None).select({"bl": "a * 2"}).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {"bl": pa.int64()}
+    )
+    assert tbl.search([1, 2]).select(["a"]).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {"a": pa.int64(), "_distance": pa.float32()}
+    )
+    assert tbl.search("blah").select(["a"]).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {"a": pa.int64()}
+    )
+    assert tbl.take_offsets([0]).select(["text"]).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {"text": pa.string()}
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_query_schema_async(tmp_path):
+    db = await lancedb.connect_async(tmp_path)
+    tbl = await db.create_table(
+        "test",
+        pa.table(
+            {
+                "a": [1, 2, 3],
+                "text": ["a", "b", "c"],
+                "vec": pa.array(
+                    [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]], pa.list_(pa.float32(), list_size=2)
+                ),
+            }
+        ),
+    )
+
+    assert await tbl.query().output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {
+            "a": pa.int64(),
+            "text": pa.string(),
+            "vec": pa.list_(pa.float32(), list_size=2),
+        }
+    )
+    assert await tbl.query().select({"bl": "a * 2"}).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {"bl": pa.int64()}
+    )
+    assert await tbl.vector_search([1, 2]).select(["a"]).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {"a": pa.int64(), "_distance": pa.float32()}
+    )
+    assert await (await tbl.search("blah")).select(["a"]).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {"a": pa.int64()}
+    )
+    assert await tbl.take_offsets([0]).select(["text"]).output_schema() == pa.schema(
+        {"text": pa.string()}
+    )
+
+
 def test_query_timeout(tmp_path):
     # Use local directory instead of memory:// to add a bit of latency to
     # operations so a timeout of zero will trigger exceptions.

python/src/query.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use arrow::array::Array;
 use arrow::array::ArrayData;
 use arrow::pyarrow::FromPyArrow;
 use arrow::pyarrow::IntoPyArrow;
+use arrow::pyarrow::ToPyArrow;
 use lancedb::index::scalar::{
     BooleanQuery, BoostQuery, FtsQuery, FullTextSearchQuery, MatchQuery, MultiMatchQuery, Occur,
     Operator, PhraseQuery,
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ use pyo3::IntoPyObject;
 use pyo3::PyAny;
 use pyo3::PyRef;
 use pyo3::PyResult;
+use pyo3::Python;
 use pyo3::{exceptions::PyRuntimeError, FromPyObject};
 use pyo3::{
     exceptions::{PyNotImplementedError, PyValueError},
@@ -445,6 +447,15 @@ impl Query {
         })
     }
 
+    #[pyo3(signature = ())]
+    pub fn output_schema(self_: PyRef<'_, Self>) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyAny>> {
+        let inner = self_.inner.clone();
+        future_into_py(self_.py(), async move {
+            let schema = inner.output_schema().await.infer_error()?;
+            Python::with_gil(|py| schema.to_pyarrow(py))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[pyo3(signature = (max_batch_length=None, timeout=None))]
     pub fn execute(
         self_: PyRef<'_, Self>,
@@ -515,6 +526,15 @@ impl TakeQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
 
+    #[pyo3(signature = ())]
+    pub fn output_schema(self_: PyRef<'_, Self>) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyAny>> {
+        let inner = self_.inner.clone();
+        future_into_py(self_.py(), async move {
+            let schema = inner.output_schema().await.infer_error()?;
+            Python::with_gil(|py| schema.to_pyarrow(py))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[pyo3(signature = (max_batch_length=None, timeout=None))]
     pub fn execute(
         self_: PyRef<'_, Self>,
@@ -601,6 +621,15 @@ impl FTSQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().postfilter();
     }
 
+    #[pyo3(signature = ())]
+    pub fn output_schema(self_: PyRef<'_, Self>) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyAny>> {
+        let inner = self_.inner.clone();
+        future_into_py(self_.py(), async move {
+            let schema = inner.output_schema().await.infer_error()?;
+            Python::with_gil(|py| schema.to_pyarrow(py))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[pyo3(signature = (max_batch_length=None, timeout=None))]
     pub fn execute(
         self_: PyRef<'_, Self>,
@@ -771,6 +800,15 @@ impl VectorQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().bypass_vector_index()
     }
 
+    #[pyo3(signature = ())]
+    pub fn output_schema(self_: PyRef<'_, Self>) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyAny>> {
+        let inner = self_.inner.clone();
+        future_into_py(self_.py(), async move {
+            let schema = inner.output_schema().await.infer_error()?;
+            Python::with_gil(|py| schema.to_pyarrow(py))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[pyo3(signature = (max_batch_length=None, timeout=None))]
     pub fn execute(
         self_: PyRef<'_, Self>,

rust/lancedb/src/query.rs

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ use std::{future::Future, time::Duration};
 
 use arrow::compute::concat_batches;
 use arrow_array::{make_array, Array, Float16Array, Float32Array, Float64Array};
-use arrow_schema::DataType;
+use arrow_schema::{DataType, SchemaRef};
 use datafusion_expr::Expr;
 use datafusion_physical_plan::ExecutionPlan;
-use futures::{stream, try_join, FutureExt, TryStreamExt};
+use futures::{stream, try_join, FutureExt, TryFutureExt, TryStreamExt};
 use half::f16;
 use lance::{
     arrow::RecordBatchExt,
@@ -582,16 +582,40 @@ pub trait ExecutableQuery {
         options: QueryExecutionOptions,
     ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<SendableRecordBatchStream>> + Send;
 
+    /// Explain the plan for a query
+    ///
+    /// This will create a string representation of the plan that will be used to
+    /// execute the query.  This will not execute the query.
+    ///
+    /// This function can be used to get an understanding of what work will be done by the query
+    /// and is useful for debugging query performance.
     fn explain_plan(&self, verbose: bool) -> impl Future<Output = Result<String>> + Send;
 
+    /// Execute the query and display the runtime metrics
+    ///
+    /// This shows the same plan as [`ExecutableQuery::explain_plan`] but includes runtime metrics.
+    ///
+    /// This function will actually execute the query in order to get the runtime metrics.
     fn analyze_plan(&self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<String>> + Send {
         self.analyze_plan_with_options(QueryExecutionOptions::default())
     }
 
+    /// Execute the query and display the runtime metrics
+    ///
+    /// This is the same as [`ExecutableQuery::analyze_plan`] but allows for specifying the execution options.
     fn analyze_plan_with_options(
         &self,
         options: QueryExecutionOptions,
     ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<String>> + Send;
+
+    /// Return the output schema for data returned by the query without actually executing the query
+    ///
+    /// This can be useful when the selection for a query is built dynamically as it is not always
+    /// obvious what the output schema will be.
+    fn output_schema(&self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<SchemaRef>> + Send {
+        self.create_plan(QueryExecutionOptions::default())
+            .and_then(|plan| std::future::ready(Ok(plan.schema())))
+    }
 }
 
 /// A query filter that can be applied to a query
@@ -1505,6 +1529,16 @@ mod tests {
             .query()
             .limit(10)
             .select(Select::dynamic(&[("id2", "id * 2"), ("id", "id")]));
+
+        let schema = query.output_schema().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            schema,
+            Arc::new(ArrowSchema::new(vec![
+                ArrowField::new("id2", DataType::Int32, true),
+                ArrowField::new("id", DataType::Int32, true),
+            ]))
+        );
+
         let result = query.execute().await;
         let mut batches = result
             .expect("should have result")