feat: add a basic async python client starting point (#1014)

This changes `lancedb` from a "pure python" setuptools project to a
maturin project and adds a rust lancedb dependency.

The async python client is extremely minimal (only `connect` and
`Connection.table_names` are supported). The purpose of this PR is to
get the infrastructure in place for building out the rest of the async
client.

Although this is not technically a breaking change (no APIs are
changing) it is still a considerable change in the way the wheels are
built because they now include the native shared library.

python/src/error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Lance Developers.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use pyo3::{
+    exceptions::{PyOSError, PyRuntimeError, PyValueError},
+    PyResult,
+};
+
+use lancedb::error::Error as LanceError;
+
+pub trait PythonErrorExt<T> {
+    /// Convert to a python error based on the Lance error type
+    fn infer_error(self) -> PyResult<T>;
+    /// Convert to OSError
+    fn os_error(self) -> PyResult<T>;
+    /// Convert to RuntimeError
+    fn runtime_error(self) -> PyResult<T>;
+    /// Convert to ValueError
+    fn value_error(self) -> PyResult<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T> PythonErrorExt<T> for std::result::Result<T, LanceError> {
+    fn infer_error(self) -> PyResult<T> {
+        match &self {
+            Ok(_) => Ok(self.unwrap()),
+            Err(err) => match err {
+                LanceError::InvalidTableName { .. } => self.value_error(),
+                LanceError::TableNotFound { .. } => self.value_error(),
+                LanceError::TableAlreadyExists { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
+                LanceError::CreateDir { .. } => self.os_error(),
+                LanceError::Store { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
+                LanceError::Lance { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
+                LanceError::Schema { .. } => self.value_error(),
+                LanceError::Runtime { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn os_error(self) -> PyResult<T> {
+        self.map_err(|err| PyOSError::new_err(err.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    fn runtime_error(self) -> PyResult<T> {
+        self.map_err(|err| PyRuntimeError::new_err(err.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    fn value_error(self) -> PyResult<T> {
+        self.map_err(|err| PyValueError::new_err(err.to_string()))
+    }
+}