feat: add table stats API (#2363)

* Add a new "table stats" API to expose basic table and fragment
statistics with local and remote table implementations

### Questions
* This is using `calculate_data_stats` to determine total bytes in the
table. This seems like a potentially expensive operation - are there any
concerns about performance for large datasets?

### Notes
* bytes_on_disk seems to be stored at the column level but there does
not seem to be a way to easily calculate total bytes per fragment. This
may need to be added in lance before we can support fragment size
(bytes) statistics.

<!-- This is an auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai
-->

## Summary by CodeRabbit

- **New Features**
- Added a method to retrieve comprehensive table statistics, including
total rows, index counts, storage size, and detailed fragment size
metrics such as minimum, maximum, mean, and percentiles.
- Enabled fetching of table statistics from remote sources through
asynchronous requests.
- Extended table interfaces across Python, Rust, and Node.js to support
synchronous and asynchronous retrieval of table statistics.
- **Tests**
- Introduced tests to verify the accuracy of the new table statistics
feature for both populated and empty tables.
<!-- end of auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->

python/python/tests/test_table.py

@@ -1695,3 +1695,31 @@ def test_replace_field_metadata(tmp_path):
     schema = table.schema
     field = schema[0].metadata
     assert field == {b"foo": b"bar"}
+
+
+def test_stats(mem_db: DBConnection):
+    table = mem_db.create_table(
+        "my_table",
+        data=[{"text": "foo", "id": 0}, {"text": "bar", "id": 1}],
+    )
+    assert len(table) == 2
+    stats = table.stats()
+    print(f"{stats=}")
+    assert stats == {
+        "total_bytes": 38,
+        "num_rows": 2,
+        "num_indices": 0,
+        "fragment_stats": {
+            "num_fragments": 1,
+            "num_small_fragments": 1,
+            "lengths": {
+                "min": 2,
+                "max": 2,
+                "mean": 2,
+                "p25": 2,
+                "p50": 2,
+                "p75": 2,
+                "p99": 2,
+            },
+        },
+    }