Bump version: 0.7.0-beta.0 → 0.7.0

Attempting to create a new minor version failed with:

```
   Specified version (0.4.21-beta.0) does not match last tagged version (0.4.20) 
```

It seems the last release commit for rust/node was made without the new
process and did not adjust bumpversion.toml correctly (or maybe
bumpversion.toml did not exist at that time)

.bumpversion.cfg

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-[bumpversion]
-current_version = 0.4.17
-commit = True
-message = Bump version: {current_version} → {new_version}
-tag = True
-tag_name = v{new_version}
-
-[bumpversion:file:node/package.json]
-
-[bumpversion:file:nodejs/package.json]
-
-[bumpversion:file:nodejs/npm/darwin-x64/package.json]
-
-[bumpversion:file:nodejs/npm/darwin-arm64/package.json]
-
-[bumpversion:file:nodejs/npm/linux-x64-gnu/package.json]
-
-[bumpversion:file:nodejs/npm/linux-arm64-gnu/package.json]
-
-[bumpversion:file:rust/ffi/node/Cargo.toml]
-
-[bumpversion:file:rust/lancedb/Cargo.toml]

.bumpversion.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+[tool.bumpversion]
+current_version = "0.4.20"
+parse = """(?x)
+    (?P<major>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.
+    (?P<minor>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.
+    (?P<patch>0|[1-9]\\d*)
+    (?:-(?P<pre_l>[a-zA-Z-]+)\\.(?P<pre_n>0|[1-9]\\d*))?
+"""
+serialize = [
+    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}-{pre_l}.{pre_n}",
+    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}",
+]
+search = "{current_version}"
+replace = "{new_version}"
+regex = false
+ignore_missing_version = false
+ignore_missing_files = false
+tag = true
+sign_tags = false
+tag_name = "v{new_version}"
+tag_message = "Bump version: {current_version} → {new_version}"
+allow_dirty = true
+commit = true
+message = "Bump version: {current_version} → {new_version}"
+commit_args = ""
+
+[tool.bumpversion.parts.pre_l]
+values = ["beta", "final"]
+optional_value = "final"
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "node/package.json"
+search = "\"version\": \"{current_version}\","
+replace = "\"version\": \"{new_version}\","
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "nodejs/package.json"
+search = "\"version\": \"{current_version}\","
+replace = "\"version\": \"{new_version}\","
+
+# nodejs binary packages
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+glob = "nodejs/npm/*/package.json"
+search = "\"version\": \"{current_version}\","
+replace = "\"version\": \"{new_version}\","
+
+# Cargo files
+# ------------
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "rust/ffi/node/Cargo.toml"
+search = "\nversion = \"{current_version}\""
+replace = "\nversion = \"{new_version}\""
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "rust/lancedb/Cargo.toml"
+search = "\nversion = \"{current_version}\""
+replace = "\nversion = \"{new_version}\""

.github/labeler.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+version: 1
+appendOnly: true
+# Labels are applied based on conventional commits standard
+# https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/
+# These labels are later used in release notes. See .github/release.yml
+labels:
+# If the PR title has an ! before the : it will be considered a breaking change
+# For example, `feat!: add new feature` will be considered a breaking change
+- label: breaking-change
+  title: "^[^:]+!:.*"
+- label: breaking-change
+  body: "BREAKING CHANGE"
+- label: enhancement
+  title: "^feat(\\(.+\\))?!?:.*"
+- label: bug
+  title: "^fix(\\(.+\\))?!?:.*"
+- label: documentation
+  title: "^docs(\\(.+\\))?!?:.*"
+- label: performance
+  title: "^perf(\\(.+\\))?!?:.*"
+- label: ci
+  title: "^ci(\\(.+\\))?!?:.*"
+- label: chore
+  title: "^(chore|test|build|style)(\\(.+\\))?!?:.*"
+- label: Python
+  files:
+    - "^python\\/.*"
+- label: Rust
+  files:
+    - "^rust\\/.*"
+- label: typescript
+  files:
+    - "^node\\/.*"

.github/release_notes.json

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+{
+    "ignore_labels": ["chore"],
+    "pr_template": "- ${{TITLE}} by @${{AUTHOR}} in ${{URL}}",
+    "categories": [
+        {
+            "title": "## 🏆 Highlights",
+            "labels": ["highlight"]
+        },
+        {
+            "title": "## 🛠 Breaking Changes",
+            "labels": ["breaking-change"]
+        },
+        {
+            "title": "## ⚠️ Deprecations ",
+            "labels": ["deprecation"]
+        },
+        {
+            "title": "## 🎉 New Features",
+            "labels": ["enhancement"]
+        },
+        {
+            "title": "## 🐛 Bug Fixes",
+            "labels": ["bug"]
+        },
+        {
+            "title": "## 📚 Documentation",
+            "labels": ["documentation"]
+        },
+        {
+            "title": "## 🚀 Performance Improvements",
+            "labels": ["performance"]
+        },
+        {
+            "title": "## Other Changes"
+        },
+        {
+            "title": "## 🔧 Build and CI",
+            "labels": ["ci"]
+        }
+    ]
+}

.github/workflows/cargo-publish.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 name: Cargo Publish
 
 on:
-  release:
+  push:
-    types: [ published ]
+    tags-ignore:
+      # We don't publish pre-releases for Rust. Crates.io is just a source
+      # distribution, so we don't need to publish pre-releases.
+      - 'v*-beta*'
+      - '*-v*' # for example, python-vX.Y.Z
 
 env:
   # This env var is used by Swatinem/rust-cache@v2 for the cache

.github/workflows/dev.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+name: PR Checks
+
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [opened, edited, synchronize, reopened]
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  labeler:
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
+    name: Label PR
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: srvaroa/labeler@master
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+  commitlint:
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
+    name: Verify PR title / description conforms to semantic-release
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        with:
+          node-version: "18"
+      # These rules are disabled because Github will always ensure there
+      # is a blank line between the title and the body and Github will
+      # word wrap the description field to ensure a reasonable max line
+      # length.
+      - run: npm install @commitlint/config-conventional
+      - run: >
+          echo 'module.exports = {
+            "rules": {
+              "body-max-line-length": [0, "always", Infinity],
+              "footer-max-line-length": [0, "always", Infinity],
+              "body-leading-blank": [0, "always"]
+            }
+          }' > .commitlintrc.js
+      - run: npx commitlint --extends @commitlint/config-conventional --verbose <<< $COMMIT_MSG
+        env:
+          COMMIT_MSG: >
+            ${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}
+
+            ${{ github.event.pull_request.body }}
+      - if: failure()
+        uses: actions/github-script@v6
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const message = `**ACTION NEEDED**
+              
+              Lance follows the [Conventional Commits specification](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/) for release automation.
+
+              The PR title and description are used as the merge commit message.\
+              Please update your PR title and description to match the specification.
+
+              For details on the error please inspect the "PR Title Check" action.
+              `
+            // Get list of current comments
+            const comments = await github.paginate(github.rest.issues.listComments, {
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              issue_number: context.issue.number
+            });
+            // Check if this job already commented
+            for (const comment of comments) {
+              if (comment.body === message) {
+                return // Already commented
+              }
+            }
+            // Post the comment about Conventional Commits
+            github.rest.issues.createComment({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              issue_number: context.issue.number,
+              body: message
+            })
+            core.setFailed(message)

.github/workflows/make-release-commit.yml

@@ -1,37 +1,62 @@
 name: Create release commit
 
+# This workflow increments versions, tags the version, and pushes it.
+# When a tag is pushed, another workflow is triggered that creates a GH release
+# and uploads the binaries. This workflow is only for creating the tag.
+
+# This script will enforce that a minor version is incremented if there are any
+# breaking changes since the last minor increment. However, it isn't able to
+# differentiate between breaking changes in Node versus Python. If you wish to
+# bypass this check, you can manually increment the version and push the tag.
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
     inputs:
       dry_run:
         description: 'Dry run (create the local commit/tags but do not push it)'
         required: true
-        default: "false"
+        default: false
-        type: choice
+        type: boolean
-        options:
+      type:
-          - "true"
-          - "false"
-      part:
         description: 'What kind of release is this?'
         required: true
-        default: 'patch'
+        default: 'preview'
         type: choice
         options:
-          - patch
+          - preview
-          - minor
+          - stable
-          - major
+      python:
+        description: 'Make a Python release'
+        required: true
+        default: true
+        type: boolean
+      other:
+        description: 'Make a Node/Rust release'
+        required: true
+        default: true
+        type: boolean
+      bump-minor:
+        description: 'Bump minor version'
+        required: true
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
 
 jobs:
-  bump-version:
+  make-release:
+    # Creates tag and GH release. The GH release will trigger the build and release jobs.
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
     steps:
-      - name: Check out main
+      - name: Output Inputs
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        run: echo "${{ toJSON(github.event.inputs) }}"
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
-          ref: main
-          persist-credentials: false
           fetch-depth: 0
           lfs: true
+          # It's important we use our token here, as the default token will NOT
+          # trigger any workflows watching for new tags. See:
+          # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/triggering-a-workflow#triggering-a-workflow-from-a-workflow
+          token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_RELEASE_TOKEN }}
       - name: Set git configs for bumpversion
         shell: bash
         run: |
@@ -41,19 +66,34 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: "3.11"
-      - name: Bump version, create tag and commit
+      - name: Bump Python version
+        if: ${{ inputs.python }}
+        working-directory: python
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         run: |
-          pip install bump2version
+          # Need to get the commit before bumping the version, so we can
-          bumpversion --verbose ${{ inputs.part }}
+          # determine if there are breaking changes in the next step as well.
-      - name: Push new version and tag
+          echo "COMMIT_BEFORE_BUMP=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        if: ${{ inputs.dry_run }} == "false"
+
+          pip install bump-my-version PyGithub packaging
+          bash ../ci/bump_version.sh ${{ inputs.type }} ${{ inputs.bump-minor }} python-v
+      - name: Bump Node/Rust version
+        if: ${{ inputs.other }}
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          pip install bump-my-version PyGithub packaging
+          bash ci/bump_version.sh ${{ inputs.type }} ${{ inputs.bump-minor }} v $COMMIT_BEFORE_BUMP
+      - name: Push new version tag
+        if: ${{ !inputs.dry_run }}
         uses: ad-m/github-push-action@master
         with:
+          # Need to use PAT here too to trigger next workflow. See comment above.
           github_token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_RELEASE_TOKEN }}
-          branch: main
+          branch: ${{ github.ref }}
           tags: true
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/update_package_lock
         if: ${{ inputs.dry_run }} == "false"
         with:
-          github_token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_RELEASE_TOKEN }}
+          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-

.github/workflows/nodejs.yml

@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ jobs:
         cargo fmt --all -- --check
         cargo clippy --all --all-features -- -D warnings
         npm ci
-        npm run lint
+        npm run lint-ci
-        npm run chkformat
   linux:
     name: Linux (NodeJS ${{ matrix.node-version }})
     timeout-minutes: 30

.github/workflows/npm-publish.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 name: NPM Publish
 
 on:
-  release:
+  push:
-    types: [published]
+    tags:
+      - 'v*'
 
 jobs:
   node:
@@ -274,9 +275,15 @@ jobs:
         env:
           NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_NPM_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}
         run: |
+          # Tag beta as "preview" instead of default "latest". See lancedb 
+          # npm publish step for more info.
+          if [[ $GITHUB_REF =~ refs/tags/v(.*)-beta.* ]]; then
+            PUBLISH_ARGS="--tag preview"
+          fi
+
           mv */*.tgz .
           for filename in *.tgz; do
-            npm publish $filename
+            npm publish $PUBLISH_ARGS $filename
           done
 
   release-nodejs:
@@ -316,11 +323,23 @@ jobs:
       - name: Publish to NPM
         env:
           NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_NPM_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}
-        run: npm publish --access public
+        # By default, things are published to the latest tag. This is what is 
+        # installed by default if the user does not specify a version. This is
+        # good for stable releases, but for pre-releases, we want to publish to
+        # the "preview" tag so they can install with `npm install lancedb@preview`.
+        # See: https://medium.com/@mbostock/prereleases-and-npm-e778fc5e2420
+        run: |
+          if [[ $GITHUB_REF =~ refs/tags/v(.*)-beta.* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag preview
+          else
+            npm publish --access public
+          fi
 
   update-package-lock:
     needs: [release]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -331,11 +350,13 @@ jobs:
           lfs: true
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/update_package_lock
         with:
-          github_token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_RELEASE_TOKEN }}
+          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
   update-package-lock-nodejs:
     needs: [release-nodejs]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -346,4 +367,70 @@ jobs:
           lfs: true
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/update_package_lock_nodejs
         with:
-          github_token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_RELEASE_TOKEN }}
+          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+  
+  gh-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          lfs: true
+      - name: Extract version
+        id: extract_version
+        env:
+          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          echo "Extracting tag and version from $GITHUB_REF"
+          if [[ $GITHUB_REF =~ refs/tags/v(.*) ]]; then
+            VERSION=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
+            TAG=v$VERSION
+            echo "tag=$TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          else
+            echo "Failed to extract version from $GITHUB_REF"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "Extracted version $VERSION from $GITHUB_REF"
+          if [[ $VERSION =~ beta ]]; then
+            echo "This is a beta release"
+
+            # Get last release (that is not this one)
+            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
+              | grep ^v \
+              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
+              | python ci/semver_sort.py v \
+              | tail -n 1)
+          else
+            echo "This is a stable release"
+            # Get last stable tag (ignore betas)
+            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
+              | grep ^v \
+              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
+              | grep -v beta \
+              | python ci/semver_sort.py v \
+              | tail -n 1)
+          fi
+          echo "Found from tag $FROM_TAG"
+          echo "from_tag=$FROM_TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - name: Create Release Notes
+        id: release_notes
+        uses: mikepenz/release-changelog-builder-action@v4
+        with:
+          configuration: .github/release_notes.json
+          toTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
+          fromTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.from_tag }}
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Create GH release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          prerelease: ${{ contains('beta', github.ref) }}
+          tag_name: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          generate_release_notes: false
+          name: Node/Rust LanceDB v${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.version }}
+          body: ${{ steps.release_notes.outputs.changelog }}

.github/workflows/pypi-publish.yml

@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 name: PyPI Publish
 
 on:
-  release:
+  push:
-    types: [published]
+    tags:
+      - 'python-v*'
 
 jobs:
   linux:
-    # Only runs on tags that matches the python-make-release action
-    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
     name: Python ${{ matrix.config.platform }} manylinux${{ matrix.config.manylinux }}
     timeout-minutes: 60
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-minor-version: ["8"]
         config:
           - platform: x86_64
             manylinux: "2_17"
@@ -34,25 +32,22 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
-          python-version: 3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
+          python-version: 3.8
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/build_linux_wheel
         with:
-          python-minor-version: ${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
+          python-minor-version: 8
           args: "--release --strip ${{ matrix.config.extra_args }}"
           arm-build: ${{ matrix.config.platform == 'aarch64' }}
           manylinux: ${{ matrix.config.manylinux }}
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/upload_wheel
         with:
-          token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
+          pypi_token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
-          repo: "pypi"
+          fury_token: ${{ secrets.FURY_TOKEN }}
   mac:
-    # Only runs on tags that matches the python-make-release action
-    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
     timeout-minutes: 60
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.config.runner }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-minor-version: ["8"]
         config:
           - target: x86_64-apple-darwin
             runner: macos-13
@@ -63,7 +58,6 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
-          ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
           fetch-depth: 0
           lfs: true
       - name: Set up Python
@@ -72,38 +66,95 @@ jobs:
           python-version: 3.12
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/build_mac_wheel
         with:
-          python-minor-version: ${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
+          python-minor-version: 8
           args: "--release --strip --target ${{ matrix.config.target }} --features fp16kernels"
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/upload_wheel
         with:
-          python-minor-version: ${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
+          pypi_token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
-          token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
+          fury_token: ${{ secrets.FURY_TOKEN }}
-          repo: "pypi"
   windows:
-    # Only runs on tags that matches the python-make-release action
-    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
     timeout-minutes: 60
     runs-on: windows-latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        python-minor-version: ["8"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
-          ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
           fetch-depth: 0
           lfs: true
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
-          python-version: 3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
+          python-version: 3.8
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/build_windows_wheel
         with:
-          python-minor-version: ${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
+          python-minor-version: 8
           args: "--release --strip"
           vcpkg_token: ${{ secrets.VCPKG_GITHUB_PACKAGES }}
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/upload_wheel
         with:
-          python-minor-version: ${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
+          pypi_token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
-          token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
+          fury_token: ${{ secrets.FURY_TOKEN }}
-          repo: "pypi"
+  gh-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          lfs: true
+      - name: Extract version
+        id: extract_version
+        env:
+          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          echo "Extracting tag and version from $GITHUB_REF"
+          if [[ $GITHUB_REF =~ refs/tags/python-v(.*) ]]; then
+            VERSION=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
+            TAG=python-v$VERSION
+            echo "tag=$TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          else
+            echo "Failed to extract version from $GITHUB_REF"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "Extracted version $VERSION from $GITHUB_REF"
+          if [[ $VERSION =~ beta ]]; then
+            echo "This is a beta release"
+
+            # Get last release (that is not this one)
+            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
+              | grep ^python-v \
+              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
+              | python ci/semver_sort.py python-v \
+              | tail -n 1)
+          else
+            echo "This is a stable release"
+            # Get last stable tag (ignore betas)
+            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
+              | grep ^python-v \
+              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
+              | grep -v beta \
+              | python ci/semver_sort.py python-v \
+              | tail -n 1)
+          fi
+          echo "Found from tag $FROM_TAG"
+          echo "from_tag=$FROM_TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - name: Create Python Release Notes
+        id: python_release_notes
+        uses: mikepenz/release-changelog-builder-action@v4
+        with:
+          configuration: .github/release_notes.json
+          toTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
+          fromTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.from_tag }}
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Create Python GH release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          prerelease: ${{ contains('beta', github.ref) }}
+          tag_name: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          generate_release_notes: false
+          name: Python LanceDB v${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.version }}
+          body: ${{ steps.python_release_notes.outputs.changelog }}

.github/workflows/python-make-release-commit.yml

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-name: Python - Create release commit
-
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-    inputs:
-      dry_run:
-        description: 'Dry run (create the local commit/tags but do not push it)'
-        required: true
-        default: "false"
-        type: choice
-        options:
-          - "true"
-          - "false"
-      part:
-        description: 'What kind of release is this?'
-        required: true
-        default: 'patch'
-        type: choice
-        options:
-          - patch
-          - minor
-          - major
-
-jobs:
-  bump-version:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - name: Check out main
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      with:
-        ref: main
-        persist-credentials: false
-        fetch-depth: 0
-        lfs: true
-    - name: Set git configs for bumpversion
-      shell: bash
-      run: |
-        git config user.name 'Lance Release'
-        git config user.email 'lance-dev@lancedb.com'
-    - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-      with:
-        python-version: "3.11"
-    - name: Bump version, create tag and commit
-      working-directory: python
-      run: |
-        pip install bump2version
-        bumpversion --verbose ${{ inputs.part }}
-    - name: Push new version and tag
-      if: ${{ inputs.dry_run }} == "false"
-      uses: ad-m/github-push-action@master
-      with:
-        github_token: ${{ secrets.LANCEDB_RELEASE_TOKEN }}
-        branch: main
-        tags: true
-

.github/workflows/python.yml

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 30
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-minor-version: ["8", "11"]
+        python-minor-version: ["9", "11"]
     runs-on: "ubuntu-22.04"
     defaults:
       run:

.github/workflows/rust.yml

@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ jobs:
       run: |
           sudo apt update
           sudo apt install -y protobuf-compiler libssl-dev
-    - name: Build
-      run: cargo build --all-features
     - name: Start S3 integration test environment
       working-directory: .
       run: docker compose up --detach --wait
+    - name: Build
+      run: cargo build --all-features
     - name: Run tests
       run: cargo test --all-features
     - name: Run examples

.github/workflows/upload_wheel/action.yml

@@ -2,16 +2,12 @@ name: upload-wheel
 
 description: "Upload wheels to Pypi"
 inputs:
-  os:
+  pypi_token:
-    required: true
-    description: "ubuntu-22.04 or macos-13"
-  repo:
-    required: false
-    description: "pypi or testpypi"
-    default: "pypi"
-  token:
     required: true
     description: "release token for the repo"
+  fury_token:
+    required: true
+    description: "release token for the fury repo"
 
 runs:
   using: "composite"
@@ -21,9 +17,29 @@ runs:
     run: |
       python -m pip install --upgrade pip
       pip install twine
-    - name: Publish wheel
+  - name: Choose repo
-      env:
-        TWINE_USERNAME: __token__
-        TWINE_PASSWORD: ${{ inputs.token }}
     shell: bash
-      run: twine upload --repository ${{ inputs.repo }} target/wheels/lancedb-*.whl
+    id: choose_repo
+    run: |
+      if [ ${{ github.ref }} == "*beta*" ]; then
+        echo "repo=fury" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      else
+        echo "repo=pypi" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      fi
+  - name: Publish to PyPI
+    working-directory: python
+    shell: bash
+    env:
+      FURY_TOKEN: ${{ inputs.fury_token }}
+      PYPI_TOKEN: ${{ inputs.pypi_token }}
+    run: |
+      if [ ${{ steps.choose_repo.outputs.repo }} == "fury" ]; then
+        WHEEL=$(ls target/wheels/lancedb-*.whl 2> /dev/null | head -n 1)
+        echo "Uploading $WHEEL to Fury"
+        curl -f -F package=@$WHEEL https://$FURY_TOKEN@push.fury.io/lancedb/
+      else
+        twine upload --repository ${{ steps.choose_repo.outputs.repo }} \
+          --username __token__ \
+          --password $PYPI_TOKEN \
+          target/wheels/lancedb-*.whl
+      fi

.gitignore

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 venv
 
 .vscode
-
+.zed
 rust/target
 rust/Cargo.lock
 

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@ repos:
     rev: v0.2.2
     hooks:
     - id: ruff
-- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-prettier
+- repo: local
-  rev: v3.1.0
   hooks:
-    - id: prettier
+    - id: local-biome-check
+      name: biome check
+      entry: npx biome check
+      language: system
+      types: [text]
       files: "nodejs/.*"
       exclude: nodejs/lancedb/native.d.ts|nodejs/dist/.*

Cargo.toml

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ keywords = ["lancedb", "lance", "database", "vector", "search"]
 categories = ["database-implementations"]
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-lance = { "version" = "=0.10.16", "features" = ["dynamodb"] }
+lance = { "version" = "=0.11.0", "features" = ["dynamodb"] }
-lance-index = { "version" = "=0.10.16" }
+lance-index = { "version" = "=0.11.0" }
-lance-linalg = { "version" = "=0.10.16" }
+lance-linalg = { "version" = "=0.11.0" }
-lance-testing = { "version" = "=0.10.16" }
+lance-testing = { "version" = "=0.11.0" }
 # Note that this one does not include pyarrow
 arrow = { version = "51.0", optional = false }
 arrow-array = "51.0"
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ arrow-arith = "51.0"
 arrow-cast = "51.0"
 async-trait = "0"
 chrono = "0.4.35"
-half = { "version" = "=2.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+half = { "version" = "=2.4.1", default-features = false, features = [
     "num-traits",
 ] }
 futures = "0"

README.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 <hr />
 
-LanceDB is an open-source database for vector-search built with persistent storage, which greatly simplifies retrevial, filtering and management of embeddings.
+LanceDB is an open-source database for vector-search built with persistent storage, which greatly simplifies retrieval, filtering and management of embeddings.
 
 The key features of LanceDB include:
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ The key features of LanceDB include:
 
 * GPU support in building vector index(*).
 
-* Ecosystem integrations with [LangChain 🦜️🔗](https://python.langchain.com/en/latest/modules/indexes/vectorstores/examples/lanecdb.html), [LlamaIndex 🦙](https://gpt-index.readthedocs.io/en/latest/examples/vector_stores/LanceDBIndexDemo.html), Apache-Arrow, Pandas, Polars, DuckDB and more on the way.
+* Ecosystem integrations with [LangChain 🦜️🔗](https://python.langchain.com/docs/integrations/vectorstores/lancedb/), [LlamaIndex 🦙](https://gpt-index.readthedocs.io/en/latest/examples/vector_stores/LanceDBIndexDemo.html), Apache-Arrow, Pandas, Polars, DuckDB and more on the way.
 
 LanceDB's core is written in Rust 🦀 and is built using <a href="https://github.com/lancedb/lance">Lance</a>, an open-source columnar format designed for performant ML workloads.
 

ci/bump_version.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+set -e
+
+RELEASE_TYPE=${1:-"stable"}
+BUMP_MINOR=${2:-false}
+TAG_PREFIX=${3:-"v"} # Such as "python-v"
+HEAD_SHA=${4:-$(git rev-parse HEAD)}
+
+readonly SELF_DIR=$(cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )
+
+PREV_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' | grep ^$TAG_PREFIX | python $SELF_DIR/semver_sort.py $TAG_PREFIX | tail -n 1)
+echo "Found previous tag $PREV_TAG"
+
+# Initially, we don't want to tag if we are doing stable, because we will bump
+# again later. See comment at end for why.
+if [[ "$RELEASE_TYPE" == 'stable' ]]; then 
+  BUMP_ARGS="--no-tag"
+fi
+
+# If last is stable and not bumping minor
+if [[ $PREV_TAG != *beta* ]]; then
+    if [[ "$BUMP_MINOR" != "false" ]]; then
+      # X.Y.Z -> X.(Y+1).0-beta.0
+      bump-my-version bump -vv $BUMP_ARGS minor
+    else
+      # X.Y.Z -> X.Y.(Z+1)-beta.0
+      bump-my-version bump -vv $BUMP_ARGS patch
+    fi
+else
+  if [[ "$BUMP_MINOR" != "false" ]]; then
+    # X.Y.Z-beta.N -> X.(Y+1).0-beta.0
+    bump-my-version bump -vv $BUMP_ARGS minor
+  else
+    # X.Y.Z-beta.N -> X.Y.Z-beta.(N+1)
+    bump-my-version bump -vv $BUMP_ARGS pre_n
+  fi
+fi
+
+# The above bump will always bump to a pre-release version. If we are releasing
+# a stable version, bump the pre-release level ("pre_l") to make it stable.
+if [[ $RELEASE_TYPE == 'stable' ]]; then
+  # X.Y.Z-beta.N -> X.Y.Z
+  bump-my-version bump -vv pre_l
+fi
+
+# Validate that we have incremented version appropriately for breaking changes
+NEW_TAG=$(git describe --tags --exact-match HEAD)
+NEW_VERSION=$(echo $NEW_TAG | sed "s/^$TAG_PREFIX//")
+LAST_STABLE_RELEASE=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' | grep ^$TAG_PREFIX | grep -v beta | grep -vF "$NEW_TAG" | python $SELF_DIR/semver_sort.py $TAG_PREFIX | tail -n 1)
+LAST_STABLE_VERSION=$(echo $LAST_STABLE_RELEASE | sed "s/^$TAG_PREFIX//")
+
+python $SELF_DIR/check_breaking_changes.py $LAST_STABLE_RELEASE $HEAD_SHA $LAST_STABLE_VERSION $NEW_VERSION

ci/check_breaking_changes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""
+Check whether there are any breaking changes in the PRs between the base and head commits.
+If there are, assert that we have incremented the minor version.
+"""
+import argparse
+import os
+from packaging.version import parse
+
+from github import Github
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("base")
+    parser.add_argument("head")
+    parser.add_argument("last_stable_version")
+    parser.add_argument("current_version")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    repo = Github(os.environ["GITHUB_TOKEN"]).get_repo(os.environ["GITHUB_REPOSITORY"])
+    commits = repo.compare(args.base, args.head).commits
+    prs = (pr for commit in commits for pr in commit.get_pulls())
+
+    for pr in prs:
+        if any(label.name == "breaking-change" for label in pr.labels):
+            print(f"Breaking change in PR: {pr.html_url}")
+            break
+    else:
+        print("No breaking changes found.")
+        exit(0)
+    
+    last_stable_version = parse(args.last_stable_version)
+    current_version = parse(args.current_version)
+    if current_version.minor <= last_stable_version.minor:
+        print("Minor version is not greater than the last stable version.")
+        exit(1)

ci/semver_sort.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""
+Takes a list of semver strings and sorts them in ascending order.
+"""
+
+import sys
+from packaging.version import parse, InvalidVersion
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import argparse
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("prefix", default="v")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    # Read the input from stdin
+    lines = sys.stdin.readlines()
+
+    # Parse the versions
+    versions = []
+    for line in lines:
+        line = line.strip()
+        try:
+            version_str = line.removeprefix(args.prefix)
+            version = parse(version_str)
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            # There are old tags that don't follow the semver format
+            print(f"Invalid version: {line}", file=sys.stderr)
+            continue
+        versions.append((line, version))
+
+    # Sort the versions
+    versions.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])
+
+    # Print the sorted versions as original strings
+    for line, _ in versions:
+        print(line)

docs/mkdocs.yml

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ nav:
           - Polars: python/polars_arrow.md
           - DuckDB: python/duckdb.md
           - LangChain:
-            - LangChain 🔗: https://python.langchain.com/docs/integrations/vectorstores/lancedb/
+            - LangChain 🔗: integrations/langchain.md
             - LangChain JS/TS 🔗: https://js.langchain.com/docs/integrations/vectorstores/lancedb
           - LlamaIndex 🦙: https://docs.llamaindex.ai/en/stable/examples/vector_stores/LanceDBIndexDemo/
           - Pydantic: python/pydantic.md

docs/src/basic.md

@@ -44,6 +44,36 @@
 
     !!! info "Please also make sure you're using the same version of Arrow as in the [lancedb crate](https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/blob/main/Cargo.toml)"
 
+### Preview releases
+
+Stable releases are created about every 2 weeks. For the latest features and bug
+fixes, you can install the preview release. These releases receive the same
+level of testing as stable releases, but are not guaranteed to be available for
+more than 6 months after they are released. Once your application is stable, we
+recommend switching to stable releases.
+
+=== "Python"
+
+      ```shell
+      pip install --pre --extra-index-url https://pypi.fury.io/lancedb/ lancedb
+      ```
+
+=== "Typescript"
+
+      ```shell
+      npm install vectordb@preview
+      ```
+
+=== "Rust"
+    
+    We don't push preview releases to crates.io, but you can referent the tag
+    in GitHub within your Cargo dependencies:
+
+    ```toml
+    [dependencies]
+    lancedb = { git = "https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb.git", tag = "vX.Y.Z-beta.N" }
+    ```
+
 ## Connect to a database
 
 === "Python"

docs/src/embeddings/default_embedding_functions.md

@@ -206,6 +206,44 @@ print(actual.text)
 ```
 
 
+### Ollama embeddings
+Generate embeddings via the [ollama](https://github.com/ollama/ollama-python) python library. More details:
+
+- [Ollama docs on embeddings](https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/api.md#generate-embeddings)
+- [Ollama blog on embeddings](https://ollama.com/blog/embedding-models)
+
+| Parameter              | Type                       | Default Value            | Description                                                                                                                                    |
+|------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `name`                 | `str`                      | `nomic-embed-text`       | The name of the model.                                                                                                                         |
+| `host`                 | `str`                      | `http://localhost:11434` | The Ollama host to connect to.                                                                                                                 |
+| `options`              | `ollama.Options` or `dict` | `None`                   | Additional model parameters listed in the documentation for the [Modelfile](./modelfile.md#valid-parameters-and-values) such as `temperature`. |
+| `keep_alive`           | `float` or `str`           | `"5m"`                   | Controls how long the model will stay loaded into memory following the request.                                                                |
+| `ollama_client_kwargs` | `dict`                     | `{}`                     | kwargs that can be past to the `ollama.Client`.                                                                                                |
+
+```python
+import lancedb
+from lancedb.pydantic import LanceModel, Vector
+from lancedb.embeddings import get_registry
+
+db = lancedb.connect("/tmp/db")
+func = get_registry().get("ollama").create(name="nomic-embed-text")
+
+class Words(LanceModel):
+    text: str = func.SourceField()
+    vector: Vector(func.ndims()) = func.VectorField()
+
+table = db.create_table("words", schema=Words, mode="overwrite")
+table.add([
+    {"text": "hello world"},
+    {"text": "goodbye world"}
+])
+
+query = "greetings"
+actual = table.search(query).limit(1).to_pydantic(Words)[0]
+print(actual.text)
+```
+
+
 ### OpenAI embeddings
 LanceDB registers the OpenAI embeddings function in the registry by default, as `openai`. Below are the parameters that you can customize when creating the instances:
 

docs/src/embeddings/embedding_functions.md

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ For this purpose, LanceDB introduces an **embedding functions API**, that allow
 
     ```python
     class Pets(LanceModel):
-        vector: Vector(clip.ndims) = clip.VectorField()
+        vector: Vector(clip.ndims()) = clip.VectorField()
         image_uri: str = clip.SourceField()
     ```
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ You can also use the integration for adding utility operations in the schema. Fo
 
 ```python
 class Pets(LanceModel):
-    vector: Vector(clip.ndims) = clip.VectorField()
+    vector: Vector(clip.ndims()) = clip.VectorField()
     image_uri: str = clip.SourceField()
 
     @property

docs/src/guides/storage.md

@@ -299,6 +299,14 @@ LanceDB can also connect to S3-compatible stores, such as MinIO. To do so, you m
 
 This can also be done with the ``AWS_ENDPOINT`` and ``AWS_DEFAULT_REGION`` environment variables.
 
+!!! tip "Local servers"
+
+    For local development, the server often has a `http` endpoint rather than a
+    secure `https` endpoint. In this case, you must also set the `ALLOW_HTTP`
+    environment variable to `true` to allow non-TLS connections, or pass the
+    storage option `allow_http` as `true`. If you do not do this, you will get
+    an error like `URL scheme is not allowed`.
+
 #### S3 Express
 
 LanceDB supports [S3 Express One Zone](https://aws.amazon.com/s3/storage-classes/express-one-zone/) endpoints, but requires additional configuration. Also, S3 Express endpoints only support connecting from an EC2 instance within the same region.

docs/src/integrations/index.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Get started using these examples and quick links.
 | Integrations | |
 |---|---:|
 | <h3> LlamaIndex </h3>LlamaIndex is a simple, flexible data framework for connecting custom data sources to large language models. Llama index integrates with LanceDB as the serverless VectorDB. <h3>[Lean More](https://gpt-index.readthedocs.io/en/latest/examples/vector_stores/LanceDBIndexDemo.html) </h3> |<img src="../assets/llama-index.jpg" alt="image" width="150" height="auto">|
-| <h3>Langchain</h3>Langchain allows building applications with LLMs through composability <h3>[Lean More](https://python.langchain.com/docs/integrations/vectorstores/lancedb) | <img src="../assets/langchain.png" alt="image" width="150" height="auto">|
+| <h3>Langchain</h3>Langchain allows building applications with LLMs through composability <h3>[Lean More](https://lancedb.github.io/lancedb/integrations/langchain/) | <img src="../assets/langchain.png" alt="image" width="150" height="auto">|
 | <h3>Langchain TS</h3> Javascript bindings for Langchain. It integrates with LanceDB's serverless vectordb allowing you to build powerful AI applications through composibility using only serverless functions. <h3>[Learn More]( https://js.langchain.com/docs/modules/data_connection/vectorstores/integrations/lancedb) | <img src="../assets/langchain.png" alt="image" width="150" height="auto">|
 | <h3>Voxel51</h3>  It is an open source toolkit that enables you to build better computer vision workflows by improving the quality of your datasets and delivering insights about your models.<h3>[Learn More](./voxel51.md) | <img src="../assets/voxel.gif" alt="image" width="150" height="auto">|
 | <h3>PromptTools</h3>  Offers a set of free, open-source tools for testing and experimenting with models, prompts, and configurations. The core idea is to enable developers to evaluate prompts using familiar interfaces like code and notebooks. You can use it to experiment with different configurations of LanceDB, and test how LanceDB integrates with the LLM of your choice.<h3>[Learn More](./prompttools.md) | <img src="../assets/prompttools.jpeg" alt="image" width="150" height="auto">|

docs/src/integrations/langchain.md

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# Langchain
+![Illustration](../assets/langchain.png)
+
+## Quick Start
+You can load your document data using langchain's loaders, for this example we are using `TextLoader` and `OpenAIEmbeddings` as the embedding model.
+```python
+import os
+from langchain.document_loaders import TextLoader
+from langchain.vectorstores import LanceDB
+from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+from langchain_text_splitters import CharacterTextSplitter
+
+os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = "sk-..."
+
+loader = TextLoader("../../modules/state_of_the_union.txt") # Replace with your data path
+documents = loader.load()
+
+documents = CharacterTextSplitter().split_documents(documents)
+embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()
+
+docsearch = LanceDB.from_documents(documents, embeddings)
+query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
+docs = docsearch.similarity_search(query)
+print(docs[0].page_content)
+```
+
+## Documentation
+In the above example `LanceDB` vector store class object is created using `from_documents()` method  which is a `classmethod` and returns the initialized class object. 
+You can also use `LanceDB.from_texts(texts: List[str],embedding: Embeddings)` class method.  
+
+The exhaustive list of parameters for `LanceDB` vector store are :  
+- `connection`: (Optional) `lancedb.db.LanceDBConnection` connection object to use.  If not provided, a new connection will be created.  
+- `embedding`: Langchain embedding model.  
+- `vector_key`: (Optional) Column name to use for vector's in the table. Defaults to `'vector'`.   
+- `id_key`: (Optional) Column name to use for id's in the table. Defaults to `'id'`.  
+- `text_key`: (Optional) Column name to use for text in the table. Defaults to `'text'`.  
+- `table_name`: (Optional) Name of your table in the database. Defaults to `'vectorstore'`.  
+- `api_key`: (Optional) API key to use for LanceDB cloud database. Defaults to `None`.  
+- `region`: (Optional) Region to use for LanceDB cloud database. Only for LanceDB Cloud, defaults to `None`.  
+- `mode`: (Optional) Mode to use for adding data to the table. Defaults to `'overwrite'`.  
+
+```python
+db_url = "db://lang_test" # url of db you created
+api_key = "xxxxx" # your API key
+region="us-east-1-dev"  # your selected region
+
+vector_store = LanceDB(
+    uri=db_url,
+    api_key=api_key, #(dont include for local API)
+    region=region, #(dont include for local API)
+    embedding=embeddings,
+    table_name='langchain_test' #Optional
+    )
+```
+
+### Methods 
+To add texts and store respective embeddings automatically:   
+##### add_texts()
+- `texts`: `Iterable` of strings to add to the vectorstore.
+- `metadatas`: Optional `list[dict()]` of metadatas associated with the texts.
+- `ids`: Optional `list` of ids to associate with the texts. 
+
+
+```python
+vector_store.add_texts(texts = ['test_123'], metadatas =[{'source' :'wiki'}]) 
+
+#Additionaly, to explore the table you can load it into a df or save it in a csv file:
+
+tbl = vector_store.get_table()
+print("tbl:", tbl)
+pd_df = tbl.to_pandas()
+pd_df.to_csv("docsearch.csv", index=False)
+
+# you can also create a new vector store object using an older connection object:
+vector_store = LanceDB(connection=tbl, embedding=embeddings)
+```
+For index creation make sure your table has enough data in it. An ANN index is ususally not needed for datasets ~100K vectors. For large-scale (>1M) or higher dimension vectors, it is beneficial to create an ANN index.
+##### create_index() 
+- `col_name`: `Optional[str] = None`
+- `vector_col`: `Optional[str] = None`
+- `num_partitions`: `Optional[int] = 256`
+- `num_sub_vectors`: `Optional[int] = 96`
+- `index_cache_size`: `Optional[int] = None`
+
+```python
+# for creating vector index
+vector_store.create_index(vector_col='vector', metric = 'cosine')
+
+# for creating scalar index(for non-vector columns)
+vector_store.create_index(col_name='text')
+
+```

docs/src/notebooks/youtube_transcript_search.ipynb

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "!pip install --quiet openai datasets \n",
+    "!pip install --quiet openai datasets\n",
     "!pip install --quiet -U lancedb"
    ]
   },
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
     "if \"OPENAI_API_KEY\" not in os.environ:\n",
     "    # OR set the key here as a variable\n",
     "    os.environ[\"OPENAI_API_KEY\"] = \"sk-...\"\n",
-    "    \n",
+    "\n",
     "client = OpenAI()\n",
     "assert len(client.models.list().data) > 0"
    ]
@@ -234,9 +234,12 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "def embed_func(c):    \n",
+    "def embed_func(c):\n",
     "    rs = client.embeddings.create(input=c, model=\"text-embedding-ada-002\")\n",
-    "    return [rs.data[0].embedding]"
+    "    return [\n",
+    "        data.embedding\n",
+    "        for data in rs.data\n",
+    "    ]"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -514,7 +517,7 @@
     "                prompt_start +\n",
     "                \"\\n\\n---\\n\\n\".join(context.text) +\n",
     "                prompt_end\n",
-    "            )    \n",
+    "            )\n",
     "    return prompt"
    ]
   },

docs/test/md_testing.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ excluded_globs = [
     "../src/embedding.md",
     "../src/examples/*.md",
     "../src/integrations/voxel51.md",
+    "../src/integrations/langchain.md",
     "../src/guides/tables.md",
     "../src/python/duckdb.md",
     "../src/embeddings/*.md",

node/package-lock.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "vectordb",
-  "version": "0.4.17",
+  "version": "0.4.20",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "vectordb",
-      "version": "0.4.17",
+      "version": "0.4.20",
       "cpu": [
         "x64",
         "arm64"
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@
         "uuid": "^9.0.0"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-arm64": "0.4.17",
+        "@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-arm64": "0.4.20",
-        "@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-x64": "0.4.17",
+        "@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-x64": "0.4.20",
-        "@lancedb/vectordb-linux-arm64-gnu": "0.4.17",
+        "@lancedb/vectordb-linux-arm64-gnu": "0.4.20",
-        "@lancedb/vectordb-linux-x64-gnu": "0.4.17",
+        "@lancedb/vectordb-linux-x64-gnu": "0.4.20",
-        "@lancedb/vectordb-win32-x64-msvc": "0.4.17"
+        "@lancedb/vectordb-win32-x64-msvc": "0.4.20"
       },
       "peerDependencies": {
         "@apache-arrow/ts": "^14.0.2",
@@ -333,6 +333,66 @@
         "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.4.10"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-arm64": {
+      "version": "0.4.20",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-arm64/-/vectordb-darwin-arm64-0.4.20.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ffP2K4sA5mQTgePyARw1y8dPN996FmpvyAYoWO+TSItaXlhcXvc+KVa5udNMCZMDYeEnEv2Xpj6k4PwW3oBz+A==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "darwin"
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules/@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-x64": {
+      "version": "0.4.20",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-x64/-/vectordb-darwin-x64-0.4.20.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-GSYsXE20RIehDu30FjREhJdEzhnwOTV7ZsrSXagStzLY1gr7pyd7sfqxmmUtdD09di7LnQoiM71AOpPTa01YwQ==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "darwin"
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules/@lancedb/vectordb-linux-arm64-gnu": {
+      "version": "0.4.20",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/vectordb-linux-arm64-gnu/-/vectordb-linux-arm64-gnu-0.4.20.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-FpNOjOsz3nJVm6EBGyNgbOW2aFhsWZ/igeY45Z8hbZaaK2YBwrg/DASoNlUzgv6IR8cUaGJ2irNVJfsKR2cG6g==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules/@lancedb/vectordb-linux-x64-gnu": {
+      "version": "0.4.20",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/vectordb-linux-x64-gnu/-/vectordb-linux-x64-gnu-0.4.20.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-pOqWjrRZQSrLTlQPkjidRii7NZDw8Xu9pN6ouVu2JAK8n81FXaPtFCyAI+Y3v9GpnYDN0rvD4eQ36aHAVPsa2g==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules/@lancedb/vectordb-win32-x64-msvc": {
+      "version": "0.4.20",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/vectordb-win32-x64-msvc/-/vectordb-win32-x64-msvc-0.4.20.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-5J5SsYSJ7jRCmU/sgwVHdrGz43B/7R2T9OEoFTKyVAtqTZdu75rkytXyn9SyEayXVhlUOaw76N0ASm0hAoDS/A==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "win32"
+      ]
+    },
     "node_modules/@neon-rs/cli": {
       "version": "0.0.160",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@neon-rs/cli/-/cli-0.0.160.tgz",

node/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "vectordb",
-  "version": "0.4.17",
+  "version": "0.4.20",
   "description": " Serverless, low-latency vector database for AI applications",
   "main": "dist/index.js",
   "types": "dist/index.d.ts",
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@
     }
   },
   "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-arm64": "0.4.17",
+    "@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-arm64": "0.4.20",
-    "@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-x64": "0.4.17",
+    "@lancedb/vectordb-darwin-x64": "0.4.20",
-    "@lancedb/vectordb-linux-arm64-gnu": "0.4.17",
+    "@lancedb/vectordb-linux-arm64-gnu": "0.4.20",
-    "@lancedb/vectordb-linux-x64-gnu": "0.4.17",
+    "@lancedb/vectordb-linux-x64-gnu": "0.4.20",
-    "@lancedb/vectordb-win32-x64-msvc": "0.4.17"
+    "@lancedb/vectordb-win32-x64-msvc": "0.4.20"
   }
 }

node/src/arrow.ts

@@ -27,23 +27,23 @@ import {
   RecordBatch,
   makeData,
   Struct,
-  Float,
+  type Float,
   DataType,
   Binary,
   Float32
-} from 'apache-arrow'
+} from "apache-arrow";
-import { type EmbeddingFunction } from './index'
+import { type EmbeddingFunction } from "./index";
-import { sanitizeSchema } from './sanitize'
+import { sanitizeSchema } from "./sanitize";
 
 /*
  * Options to control how a column should be converted to a vector array
  */
 export class VectorColumnOptions {
   /** Vector column type. */
-  type: Float = new Float32()
+  type: Float = new Float32();
 
-  constructor (values?: Partial<VectorColumnOptions>) {
+  constructor(values?: Partial<VectorColumnOptions>) {
-    Object.assign(this, values)
+    Object.assign(this, values);
   }
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export class MakeArrowTableOptions {
    * The schema must be specified if there are no records (e.g. to make
    * an empty table)
    */
-  schema?: Schema
+  schema?: Schema;
 
   /*
    * Mapping from vector column name to expected type
@@ -80,7 +80,9 @@ export class MakeArrowTableOptions {
    */
   vectorColumns: Record<string, VectorColumnOptions> = {
     vector: new VectorColumnOptions()
-  }
+  };
+
+  embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<any>;
 
   /**
    * If true then string columns will be encoded with dictionary encoding
@@ -91,10 +93,10 @@ export class MakeArrowTableOptions {
    *
    * If `schema` is provided then this property is ignored.
    */
-  dictionaryEncodeStrings: boolean = false
+  dictionaryEncodeStrings: boolean = false;
 
-  constructor (values?: Partial<MakeArrowTableOptions>) {
+  constructor(values?: Partial<MakeArrowTableOptions>) {
-    Object.assign(this, values)
+    Object.assign(this, values);
   }
 }
 
@@ -193,59 +195,68 @@ export class MakeArrowTableOptions {
  * assert.deepEqual(table.schema, schema)
  * ```
  */
-export function makeArrowTable (
+export function makeArrowTable(
   data: Array<Record<string, any>>,
   options?: Partial<MakeArrowTableOptions>
 ): ArrowTable {
-  if (data.length === 0 && (options?.schema === undefined || options?.schema === null)) {
+  if (
-    throw new Error('At least one record or a schema needs to be provided')
+    data.length === 0 &&
+    (options?.schema === undefined || options?.schema === null)
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("At least one record or a schema needs to be provided");
   }
 
-  const opt = new MakeArrowTableOptions(options !== undefined ? options : {})
+  const opt = new MakeArrowTableOptions(options !== undefined ? options : {});
   if (opt.schema !== undefined && opt.schema !== null) {
-    opt.schema = sanitizeSchema(opt.schema)
+    opt.schema = sanitizeSchema(opt.schema);
+    opt.schema = validateSchemaEmbeddings(opt.schema, data, opt.embeddings);
   }
-  const columns: Record<string, Vector> = {}
+
+  const columns: Record<string, Vector> = {};
   // TODO: sample dataset to find missing columns
   // Prefer the field ordering of the schema, if present
-  const columnNames = ((opt.schema) != null) ? (opt.schema.names as string[]) : Object.keys(data[0])
+  const columnNames =
+    opt.schema != null ? (opt.schema.names as string[]) : Object.keys(data[0]);
   for (const colName of columnNames) {
-    if (data.length !== 0 && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(data[0], colName)) {
+    if (
+      data.length !== 0 &&
+      !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(data[0], colName)
+    ) {
       // The field is present in the schema, but not in the data, skip it
-      continue
+      continue;
     }
     // Extract a single column from the records (transpose from row-major to col-major)
-    let values = data.map((datum) => datum[colName])
+    let values = data.map((datum) => datum[colName]);
 
     // By default (type === undefined) arrow will infer the type from the JS type
-    let type
+    let type;
     if (opt.schema !== undefined) {
       // If there is a schema provided, then use that for the type instead
-      type = opt.schema?.fields.filter((f) => f.name === colName)[0]?.type
+      type = opt.schema?.fields.filter((f) => f.name === colName)[0]?.type;
       if (DataType.isInt(type) && type.bitWidth === 64) {
         // wrap in BigInt to avoid bug: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/40051
         values = values.map((v) => {
           if (v === null) {
-            return v
+            return v;
           }
-          return BigInt(v)
+          return BigInt(v);
-        })
+        });
       }
     } else {
       // Otherwise, check to see if this column is one of the vector columns
       // defined by opt.vectorColumns and, if so, use the fixed size list type
-      const vectorColumnOptions = opt.vectorColumns[colName]
+      const vectorColumnOptions = opt.vectorColumns[colName];
       if (vectorColumnOptions !== undefined) {
-        type = newVectorType(values[0].length, vectorColumnOptions.type)
+        type = newVectorType(values[0].length, vectorColumnOptions.type);
       }
     }
 
     try {
       // Convert an Array of JS values to an arrow vector
-      columns[colName] = makeVector(values, type, opt.dictionaryEncodeStrings)
+      columns[colName] = makeVector(values, type, opt.dictionaryEncodeStrings);
     } catch (error: unknown) {
       // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/restrict-template-expressions
-      throw Error(`Could not convert column "${colName}" to Arrow: ${error}`)
+      throw Error(`Could not convert column "${colName}" to Arrow: ${error}`);
     }
   }
 
@@ -260,97 +271,116 @@ export function makeArrowTable (
     // To work around this we first create a table with the wrong schema and
     // then patch the schema of the batches so we can use
     // `new ArrowTable(schema, batches)` which does not do any schema inference
-    const firstTable = new ArrowTable(columns)
+    const firstTable = new ArrowTable(columns);
+    const batchesFixed = firstTable.batches.map(
       // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
-    const batchesFixed = firstTable.batches.map(batch => new RecordBatch(opt.schema!, batch.data))
+      (batch) => new RecordBatch(opt.schema!, batch.data)
-    return new ArrowTable(opt.schema, batchesFixed)
+    );
+    return new ArrowTable(opt.schema, batchesFixed);
   } else {
-    return new ArrowTable(columns)
+    return new ArrowTable(columns);
   }
 }
 
 /**
  * Create an empty Arrow table with the provided schema
  */
-export function makeEmptyTable (schema: Schema): ArrowTable {
+export function makeEmptyTable(schema: Schema): ArrowTable {
-  return makeArrowTable([], { schema })
+  return makeArrowTable([], { schema });
 }
 
 // Helper function to convert Array<Array<any>> to a variable sized list array
-function makeListVector (lists: any[][]): Vector<any> {
+function makeListVector(lists: any[][]): Vector<any> {
   if (lists.length === 0 || lists[0].length === 0) {
-    throw Error('Cannot infer list vector from empty array or empty list')
+    throw Error("Cannot infer list vector from empty array or empty list");
   }
-  const sampleList = lists[0]
+  const sampleList = lists[0];
-  let inferredType
+  let inferredType;
   try {
-    const sampleVector = makeVector(sampleList)
+    const sampleVector = makeVector(sampleList);
-    inferredType = sampleVector.type
+    inferredType = sampleVector.type;
   } catch (error: unknown) {
     // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/restrict-template-expressions
-    throw Error(`Cannot infer list vector.  Cannot infer inner type: ${error}`)
+    throw Error(`Cannot infer list vector.  Cannot infer inner type: ${error}`);
   }
 
   const listBuilder = makeBuilder({
-    type: new List(new Field('item', inferredType, true))
+    type: new List(new Field("item", inferredType, true))
-  })
+  });
   for (const list of lists) {
-    listBuilder.append(list)
+    listBuilder.append(list);
   }
-  return listBuilder.finish().toVector()
+  return listBuilder.finish().toVector();
 }
 
 // Helper function to convert an Array of JS values to an Arrow Vector
-function makeVector (values: any[], type?: DataType, stringAsDictionary?: boolean): Vector<any> {
+function makeVector(
+  values: any[],
+  type?: DataType,
+  stringAsDictionary?: boolean
+): Vector<any> {
   if (type !== undefined) {
     // No need for inference, let Arrow create it
-    return vectorFromArray(values, type)
+    return vectorFromArray(values, type);
   }
   if (values.length === 0) {
-    throw Error('makeVector requires at least one value or the type must be specfied')
+    throw Error(
+      "makeVector requires at least one value or the type must be specfied"
+    );
   }
-  const sampleValue = values.find(val => val !== null && val !== undefined)
+  const sampleValue = values.find((val) => val !== null && val !== undefined);
   if (sampleValue === undefined) {
-    throw Error('makeVector cannot infer the type if all values are null or undefined')
+    throw Error(
+      "makeVector cannot infer the type if all values are null or undefined"
+    );
   }
   if (Array.isArray(sampleValue)) {
     // Default Arrow inference doesn't handle list types
-    return makeListVector(values)
+    return makeListVector(values);
   } else if (Buffer.isBuffer(sampleValue)) {
     // Default Arrow inference doesn't handle Buffer
-    return vectorFromArray(values, new Binary())
+    return vectorFromArray(values, new Binary());
-  } else if (!(stringAsDictionary ?? false) && (typeof sampleValue === 'string' || sampleValue instanceof String)) {
+  } else if (
+    !(stringAsDictionary ?? false) &&
+    (typeof sampleValue === "string" || sampleValue instanceof String)
+  ) {
     // If the type is string then don't use Arrow's default inference unless dictionaries are requested
     // because it will always use dictionary encoding for strings
-    return vectorFromArray(values, new Utf8())
+    return vectorFromArray(values, new Utf8());
   } else {
     // Convert a JS array of values to an arrow vector
-    return vectorFromArray(values)
+    return vectorFromArray(values);
   }
 }
 
-async function applyEmbeddings<T> (table: ArrowTable, embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>, schema?: Schema): Promise<ArrowTable> {
+async function applyEmbeddings<T>(
+  table: ArrowTable,
+  embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>,
+  schema?: Schema
+): Promise<ArrowTable> {
   if (embeddings == null) {
-    return table
+    return table;
   }
   if (schema !== undefined && schema !== null) {
-    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema)
+    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema);
   }
 
   // Convert from ArrowTable to Record<String, Vector>
   const colEntries = [...Array(table.numCols).keys()].map((_, idx) => {
-    const name = table.schema.fields[idx].name
+    const name = table.schema.fields[idx].name;
     // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
-    const vec = table.getChildAt(idx)!
+    const vec = table.getChildAt(idx)!;
-    return [name, vec]
+    return [name, vec];
-  })
+  });
-  const newColumns = Object.fromEntries(colEntries)
+  const newColumns = Object.fromEntries(colEntries);
 
-  const sourceColumn = newColumns[embeddings.sourceColumn]
+  const sourceColumn = newColumns[embeddings.sourceColumn];
-  const destColumn = embeddings.destColumn ?? 'vector'
+  const destColumn = embeddings.destColumn ?? "vector";
-  const innerDestType = embeddings.embeddingDataType ?? new Float32()
+  const innerDestType = embeddings.embeddingDataType ?? new Float32();
   if (sourceColumn === undefined) {
-    throw new Error(`Cannot apply embedding function because the source column '${embeddings.sourceColumn}' was not present in the data`)
+    throw new Error(
+      `Cannot apply embedding function because the source column '${embeddings.sourceColumn}' was not present in the data`
+    );
   }
 
   if (table.numRows === 0) {
@@ -358,45 +388,60 @@ async function applyEmbeddings<T> (table: ArrowTable, embeddings?: EmbeddingFunc
       // We have an empty table and it already has the embedding column so no work needs to be done
       // Note: we don't return an error like we did below because this is a common occurrence.  For example,
       // if we call convertToTable with 0 records and a schema that includes the embedding
-      return table
+      return table;
     }
     if (embeddings.embeddingDimension !== undefined) {
-      const destType = newVectorType(embeddings.embeddingDimension, innerDestType)
+      const destType = newVectorType(
-      newColumns[destColumn] = makeVector([], destType)
+        embeddings.embeddingDimension,
+        innerDestType
+      );
+      newColumns[destColumn] = makeVector([], destType);
     } else if (schema != null) {
-      const destField = schema.fields.find(f => f.name === destColumn)
+      const destField = schema.fields.find((f) => f.name === destColumn);
       if (destField != null) {
-        newColumns[destColumn] = makeVector([], destField.type)
+        newColumns[destColumn] = makeVector([], destField.type);
       } else {
-        throw new Error(`Attempt to apply embeddings to an empty table failed because schema was missing embedding column '${destColumn}'`)
+        throw new Error(
+          `Attempt to apply embeddings to an empty table failed because schema was missing embedding column '${destColumn}'`
+        );
       }
     } else {
-      throw new Error('Attempt to apply embeddings to an empty table when the embeddings function does not specify `embeddingDimension`')
+      throw new Error(
+        "Attempt to apply embeddings to an empty table when the embeddings function does not specify `embeddingDimension`"
+      );
     }
   } else {
     if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(newColumns, destColumn)) {
-      throw new Error(`Attempt to apply embeddings to table failed because column ${destColumn} already existed`)
+      throw new Error(
+        `Attempt to apply embeddings to table failed because column ${destColumn} already existed`
+      );
     }
     if (table.batches.length > 1) {
-      throw new Error('Internal error: `makeArrowTable` unexpectedly created a table with more than one batch')
+      throw new Error(
+        "Internal error: `makeArrowTable` unexpectedly created a table with more than one batch"
+      );
     }
-    const values = sourceColumn.toArray()
+    const values = sourceColumn.toArray();
-    const vectors = await embeddings.embed(values as T[])
+    const vectors = await embeddings.embed(values as T[]);
     if (vectors.length !== values.length) {
-      throw new Error('Embedding function did not return an embedding for each input element')
+      throw new Error(
+        "Embedding function did not return an embedding for each input element"
+      );
     }
-    const destType = newVectorType(vectors[0].length, innerDestType)
+    const destType = newVectorType(vectors[0].length, innerDestType);
-    newColumns[destColumn] = makeVector(vectors, destType)
+    newColumns[destColumn] = makeVector(vectors, destType);
   }
 
-  const newTable = new ArrowTable(newColumns)
+  const newTable = new ArrowTable(newColumns);
   if (schema != null) {
-    if (schema.fields.find(f => f.name === destColumn) === undefined) {
+    if (schema.fields.find((f) => f.name === destColumn) === undefined) {
-      throw new Error(`When using embedding functions and specifying a schema the schema should include the embedding column but the column ${destColumn} was missing`)
+      throw new Error(
+        `When using embedding functions and specifying a schema the schema should include the embedding column but the column ${destColumn} was missing`
+      );
     }
-    return alignTable(newTable, schema)
+    return alignTable(newTable, schema);
   }
-  return newTable
+  return newTable;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -417,21 +462,24 @@ async function applyEmbeddings<T> (table: ArrowTable, embeddings?: EmbeddingFunc
  * embedding columns.  If no schema is provded then embedding columns will
  * be placed at the end of the table, after all of the input columns.
  */
-export async function convertToTable<T> (
+export async function convertToTable<T>(
   data: Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
   embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>,
   makeTableOptions?: Partial<MakeArrowTableOptions>
 ): Promise<ArrowTable> {
-  const table = makeArrowTable(data, makeTableOptions)
+  const table = makeArrowTable(data, makeTableOptions);
-  return await applyEmbeddings(table, embeddings, makeTableOptions?.schema)
+  return await applyEmbeddings(table, embeddings, makeTableOptions?.schema);
 }
 
 // Creates the Arrow Type for a Vector column with dimension `dim`
-function newVectorType <T extends Float> (dim: number, innerType: T): FixedSizeList<T> {
+function newVectorType<T extends Float>(
+  dim: number,
+  innerType: T
+): FixedSizeList<T> {
   // Somewhere we always default to have the elements nullable, so we need to set it to true
   // otherwise we often get schema mismatches because the stored data always has schema with nullable elements
-  const children = new Field<T>('item', innerType, true)
+  const children = new Field<T>("item", innerType, true);
-  return new FixedSizeList(dim, children)
+  return new FixedSizeList(dim, children);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -441,17 +489,17 @@ function newVectorType <T extends Float> (dim: number, innerType: T): FixedSizeL
  *
  * `schema` is required if data is empty
  */
-export async function fromRecordsToBuffer<T> (
+export async function fromRecordsToBuffer<T>(
   data: Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
   embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>,
   schema?: Schema
 ): Promise<Buffer> {
   if (schema !== undefined && schema !== null) {
-    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema)
+    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema);
   }
-  const table = await convertToTable(data, embeddings, { schema })
+  const table = await convertToTable(data, embeddings, { schema, embeddings });
-  const writer = RecordBatchFileWriter.writeAll(table)
+  const writer = RecordBatchFileWriter.writeAll(table);
-  return Buffer.from(await writer.toUint8Array())
+  return Buffer.from(await writer.toUint8Array());
 }
 
 /**
@@ -461,17 +509,17 @@ export async function fromRecordsToBuffer<T> (
  *
  * `schema` is required if data is empty
  */
-export async function fromRecordsToStreamBuffer<T> (
+export async function fromRecordsToStreamBuffer<T>(
   data: Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
   embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>,
   schema?: Schema
 ): Promise<Buffer> {
   if (schema !== null && schema !== undefined) {
-    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema)
+    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema);
   }
-  const table = await convertToTable(data, embeddings, { schema })
+  const table = await convertToTable(data, embeddings, { schema });
-  const writer = RecordBatchStreamWriter.writeAll(table)
+  const writer = RecordBatchStreamWriter.writeAll(table);
-  return Buffer.from(await writer.toUint8Array())
+  return Buffer.from(await writer.toUint8Array());
 }
 
 /**
@@ -482,17 +530,17 @@ export async function fromRecordsToStreamBuffer<T> (
  *
  * `schema` is required if the table is empty
  */
-export async function fromTableToBuffer<T> (
+export async function fromTableToBuffer<T>(
   table: ArrowTable,
   embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>,
   schema?: Schema
 ): Promise<Buffer> {
   if (schema !== null && schema !== undefined) {
-    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema)
+    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema);
   }
-  const tableWithEmbeddings = await applyEmbeddings(table, embeddings, schema)
+  const tableWithEmbeddings = await applyEmbeddings(table, embeddings, schema);
-  const writer = RecordBatchFileWriter.writeAll(tableWithEmbeddings)
+  const writer = RecordBatchFileWriter.writeAll(tableWithEmbeddings);
-  return Buffer.from(await writer.toUint8Array())
+  return Buffer.from(await writer.toUint8Array());
 }
 
 /**
@@ -503,49 +551,85 @@ export async function fromTableToBuffer<T> (
  *
  * `schema` is required if the table is empty
  */
-export async function fromTableToStreamBuffer<T> (
+export async function fromTableToStreamBuffer<T>(
   table: ArrowTable,
   embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>,
   schema?: Schema
 ): Promise<Buffer> {
   if (schema !== null && schema !== undefined) {
-    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema)
+    schema = sanitizeSchema(schema);
   }
-  const tableWithEmbeddings = await applyEmbeddings(table, embeddings, schema)
+  const tableWithEmbeddings = await applyEmbeddings(table, embeddings, schema);
-  const writer = RecordBatchStreamWriter.writeAll(tableWithEmbeddings)
+  const writer = RecordBatchStreamWriter.writeAll(tableWithEmbeddings);
-  return Buffer.from(await writer.toUint8Array())
+  return Buffer.from(await writer.toUint8Array());
 }
 
-function alignBatch (batch: RecordBatch, schema: Schema): RecordBatch {
+function alignBatch(batch: RecordBatch, schema: Schema): RecordBatch {
-  const alignedChildren = []
+  const alignedChildren = [];
   for (const field of schema.fields) {
     const indexInBatch = batch.schema.fields?.findIndex(
       (f) => f.name === field.name
-    )
+    );
     if (indexInBatch < 0) {
       throw new Error(
         `The column ${field.name} was not found in the Arrow Table`
-      )
+      );
     }
-    alignedChildren.push(batch.data.children[indexInBatch])
+    alignedChildren.push(batch.data.children[indexInBatch]);
   }
   const newData = makeData({
     type: new Struct(schema.fields),
     length: batch.numRows,
     nullCount: batch.nullCount,
     children: alignedChildren
-  })
+  });
-  return new RecordBatch(schema, newData)
+  return new RecordBatch(schema, newData);
 }
 
-function alignTable (table: ArrowTable, schema: Schema): ArrowTable {
+function alignTable(table: ArrowTable, schema: Schema): ArrowTable {
   const alignedBatches = table.batches.map((batch) =>
     alignBatch(batch, schema)
-  )
+  );
-  return new ArrowTable(schema, alignedBatches)
+  return new ArrowTable(schema, alignedBatches);
 }
 
 // Creates an empty Arrow Table
-export function createEmptyTable (schema: Schema): ArrowTable {
+export function createEmptyTable(schema: Schema): ArrowTable {
-  return new ArrowTable(sanitizeSchema(schema))
+  return new ArrowTable(sanitizeSchema(schema));
+}
+
+function validateSchemaEmbeddings(
+  schema: Schema<any>,
+  data: Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
+  embeddings: EmbeddingFunction<any> | undefined
+) {
+  const fields = [];
+  const missingEmbeddingFields = [];
+
+  // First we check if the field is a `FixedSizeList`
+  // Then we check if the data contains the field
+  // if it does not, we add it to the list of missing embedding fields
+  // Finally, we check if those missing embedding fields are `this._embeddings`
+  // if they are not, we throw an error
+  for (const field of schema.fields) {
+    if (field.type instanceof FixedSizeList) {
+      if (data.length !== 0 && data?.[0]?.[field.name] === undefined) {
+        missingEmbeddingFields.push(field);
+      } else {
+        fields.push(field);
+      }
+    } else {
+      fields.push(field);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (missingEmbeddingFields.length > 0 && embeddings === undefined) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Table has embeddings: "${missingEmbeddingFields
+        .map((f) => f.name)
+        .join(",")}", but no embedding function was provided`
+    );
+  }
+
+  return new Schema(fields, schema.metadata);
 }

node/src/index.ts

@@ -12,19 +12,20 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-import { type Schema, Table as ArrowTable, tableFromIPC } from 'apache-arrow'
+import { type Schema, Table as ArrowTable, tableFromIPC } from "apache-arrow";
 import {
   createEmptyTable,
   fromRecordsToBuffer,
   fromTableToBuffer,
   makeArrowTable
-} from './arrow'
+} from "./arrow";
-import type { EmbeddingFunction } from './embedding/embedding_function'
+import type { EmbeddingFunction } from "./embedding/embedding_function";
-import { RemoteConnection } from './remote'
+import { RemoteConnection } from "./remote";
-import { Query } from './query'
+import { Query } from "./query";
-import { isEmbeddingFunction } from './embedding/embedding_function'
+import { isEmbeddingFunction } from "./embedding/embedding_function";
-import { type Literal, toSQL } from './util'
+import { type Literal, toSQL } from "./util";
-import { type HttpMiddleware } from './middleware'
+
+import { type HttpMiddleware } from "./middleware";
 
 const {
   databaseNew,
@@ -48,14 +49,18 @@ const {
   tableAlterColumns,
   tableDropColumns
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
-} = require('../native.js')
+} = require("../native.js");
 
-export { Query }
+export { Query };
-export type { EmbeddingFunction }
+export type { EmbeddingFunction };
-export { OpenAIEmbeddingFunction } from './embedding/openai'
+export { OpenAIEmbeddingFunction } from "./embedding/openai";
-export { convertToTable, makeArrowTable, type MakeArrowTableOptions } from './arrow'
+export {
+  convertToTable,
+  makeArrowTable,
+  type MakeArrowTableOptions
+} from "./arrow";
 
-const defaultAwsRegion = 'us-west-2'
+const defaultAwsRegion = "us-west-2";
 
 export interface AwsCredentials {
   accessKeyId: string
@@ -128,19 +133,19 @@ export interface ConnectionOptions {
   readConsistencyInterval?: number
 }
 
-function getAwsArgs (opts: ConnectionOptions): any[] {
+function getAwsArgs(opts: ConnectionOptions): any[] {
-  const callArgs: any[] = []
+  const callArgs: any[] = [];
-  const awsCredentials = opts.awsCredentials
+  const awsCredentials = opts.awsCredentials;
   if (awsCredentials !== undefined) {
-    callArgs.push(awsCredentials.accessKeyId)
+    callArgs.push(awsCredentials.accessKeyId);
-    callArgs.push(awsCredentials.secretKey)
+    callArgs.push(awsCredentials.secretKey);
-    callArgs.push(awsCredentials.sessionToken)
+    callArgs.push(awsCredentials.sessionToken);
   } else {
-    callArgs.fill(undefined, 0, 3)
+    callArgs.fill(undefined, 0, 3);
   }
 
-  callArgs.push(opts.awsRegion)
+  callArgs.push(opts.awsRegion);
-  return callArgs
+  return callArgs;
 }
 
 export interface CreateTableOptions<T> {
@@ -173,56 +178,56 @@ export interface CreateTableOptions<T> {
  *
  * @see {@link ConnectionOptions} for more details on the URI format.
  */
-export async function connect (uri: string): Promise<Connection>
+export async function connect(uri: string): Promise<Connection>;
 /**
  * Connect to a LanceDB instance with connection options.
  *
  * @param opts The {@link ConnectionOptions} to use when connecting to the database.
  */
-export async function connect (
+export async function connect(
   opts: Partial<ConnectionOptions>
-): Promise<Connection>
+): Promise<Connection>;
-export async function connect (
+export async function connect(
   arg: string | Partial<ConnectionOptions>
 ): Promise<Connection> {
-  let opts: ConnectionOptions
+  let opts: ConnectionOptions;
-  if (typeof arg === 'string') {
+  if (typeof arg === "string") {
-    opts = { uri: arg }
+    opts = { uri: arg };
   } else {
-    const keys = Object.keys(arg)
+    const keys = Object.keys(arg);
-    if (keys.length === 1 && keys[0] === 'uri' && typeof arg.uri === 'string') {
+    if (keys.length === 1 && keys[0] === "uri" && typeof arg.uri === "string") {
-      opts = { uri: arg.uri }
+      opts = { uri: arg.uri };
     } else {
       opts = Object.assign(
         {
-          uri: '',
+          uri: "",
           awsCredentials: undefined,
           awsRegion: defaultAwsRegion,
           apiKey: undefined,
           region: defaultAwsRegion
         },
         arg
-      )
+      );
     }
   }
 
-  if (opts.uri.startsWith('db://')) {
+  if (opts.uri.startsWith("db://")) {
     // Remote connection
-    return new RemoteConnection(opts)
+    return new RemoteConnection(opts);
   }
 
   const storageOptions = opts.storageOptions ?? {};
   if (opts.awsCredentials?.accessKeyId !== undefined) {
-    storageOptions.aws_access_key_id = opts.awsCredentials.accessKeyId
+    storageOptions.aws_access_key_id = opts.awsCredentials.accessKeyId;
   }
   if (opts.awsCredentials?.secretKey !== undefined) {
-    storageOptions.aws_secret_access_key = opts.awsCredentials.secretKey
+    storageOptions.aws_secret_access_key = opts.awsCredentials.secretKey;
   }
   if (opts.awsCredentials?.sessionToken !== undefined) {
-    storageOptions.aws_session_token = opts.awsCredentials.sessionToken
+    storageOptions.aws_session_token = opts.awsCredentials.sessionToken;
   }
   if (opts.awsRegion !== undefined) {
-    storageOptions.region = opts.awsRegion
+    storageOptions.region = opts.awsRegion;
   }
   // It's a pain to pass a record to Rust, so we convert it to an array of key-value pairs
   const storageOptionsArr = Object.entries(storageOptions);
@@ -231,8 +236,8 @@ export async function connect (
     opts.uri,
     storageOptionsArr,
     opts.readConsistencyInterval
-  )
+  );
-  return new LocalConnection(db, opts)
+  return new LocalConnection(db, opts);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -533,7 +538,11 @@ export interface Table<T = number[]> {
    * @param data the new data to insert
    * @param args parameters controlling how the operation should behave
    */
-  mergeInsert: (on: string, data: Array<Record<string, unknown>> | ArrowTable, args: MergeInsertArgs) => Promise<void>
+  mergeInsert: (
+    on: string,
+    data: Array<Record<string, unknown>> | ArrowTable,
+    args: MergeInsertArgs
+  ) => Promise<void>
 
   /**
    * List the indicies on this table.
@@ -558,7 +567,9 @@ export interface Table<T = number[]> {
    *                            expressions will be evaluated for each row in the
    *                            table, and can reference existing columns in the table.
    */
-  addColumns(newColumnTransforms: Array<{ name: string, valueSql: string }>): Promise<void>
+  addColumns(
+    newColumnTransforms: Array<{ name: string, valueSql: string }>
+  ): Promise<void>
 
   /**
    * Alter the name or nullability of columns.
@@ -699,23 +710,23 @@ export interface IndexStats {
  * A connection to a LanceDB database.
  */
 export class LocalConnection implements Connection {
-  private readonly _options: () => ConnectionOptions
+  private readonly _options: () => ConnectionOptions;
-  private readonly _db: any
+  private readonly _db: any;
 
-  constructor (db: any, options: ConnectionOptions) {
+  constructor(db: any, options: ConnectionOptions) {
-    this._options = () => options
+    this._options = () => options;
-    this._db = db
+    this._db = db;
   }
 
-  get uri (): string {
+  get uri(): string {
-    return this._options().uri
+    return this._options().uri;
   }
 
   /**
    * Get the names of all tables in the database.
    */
-  async tableNames (): Promise<string[]> {
+  async tableNames(): Promise<string[]> {
-    return databaseTableNames.call(this._db)
+    return databaseTableNames.call(this._db);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -723,7 +734,7 @@ export class LocalConnection implements Connection {
    *
    * @param name The name of the table.
    */
-  async openTable (name: string): Promise<Table>
+  async openTable(name: string): Promise<Table>;
 
   /**
    * Open a table in the database.
@@ -734,23 +745,20 @@ export class LocalConnection implements Connection {
   async openTable<T>(
     name: string,
     embeddings: EmbeddingFunction<T>
-  ): Promise<Table<T>>
+  ): Promise<Table<T>>;
   async openTable<T>(
     name: string,
     embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>
-  ): Promise<Table<T>>
+  ): Promise<Table<T>>;
   async openTable<T>(
     name: string,
     embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>
   ): Promise<Table<T>> {
-    const tbl = await databaseOpenTable.call(
+    const tbl = await databaseOpenTable.call(this._db, name);
-      this._db,
-      name,
-    )
     if (embeddings !== undefined) {
-      return new LocalTable(tbl, name, this._options(), embeddings)
+      return new LocalTable(tbl, name, this._options(), embeddings);
     } else {
-      return new LocalTable(tbl, name, this._options())
+      return new LocalTable(tbl, name, this._options());
     }
   }
 
@@ -760,32 +768,32 @@ export class LocalConnection implements Connection {
     optsOrEmbedding?: WriteOptions | EmbeddingFunction<T>,
     opt?: WriteOptions
   ): Promise<Table<T>> {
-    if (typeof name === 'string') {
+    if (typeof name === "string") {
-      let writeOptions: WriteOptions = new DefaultWriteOptions()
+      let writeOptions: WriteOptions = new DefaultWriteOptions();
       if (opt !== undefined && isWriteOptions(opt)) {
-        writeOptions = opt
+        writeOptions = opt;
       } else if (
         optsOrEmbedding !== undefined &&
         isWriteOptions(optsOrEmbedding)
       ) {
-        writeOptions = optsOrEmbedding
+        writeOptions = optsOrEmbedding;
       }
 
-      let embeddings: undefined | EmbeddingFunction<T>
+      let embeddings: undefined | EmbeddingFunction<T>;
       if (
         optsOrEmbedding !== undefined &&
         isEmbeddingFunction(optsOrEmbedding)
       ) {
-        embeddings = optsOrEmbedding
+        embeddings = optsOrEmbedding;
       }
       return await this.createTableImpl({
         name,
         data,
         embeddingFunction: embeddings,
         writeOptions
-      })
+      });
     }
-    return await this.createTableImpl(name)
+    return await this.createTableImpl(name);
   }
 
   private async createTableImpl<T>({
@@ -801,27 +809,27 @@ export class LocalConnection implements Connection {
     embeddingFunction?: EmbeddingFunction<T> | undefined
     writeOptions?: WriteOptions | undefined
   }): Promise<Table<T>> {
-    let buffer: Buffer
+    let buffer: Buffer;
 
-    function isEmpty (
+    function isEmpty(
       data: Array<Record<string, unknown>> | ArrowTable<any>
     ): boolean {
       if (data instanceof ArrowTable) {
-        return data.data.length === 0
+        return data.data.length === 0;
       }
-      return data.length === 0
+      return data.length === 0;
     }
 
     if (data === undefined || isEmpty(data)) {
       if (schema === undefined) {
-        throw new Error('Either data or schema needs to defined')
+        throw new Error("Either data or schema needs to defined");
       }
-      buffer = await fromTableToBuffer(createEmptyTable(schema))
+      buffer = await fromTableToBuffer(createEmptyTable(schema));
     } else if (data instanceof ArrowTable) {
-      buffer = await fromTableToBuffer(data, embeddingFunction, schema)
+      buffer = await fromTableToBuffer(data, embeddingFunction, schema);
     } else {
       // data is Array<Record<...>>
-      buffer = await fromRecordsToBuffer(data, embeddingFunction, schema)
+      buffer = await fromRecordsToBuffer(data, embeddingFunction, schema);
     }
 
     const tbl = await tableCreate.call(
@@ -830,11 +838,11 @@ export class LocalConnection implements Connection {
       buffer,
       writeOptions?.writeMode?.toString(),
       ...getAwsArgs(this._options())
-    )
+    );
     if (embeddingFunction !== undefined) {
-      return new LocalTable(tbl, name, this._options(), embeddingFunction)
+      return new LocalTable(tbl, name, this._options(), embeddingFunction);
     } else {
-      return new LocalTable(tbl, name, this._options())
+      return new LocalTable(tbl, name, this._options());
     }
   }
 
@@ -842,69 +850,69 @@ export class LocalConnection implements Connection {
    * Drop an existing table.
    * @param name The name of the table to drop.
    */
-  async dropTable (name: string): Promise<void> {
+  async dropTable(name: string): Promise<void> {
-    await databaseDropTable.call(this._db, name)
+    await databaseDropTable.call(this._db, name);
   }
 
-  withMiddleware (middleware: HttpMiddleware): Connection {
+  withMiddleware(middleware: HttpMiddleware): Connection {
-    return this
+    return this;
   }
 }
 
 export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
-  private _tbl: any
+  private _tbl: any;
-  private readonly _name: string
+  private readonly _name: string;
-  private readonly _isElectron: boolean
+  private readonly _isElectron: boolean;
-  private readonly _embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>
+  private readonly _embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>;
-  private readonly _options: () => ConnectionOptions
+  private readonly _options: () => ConnectionOptions;
 
-  constructor (tbl: any, name: string, options: ConnectionOptions)
+  constructor(tbl: any, name: string, options: ConnectionOptions);
   /**
    * @param tbl
    * @param name
    * @param options
    * @param embeddings An embedding function to use when interacting with this table
    */
-  constructor (
+  constructor(
     tbl: any,
     name: string,
     options: ConnectionOptions,
     embeddings: EmbeddingFunction<T>
-  )
+  );
-  constructor (
+  constructor(
     tbl: any,
     name: string,
     options: ConnectionOptions,
     embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<T>
   ) {
-    this._tbl = tbl
+    this._tbl = tbl;
-    this._name = name
+    this._name = name;
-    this._embeddings = embeddings
+    this._embeddings = embeddings;
-    this._options = () => options
+    this._options = () => options;
-    this._isElectron = this.checkElectron()
+    this._isElectron = this.checkElectron();
   }
 
-  get name (): string {
+  get name(): string {
-    return this._name
+    return this._name;
   }
 
   /**
    * Creates a search query to find the nearest neighbors of the given search term
    * @param query The query search term
    */
-  search (query: T): Query<T> {
+  search(query: T): Query<T> {
-    return new Query(query, this._tbl, this._embeddings)
+    return new Query(query, this._tbl, this._embeddings);
   }
 
   /**
    * Creates a filter query to find all rows matching the specified criteria
    * @param value The filter criteria (like SQL where clause syntax)
    */
-  filter (value: string): Query<T> {
+  filter(value: string): Query<T> {
-    return new Query(undefined, this._tbl, this._embeddings).filter(value)
+    return new Query(undefined, this._tbl, this._embeddings).filter(value);
   }
 
-  where = this.filter
+  where = this.filter;
 
   /**
    * Insert records into this Table.
@@ -912,16 +920,19 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
    * @param data Records to be inserted into the Table
    * @return The number of rows added to the table
    */
-  async add (
+  async add(
     data: Array<Record<string, unknown>> | ArrowTable
   ): Promise<number> {
-    const schema = await this.schema
+    const schema = await this.schema;
-    let tbl: ArrowTable
+
+    let tbl: ArrowTable;
+
     if (data instanceof ArrowTable) {
-      tbl = data
+      tbl = data;
     } else {
-      tbl = makeArrowTable(data, { schema })
+      tbl = makeArrowTable(data, { schema, embeddings: this._embeddings });
     }
+
     return tableAdd
       .call(
         this._tbl,
@@ -930,8 +941,8 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
         ...getAwsArgs(this._options())
       )
       .then((newTable: any) => {
-        this._tbl = newTable
+        this._tbl = newTable;
-      })
+      });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -940,14 +951,14 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
    * @param data Records to be inserted into the Table
    * @return The number of rows added to the table
    */
-  async overwrite (
+  async overwrite(
     data: Array<Record<string, unknown>> | ArrowTable
   ): Promise<number> {
-    let buffer: Buffer
+    let buffer: Buffer;
     if (data instanceof ArrowTable) {
-      buffer = await fromTableToBuffer(data, this._embeddings)
+      buffer = await fromTableToBuffer(data, this._embeddings);
     } else {
-      buffer = await fromRecordsToBuffer(data, this._embeddings)
+      buffer = await fromRecordsToBuffer(data, this._embeddings);
     }
     return tableAdd
       .call(
@@ -957,8 +968,8 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
         ...getAwsArgs(this._options())
       )
       .then((newTable: any) => {
-        this._tbl = newTable
+        this._tbl = newTable;
-      })
+      });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -966,26 +977,26 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
    *
    * @param indexParams The parameters of this Index, @see VectorIndexParams.
    */
-  async createIndex (indexParams: VectorIndexParams): Promise<any> {
+  async createIndex(indexParams: VectorIndexParams): Promise<any> {
     return tableCreateVectorIndex
       .call(this._tbl, indexParams)
       .then((newTable: any) => {
-        this._tbl = newTable
+        this._tbl = newTable;
-      })
+      });
   }
 
-  async createScalarIndex (column: string, replace?: boolean): Promise<void> {
+  async createScalarIndex(column: string, replace?: boolean): Promise<void> {
     if (replace === undefined) {
-      replace = true
+      replace = true;
     }
-    return tableCreateScalarIndex.call(this._tbl, column, replace)
+    return tableCreateScalarIndex.call(this._tbl, column, replace);
   }
 
   /**
    * Returns the number of rows in this table.
    */
-  async countRows (filter?: string): Promise<number> {
+  async countRows(filter?: string): Promise<number> {
-    return tableCountRows.call(this._tbl, filter)
+    return tableCountRows.call(this._tbl, filter);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -993,10 +1004,10 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
    *
    * @param filter A filter in the same format used by a sql WHERE clause.
    */
-  async delete (filter: string): Promise<void> {
+  async delete(filter: string): Promise<void> {
     return tableDelete.call(this._tbl, filter).then((newTable: any) => {
-      this._tbl = newTable
+      this._tbl = newTable;
-    })
+    });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1006,55 +1017,65 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
    *
    * @returns
    */
-  async update (args: UpdateArgs | UpdateSqlArgs): Promise<void> {
+  async update(args: UpdateArgs | UpdateSqlArgs): Promise<void> {
-    let filter: string | null
+    let filter: string | null;
-    let updates: Record<string, string>
+    let updates: Record<string, string>;
 
-    if ('valuesSql' in args) {
+    if ("valuesSql" in args) {
-      filter = args.where ?? null
+      filter = args.where ?? null;
-      updates = args.valuesSql
+      updates = args.valuesSql;
     } else {
-      filter = args.where ?? null
+      filter = args.where ?? null;
-      updates = {}
+      updates = {};
       for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(args.values)) {
-        updates[key] = toSQL(value)
+        updates[key] = toSQL(value);
       }
     }
 
     return tableUpdate
       .call(this._tbl, filter, updates)
       .then((newTable: any) => {
-        this._tbl = newTable
+        this._tbl = newTable;
-      })
+      });
   }
 
-  async mergeInsert (on: string, data: Array<Record<string, unknown>> | ArrowTable, args: MergeInsertArgs): Promise<void> {
+  async mergeInsert(
-    let whenMatchedUpdateAll = false
+    on: string,
-    let whenMatchedUpdateAllFilt = null
+    data: Array<Record<string, unknown>> | ArrowTable,
-    if (args.whenMatchedUpdateAll !== undefined && args.whenMatchedUpdateAll !== null) {
+    args: MergeInsertArgs
-      whenMatchedUpdateAll = true
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    let whenMatchedUpdateAll = false;
+    let whenMatchedUpdateAllFilt = null;
+    if (
+      args.whenMatchedUpdateAll !== undefined &&
+      args.whenMatchedUpdateAll !== null
+    ) {
+      whenMatchedUpdateAll = true;
       if (args.whenMatchedUpdateAll !== true) {
-        whenMatchedUpdateAllFilt = args.whenMatchedUpdateAll
+        whenMatchedUpdateAllFilt = args.whenMatchedUpdateAll;
       }
     }
-    const whenNotMatchedInsertAll = args.whenNotMatchedInsertAll ?? false
+    const whenNotMatchedInsertAll = args.whenNotMatchedInsertAll ?? false;
-    let whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete = false
+    let whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete = false;
-    let whenNotMatchedBySourceDeleteFilt = null
+    let whenNotMatchedBySourceDeleteFilt = null;
-    if (args.whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete !== undefined && args.whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete !== null) {
+    if (
-      whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete = true
+      args.whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete !== undefined &&
+      args.whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete !== null
+    ) {
+      whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete = true;
       if (args.whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete !== true) {
-        whenNotMatchedBySourceDeleteFilt = args.whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete
+        whenNotMatchedBySourceDeleteFilt = args.whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete;
       }
     }
 
-    const schema = await this.schema
+    const schema = await this.schema;
-    let tbl: ArrowTable
+    let tbl: ArrowTable;
     if (data instanceof ArrowTable) {
-      tbl = data
+      tbl = data;
     } else {
-      tbl = makeArrowTable(data, { schema })
+      tbl = makeArrowTable(data, { schema });
     }
-    const buffer = await fromTableToBuffer(tbl, this._embeddings, schema)
+    const buffer = await fromTableToBuffer(tbl, this._embeddings, schema);
 
     this._tbl = await tableMergeInsert.call(
       this._tbl,
@@ -1065,7 +1086,7 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
       whenNotMatchedBySourceDelete,
       whenNotMatchedBySourceDeleteFilt,
       buffer
-    )
+    );
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1083,16 +1104,16 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
    *                 uphold this promise can lead to corrupted tables.
    * @returns
    */
-  async cleanupOldVersions (
+  async cleanupOldVersions(
     olderThan?: number,
     deleteUnverified?: boolean
   ): Promise<CleanupStats> {
     return tableCleanupOldVersions
       .call(this._tbl, olderThan, deleteUnverified)
       .then((res: { newTable: any, metrics: CleanupStats }) => {
-        this._tbl = res.newTable
+        this._tbl = res.newTable;
-        return res.metrics
+        return res.metrics;
-      })
+      });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1106,62 +1127,64 @@ export class LocalTable<T = number[]> implements Table<T> {
    *               for most tables.
    * @returns Metrics about the compaction operation.
    */
-  async compactFiles (options?: CompactionOptions): Promise<CompactionMetrics> {
+  async compactFiles(options?: CompactionOptions): Promise<CompactionMetrics> {
-    const optionsArg = options ?? {}
+    const optionsArg = options ?? {};
     return tableCompactFiles
       .call(this._tbl, optionsArg)
       .then((res: { newTable: any, metrics: CompactionMetrics }) => {
-        this._tbl = res.newTable
+        this._tbl = res.newTable;
-        return res.metrics
+        return res.metrics;
-      })
+      });
   }
 
-  async listIndices (): Promise<VectorIndex[]> {
+  async listIndices(): Promise<VectorIndex[]> {
-    return tableListIndices.call(this._tbl)
+    return tableListIndices.call(this._tbl);
   }
 
-  async indexStats (indexUuid: string): Promise<IndexStats> {
+  async indexStats(indexUuid: string): Promise<IndexStats> {
-    return tableIndexStats.call(this._tbl, indexUuid)
+    return tableIndexStats.call(this._tbl, indexUuid);
   }
 
-  get schema (): Promise<Schema> {
+  get schema(): Promise<Schema> {
     // empty table
-    return this.getSchema()
+    return this.getSchema();
   }
 
-  private async getSchema (): Promise<Schema> {
+  private async getSchema(): Promise<Schema> {
-    const buffer = await tableSchema.call(this._tbl, this._isElectron)
+    const buffer = await tableSchema.call(this._tbl, this._isElectron);
-    const table = tableFromIPC(buffer)
+    const table = tableFromIPC(buffer);
-    return table.schema
+    return table.schema;
   }
 
   // See https://github.com/electron/electron/issues/2288
-  private checkElectron (): boolean {
+  private checkElectron(): boolean {
     try {
       // eslint-disable-next-line no-prototype-builtins
       return (
-        Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(process?.versions, 'electron') ||
+        Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(process?.versions, "electron") ||
-        navigator?.userAgent?.toLowerCase()?.includes(' electron')
+        navigator?.userAgent?.toLowerCase()?.includes(" electron")
-      )
+      );
     } catch (e) {
-      return false
+      return false;
     }
   }
 
-  async addColumns (newColumnTransforms: Array<{ name: string, valueSql: string }>): Promise<void> {
+  async addColumns(
-    return tableAddColumns.call(this._tbl, newColumnTransforms)
+    newColumnTransforms: Array<{ name: string, valueSql: string }>
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    return tableAddColumns.call(this._tbl, newColumnTransforms);
   }
 
-  async alterColumns (columnAlterations: ColumnAlteration[]): Promise<void> {
+  async alterColumns(columnAlterations: ColumnAlteration[]): Promise<void> {
-    return tableAlterColumns.call(this._tbl, columnAlterations)
+    return tableAlterColumns.call(this._tbl, columnAlterations);
   }
 
-  async dropColumns (columnNames: string[]): Promise<void> {
+  async dropColumns(columnNames: string[]): Promise<void> {
-    return tableDropColumns.call(this._tbl, columnNames)
+    return tableDropColumns.call(this._tbl, columnNames);
   }
 
-  withMiddleware (middleware: HttpMiddleware): Table<T> {
+  withMiddleware(middleware: HttpMiddleware): Table<T> {
-    return this
+    return this;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1184,7 +1207,7 @@ export interface CompactionOptions {
    */
   targetRowsPerFragment?: number
   /**
-   * The maximum number of rows per group. Defaults to 1024.
+   * The maximum number of T per group. Defaults to 1024.
    */
   maxRowsPerGroup?: number
   /**
@@ -1284,21 +1307,21 @@ export interface IvfPQIndexConfig {
    */
   index_cache_size?: number
 
-  type: 'ivf_pq'
+  type: "ivf_pq"
 }
 
-export type VectorIndexParams = IvfPQIndexConfig
+export type VectorIndexParams = IvfPQIndexConfig;
 
 /**
  * Write mode for writing a table.
  */
 export enum WriteMode {
   /** Create a new {@link Table}. */
-  Create = 'create',
+  Create = "create",
   /** Overwrite the existing {@link Table} if presented. */
-  Overwrite = 'overwrite',
+  Overwrite = "overwrite",
   /** Append new data to the table. */
-  Append = 'append',
+  Append = "append",
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1310,14 +1333,14 @@ export interface WriteOptions {
 }
 
 export class DefaultWriteOptions implements WriteOptions {
-  writeMode = WriteMode.Create
+  writeMode = WriteMode.Create;
 }
 
-export function isWriteOptions (value: any): value is WriteOptions {
+export function isWriteOptions(value: any): value is WriteOptions {
   return (
     Object.keys(value).length === 1 &&
-    (value.writeMode === undefined || typeof value.writeMode === 'string')
+    (value.writeMode === undefined || typeof value.writeMode === "string")
-  )
+  );
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1327,15 +1350,15 @@ export enum MetricType {
   /**
    * Euclidean distance
    */
-  L2 = 'l2',
+  L2 = "l2",
 
   /**
    * Cosine distance
    */
-  Cosine = 'cosine',
+  Cosine = "cosine",
 
   /**
    * Dot product
    */
-  Dot = 'dot',
+  Dot = "dot",
 }

node/src/integration_test/test.ts

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('LanceDB Mirrored Store Integration test', function () {
 
     const dir = tmpdir()
     console.log(dir)
-    const conn = await lancedb.connect(`s3://lancedb-integtest?mirroredStore=${dir}`)
+    const conn = await lancedb.connect({ uri: `s3://lancedb-integtest?mirroredStore=${dir}`, storageOptions: { allowHttp: 'true' } })
     const data = Array(200).fill({ vector: Array(128).fill(1.0), id: 0 })
     data.push(...Array(200).fill({ vector: Array(128).fill(1.0), id: 1 }))
     data.push(...Array(200).fill({ vector: Array(128).fill(1.0), id: 2 }))

node/src/sanitize.ts

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import {
   Bool,
   Date_,
   Decimal,
-  DataType,
+  type DataType,
   Dictionary,
   Binary,
   Float32,
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ import {
   DurationNanosecond,
   DurationMicrosecond,
   DurationMillisecond,
-  DurationSecond,
+  DurationSecond
 } from "apache-arrow";
 import type { IntBitWidth, TimeBitWidth } from "apache-arrow/type";
 
 function sanitizeMetadata(
-  metadataLike?: unknown,
+  metadataLike?: unknown
 ): Map<string, string> | undefined {
   if (metadataLike === undefined || metadataLike === null) {
     return undefined;
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ function sanitizeMetadata(
   for (const item of metadataLike) {
     if (!(typeof item[0] === "string" || !(typeof item[1] === "string"))) {
       throw Error(
-        "Expected metadata, if present, to be a Map<string, string> but it had non-string keys or values",
+        "Expected metadata, if present, to be a Map<string, string> but it had non-string keys or values"
       );
     }
   }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ function sanitizeInt(typeLike: object) {
     typeof typeLike.isSigned !== "boolean"
   ) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected an Int Type to have a `bitWidth` and `isSigned` property",
+      "Expected an Int Type to have a `bitWidth` and `isSigned` property"
     );
   }
   return new Int(typeLike.isSigned, typeLike.bitWidth as IntBitWidth);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ function sanitizeDecimal(typeLike: object) {
     typeof typeLike.bitWidth !== "number"
   ) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a Decimal Type to have `scale`, `precision`, and `bitWidth` properties",
+      "Expected a Decimal Type to have `scale`, `precision`, and `bitWidth` properties"
     );
   }
   return new Decimal(typeLike.scale, typeLike.precision, typeLike.bitWidth);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ function sanitizeTime(typeLike: object) {
     typeof typeLike.bitWidth !== "number"
   ) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a Time type to have `unit` and `bitWidth` properties",
+      "Expected a Time type to have `unit` and `bitWidth` properties"
     );
   }
   return new Time(typeLike.unit, typeLike.bitWidth as TimeBitWidth);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ function sanitizeTypedTimestamp(
     | typeof TimestampNanosecond
     | typeof TimestampMicrosecond
     | typeof TimestampMillisecond
-    | typeof TimestampSecond,
+    | typeof TimestampSecond
 ) {
   let timezone = null;
   if ("timezone" in typeLike && typeof typeLike.timezone === "string") {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ function sanitizeInterval(typeLike: object) {
 function sanitizeList(typeLike: object) {
   if (!("children" in typeLike) || !Array.isArray(typeLike.children)) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a List type to have an array-like `children` property",
+      "Expected a List type to have an array-like `children` property"
     );
   }
   if (typeLike.children.length !== 1) {
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ function sanitizeList(typeLike: object) {
 function sanitizeStruct(typeLike: object) {
   if (!("children" in typeLike) || !Array.isArray(typeLike.children)) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a Struct type to have an array-like `children` property",
+      "Expected a Struct type to have an array-like `children` property"
     );
   }
   return new Struct(typeLike.children.map((child) => sanitizeField(child)));
@@ -216,47 +216,47 @@ function sanitizeUnion(typeLike: object) {
     typeof typeLike.mode !== "number"
   ) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a Union type to have `typeIds` and `mode` properties",
+      "Expected a Union type to have `typeIds` and `mode` properties"
     );
   }
   if (!("children" in typeLike) || !Array.isArray(typeLike.children)) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a Union type to have an array-like `children` property",
+      "Expected a Union type to have an array-like `children` property"
     );
   }
 
   return new Union(
     typeLike.mode,
     typeLike.typeIds as any,
-    typeLike.children.map((child) => sanitizeField(child)),
+    typeLike.children.map((child) => sanitizeField(child))
   );
 }
 
 function sanitizeTypedUnion(
   typeLike: object,
-  UnionType: typeof DenseUnion | typeof SparseUnion,
+  UnionType: typeof DenseUnion | typeof SparseUnion
 ) {
   if (!("typeIds" in typeLike)) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a DenseUnion/SparseUnion type to have a `typeIds` property",
+      "Expected a DenseUnion/SparseUnion type to have a `typeIds` property"
     );
   }
   if (!("children" in typeLike) || !Array.isArray(typeLike.children)) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a DenseUnion/SparseUnion type to have an array-like `children` property",
+      "Expected a DenseUnion/SparseUnion type to have an array-like `children` property"
     );
   }
 
   return new UnionType(
     typeLike.typeIds as any,
-    typeLike.children.map((child) => sanitizeField(child)),
+    typeLike.children.map((child) => sanitizeField(child))
   );
 }
 
 function sanitizeFixedSizeBinary(typeLike: object) {
   if (!("byteWidth" in typeLike) || typeof typeLike.byteWidth !== "number") {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a FixedSizeBinary type to have a `byteWidth` property",
+      "Expected a FixedSizeBinary type to have a `byteWidth` property"
     );
   }
   return new FixedSizeBinary(typeLike.byteWidth);
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ function sanitizeFixedSizeList(typeLike: object) {
   }
   if (!("children" in typeLike) || !Array.isArray(typeLike.children)) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a FixedSizeList type to have an array-like `children` property",
+      "Expected a FixedSizeList type to have an array-like `children` property"
     );
   }
   if (typeLike.children.length !== 1) {
@@ -276,14 +276,14 @@ function sanitizeFixedSizeList(typeLike: object) {
   }
   return new FixedSizeList(
     typeLike.listSize,
-    sanitizeField(typeLike.children[0]),
+    sanitizeField(typeLike.children[0])
   );
 }
 
 function sanitizeMap(typeLike: object) {
   if (!("children" in typeLike) || !Array.isArray(typeLike.children)) {
     throw Error(
-      "Expected a Map type to have an array-like `children` property",
+      "Expected a Map type to have an array-like `children` property"
     );
   }
   if (!("keysSorted" in typeLike) || typeof typeLike.keysSorted !== "boolean") {
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ function sanitizeMap(typeLike: object) {
   }
   return new Map_(
     typeLike.children.map((field) => sanitizeField(field)) as any,
-    typeLike.keysSorted,
+    typeLike.keysSorted
   );
 }
 
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ function sanitizeDictionary(typeLike: object) {
     sanitizeType(typeLike.dictionary),
     sanitizeType(typeLike.indices) as any,
     typeLike.id,
-    typeLike.isOrdered,
+    typeLike.isOrdered
   );
 }
 
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ function sanitizeField(fieldLike: unknown): Field {
     !("nullable" in fieldLike)
   ) {
     throw Error(
-      "The field passed in is missing a `type`/`name`/`nullable` property",
+      "The field passed in is missing a `type`/`name`/`nullable` property"
     );
   }
   const type = sanitizeType(fieldLike.type);
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ export function sanitizeSchema(schemaLike: unknown): Schema {
   }
   if (!("fields" in schemaLike)) {
     throw Error(
-      "The schema passed in does not appear to be a schema (no 'fields' property)",
+      "The schema passed in does not appear to be a schema (no 'fields' property)"
     );
   }
   let metadata;
@@ -498,11 +498,11 @@ export function sanitizeSchema(schemaLike: unknown): Schema {
   }
   if (!Array.isArray(schemaLike.fields)) {
     throw Error(
-      "The schema passed in had a 'fields' property but it was not an array",
+      "The schema passed in had a 'fields' property but it was not an array"
     );
   }
   const sanitizedFields = schemaLike.fields.map((field) =>
-    sanitizeField(field),
+    sanitizeField(field)
   );
   return new Schema(sanitizedFields, metadata);
 }

nodejs/.eslintignore

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-**/dist/**/*
-**/native.js
-**/native.d.ts

nodejs/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+yarn.lock

nodejs/.prettierignore

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.eslintignore

nodejs/README.md

@@ -43,29 +43,20 @@ npm run test
 
 ### Running lint / format
 
-LanceDb uses eslint for linting. VSCode does not need any plugins to use eslint. However, it
+LanceDb uses [biome](https://biomejs.dev/) for linting and formatting. if you are using VSCode you will need to install the official [Biome](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=biomejs.biome) extension.
-may need some additional configuration. Make sure that eslint.experimental.useFlatConfig is
+To manually lint your code you can run:
-set to true. Also, if your vscode root folder is the repo root then you will need to set
-the eslint.workingDirectories to ["nodejs"]. To manually lint your code you can run:
 
 ```sh
 npm run lint
 ```
 
-LanceDb uses prettier for formatting. If you are using VSCode you will need to install the
+to automatically fix all fixable issues:
-"Prettier - Code formatter" extension. You should then configure it to be the default formatter
-for typescript and you should enable format on save. To manually check your code's format you
-can run:
 
 ```sh
-npm run chkformat
+npm run lint-fix
 ```
 
-If you need to manually format your code you can run:
+If you do not have your workspace root set to the `nodejs` directory, unfortunately the extension will not work. You can still run the linting and formatting commands manually.
-
-```sh
-npx prettier --write .
-```
 
 ### Generating docs
 

nodejs/__test__/arrow.test.ts

@@ -13,32 +13,26 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 import {
-  convertToTable,
-  fromTableToBuffer,
-  makeArrowTable,
-  makeEmptyTable,
-} from "../dist/arrow";
-import {
-  Field,
-  FixedSizeList,
-  Float16,
-  Float32,
-  Int32,
-  tableFromIPC,
-  Schema,
-  Float64,
-  type Table,
   Binary,
   Bool,
-  Utf8,
-  Struct,
-  List,
   DataType,
   Dictionary,
-  Int64,
+  Field,
+  FixedSizeList,
   Float,
-  Precision,
+  Float16,
+  Float32,
+  Float64,
+  Int32,
+  Int64,
+  List,
   MetadataVersion,
+  Precision,
+  Schema,
+  Struct,
+  type Table,
+  Utf8,
+  tableFromIPC,
 } from "apache-arrow";
 import {
   Dictionary as OldDictionary,
@@ -46,14 +40,20 @@ import {
   FixedSizeList as OldFixedSizeList,
   Float32 as OldFloat32,
   Int32 as OldInt32,
-  Struct as OldStruct,
   Schema as OldSchema,
+  Struct as OldStruct,
   TimestampNanosecond as OldTimestampNanosecond,
   Utf8 as OldUtf8,
 } from "apache-arrow-old";
-import { type EmbeddingFunction } from "../dist/embedding/embedding_function";
+import {
+  convertToTable,
+  fromTableToBuffer,
+  makeArrowTable,
+  makeEmptyTable,
+} from "../lancedb/arrow";
+import { type EmbeddingFunction } from "../lancedb/embedding/embedding_function";
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+// biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
 function sampleRecords(): Array<Record<string, any>> {
   return [
     {
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ describe("when using two versions of arrow", function () {
           new OldField("ts_no_tz", new OldTimestampNanosecond(null)),
         ]),
       ),
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+      // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
     ]) as any;
     schema.metadataVersion = MetadataVersion.V5;
     const table = makeArrowTable([], { schema });

nodejs/__test__/connection.test.ts

@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
 
 import * as tmp from "tmp";
 
-import { Connection, connect } from "../dist/index.js";
+import { Connection, connect } from "../lancedb";
 
 describe("when connecting", () => {
   let tmpDir: tmp.DirResult;
-  beforeEach(() => (tmpDir = tmp.dirSync({ unsafeCleanup: true })));
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    tmpDir = tmp.dirSync({ unsafeCleanup: true });
+  });
   afterEach(() => tmpDir.removeCallback());
 
   it("should connect", async () => {

nodejs/__test__/s3_integration.test.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@
 
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/naming-convention */
 
-import { connect } from "../dist";
+import {
+  CreateKeyCommand,
+  KMSClient,
+  ScheduleKeyDeletionCommand,
+} from "@aws-sdk/client-kms";
 import {
   CreateBucketCommand,
   DeleteBucketCommand,
@@ -23,11 +27,7 @@ import {
   ListObjectsV2Command,
   S3Client,
 } from "@aws-sdk/client-s3";
-import {
+import { connect } from "../lancedb";
-  CreateKeyCommand,
-  ScheduleKeyDeletionCommand,
-  KMSClient,
-} from "@aws-sdk/client-kms";
 
 // Skip these tests unless the S3_TEST environment variable is set
 const maybeDescribe = process.env.S3_TEST ? describe : describe.skip;
@@ -63,9 +63,10 @@ class S3Bucket {
     // Delete the bucket if it already exists
     try {
       await this.deleteBucket(client, name);
-    } catch (e) {
+    } catch {
       // It's fine if the bucket doesn't exist
     }
+    // biome-ignore lint/style/useNamingConvention: we dont control s3's api
     await client.send(new CreateBucketCommand({ Bucket: name }));
     return new S3Bucket(name);
   }
@@ -78,27 +79,32 @@ class S3Bucket {
   static async deleteBucket(client: S3Client, name: string) {
     // Must delete all objects before we can delete the bucket
     const objects = await client.send(
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/useNamingConvention: we dont control s3's api
       new ListObjectsV2Command({ Bucket: name }),
     );
     if (objects.Contents) {
       for (const object of objects.Contents) {
         await client.send(
+          // biome-ignore lint/style/useNamingConvention: we dont control s3's api
           new DeleteObjectCommand({ Bucket: name, Key: object.Key }),
         );
       }
     }
 
+    // biome-ignore lint/style/useNamingConvention: we dont control s3's api
     await client.send(new DeleteBucketCommand({ Bucket: name }));
   }
 
   public async assertAllEncrypted(path: string, keyId: string) {
     const client = S3Bucket.s3Client();
     const objects = await client.send(
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/useNamingConvention: we dont control s3's api
       new ListObjectsV2Command({ Bucket: this.name, Prefix: path }),
     );
     if (objects.Contents) {
       for (const object of objects.Contents) {
         const metadata = await client.send(
+          // biome-ignore lint/style/useNamingConvention: we dont control s3's api
           new HeadObjectCommand({ Bucket: this.name, Key: object.Key }),
         );
         expect(metadata.ServerSideEncryption).toBe("aws:kms");
@@ -137,6 +143,7 @@ class KmsKey {
 
   public async delete() {
     const client = KmsKey.kmsClient();
+    // biome-ignore lint/style/useNamingConvention: we dont control s3's api
     await client.send(new ScheduleKeyDeletionCommand({ KeyId: this.keyId }));
   }
 }

nodejs/__test__/table.test.ts

@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ import * as fs from "fs";
 import * as path from "path";
 import * as tmp from "tmp";
 
-import { Table, connect } from "../dist";
 import {
-  Schema,
   Field,
-  Float32,
-  Int32,
   FixedSizeList,
-  Int64,
+  Float32,
   Float64,
+  Int32,
+  Int64,
+  Schema,
 } from "apache-arrow";
-import { makeArrowTable } from "../dist/arrow";
+import { Table, connect } from "../lancedb";
-import { Index } from "../dist/indices";
+import { makeArrowTable } from "../lancedb/arrow";
+import { Index } from "../lancedb/indices";
 
 describe("Given a table", () => {
   let tmpDir: tmp.DirResult;
@@ -419,3 +419,31 @@ describe("when dealing with versioning", () => {
     );
   });
 });
+
+describe("when optimizing a dataset", () => {
+  let tmpDir: tmp.DirResult;
+  let table: Table;
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    tmpDir = tmp.dirSync({ unsafeCleanup: true });
+    const con = await connect(tmpDir.name);
+    table = await con.createTable("vectors", [{ id: 1 }]);
+    await table.add([{ id: 2 }]);
+  });
+  afterEach(() => {
+    tmpDir.removeCallback();
+  });
+
+  it("compacts files", async () => {
+    const stats = await table.optimize();
+    expect(stats.compaction.filesAdded).toBe(1);
+    expect(stats.compaction.filesRemoved).toBe(2);
+    expect(stats.compaction.fragmentsAdded).toBe(1);
+    expect(stats.compaction.fragmentsRemoved).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it("cleanups old versions", async () => {
+    const stats = await table.optimize({ cleanupOlderThan: new Date() });
+    expect(stats.prune.bytesRemoved).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(stats.prune.oldVersionsRemoved).toBe(3);
+  });
+});

nodejs/biome.json

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://biomejs.dev/schemas/1.7.3/schema.json",
+  "organizeImports": {
+    "enabled": true
+  },
+  "files": {
+    "ignore": [
+      "**/dist/**/*",
+      "**/native.js",
+      "**/native.d.ts",
+      "**/npm/**/*",
+      "**/.vscode/**"
+    ]
+  },
+  "formatter": {
+    "indentStyle": "space"
+  },
+  "linter": {
+    "enabled": true,
+    "rules": {
+      "recommended": false,
+      "complexity": {
+        "noBannedTypes": "error",
+        "noExtraBooleanCast": "error",
+        "noMultipleSpacesInRegularExpressionLiterals": "error",
+        "noUselessCatch": "error",
+        "noUselessThisAlias": "error",
+        "noUselessTypeConstraint": "error",
+        "noWith": "error"
+      },
+      "correctness": {
+        "noConstAssign": "error",
+        "noConstantCondition": "error",
+        "noEmptyCharacterClassInRegex": "error",
+        "noEmptyPattern": "error",
+        "noGlobalObjectCalls": "error",
+        "noInnerDeclarations": "error",
+        "noInvalidConstructorSuper": "error",
+        "noNewSymbol": "error",
+        "noNonoctalDecimalEscape": "error",
+        "noPrecisionLoss": "error",
+        "noSelfAssign": "error",
+        "noSetterReturn": "error",
+        "noSwitchDeclarations": "error",
+        "noUndeclaredVariables": "error",
+        "noUnreachable": "error",
+        "noUnreachableSuper": "error",
+        "noUnsafeFinally": "error",
+        "noUnsafeOptionalChaining": "error",
+        "noUnusedLabels": "error",
+        "noUnusedVariables": "error",
+        "useIsNan": "error",
+        "useValidForDirection": "error",
+        "useYield": "error"
+      },
+      "style": {
+        "noNamespace": "error",
+        "useAsConstAssertion": "error",
+        "useBlockStatements": "off",
+        "useNamingConvention": {
+          "level": "error",
+          "options": {
+            "strictCase": false
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "suspicious": {
+        "noAssignInExpressions": "error",
+        "noAsyncPromiseExecutor": "error",
+        "noCatchAssign": "error",
+        "noClassAssign": "error",
+        "noCompareNegZero": "error",
+        "noControlCharactersInRegex": "error",
+        "noDebugger": "error",
+        "noDuplicateCase": "error",
+        "noDuplicateClassMembers": "error",
+        "noDuplicateObjectKeys": "error",
+        "noDuplicateParameters": "error",
+        "noEmptyBlockStatements": "error",
+        "noExplicitAny": "error",
+        "noExtraNonNullAssertion": "error",
+        "noFallthroughSwitchClause": "error",
+        "noFunctionAssign": "error",
+        "noGlobalAssign": "error",
+        "noImportAssign": "error",
+        "noMisleadingCharacterClass": "error",
+        "noMisleadingInstantiator": "error",
+        "noPrototypeBuiltins": "error",
+        "noRedeclare": "error",
+        "noShadowRestrictedNames": "error",
+        "noUnsafeDeclarationMerging": "error",
+        "noUnsafeNegation": "error",
+        "useGetterReturn": "error",
+        "useValidTypeof": "error"
+      }
+    },
+    "ignore": ["**/dist/**/*", "**/native.js", "**/native.d.ts"]
+  },
+  "javascript": {
+    "globals": []
+  },
+  "overrides": [
+    {
+      "include": ["**/*.ts", "**/*.tsx", "**/*.mts", "**/*.cts"],
+      "linter": {
+        "rules": {
+          "correctness": {
+            "noConstAssign": "off",
+            "noGlobalObjectCalls": "off",
+            "noInvalidConstructorSuper": "off",
+            "noNewSymbol": "off",
+            "noSetterReturn": "off",
+            "noUndeclaredVariables": "off",
+            "noUnreachable": "off",
+            "noUnreachableSuper": "off"
+          },
+          "style": {
+            "noArguments": "error",
+            "noVar": "error",
+            "useConst": "error"
+          },
+          "suspicious": {
+            "noDuplicateClassMembers": "off",
+            "noDuplicateObjectKeys": "off",
+            "noDuplicateParameters": "off",
+            "noFunctionAssign": "off",
+            "noImportAssign": "off",
+            "noRedeclare": "off",
+            "noUnsafeNegation": "off",
+            "useGetterReturn": "off"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

nodejs/eslint.config.js

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/naming-convention */
-// @ts-check
-
-const eslint = require("@eslint/js");
-const tseslint = require("typescript-eslint");
-const eslintConfigPrettier = require("eslint-config-prettier");
-const jsdoc = require("eslint-plugin-jsdoc");
-
-module.exports = tseslint.config(
-  eslint.configs.recommended,
-  jsdoc.configs["flat/recommended"],
-  eslintConfigPrettier,
-  ...tseslint.configs.recommended,
-  {
-    rules: {
-      "@typescript-eslint/naming-convention": "error",
-      "jsdoc/require-returns": "off",
-      "jsdoc/require-param": "off",
-      "jsdoc/require-jsdoc": [
-        "error",
-        {
-          publicOnly: true,
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    plugins: jsdoc,
-  },
-);

nodejs/lancedb/arrow.ts

@@ -13,25 +13,25 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 import {
-  Field,
-  makeBuilder,
-  RecordBatchFileWriter,
-  Utf8,
-  type Vector,
-  FixedSizeList,
-  vectorFromArray,
-  type Schema,
   Table as ArrowTable,
-  RecordBatchStreamWriter,
+  Binary,
+  DataType,
+  Field,
+  FixedSizeList,
+  type Float,
+  Float32,
   List,
   RecordBatch,
-  makeData,
+  RecordBatchFileWriter,
+  RecordBatchStreamWriter,
+  Schema,
   Struct,
-  type Float,
+  Utf8,
-  DataType,
+  type Vector,
-  Binary,
+  makeBuilder,
-  Float32,
+  makeData,
   type makeTable,
+  vectorFromArray,
 } from "apache-arrow";
 import { type EmbeddingFunction } from "./embedding/embedding_function";
 import { sanitizeSchema } from "./sanitize";
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ export class MakeArrowTableOptions {
   vectorColumns: Record<string, VectorColumnOptions> = {
     vector: new VectorColumnOptions(),
   };
+  embeddings?: EmbeddingFunction<unknown>;
 
   /**
    * If true then string columns will be encoded with dictionary encoding
@@ -208,6 +209,7 @@ export function makeArrowTable(
   const opt = new MakeArrowTableOptions(options !== undefined ? options : {});
   if (opt.schema !== undefined && opt.schema !== null) {
     opt.schema = sanitizeSchema(opt.schema);
+    opt.schema = validateSchemaEmbeddings(opt.schema, data, opt.embeddings);
   }
   const columns: Record<string, Vector> = {};
   // TODO: sample dataset to find missing columns
@@ -287,8 +289,8 @@ export function makeArrowTable(
     // then patch the schema of the batches so we can use
     // `new ArrowTable(schema, batches)` which does not do any schema inference
     const firstTable = new ArrowTable(columns);
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
     const batchesFixed = firstTable.batches.map(
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
       (batch) => new RecordBatch(opt.schema!, batch.data),
     );
     return new ArrowTable(opt.schema, batchesFixed);
@@ -313,7 +315,7 @@ function makeListVector(lists: unknown[][]): Vector<unknown> {
     throw Error("Cannot infer list vector from empty array or empty list");
   }
   const sampleList = lists[0];
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
   let inferredType: any;
   try {
     const sampleVector = makeVector(sampleList);
@@ -337,7 +339,7 @@ function makeVector(
   values: unknown[],
   type?: DataType,
   stringAsDictionary?: boolean,
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
 ): Vector<any> {
   if (type !== undefined) {
     // No need for inference, let Arrow create it
@@ -648,3 +650,39 @@ function alignTable(table: ArrowTable, schema: Schema): ArrowTable {
 export function createEmptyTable(schema: Schema): ArrowTable {
   return new ArrowTable(sanitizeSchema(schema));
 }
+
+function validateSchemaEmbeddings(
+  schema: Schema,
+  data: Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
+  embeddings: EmbeddingFunction<unknown> | undefined,
+) {
+  const fields = [];
+  const missingEmbeddingFields = [];
+
+  // First we check if the field is a `FixedSizeList`
+  // Then we check if the data contains the field
+  // if it does not, we add it to the list of missing embedding fields
+  // Finally, we check if those missing embedding fields are `this._embeddings`
+  // if they are not, we throw an error
+  for (const field of schema.fields) {
+    if (field.type instanceof FixedSizeList) {
+      if (data.length !== 0 && data?.[0]?.[field.name] === undefined) {
+        missingEmbeddingFields.push(field);
+      } else {
+        fields.push(field);
+      }
+    } else {
+      fields.push(field);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (missingEmbeddingFields.length > 0 && embeddings === undefined) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Table has embeddings: "${missingEmbeddingFields
+        .map((f) => f.name)
+        .join(",")}", but no embedding function was provided`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  return new Schema(fields, schema.metadata);
+}

nodejs/lancedb/connection.ts

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+import { Table as ArrowTable, Schema } from "apache-arrow";
 import { fromTableToBuffer, makeArrowTable, makeEmptyTable } from "./arrow";
 import { ConnectionOptions, Connection as LanceDbConnection } from "./native";
 import { Table } from "./table";
-import { Table as ArrowTable, Schema } from "apache-arrow";
 
 /**
  * Connect to a LanceDB instance at the given URI.

nodejs/lancedb/embedding/openai.ts

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-import { type EmbeddingFunction } from "./embedding_function";
 import type OpenAI from "openai";
+import { type EmbeddingFunction } from "./embedding_function";
 
 export class OpenAIEmbeddingFunction implements EmbeddingFunction<string> {
   private readonly _openai: OpenAI;

nodejs/lancedb/query.ts

@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-import { RecordBatch, tableFromIPC, Table as ArrowTable } from "apache-arrow";
+import { Table as ArrowTable, RecordBatch, tableFromIPC } from "apache-arrow";
+import { type IvfPqOptions } from "./indices";
 import {
   RecordBatchIterator as NativeBatchIterator,
   Query as NativeQuery,
   Table as NativeTable,
   VectorQuery as NativeVectorQuery,
 } from "./native";
-import { type IvfPqOptions } from "./indices";
 export class RecordBatchIterator implements AsyncIterator<RecordBatch> {
   private promisedInner?: Promise<NativeBatchIterator>;
   private inner?: NativeBatchIterator;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export class RecordBatchIterator implements AsyncIterator<RecordBatch> {
     this.promisedInner = promise;
   }
 
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
   async next(): Promise<IteratorResult<RecordBatch<any>>> {
     if (this.inner === undefined) {
       this.inner = await this.promisedInner;
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ export class QueryBase<
   QueryType,
 > implements AsyncIterable<RecordBatch>
 {
-  protected constructor(protected inner: NativeQueryType) {}
+  protected constructor(protected inner: NativeQueryType) {
+    // intentionally empty
+  }
 
   /**
    * A filter statement to be applied to this query.
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ export class QueryBase<
     return new RecordBatchIterator(this.nativeExecute());
   }
 
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
   [Symbol.asyncIterator](): AsyncIterator<RecordBatch<any>> {
     const promise = this.nativeExecute();
     return new RecordBatchIterator(promise);
@@ -368,7 +370,7 @@ export class Query extends QueryBase<NativeQuery, Query> {
    * a default `limit` of 10 will be used.  @see {@link Query#limit}
    */
   nearestTo(vector: unknown): VectorQuery {
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
     const vectorQuery = this.inner.nearestTo(Float32Array.from(vector as any));
     return new VectorQuery(vectorQuery);
   }

nodejs/lancedb/sanitize.ts

@@ -21,60 +21,60 @@
 // and so we must sanitize the input to ensure that it is compatible.
 
 import {
-  Field,
+  Binary,
-  Utf8,
-  FixedSizeBinary,
-  FixedSizeList,
-  Schema,
-  List,
-  Struct,
-  Float,
   Bool,
+  DataType,
+  DateDay,
+  DateMillisecond,
+  type DateUnit,
   Date_,
   Decimal,
-  DataType,
+  DenseUnion,
   Dictionary,
-  Binary,
-  Float32,
-  Interval,
-  Map_,
   Duration,
-  Union,
+  DurationMicrosecond,
-  Time,
+  DurationMillisecond,
-  Timestamp,
+  DurationNanosecond,
-  Type,
+  DurationSecond,
-  Null,
+  Field,
+  FixedSizeBinary,
+  FixedSizeList,
+  Float,
+  Float16,
+  Float32,
+  Float64,
   Int,
-  type Precision,
-  type DateUnit,
   Int8,
   Int16,
   Int32,
   Int64,
+  Interval,
+  IntervalDayTime,
+  IntervalYearMonth,
+  List,
+  Map_,
+  Null,
+  type Precision,
+  Schema,
+  SparseUnion,
+  Struct,
+  Time,
+  TimeMicrosecond,
+  TimeMillisecond,
+  TimeNanosecond,
+  TimeSecond,
+  Timestamp,
+  TimestampMicrosecond,
+  TimestampMillisecond,
+  TimestampNanosecond,
+  TimestampSecond,
+  Type,
   Uint8,
   Uint16,
   Uint32,
   Uint64,
-  Float16,
+  Union,
-  Float64,
+  Utf8,
-  DateDay,
-  DateMillisecond,
-  DenseUnion,
-  SparseUnion,
-  TimeNanosecond,
-  TimeMicrosecond,
-  TimeMillisecond,
-  TimeSecond,
-  TimestampNanosecond,
-  TimestampMicrosecond,
-  TimestampMillisecond,
-  TimestampSecond,
-  IntervalDayTime,
-  IntervalYearMonth,
-  DurationNanosecond,
-  DurationMicrosecond,
-  DurationMillisecond,
-  DurationSecond,
 } from "apache-arrow";
 import type { IntBitWidth, TKeys, TimeBitWidth } from "apache-arrow/type";
 
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ function sanitizeUnion(typeLike: object) {
 
   return new Union(
     typeLike.mode,
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
     typeLike.typeIds as any,
     typeLike.children.map((child) => sanitizeField(child)),
   );
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ function sanitizeMap(typeLike: object) {
   }
 
   return new Map_(
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
     typeLike.children.map((field) => sanitizeField(field)) as any,
     typeLike.keysSorted,
   );
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ function sanitizeDictionary(typeLike: object) {
   );
 }
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+// biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
 function sanitizeType(typeLike: unknown): DataType<any> {
   if (typeof typeLike !== "object" || typeLike === null) {
     throw Error("Expected a Type but object was null/undefined");

nodejs/lancedb/table.ts

@@ -13,15 +13,16 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 import { Schema, tableFromIPC } from "apache-arrow";
+import { Data, fromDataToBuffer } from "./arrow";
+import { IndexOptions } from "./indices";
 import {
   AddColumnsSql,
   ColumnAlteration,
   IndexConfig,
+  OptimizeStats,
   Table as _NativeTable,
 } from "./native";
 import { Query, VectorQuery } from "./query";
-import { IndexOptions } from "./indices";
-import { Data, fromDataToBuffer } from "./arrow";
 
 export { IndexConfig } from "./native";
 /**
@@ -50,6 +51,23 @@ export interface UpdateOptions {
   where: string;
 }
 
+export interface OptimizeOptions {
+  /**
+   * If set then all versions older than the given date
+   * be removed.  The current version will never be removed.
+   * The default is 7 days
+   * @example
+   * // Delete all versions older than 1 day
+   * const olderThan = new Date();
+   * olderThan.setDate(olderThan.getDate() - 1));
+   * tbl.cleanupOlderVersions(olderThan);
+   *
+   * // Delete all versions except the current version
+   * tbl.cleanupOlderVersions(new Date());
+   */
+  cleanupOlderThan: Date;
+}
+
 /**
  * A Table is a collection of Records in a LanceDB Database.
  *
@@ -169,21 +187,24 @@ export class Table {
    * // If the column has a vector (fixed size list) data type then
    * // an IvfPq vector index will be created.
    * const table = await conn.openTable("my_table");
-   * await table.createIndex(["vector"]);
+   * await table.createIndex("vector");
    * @example
    * // For advanced control over vector index creation you can specify
    * // the index type and options.
    * const table = await conn.openTable("my_table");
-   * await table.createIndex(["vector"], I)
+   * await table.createIndex("vector", {
-   *   .ivf_pq({ num_partitions: 128, num_sub_vectors: 16 })
+   *   config: lancedb.Index.ivfPq({
-   *   .build();
+   *     numPartitions: 128,
+   *     numSubVectors: 16,
+   *   }),
+   * });
    * @example
    * // Or create a Scalar index
-   * await table.createIndex("my_float_col").build();
+   * await table.createIndex("my_float_col");
    */
   async createIndex(column: string, options?: Partial<IndexOptions>) {
     // Bit of a hack to get around the fact that TS has no package-scope.
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: skip
     const nativeIndex = (options?.config as any)?.inner;
     await this.inner.createIndex(nativeIndex, column, options?.replace);
   }
@@ -197,8 +218,7 @@ export class Table {
    * vector similarity, sorting, and more.
    *
    * Note: By default, all columns are returned.  For best performance, you should
-   * only fetch the columns you need.  See [`Query::select_with_projection`] for
+   * only fetch the columns you need.
-   * more details.
    *
    * When appropriate, various indices and statistics based pruning will be used to
    * accelerate the query.
@@ -207,8 +227,11 @@ export class Table {
    * //
    * // This query will return up to 1000 rows whose value in the `id` column
    * // is greater than 5. LanceDb supports a broad set of filtering functions.
-   * for await (const batch of table.query()
+   * for await (const batch of table
-   *                          .filter("id > 1").select(["id"]).limit(20)) {
+   *   .query()
+   *   .where("id > 1")
+   *   .select(["id"])
+   *   .limit(20)) {
    *   console.log(batch);
    * }
    * @example
@@ -218,12 +241,13 @@ export class Table {
    * // closest to the query vector [1.0, 2.0, 3.0].  If an index has been created
    * // on the "vector" column then this will perform an ANN search.
    * //
-   * // The `refine_factor` and `nprobes` methods are used to control the recall /
+   * // The `refineFactor` and `nprobes` methods are used to control the recall /
    * // latency tradeoff of the search.
-   * for await (const batch of table.query()
+   * for await (const batch of table
-   *                    .nearestTo([1, 2, 3])
+   *   .query()
-   *                    .refineFactor(5).nprobe(10)
+   *   .where("id > 1")
-   *                    .limit(10)) {
+   *   .select(["id"])
+   *   .limit(20)) {
    *   console.log(batch);
    * }
    * @example
@@ -286,43 +310,45 @@ export class Table {
     await this.inner.dropColumns(columnNames);
   }
 
-  /**
+  /** Retrieve the version of the table */
-   * Retrieve the version of the table
-   *
-   * LanceDb supports versioning.  Every operation that modifies the table increases
-   * version.  As long as a version hasn't been deleted you can `[Self::checkout]` that
-   * version to view the data at that point.  In addition, you can `[Self::restore]` the
-   * version to replace the current table with a previous version.
-   */
   async version(): Promise<number> {
     return await this.inner.version();
   }
 
   /**
-   * Checks out a specific version of the Table
+   * Checks out a specific version of the table _This is an in-place operation._
    *
-   * Any read operation on the table will now access the data at the checked out version.
+   * This allows viewing previous versions of the table. If you wish to
-   * As a consequence, calling this method will disable any read consistency interval
+   * keep writing to the dataset starting from an old version, then use
-   * that was previously set.
+   * the `restore` function.
    *
-   * This is a read-only operation that turns the table into a sort of "view"
+   * Calling this method will set the table into time-travel mode. If you
-   * or "detached head".  Other table instances will not be affected.  To make the change
+   * wish to return to standard mode, call `checkoutLatest`.
-   * permanent you can use the `[Self::restore]` method.
+   * @param {number} version The version to checkout
+   * @example
+   * ```typescript
+   * import * as lancedb from "@lancedb/lancedb"
+   * const db = await lancedb.connect("./.lancedb");
+   * const table = await db.createTable("my_table", [
+   *   { vector: [1.1, 0.9], type: "vector" },
+   * ]);
    *
-   * Any operation that modifies the table will fail while the table is in a checked
+   * console.log(await table.version()); // 1
-   * out state.
+   * console.log(table.display());
-   *
+   * await table.add([{ vector: [0.5, 0.2], type: "vector" }]);
-   * To return the table to a normal state use `[Self::checkout_latest]`
+   * await table.checkout(1);
+   * console.log(await table.version()); // 2
+   * ```
    */
   async checkout(version: number): Promise<void> {
     await this.inner.checkout(version);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Ensures the table is pointing at the latest version
+   * Checkout the latest version of the table. _This is an in-place operation._
    *
-   * This can be used to manually update a table when the read_consistency_interval is None
+   * The table will be set back into standard mode, and will track the latest
-   * It can also be used to undo a `[Self::checkout]` operation
+   * version of the table.
    */
   async checkoutLatest(): Promise<void> {
     await this.inner.checkoutLatest();
@@ -345,8 +371,48 @@ export class Table {
   }
 
   /**
-   * List all indices that have been created with Self::create_index
+   * Optimize the on-disk data and indices for better performance.
+   *
+   * Modeled after ``VACUUM`` in PostgreSQL.
+   *
+   *  Optimization covers three operations:
+   *
+   *  - Compaction: Merges small files into larger ones
+   *  - Prune: Removes old versions of the dataset
+   *  - Index: Optimizes the indices, adding new data to existing indices
+   *
+   *
+   *  Experimental API
+   *  ----------------
+   *
+   *  The optimization process is undergoing active development and may change.
+   *  Our goal with these changes is to improve the performance of optimization and
+   *  reduce the complexity.
+   *
+   *  That being said, it is essential today to run optimize if you want the best
+   *  performance.  It should be stable and safe to use in production, but it our
+   *  hope that the API may be simplified (or not even need to be called) in the
+   *  future.
+   *
+   *  The frequency an application shoudl call optimize is based on the frequency of
+   *  data modifications.  If data is frequently added, deleted, or updated then
+   *  optimize should be run frequently.  A good rule of thumb is to run optimize if
+   *  you have added or modified 100,000 or more records or run more than 20 data
+   *  modification operations.
    */
+  async optimize(options?: Partial<OptimizeOptions>): Promise<OptimizeStats> {
+    let cleanupOlderThanMs;
+    if (
+      options?.cleanupOlderThan !== undefined &&
+      options?.cleanupOlderThan !== null
+    ) {
+      cleanupOlderThanMs =
+        new Date().getTime() - options.cleanupOlderThan.getTime();
+    }
+    return await this.inner.optimize(cleanupOlderThanMs);
+  }
+
+  /** List all indices that have been created with {@link Table.createIndex} */
   async listIndices(): Promise<IndexConfig[]> {
     return await this.inner.listIndices();
   }

nodejs/npm/darwin-arm64/package.json

@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-arm64",
-  "version": "0.4.17",
+	"version": "0.4.20",
-  "os": [
+	"os": ["darwin"],
-    "darwin"
+	"cpu": ["arm64"],
-  ],
-  "cpu": [
-    "arm64"
-  ],
 	"main": "lancedb.darwin-arm64.node",
-  "files": [
+	"files": ["lancedb.darwin-arm64.node"],
-    "lancedb.darwin-arm64.node"
-  ],
 	"license": "Apache 2.0",
 	"engines": {
 		"node": ">= 18"

nodejs/npm/darwin-x64/package.json

@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-x64",
-  "version": "0.4.17",
+	"version": "0.4.20",
-  "os": [
+	"os": ["darwin"],
-    "darwin"
+	"cpu": ["x64"],
-  ],
-  "cpu": [
-    "x64"
-  ],
 	"main": "lancedb.darwin-x64.node",
-  "files": [
+	"files": ["lancedb.darwin-x64.node"],
-    "lancedb.darwin-x64.node"
-  ],
 	"license": "Apache 2.0",
 	"engines": {
 		"node": ">= 18"

nodejs/npm/linux-arm64-gnu/package.json

@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-arm64-gnu",
-  "version": "0.4.17",
+	"version": "0.4.20",
-  "os": [
+	"os": ["linux"],
-    "linux"
+	"cpu": ["arm64"],
-  ],
-  "cpu": [
-    "arm64"
-  ],
 	"main": "lancedb.linux-arm64-gnu.node",
-  "files": [
+	"files": ["lancedb.linux-arm64-gnu.node"],
-    "lancedb.linux-arm64-gnu.node"
-  ],
 	"license": "Apache 2.0",
 	"engines": {
 		"node": ">= 18"
 	},
-  "libc": [
+	"libc": ["glibc"]
-    "glibc"
-  ]
 }

nodejs/npm/linux-x64-gnu/package.json

@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-x64-gnu",
-  "version": "0.4.17",
+	"version": "0.4.20",
-  "os": [
+	"os": ["linux"],
-    "linux"
+	"cpu": ["x64"],
-  ],
-  "cpu": [
-    "x64"
-  ],
 	"main": "lancedb.linux-x64-gnu.node",
-  "files": [
+	"files": ["lancedb.linux-x64-gnu.node"],
-    "lancedb.linux-x64-gnu.node"
-  ],
 	"license": "Apache 2.0",
 	"engines": {
 		"node": ">= 18"
 	},
-  "libc": [
+	"libc": ["glibc"]
-    "glibc"
-  ]
 }

nodejs/npm/win32-x64-msvc/package.json

@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-win32-x64-msvc",
-  "version": "0.4.14",
+	"version": "0.4.20",
-  "os": [
+	"os": ["win32"],
-    "win32"
+	"cpu": ["x64"],
-  ],
-  "cpu": [
-    "x64"
-  ],
 	"main": "lancedb.win32-x64-msvc.node",
-  "files": [
+	"files": ["lancedb.win32-x64-msvc.node"],
-    "lancedb.win32-x64-msvc.node"
-  ],
 	"license": "Apache 2.0",
 	"engines": {
 		"node": ">= 18"

nodejs/package-lock.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb",
-  "version": "0.4.16",
+	"version": "0.4.20",
 	"lockfileVersion": 3,
 	"requires": true,
 	"packages": {
 		"": {
 			"name": "@lancedb/lancedb",
-      "version": "0.4.16",
+			"version": "0.4.20",
 			"cpu": [
 				"x64",
 				"arm64"
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 			"devDependencies": {
 				"@aws-sdk/client-kms": "^3.33.0",
 				"@aws-sdk/client-s3": "^3.33.0",
+				"@biomejs/biome": "^1.7.3",
+				"@jest/globals": "^29.7.0",
 				"@napi-rs/cli": "^2.18.0",
 				"@types/jest": "^29.1.2",
 				"@types/tmp": "^0.2.6",
@@ -45,13 +47,6 @@
 			},
 			"engines": {
 				"node": ">= 18"
-      },
-      "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-arm64": "0.4.16",
-        "@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-x64": "0.4.16",
-        "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-arm64-gnu": "0.4.16",
-        "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-x64-gnu": "0.4.16",
-        "@lancedb/lancedb-win32-x64-msvc": "0.4.16"
 			}
 		},
 		"node_modules/@75lb/deep-merge": {
@@ -1660,6 +1655,161 @@
 			"integrity": "sha512-0hYQ8SB4Db5zvZB4axdMHGwEaQjkZzFjQiN9LVYvIFB2nSUHW9tYpxWriPrWDASIxiaXax83REcLxuSdnGPZtw==",
 			"dev": true
 		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/biome": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/biome/-/biome-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-ogFQI+fpXftr+tiahA6bIXwZ7CSikygASdqMtH07J2cUzrpjyTMVc9Y97v23c7/tL1xCZhM+W9k4hYIBm7Q6cQ==",
+			"dev": true,
+			"hasInstallScript": true,
+			"bin": {
+				"biome": "bin/biome"
+			},
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			},
+			"funding": {
+				"type": "opencollective",
+				"url": "https://opencollective.com/biome"
+			},
+			"optionalDependencies": {
+				"@biomejs/cli-darwin-arm64": "1.7.3",
+				"@biomejs/cli-darwin-x64": "1.7.3",
+				"@biomejs/cli-linux-arm64": "1.7.3",
+				"@biomejs/cli-linux-arm64-musl": "1.7.3",
+				"@biomejs/cli-linux-x64": "1.7.3",
+				"@biomejs/cli-linux-x64-musl": "1.7.3",
+				"@biomejs/cli-win32-arm64": "1.7.3",
+				"@biomejs/cli-win32-x64": "1.7.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/cli-darwin-arm64": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/cli-darwin-arm64/-/cli-darwin-arm64-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-eDvLQWmGRqrPIRY7AIrkPHkQ3visEItJKkPYSHCscSDdGvKzYjmBJwG1Gu8+QC5ed6R7eiU63LEC0APFBobmfQ==",
+			"cpu": [
+				"arm64"
+			],
+			"dev": true,
+			"optional": true,
+			"os": [
+				"darwin"
+			],
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/cli-darwin-x64": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/cli-darwin-x64/-/cli-darwin-x64-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-JXCaIseKRER7dIURsVlAJacnm8SG5I0RpxZ4ya3dudASYUc68WGl4+FEN03ABY3KMIq7hcK1tzsJiWlmXyosZg==",
+			"cpu": [
+				"x64"
+			],
+			"dev": true,
+			"optional": true,
+			"os": [
+				"darwin"
+			],
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/cli-linux-arm64": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/cli-linux-arm64/-/cli-linux-arm64-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-phNTBpo7joDFastnmZsFjYcDYobLTx4qR4oPvc9tJ486Bd1SfEVPHEvJdNJrMwUQK56T+TRClOQd/8X1nnjA9w==",
+			"cpu": [
+				"arm64"
+			],
+			"dev": true,
+			"optional": true,
+			"os": [
+				"linux"
+			],
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/cli-linux-arm64-musl": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/cli-linux-arm64-musl/-/cli-linux-arm64-musl-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-c8AlO45PNFZ1BYcwaKzdt46kYbuP6xPGuGQ6h4j3XiEDpyseRRUy/h+6gxj07XovmyxKnSX9GSZ6nVbZvcVUAw==",
+			"cpu": [
+				"arm64"
+			],
+			"dev": true,
+			"optional": true,
+			"os": [
+				"linux"
+			],
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/cli-linux-x64": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/cli-linux-x64/-/cli-linux-x64-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-vnedYcd5p4keT3iD48oSKjOIRPYcjSNNbd8MO1bKo9ajg3GwQXZLAH+0Cvlr+eMsO67/HddWmscSQwTFrC/uPA==",
+			"cpu": [
+				"x64"
+			],
+			"dev": true,
+			"optional": true,
+			"os": [
+				"linux"
+			],
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/cli-linux-x64-musl": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/cli-linux-x64-musl/-/cli-linux-x64-musl-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-UdEHKtYGWEX3eDmVWvQeT+z05T9/Sdt2+F/7zmMOFQ7boANeX8pcO6EkJPK3wxMudrApsNEKT26rzqK6sZRTRA==",
+			"cpu": [
+				"x64"
+			],
+			"dev": true,
+			"optional": true,
+			"os": [
+				"linux"
+			],
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/cli-win32-arm64": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/cli-win32-arm64/-/cli-win32-arm64-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-unNCDqUKjujYkkSxs7gFIfdasttbDC4+z0kYmcqzRk6yWVoQBL4dNLcCbdnJS+qvVDNdI9rHp2NwpQ0WAdla4Q==",
+			"cpu": [
+				"arm64"
+			],
+			"dev": true,
+			"optional": true,
+			"os": [
+				"win32"
+			],
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@biomejs/cli-win32-x64": {
+			"version": "1.7.3",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@biomejs/cli-win32-x64/-/cli-win32-x64-1.7.3.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-ZmByhbrnmz/UUFYB622CECwhKIPjJLLPr5zr3edhu04LzbfcOrz16VYeNq5dpO1ADG70FORhAJkaIGdaVBG00w==",
+			"cpu": [
+				"x64"
+			],
+			"dev": true,
+			"optional": true,
+			"os": [
+				"win32"
+			],
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.21.3"
+			}
+		},
 		"node_modules/@es-joy/jsdoccomment": {
 			"version": "0.42.0",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@es-joy/jsdoccomment/-/jsdoccomment-0.42.0.tgz",
@@ -2221,81 +2371,6 @@
 				"@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.4.14"
 			}
 		},
-    "node_modules/@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.4.16",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-arm64/-/lancedb-darwin-arm64-0.4.16.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-CV65ouIDQbBSNtdHbQSr2fqXflOuqud1cfweUS+EiK7eEOEYl7nO2oiFYO49Jy76MEwZxiP99hW825aCqIQJqg==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "arm64"
-      ],
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "darwin"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 18"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-x64": {
-      "version": "0.4.16",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-x64/-/lancedb-darwin-x64-0.4.16.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-1CwIYCNdbFmV7fvqM+qUxbYgwxx0slcCV48PC/I19Ejitgtzw/NJiWDCvONhaLqG85lWNZm1xYceRpVv7b8seQ==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "x64"
-      ],
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "darwin"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 18"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@lancedb/lancedb-linux-arm64-gnu": {
-      "version": "0.4.16",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/lancedb-linux-arm64-gnu/-/lancedb-linux-arm64-gnu-0.4.16.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-CzLEbzoHKS6jV0k52YnvsiVNx0VzLp1Vz/zmbHI6HmB/XbS67qDO93Jk71MDmXq3JDw0FKFCw9ghkg+6YWq7ZA==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "arm64"
-      ],
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "linux"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 18"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@lancedb/lancedb-linux-x64-gnu": {
-      "version": "0.4.16",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/lancedb-linux-x64-gnu/-/lancedb-linux-x64-gnu-0.4.16.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-nKChybybi8uA0AFRHBFm7Fz3VXcRm8riv5Gs7xQsrsCtYxxf4DT/0BfUvQ0xKbwNJa+fawHRxi9BOQewdj49fg==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "x64"
-      ],
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "linux"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 18"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@lancedb/lancedb-win32-x64-msvc": {
-      "version": "0.4.16",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@lancedb/lancedb-win32-x64-msvc/-/lancedb-win32-x64-msvc-0.4.16.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-KMeBPMpv2g+ZMVsHVibed7BydrBlxje1qS0bZTDrLw9BtZOk6XH2lh1mCDnCJI6sbAscUKNA6fDCdquhQPHL7w==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "x64"
-      ],
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "win32"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 18"
-      }
-    },
 		"node_modules/@napi-rs/cli": {
 			"version": "2.18.0",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@napi-rs/cli/-/cli-2.18.0.tgz",

nodejs/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@lancedb/lancedb",
-  "version": "0.4.17",
+  "version": "0.4.20",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
   "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
   "napi": {
@@ -18,19 +18,16 @@
   },
   "license": "Apache 2.0",
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@aws-sdk/client-s3": "^3.33.0",
     "@aws-sdk/client-kms": "^3.33.0",
+    "@aws-sdk/client-s3": "^3.33.0",
+    "@biomejs/biome": "^1.7.3",
+    "@jest/globals": "^29.7.0",
     "@napi-rs/cli": "^2.18.0",
     "@types/jest": "^29.1.2",
     "@types/tmp": "^0.2.6",
-    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^6.19.0",
-    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^6.19.0",
     "apache-arrow-old": "npm:apache-arrow@13.0.0",
     "eslint": "^8.57.0",
-    "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.1.0",
-    "eslint-plugin-jsdoc": "^48.2.1",
     "jest": "^29.7.0",
-    "prettier": "^3.1.0",
     "shx": "^0.3.4",
     "tmp": "^0.2.3",
     "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
@@ -45,39 +42,26 @@
   "engines": {
     "node": ">= 18"
   },
-  "cpu": [
+  "cpu": ["x64", "arm64"],
-    "x64",
+  "os": ["darwin", "linux", "win32"],
-    "arm64"
-  ],
-  "os": [
-    "darwin",
-    "linux",
-    "win32"
-  ],
   "scripts": {
     "artifacts": "napi artifacts",
-    "build:debug": "napi build --platform --dts ../lancedb/native.d.ts --js ../lancedb/native.js dist/",
+    "build:debug": "napi build --platform --dts ../lancedb/native.d.ts --js ../lancedb/native.js lancedb",
     "build:release": "napi build --platform --release --dts ../lancedb/native.d.ts --js ../lancedb/native.js dist/",
-    "build": "npm run build:debug && tsc -b && shx cp lancedb/native.d.ts dist/native.d.ts",
+    "build": "npm run build:debug && tsc -b && shx cp lancedb/native.d.ts dist/native.d.ts && shx cp lancedb/*.node dist/",
     "build-release": "npm run build:release && tsc -b && shx cp lancedb/native.d.ts dist/native.d.ts",
-    "chkformat": "prettier . --check",
+    "lint-ci": "biome ci .",
     "docs": "typedoc --plugin typedoc-plugin-markdown --out ../docs/src/js lancedb/index.ts",
-    "lint": "eslint lancedb && eslint __test__",
+    "lint": "biome check . && biome format .",
+    "lint-fix": "biome check --apply-unsafe  . && biome format --write .",
     "prepublishOnly": "napi prepublish -t npm",
-    "test": "npm run build && jest --verbose",
+    "test": "jest --verbose",
     "integration": "S3_TEST=1 npm run test",
     "universal": "napi universal",
     "version": "napi version"
   },
-  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-arm64": "0.4.17",
-    "@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-x64": "0.4.17",
-    "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-arm64-gnu": "0.4.17",
-    "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-x64-gnu": "0.4.17",
-    "@lancedb/lancedb-win32-x64-msvc": "0.4.17"
-  },
   "dependencies": {
-    "openai": "^4.29.2",
+    "apache-arrow": "^15.0.0",
-    "apache-arrow": "^15.0.0"
+    "openai": "^4.29.2"
   }
 }

nodejs/src/table.rs

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 use arrow_ipc::writer::FileWriter;
 use lancedb::ipc::ipc_file_to_batches;
 use lancedb::table::{
-    AddDataMode, ColumnAlteration as LanceColumnAlteration, NewColumnTransform,
+    AddDataMode, ColumnAlteration as LanceColumnAlteration, Duration, NewColumnTransform,
-    Table as LanceDbTable,
+    OptimizeAction, OptimizeOptions, Table as LanceDbTable,
 };
 use napi::bindgen_prelude::*;
 use napi_derive::napi;
@@ -263,6 +263,60 @@ impl Table {
         self.inner_ref()?.restore().await.default_error()
     }
 
+    #[napi]
+    pub async fn optimize(&self, older_than_ms: Option<i64>) -> napi::Result<OptimizeStats> {
+        let inner = self.inner_ref()?;
+
+        let older_than = if let Some(ms) = older_than_ms {
+            if ms == i64::MIN {
+                return Err(napi::Error::from_reason(format!(
+                    "older_than_ms can not be {}",
+                    i32::MIN,
+                )));
+            }
+            Duration::try_milliseconds(ms)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let compaction_stats = inner
+            .optimize(OptimizeAction::Compact {
+                options: lancedb::table::CompactionOptions::default(),
+                remap_options: None,
+            })
+            .await
+            .default_error()?
+            .compaction
+            .unwrap();
+        let prune_stats = inner
+            .optimize(OptimizeAction::Prune {
+                older_than,
+                delete_unverified: None,
+            })
+            .await
+            .default_error()?
+            .prune
+            .unwrap();
+        inner
+            .optimize(lancedb::table::OptimizeAction::Index(
+                OptimizeOptions::default(),
+            ))
+            .await
+            .default_error()?;
+        Ok(OptimizeStats {
+            compaction: CompactionStats {
+                files_added: compaction_stats.files_added as i64,
+                files_removed: compaction_stats.files_removed as i64,
+                fragments_added: compaction_stats.fragments_added as i64,
+                fragments_removed: compaction_stats.fragments_removed as i64,
+            },
+            prune: RemovalStats {
+                bytes_removed: prune_stats.bytes_removed as i64,
+                old_versions_removed: prune_stats.old_versions as i64,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
     #[napi]
     pub async fn list_indices(&self) -> napi::Result<Vec<IndexConfig>> {
         Ok(self
@@ -298,6 +352,40 @@ impl From<lancedb::index::IndexConfig> for IndexConfig {
     }
 }
 
+/// Statistics about a compaction operation.
+#[napi(object)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CompactionStats {
+    /// The number of fragments removed
+    pub fragments_removed: i64,
+    /// The number of new, compacted fragments added
+    pub fragments_added: i64,
+    /// The number of data files removed
+    pub files_removed: i64,
+    /// The number of new, compacted data files added
+    pub files_added: i64,
+}
+
+/// Statistics about a cleanup operation
+#[napi(object)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct RemovalStats {
+    /// The number of bytes removed
+    pub bytes_removed: i64,
+    /// The number of old versions removed
+    pub old_versions_removed: i64,
+}
+
+/// Statistics about an optimize operation
+#[napi(object)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct OptimizeStats {
+    /// Statistics about the compaction operation
+    pub compaction: CompactionStats,
+    /// Statistics about the removal operation
+    pub prune: RemovalStats,
+}
+
 ///  A definition of a column alteration. The alteration changes the column at
 /// `path` to have the new name `name`, to be nullable if `nullable` is true,
 /// and to have the data type `data_type`. At least one of `rename` or `nullable`

python/.bumpversion.cfg

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[bumpversion]
-current_version = 0.6.11
-commit = True
-message = [python] Bump version: {current_version} → {new_version}
-tag = True
-tag_name = python-v{new_version}
-
-[bumpversion:file:pyproject.toml]

python/.bumpversion.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+[tool.bumpversion]
+current_version = "0.7.0"
+parse = """(?x)
+    (?P<major>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.
+    (?P<minor>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.
+    (?P<patch>0|[1-9]\\d*)
+    (?:-(?P<pre_l>[a-zA-Z-]+)\\.(?P<pre_n>0|[1-9]\\d*))?
+"""
+serialize = [
+    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}-{pre_l}.{pre_n}",
+    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}",
+]
+search = "{current_version}"
+replace = "{new_version}"
+regex = false
+ignore_missing_version = false
+ignore_missing_files = false
+tag = true
+sign_tags = false
+tag_name = "python-v{new_version}"
+tag_message = "Bump version: {current_version} → {new_version}"
+allow_dirty = true
+commit = true
+message = "Bump version: {current_version} → {new_version}"
+commit_args = ""
+
+[tool.bumpversion.parts.pre_l]
+values = ["beta", "final"]
+optional_value = "final"
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "Cargo.toml"
+search = "\nversion = \"{current_version}\""
+replace = "\nversion = \"{new_version}\""

python/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "lancedb-python"
-version = "0.4.10"
+version = "0.7.0"
 edition.workspace = true
 description = "Python bindings for LanceDB"
 license.workspace = true

python/pyproject.toml

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 [project]
 name = "lancedb"
-version = "0.6.11"
+# version in Cargo.toml
 dependencies = [
     "deprecation",
-    "pylance==0.10.12",
+    "pylance==0.11.0",
     "ratelimiter~=1.0",
     "requests>=2.31.0",
     "retry>=0.9.2",
     "tqdm>=4.27.0",
     "pydantic>=1.10",
     "attrs>=21.3.0",
-    "semver>=3.0",
+    "semver",
     "cachetools",
     "overrides>=0.7",
 ]
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ embeddings = [
     "boto3>=1.28.57",
     "awscli>=1.29.57",
     "botocore>=1.31.57",
+    "ollama",
 ]
 azure = ["adlfs>=2024.2.0"]
 

python/python/lancedb/__init__.py

@@ -107,6 +107,9 @@ def connect(
             request_thread_pool=request_thread_pool,
             **kwargs,
         )
+
+    if kwargs:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown keyword arguments: {kwargs}")
     return LanceDBConnection(uri, read_consistency_interval=read_consistency_interval)
 
 

python/python/lancedb/_lancedb.pyi

@@ -86,3 +86,17 @@ class VectorQuery:
     def refine_factor(self, refine_factor: int): ...
     def nprobes(self, nprobes: int): ...
     def bypass_vector_index(self): ...
+
+class CompactionStats:
+    fragments_removed: int
+    fragments_added: int
+    files_removed: int
+    files_added: int
+
+class RemovalStats:
+    bytes_removed: int
+    old_versions_removed: int
+
+class OptimizeStats:
+    compaction: CompactionStats
+    prune: RemovalStats

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/__init__.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from .bedrock import BedRockText
 from .cohere import CohereEmbeddingFunction
 from .gemini_text import GeminiText
 from .instructor import InstructorEmbeddingFunction
+from .ollama import OllamaEmbeddings
 from .open_clip import OpenClipEmbeddings
 from .openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
 from .registry import EmbeddingFunctionRegistry, get_registry

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/ollama.py

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#  Copyright (c) 2023. LanceDB Developers
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+from functools import cached_property
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Union
+
+from ..util import attempt_import_or_raise
+from .base import TextEmbeddingFunction
+from .registry import register
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import numpy as np
+
+
+@register("ollama")
+class OllamaEmbeddings(TextEmbeddingFunction):
+    """
+    An embedding function that uses Ollama
+
+    https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/api.md#generate-embeddings
+    https://ollama.com/blog/embedding-models
+    """
+
+    name: str = "nomic-embed-text"
+    host: str = "http://localhost:11434"
+    options: Optional[dict] = None  # type = ollama.Options
+    keep_alive: Optional[Union[float, str]] = None
+    ollama_client_kwargs: Optional[dict] = {}
+
+    def ndims(self):
+        return len(self.generate_embeddings(["foo"])[0])
+
+    def _compute_embedding(self, text):
+        return self._ollama_client.embeddings(
+            model=self.name,
+            prompt=text,
+            options=self.options,
+            keep_alive=self.keep_alive,
+        )["embedding"]
+
+    def generate_embeddings(
+        self, texts: Union[List[str], "np.ndarray"]
+    ) -> List["np.array"]:
+        """
+        Get the embeddings for the given texts
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        texts: list[str] or np.ndarray (of str)
+            The texts to embed
+        """
+        # TODO retry, rate limit, token limit
+        embeddings = [self._compute_embedding(text) for text in texts]
+        return embeddings
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _ollama_client(self):
+        ollama = attempt_import_or_raise("ollama")
+        # ToDo explore ollama.AsyncClient
+        return ollama.Client(host=self.host, **self.ollama_client_kwargs)

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/utils.py

@@ -255,7 +255,13 @@ def retry_with_exponential_backoff(
                     )
 
                 delay *= exponential_base * (1 + jitter * random.random())
-                logging.info("Retrying in %s seconds...", delay)
+                logging.warning(
+                    "Error occurred: %s \n Retrying in %s seconds (retry %s of %s) \n",
+                    e,
+                    delay,
+                    num_retries,
+                    max_retries,
+                )
                 time.sleep(delay)
 
     return wrapper

python/python/lancedb/pydantic.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ import pyarrow as pa
 import pydantic
 import semver
 
-PYDANTIC_VERSION = semver.Version.parse(pydantic.__version__)
+PYDANTIC_VERSION = semver.parse_version_info(pydantic.__version__)
 try:
     from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, core_schema
 except ImportError:

python/python/lancedb/query.py

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ from typing import (
 import deprecation
 import numpy as np
 import pyarrow as pa
+import pyarrow.fs as pa_fs
 import pydantic
 
 from . import __version__
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ from .arrow import AsyncRecordBatchReader
 from .common import VEC
 from .rerankers.base import Reranker
 from .rerankers.linear_combination import LinearCombinationReranker
-from .util import safe_import_pandas
+from .util import fs_from_uri, safe_import_pandas
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import PIL
@@ -665,6 +666,14 @@ class LanceFtsQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
 
         # get the index path
         index_path = self._table._get_fts_index_path()
+
+        # Check that we are on local filesystem
+        fs, _path = fs_from_uri(index_path)
+        if not isinstance(fs, pa_fs.LocalFileSystem):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Full-text search is only supported on the local filesystem"
+            )
+
         # check if the index exist
         if not Path(index_path).exists():
             raise FileNotFoundError(

python/python/lancedb/remote/db.py

@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ class RemoteDBConnection(DBConnection):
         self._client.post(
             f"/v1/table/{name}/drop/",
         )
-        self._table_cache.pop(name)
+        self._table_cache.pop(name, default=None)
 
     @override
     def rename_table(self, cur_name: str, new_name: str):
@@ -300,9 +300,9 @@ class RemoteDBConnection(DBConnection):
         """
         self._client.post(
             f"/v1/table/{cur_name}/rename/",
-            json={"new_table_name": new_name},
+            data={"new_table_name": new_name},
         )
-        self._table_cache.pop(cur_name)
+        self._table_cache.pop(cur_name, default=None)
         self._table_cache[new_name] = True
 
     async def close(self):

python/python/lancedb/table.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import PIL
     from lance.dataset import CleanupStats, ReaderLike
 
-    from ._lancedb import Table as LanceDBTable
+    from ._lancedb import Table as LanceDBTable, OptimizeStats
     from .db import LanceDBConnection
     from .index import BTree, IndexConfig, IvfPq
 
@@ -1209,6 +1209,11 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
                 raise ValueError("Index already exists. Use replace=True to overwrite.")
             fs.delete_dir(path)
 
+        if not isinstance(fs, pa_fs.LocalFileSystem):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Full-text search is only supported on the local filesystem"
+            )
+
         index = create_index(
             self._get_fts_index_path(),
             field_names,
@@ -2372,6 +2377,49 @@ class AsyncTable:
         """
         await self._inner.restore()
 
+    async def optimize(
+        self, *, cleanup_older_than: Optional[timedelta] = None
+    ) -> OptimizeStats:
+        """
+        Optimize the on-disk data and indices for better performance.
+
+        Modeled after ``VACUUM`` in PostgreSQL.
+
+        Optimization covers three operations:
+
+         * Compaction: Merges small files into larger ones
+         * Prune: Removes old versions of the dataset
+         * Index: Optimizes the indices, adding new data to existing indices
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        cleanup_older_than: timedelta, optional default 7 days
+            All files belonging to versions older than this will be removed.  Set
+            to 0 days to remove all versions except the latest.  The latest version
+            is never removed.
+
+        Experimental API
+        ----------------
+
+        The optimization process is undergoing active development and may change.
+        Our goal with these changes is to improve the performance of optimization and
+        reduce the complexity.
+
+        That being said, it is essential today to run optimize if you want the best
+        performance.  It should be stable and safe to use in production, but it our
+        hope that the API may be simplified (or not even need to be called) in the
+        future.
+
+        The frequency an application shoudl call optimize is based on the frequency of
+        data modifications.  If data is frequently added, deleted, or updated then
+        optimize should be run frequently.  A good rule of thumb is to run optimize if
+        you have added or modified 100,000 or more records or run more than 20 data
+        modification operations.
+        """
+        if cleanup_older_than is not None:
+            cleanup_older_than = round(cleanup_older_than.total_seconds() * 1000)
+        return await self._inner.optimize(cleanup_older_than)
+
     async def list_indices(self) -> IndexConfig:
         """
         List all indices that have been created with Self::create_index

python/python/tests/test_embeddings_slow.py

@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ except Exception:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("alias", ["sentence-transformers", "openai", "huggingface"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "alias", ["sentence-transformers", "openai", "huggingface", "ollama"]
+)
 def test_basic_text_embeddings(alias, tmp_path):
     db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path)
     registry = get_registry()

python/python/tests/test_fts.py

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def test_syntax(table):
     # https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/issues/769
     table.create_fts_index("text")
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Syntax Error"):
-        table.search("they could have been dogs OR cats").limit(10).to_list()
+        table.search("they could have been dogs OR").limit(10).to_list()
 
     # these should work
 

python/python/tests/test_table.py

@@ -1025,3 +1025,29 @@ async def test_time_travel(db_async: AsyncConnection):
     # Can't use restore if not checked out
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="checkout before running restore"):
         await table.restore()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_optimize(db_async: AsyncConnection):
+    table = await db_async.create_table(
+        "test",
+        data=[{"x": [1]}],
+    )
+    await table.add(
+        data=[
+            {"x": [2]},
+        ],
+    )
+    stats = await table.optimize()
+    assert stats.compaction.files_removed == 2
+    assert stats.compaction.files_added == 1
+    assert stats.compaction.fragments_added == 1
+    assert stats.compaction.fragments_removed == 2
+    assert stats.prune.bytes_removed == 0
+    assert stats.prune.old_versions_removed == 0
+
+    stats = await table.optimize(cleanup_older_than=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    assert stats.prune.bytes_removed > 0
+    assert stats.prune.old_versions_removed == 3
+
+    assert await table.query().to_arrow() == pa.table({"x": [[1], [2]]})

python/src/error.rs

@@ -35,21 +35,16 @@ impl<T> PythonErrorExt<T> for std::result::Result<T, LanceError> {
         match &self {
             Ok(_) => Ok(self.unwrap()),
             Err(err) => match err {
-                LanceError::InvalidInput { .. } => self.value_error(),
+                LanceError::InvalidInput { .. }
-                LanceError::InvalidTableName { .. } => self.value_error(),
+                | LanceError::InvalidTableName { .. }
-                LanceError::TableNotFound { .. } => self.value_error(),
+                | LanceError::TableNotFound { .. }
-                LanceError::Schema { .. } => self.value_error(),
+                | LanceError::Schema { .. } => self.value_error(),
                 LanceError::CreateDir { .. } => self.os_error(),
-                LanceError::TableAlreadyExists { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
                 LanceError::ObjectStore { .. } => Err(PyIOError::new_err(err.to_string())),
-                LanceError::Lance { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
-                LanceError::Runtime { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
-                LanceError::Http { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
-                LanceError::Arrow { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
                 LanceError::NotSupported { .. } => {
                     Err(PyNotImplementedError::new_err(err.to_string()))
                 }
-                LanceError::Other { .. } => self.runtime_error(),
+                _ => self.runtime_error(),
             },
         }
     }

python/src/table.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ use arrow::{
     ffi_stream::ArrowArrayStreamReader,
     pyarrow::{FromPyArrow, ToPyArrow},
 };
-use lancedb::table::{AddDataMode, Table as LanceDbTable};
+use lancedb::table::{
+    AddDataMode, Duration, OptimizeAction, OptimizeOptions, Table as LanceDbTable,
+};
 use pyo3::{
     exceptions::{PyRuntimeError, PyValueError},
     pyclass, pymethods,
@@ -17,6 +19,40 @@ use crate::{
     query::Query,
 };
 
+/// Statistics about a compaction operation.
+#[pyclass(get_all)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CompactionStats {
+    /// The number of fragments removed
+    pub fragments_removed: u64,
+    /// The number of new, compacted fragments added
+    pub fragments_added: u64,
+    /// The number of data files removed
+    pub files_removed: u64,
+    /// The number of new, compacted data files added
+    pub files_added: u64,
+}
+
+/// Statistics about a cleanup operation
+#[pyclass(get_all)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct RemovalStats {
+    /// The number of bytes removed
+    pub bytes_removed: u64,
+    /// The number of old versions removed
+    pub old_versions_removed: u64,
+}
+
+/// Statistics about an optimize operation
+#[pyclass(get_all)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct OptimizeStats {
+    /// Statistics about the compaction operation
+    pub compaction: CompactionStats,
+    /// Statistics about the removal operation
+    pub prune: RemovalStats,
+}
+
 #[pyclass]
 pub struct Table {
     // We keep a copy of the name to use if the inner table is dropped
@@ -191,4 +227,58 @@ impl Table {
     pub fn query(&self) -> Query {
         Query::new(self.inner_ref().unwrap().query())
     }
+
+    pub fn optimize(self_: PyRef<'_, Self>, cleanup_since_ms: Option<u64>) -> PyResult<&PyAny> {
+        let inner = self_.inner_ref()?.clone();
+        let older_than = if let Some(ms) = cleanup_since_ms {
+            if ms > i64::MAX as u64 {
+                return Err(PyValueError::new_err(format!(
+                    "cleanup_since_ms must be between {} and -{}",
+                    i32::MAX,
+                    i32::MAX
+                )));
+            }
+            Duration::try_milliseconds(ms as i64)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        future_into_py(self_.py(), async move {
+            let compaction_stats = inner
+                .optimize(OptimizeAction::Compact {
+                    options: lancedb::table::CompactionOptions::default(),
+                    remap_options: None,
+                })
+                .await
+                .infer_error()?
+                .compaction
+                .unwrap();
+            let prune_stats = inner
+                .optimize(OptimizeAction::Prune {
+                    older_than,
+                    delete_unverified: None,
+                })
+                .await
+                .infer_error()?
+                .prune
+                .unwrap();
+            inner
+                .optimize(lancedb::table::OptimizeAction::Index(
+                    OptimizeOptions::default(),
+                ))
+                .await
+                .infer_error()?;
+            Ok(OptimizeStats {
+                compaction: CompactionStats {
+                    files_added: compaction_stats.files_added as u64,
+                    files_removed: compaction_stats.files_removed as u64,
+                    fragments_added: compaction_stats.fragments_added as u64,
+                    fragments_removed: compaction_stats.fragments_removed as u64,
+                },
+                prune: RemovalStats {
+                    bytes_removed: prune_stats.bytes_removed,
+                    old_versions_removed: prune_stats.old_versions,
+                },
+            })
+        })
+    }
 }

release_process.md

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# Release process
+
+There are five total packages we release. Three are the `lancedb` packages
+for Python, Rust, and Node.js. The other two are the legacy `vectordb`
+packages for Rust and node.js.
+
+The Python package is versioned and released separately from the Rust and Node.js
+ones. For Rust and Node.js, the release process is shared between `lancedb` and
+`vectordb` for now.
+
+## Preview releases
+
+LanceDB has full releases about every 2 weeks, but in between we make frequent
+preview releases. These are released as `0.x.y.betaN` versions. They receive the
+same level of testing as normal releases and let you get access to the latest
+features. However, we do not guarantee that preview releases will be available
+more than 6 months after they are released. We may delete the preview releases
+from the packaging index after a while. Once your application is stable, we
+recommend switching to full releases, which will never be removed from package
+indexes.
+
+## Making releases
+
+The release process uses a handful of GitHub actions to automate the process.
+
+```text
+  ┌─────────────────────┐                                                
+  │Create Release Commit│                                                
+  └─┬───────────────────┘                                                
+    │                           ┌────────────┐ ┌──►Python GH Release     
+    ├──►(tag) python-vX.Y.Z ───►│PyPI Publish├─┤                         
+    │                           └────────────┘ └──►Python Wheels         
+    │                                                                    
+    │                           ┌───────────┐                            
+    └──►(tag) vX.Y.Z ───┬──────►│NPM Publish├──┬──►Rust/Node GH Release  
+                        │       └───────────┘  │                         
+                        │                      └──►NPM Packages          
+                        │       ┌─────────────┐                          
+                        └──────►│Cargo Publish├───►Cargo Release         
+                                └─────────────┘                          
+```
+
+To start a release, trigger a `Create Release Commit` action from
+[the workflows page](https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/actions/workflows/make-release-commit.yml)
+(Click on "Run workflow").
+
+* **For a preview release**, leave the default parameters.
+* **For a stable release**, set the `release_type` input to `stable`.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> If there was a breaking change since the last stable release, and we haven't
+> done so yet, we should increment the minor version. The CI will detect if this
+> is needed and fail the `Create Release Commit` job. To fix, select the
+> "bump minor version" option.
+
+## Breaking changes
+
+We try to avoid breaking changes, but sometimes they are necessary. When there
+are breaking changes, we will increment the minor version. (This is valid 
+semantic versioning because we are still in `0.x` versions.)
+
+When a PR makes a breaking change, the PR author should mark the PR using the 
+conventional commit markers: either exclamation mark after the type
+(such as `feat!: change signature of func`) or have `BREAKING CHANGE` in the
+body of the PR. A CI job will add a `breaking-change` label to the PR, which is
+what will ultimately be used to CI to determine if the minor version should be
+incremented.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Reviewers should check that PRs with breaking changes receive the `breaking-change`
+> label. If a PR is missing the label, please add it, even if after it was merged.
+> This label is used in the release process.
+
+Some things that are considered breaking changes:
+
+* Upgrading `lance` to a new minor version. Minor version bumps in Lance are
+  considered breaking changes during `0.x` releases. This can change behavior
+  in LanceDB.
+* Upgrading a dependency pin that is in the Rust API. In particular, upgrading
+  `DataFusion` and `Arrow` are breaking changes. Changing dependencies that are
+  not exposed in our public API are not considered breaking changes.
+* Changing the signature of a public function or method.
+* Removing a public function or method.
+
+We do make exceptions for APIs that are marked as experimental. These are APIs
+that are under active development and not in major use. These changes should not
+receive the `breaking-change` label.

rust/ffi/node/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "lancedb-node"
-version = "0.4.17"
+version = "0.4.20"
 description = "Serverless, low-latency vector database for AI applications"
 license.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true

rust/ffi/node/src/error.rs

@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ use snafu::Snafu;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Snafu)]
 pub enum Error {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     #[snafu(display("column '{name}' is missing"))]
     MissingColumn { name: String },
     #[snafu(display("{name}: {message}"))]
     OutOfRange { name: String, message: String },
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     #[snafu(display("{index_type} is not a valid index type"))]
     InvalidIndexType { index_type: String },
 

rust/ffi/node/src/lib.rs

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn database_new(mut cx: FunctionContext) -> JsResult<JsPromise> {
     for handle in storage_options_js {
         let obj = handle.downcast::<JsArray, _>(&mut cx).unwrap();
         let key = obj.get::<JsString, _, _>(&mut cx, 0)?.value(&mut cx);
-        let value = obj.get::<JsString, _, _>(&mut cx, 0)?.value(&mut cx);
+        let value = obj.get::<JsString, _, _>(&mut cx, 1)?.value(&mut cx);
 
         storage_options.push((key, value));
     }

rust/ffi/node/src/neon_ext/js_object_ext.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use neon::prelude::*;
 pub trait JsObjectExt {
     fn get_opt_u32(&self, cx: &mut FunctionContext, key: &str) -> Result<Option<u32>>;
     fn get_usize(&self, cx: &mut FunctionContext, key: &str) -> Result<usize>;
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     fn get_opt_usize(&self, cx: &mut FunctionContext, key: &str) -> Result<Option<usize>>;
 }
 

rust/ffi/node/src/table.rs

@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ impl JsTable {
         rt.spawn(async move {
             let stats = table
                 .optimize(OptimizeAction::Prune {
-                    older_than,
+                    older_than: Some(older_than),
                     delete_unverified,
                 })
                 .await;

rust/lancedb/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "lancedb"
-version = "0.4.17"
+version = "0.4.20"
 edition.workspace = true
 description = "LanceDB: A serverless, low-latency vector database for AI applications"
 license.workspace = true
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ serde = { version = "^1" }
 serde_json = { version = "1" }
 # For remote feature
 reqwest = { version = "0.11.24", features = ["gzip", "json"], optional = true }
+polars-arrow = { version = ">=0.37,<0.40.0", optional = true }
+polars = { version = ">=0.37,<0.40.0", optional = true}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = "3.5.0"
@@ -47,12 +49,16 @@ rand = { version = "0.8.3", features = ["small_rng"] }
 uuid = { version = "1.7.0", features = ["v4"] }
 walkdir = "2"
 # For s3 integration tests (dev deps aren't allowed to be optional atm)
-aws-sdk-s3 = { version = "1.0" }
+# We pin these because the content-length check breaks with localstack
-aws-sdk-kms = { version = "1.0" }
+# https://github.com/smithy-lang/smithy-rs/releases/tag/release-2024-05-21
+aws-sdk-s3 = { version = "=1.23.0" }
+aws-sdk-kms = { version = "=1.21.0" }
 aws-config = { version = "1.0" }
+aws-smithy-runtime = { version = "=1.3.0" }
 
 [features]
 default = []
 remote = ["dep:reqwest"]
 fp16kernels = ["lance-linalg/fp16kernels"]
 s3-test = []
+polars = ["dep:polars-arrow", "dep:polars"]

rust/lancedb/src/arrow.rs

@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@
 
 use std::{pin::Pin, sync::Arc};
 
-pub use arrow_array;
 pub use arrow_schema;
 use futures::{Stream, StreamExt};
 
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+use {crate::polars_arrow_convertors, polars::frame::ArrowChunk, polars::prelude::DataFrame};
+
 use crate::error::Result;
 
 /// An iterator of batches that also has a schema
@@ -114,8 +116,183 @@ pub trait IntoArrow {
     fn into_arrow(self) -> Result<Box<dyn arrow_array::RecordBatchReader + Send>>;
 }
 
+pub type BoxedRecordBatchReader = Box<dyn arrow_array::RecordBatchReader + Send>;
+
 impl<T: arrow_array::RecordBatchReader + Send + 'static> IntoArrow for T {
     fn into_arrow(self) -> Result<Box<dyn arrow_array::RecordBatchReader + Send>> {
         Ok(Box::new(self))
     }
 }
+
+impl<S: Stream<Item = Result<arrow_array::RecordBatch>>> SimpleRecordBatchStream<S> {
+    pub fn new(stream: S, schema: Arc<arrow_schema::Schema>) -> Self {
+        Self { schema, stream }
+    }
+}
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+/// An iterator of record batches formed from a Polars DataFrame.
+pub struct PolarsDataFrameRecordBatchReader {
+    chunks: std::vec::IntoIter<ArrowChunk>,
+    arrow_schema: Arc<arrow_schema::Schema>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+impl PolarsDataFrameRecordBatchReader {
+    /// Creates a new `PolarsDataFrameRecordBatchReader` from a given Polars DataFrame.
+    /// If the input dataframe does not have aligned chunks, this function undergoes
+    /// the costly operation of reallocating each series as a single contigous chunk.
+    pub fn new(mut df: DataFrame) -> Result<Self> {
+        df.align_chunks();
+        let arrow_schema =
+            polars_arrow_convertors::convert_polars_df_schema_to_arrow_rb_schema(df.schema())?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            chunks: df
+                .iter_chunks(polars_arrow_convertors::POLARS_ARROW_FLAVOR)
+                .collect::<Vec<ArrowChunk>>()
+                .into_iter(),
+            arrow_schema,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+impl Iterator for PolarsDataFrameRecordBatchReader {
+    type Item = std::result::Result<arrow_array::RecordBatch, arrow_schema::ArrowError>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.chunks.next().map(|chunk| {
+            let columns: std::result::Result<Vec<arrow_array::ArrayRef>, arrow_schema::ArrowError> =
+                chunk
+                    .into_arrays()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .zip(self.arrow_schema.fields.iter())
+                    .map(|(polars_array, arrow_field)| {
+                        polars_arrow_convertors::convert_polars_arrow_array_to_arrow_rs_array(
+                            polars_array,
+                            arrow_field.data_type().clone(),
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+            arrow_array::RecordBatch::try_new(self.arrow_schema.clone(), columns?)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+impl arrow_array::RecordBatchReader for PolarsDataFrameRecordBatchReader {
+    fn schema(&self) -> Arc<arrow_schema::Schema> {
+        self.arrow_schema.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A trait for converting the result of a LanceDB query into a Polars DataFrame with aligned
+/// chunks. The resulting Polars DataFrame will have aligned chunks, but the series's
+/// chunks are not guaranteed to be contiguous.
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+pub trait IntoPolars {
+    fn into_polars(self) -> impl std::future::Future<Output = Result<DataFrame>> + Send;
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+impl IntoPolars for SendableRecordBatchStream {
+    async fn into_polars(mut self) -> Result<DataFrame> {
+        let polars_schema =
+            polars_arrow_convertors::convert_arrow_rb_schema_to_polars_df_schema(&self.schema())?;
+        let mut acc_df: DataFrame = DataFrame::from(&polars_schema);
+        while let Some(record_batch) = self.next().await {
+            let new_df = polars_arrow_convertors::convert_arrow_rb_to_polars_df(
+                &record_batch?,
+                &polars_schema,
+            )?;
+            acc_df = acc_df.vstack(&new_df)?;
+        }
+        Ok(acc_df)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, feature = "polars"))]
+mod tests {
+    use super::SendableRecordBatchStream;
+    use crate::arrow::{
+        IntoArrow, IntoPolars, PolarsDataFrameRecordBatchReader, SimpleRecordBatchStream,
+    };
+    use polars::prelude::{DataFrame, NamedFrom, Series};
+
+    fn get_record_batch_reader_from_polars() -> Box<dyn arrow_array::RecordBatchReader + Send> {
+        let mut string_series = Series::new("string", &["ab"]);
+        let mut int_series = Series::new("int", &[1]);
+        let mut float_series = Series::new("float", &[1.0]);
+        let df1 = DataFrame::new(vec![string_series, int_series, float_series]).unwrap();
+
+        string_series = Series::new("string", &["bc"]);
+        int_series = Series::new("int", &[2]);
+        float_series = Series::new("float", &[2.0]);
+        let df2 = DataFrame::new(vec![string_series, int_series, float_series]).unwrap();
+
+        PolarsDataFrameRecordBatchReader::new(df1.vstack(&df2).unwrap())
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_arrow()
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_polars_to_arrow() {
+        let record_batch_reader = get_record_batch_reader_from_polars();
+        let schema = record_batch_reader.schema();
+
+        // Test schema conversion
+        assert_eq!(
+            schema
+                .fields
+                .iter()
+                .map(|field| (field.name().as_str(), field.data_type()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![
+                ("string", &arrow_schema::DataType::LargeUtf8),
+                ("int", &arrow_schema::DataType::Int32),
+                ("float", &arrow_schema::DataType::Float64)
+            ]
+        );
+        let record_batches: Vec<arrow_array::RecordBatch> =
+            record_batch_reader.map(|result| result.unwrap()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(record_batches.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(schema, record_batches[0].schema());
+        assert_eq!(record_batches[0].schema(), record_batches[1].schema());
+
+        // Test number of rows
+        assert_eq!(record_batches[0].num_rows(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(record_batches[1].num_rows(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn from_arrow_to_polars() {
+        let record_batch_reader = get_record_batch_reader_from_polars();
+        let schema = record_batch_reader.schema();
+        let stream: SendableRecordBatchStream = Box::pin(SimpleRecordBatchStream {
+            schema: schema.clone(),
+            stream: futures::stream::iter(
+                record_batch_reader
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|r| r.map_err(Into::into)),
+            ),
+        });
+        let df = stream.into_polars().await.unwrap();
+
+        // Test number of chunks and rows
+        assert_eq!(df.n_chunks(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(df.height(), 2);
+
+        // Test schema conversion
+        assert_eq!(
+            df.schema()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(name, datatype)| (name.to_string(), datatype))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![
+                ("string".to_string(), polars::prelude::DataType::String),
+                ("int".to_owned(), polars::prelude::DataType::Int32),
+                ("float".to_owned(), polars::prelude::DataType::Float64)
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+}

rust/lancedb/src/connection.rs

@@ -27,9 +27,12 @@ use object_store::{aws::AwsCredential, local::LocalFileSystem};
 use snafu::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::arrow::IntoArrow;
+use crate::embeddings::{
+    EmbeddingDefinition, EmbeddingFunction, EmbeddingRegistry, MemoryRegistry, WithEmbeddings,
+};
 use crate::error::{CreateDirSnafu, Error, InvalidTableNameSnafu, Result};
 use crate::io::object_store::MirroringObjectStoreWrapper;
-use crate::table::{NativeTable, WriteOptions};
+use crate::table::{NativeTable, TableDefinition, WriteOptions};
 use crate::utils::validate_table_name;
 use crate::Table;
 
@@ -133,9 +136,10 @@ pub struct CreateTableBuilder<const HAS_DATA: bool, T: IntoArrow> {
     parent: Arc<dyn ConnectionInternal>,
     pub(crate) name: String,
     pub(crate) data: Option<T>,
-    pub(crate) schema: Option<SchemaRef>,
     pub(crate) mode: CreateTableMode,
     pub(crate) write_options: WriteOptions,
+    pub(crate) table_definition: Option<TableDefinition>,
+    pub(crate) embeddings: Vec<(EmbeddingDefinition, Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>)>,
 }
 
 // Builder methods that only apply when we have initial data
@@ -145,9 +149,10 @@ impl<T: IntoArrow> CreateTableBuilder<true, T> {
             parent,
             name,
             data: Some(data),
-            schema: None,
             mode: CreateTableMode::default(),
             write_options: WriteOptions::default(),
+            table_definition: None,
+            embeddings: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -175,24 +180,43 @@ impl<T: IntoArrow> CreateTableBuilder<true, T> {
             parent: self.parent,
             name: self.name,
             data: None,
-            schema: self.schema,
+            table_definition: self.table_definition,
             mode: self.mode,
             write_options: self.write_options,
+            embeddings: self.embeddings,
         };
         Ok((data, builder))
     }
+
+    pub fn add_embedding(mut self, definition: EmbeddingDefinition) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Early verification of the embedding name
+        let embedding_func = self
+            .parent
+            .embedding_registry()
+            .get(&definition.embedding_name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::EmbeddingFunctionNotFound {
+                name: definition.embedding_name.clone(),
+                reason: "No embedding function found in the connection's embedding_registry"
+                    .to_string(),
+            })?;
+
+        self.embeddings.push((definition, embedding_func));
+        Ok(self)
+    }
 }
 
 // Builder methods that only apply when we do not have initial data
 impl CreateTableBuilder<false, NoData> {
     fn new(parent: Arc<dyn ConnectionInternal>, name: String, schema: SchemaRef) -> Self {
+        let table_definition = TableDefinition::new_from_schema(schema);
         Self {
             parent,
             name,
             data: None,
-            schema: Some(schema),
+            table_definition: Some(table_definition),
             mode: CreateTableMode::default(),
             write_options: WriteOptions::default(),
+            embeddings: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -350,6 +374,7 @@ impl OpenTableBuilder {
 pub(crate) trait ConnectionInternal:
     Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug + std::fmt::Display + 'static
 {
+    fn embedding_registry(&self) -> &dyn EmbeddingRegistry;
     async fn table_names(&self, options: TableNamesBuilder) -> Result<Vec<String>>;
     async fn do_create_table(
         &self,
@@ -366,7 +391,7 @@ pub(crate) trait ConnectionInternal:
     ) -> Result<Table> {
         let batches = Box::new(RecordBatchIterator::new(
             vec![],
-            options.schema.as_ref().unwrap().clone(),
+            options.table_definition.clone().unwrap().schema.clone(),
         ));
         self.do_create_table(options, batches).await
     }
@@ -453,6 +478,13 @@ impl Connection {
     pub async fn drop_db(&self) -> Result<()> {
         self.internal.drop_db().await
     }
+
+    /// Get the in-memory embedding registry.
+    /// It's important to note that the embedding registry is not persisted across connections.
+    /// So if a table contains embeddings, you will need to make sure that you are using a connection that has the same embedding functions registered
+    pub fn embedding_registry(&self) -> &dyn EmbeddingRegistry {
+        self.internal.embedding_registry()
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -486,6 +518,7 @@ pub struct ConnectBuilder {
     /// consistency only applies to read operations. Write operations are
     /// always consistent.
     read_consistency_interval: Option<std::time::Duration>,
+    embedding_registry: Option<Arc<dyn EmbeddingRegistry>>,
 }
 
 impl ConnectBuilder {
@@ -498,6 +531,7 @@ impl ConnectBuilder {
             host_override: None,
             read_consistency_interval: None,
             storage_options: HashMap::new(),
+            embedding_registry: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -516,6 +550,12 @@ impl ConnectBuilder {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Provide a custom [`EmbeddingRegistry`] to use for this connection.
+    pub fn embedding_registry(mut self, registry: Arc<dyn EmbeddingRegistry>) -> Self {
+        self.embedding_registry = Some(registry);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// [`AwsCredential`] to use when connecting to S3.
     #[deprecated(note = "Pass through storage_options instead")]
     pub fn aws_creds(mut self, aws_creds: AwsCredential) -> Self {
@@ -642,6 +682,7 @@ struct Database {
 
     // Storage options to be inherited by tables created from this connection
     storage_options: HashMap<String, String>,
+    embedding_registry: Arc<dyn EmbeddingRegistry>,
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for Database {
@@ -675,7 +716,12 @@ impl Database {
         // TODO: pass params regardless of OS
         match parse_res {
             Ok(url) if url.scheme().len() == 1 && cfg!(windows) => {
-                Self::open_path(uri, options.read_consistency_interval).await
+                Self::open_path(
+                    uri,
+                    options.read_consistency_interval,
+                    options.embedding_registry.clone(),
+                )
+                .await
             }
             Ok(mut url) => {
                 // iter thru the query params and extract the commit store param
@@ -745,6 +791,10 @@ impl Database {
                     None => None,
                 };
 
+                let embedding_registry = options
+                    .embedding_registry
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Arc::new(MemoryRegistry::new()));
                 Ok(Self {
                     uri: table_base_uri,
                     query_string,
@@ -753,20 +803,33 @@ impl Database {
                     store_wrapper: write_store_wrapper,
                     read_consistency_interval: options.read_consistency_interval,
                     storage_options,
+                    embedding_registry,
                 })
             }
-            Err(_) => Self::open_path(uri, options.read_consistency_interval).await,
+            Err(_) => {
+                Self::open_path(
+                    uri,
+                    options.read_consistency_interval,
+                    options.embedding_registry.clone(),
+                )
+                .await
+            }
         }
     }
 
     async fn open_path(
         path: &str,
         read_consistency_interval: Option<std::time::Duration>,
+        embedding_registry: Option<Arc<dyn EmbeddingRegistry>>,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         let (object_store, base_path) = ObjectStore::from_uri(path).await?;
         if object_store.is_local() {
             Self::try_create_dir(path).context(CreateDirSnafu { path })?;
         }
+
+        let embedding_registry =
+            embedding_registry.unwrap_or_else(|| Arc::new(MemoryRegistry::new()));
+
         Ok(Self {
             uri: path.to_string(),
             query_string: None,
@@ -775,6 +838,7 @@ impl Database {
             store_wrapper: None,
             read_consistency_interval,
             storage_options: HashMap::new(),
+            embedding_registry,
         })
     }
 
@@ -815,6 +879,9 @@ impl Database {
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl ConnectionInternal for Database {
+    fn embedding_registry(&self) -> &dyn EmbeddingRegistry {
+        self.embedding_registry.as_ref()
+    }
     async fn table_names(&self, options: TableNamesBuilder) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
         let mut f = self
             .object_store
@@ -851,7 +918,7 @@ impl ConnectionInternal for Database {
         data: Box<dyn RecordBatchReader + Send>,
     ) -> Result<Table> {
         let table_uri = self.table_uri(&options.name)?;
-
+        let embedding_registry = self.embedding_registry.clone();
         // Inherit storage options from the connection
         let storage_options = options
             .write_options
@@ -866,6 +933,11 @@ impl ConnectionInternal for Database {
                 storage_options.insert(key.clone(), value.clone());
             }
         }
+        let data = if options.embeddings.is_empty() {
+            data
+        } else {
+            Box::new(WithEmbeddings::new(data, options.embeddings))
+        };
 
         let mut write_params = options.write_options.lance_write_params.unwrap_or_default();
         if matches!(&options.mode, CreateTableMode::Overwrite) {
@@ -882,7 +954,10 @@ impl ConnectionInternal for Database {
         )
         .await
         {
-            Ok(table) => Ok(Table::new(Arc::new(table))),
+            Ok(table) => Ok(Table::new_with_embedding_registry(
+                Arc::new(table),
+                embedding_registry,
+            )),
             Err(Error::TableAlreadyExists { name }) => match options.mode {
                 CreateTableMode::Create => Err(Error::TableAlreadyExists { name }),
                 CreateTableMode::ExistOk(callback) => {

rust/lancedb/src/embeddings.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+// Copyright 2024 LanceDB Developers.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use lance::arrow::RecordBatchExt;
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::{Arc, RwLock},
+};
+
+use arrow_array::{Array, RecordBatch, RecordBatchReader};
+use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, SchemaBuilder};
+// use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::{
+    error::Result,
+    table::{ColumnDefinition, ColumnKind, TableDefinition},
+    Error,
+};
+
+/// Trait for embedding functions
+///
+/// An embedding function is a function that is applied to a column of input data
+/// to produce an "embedding" of that input.  This embedding is then stored in the
+/// database alongside (or instead of) the original input.
+///
+/// An "embedding" is often a lower-dimensional representation of the input data.
+/// For example, sentence-transformers can be used to embed sentences into a 768-dimensional
+/// vector space.  This is useful for tasks like similarity search, where we want to find
+/// similar sentences to a query sentence.
+///
+/// To use an embedding function you must first register it with the `EmbeddingsRegistry`.
+/// Then you can define it on a column in the table schema. That embedding will then be used
+/// to embed the data in that column.
+pub trait EmbeddingFunction: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+    /// The type of the input data
+    fn source_type(&self) -> Result<Cow<DataType>>;
+    /// The type of the output data
+    /// This should **always** match the output of the `embed` function
+    fn dest_type(&self) -> Result<Cow<DataType>>;
+    /// Embed the input
+    fn embed(&self, source: Arc<dyn Array>) -> Result<Arc<dyn Array>>;
+}
+
+/// Defines an embedding from input data into a lower-dimensional space
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct EmbeddingDefinition {
+    /// The name of the column in the input data
+    pub source_column: String,
+    /// The name of the embedding column, if not specified
+    /// it will be the source column with `_embedding` appended
+    pub dest_column: Option<String>,
+    /// The name of the embedding function to apply
+    pub embedding_name: String,
+}
+
+impl EmbeddingDefinition {
+    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(source_column: S, embedding_name: S, dest: Option<S>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            source_column: source_column.into(),
+            dest_column: dest.map(|d| d.into()),
+            embedding_name: embedding_name.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A registry of embedding
+pub trait EmbeddingRegistry: Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug {
+    /// Return the names of all registered embedding functions
+    fn functions(&self) -> HashSet<String>;
+    /// Register a new [`EmbeddingFunction
+    /// Returns an error if the function can not be registered
+    fn register(&self, name: &str, function: Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>) -> Result<()>;
+    /// Get an embedding function by name
+    fn get(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>>;
+}
+
+/// A [`EmbeddingRegistry`] that uses in-memory [`HashMap`]s
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct MemoryRegistry {
+    functions: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<String, Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>>>>,
+}
+
+impl EmbeddingRegistry for MemoryRegistry {
+    fn functions(&self) -> HashSet<String> {
+        self.functions.read().unwrap().keys().cloned().collect()
+    }
+    fn register(&self, name: &str, function: Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.functions
+            .write()
+            .unwrap()
+            .insert(name.to_string(), function);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>> {
+        self.functions.read().unwrap().get(name).cloned()
+    }
+}
+
+impl MemoryRegistry {
+    /// Create a new `MemoryRegistry`
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A record batch reader that has embeddings applied to it
+/// This is a wrapper around another record batch reader that applies an embedding function
+/// when reading from the record batch
+pub struct WithEmbeddings<R: RecordBatchReader> {
+    inner: R,
+    embeddings: Vec<(EmbeddingDefinition, Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>)>,
+}
+
+/// A record batch that might have embeddings applied to it.
+pub enum MaybeEmbedded<R: RecordBatchReader> {
+    /// The record batch reader has embeddings applied to it
+    Yes(WithEmbeddings<R>),
+    /// The record batch reader does not have embeddings applied to it
+    /// The inner record batch reader is returned as-is
+    No(R),
+}
+
+impl<R: RecordBatchReader> MaybeEmbedded<R> {
+    /// Create a new RecordBatchReader with embeddings applied to it if the table definition
+    /// specifies an embedding column and the registry contains an embedding function with that name
+    /// Otherwise, this is a no-op and the inner RecordBatchReader is returned.
+    pub fn try_new(
+        inner: R,
+        table_definition: TableDefinition,
+        registry: Option<Arc<dyn EmbeddingRegistry>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        if let Some(registry) = registry {
+            let mut embeddings = Vec::with_capacity(table_definition.column_definitions.len());
+            for cd in table_definition.column_definitions.iter() {
+                if let ColumnKind::Embedding(embedding_def) = &cd.kind {
+                    match registry.get(&embedding_def.embedding_name) {
+                        Some(func) => {
+                            embeddings.push((embedding_def.clone(), func));
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            return Err(Error::EmbeddingFunctionNotFound {
+                                name: embedding_def.embedding_name.clone(),
+                                reason: format!(
+                                    "Table was defined with an embedding column `{}` but no embedding function was found with that name within the registry.",
+                                    embedding_def.embedding_name
+                                ),
+                            });
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !embeddings.is_empty() {
+                return Ok(Self::Yes(WithEmbeddings { inner, embeddings }));
+            }
+        };
+
+        // No embeddings to apply
+        Ok(Self::No(inner))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: RecordBatchReader> WithEmbeddings<R> {
+    pub fn new(
+        inner: R,
+        embeddings: Vec<(EmbeddingDefinition, Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>)>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { inner, embeddings }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: RecordBatchReader> WithEmbeddings<R> {
+    fn dest_fields(&self) -> Result<Vec<Field>> {
+        let schema = self.inner.schema();
+        self.embeddings
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(ed, func)| {
+                let src_field = schema.field_with_name(&ed.source_column).unwrap();
+
+                let field_name = ed
+                    .dest_column
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{}_embedding", &ed.source_column));
+                Ok(Field::new(
+                    field_name,
+                    func.dest_type()?.into_owned(),
+                    src_field.is_nullable(),
+                ))
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn column_defs(&self) -> Vec<ColumnDefinition> {
+        let base_schema = self.inner.schema();
+        base_schema
+            .fields()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|_| ColumnDefinition {
+                kind: ColumnKind::Physical,
+            })
+            .chain(self.embeddings.iter().map(|(ed, _)| ColumnDefinition {
+                kind: ColumnKind::Embedding(ed.clone()),
+            }))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    }
+
+    pub fn table_definition(&self) -> Result<TableDefinition> {
+        let base_schema = self.inner.schema();
+
+        let output_fields = self.dest_fields()?;
+        let column_definitions = self.column_defs();
+
+        let mut sb: SchemaBuilder = base_schema.as_ref().into();
+        sb.extend(output_fields);
+
+        let schema = Arc::new(sb.finish());
+        Ok(TableDefinition {
+            schema,
+            column_definitions,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: RecordBatchReader> Iterator for MaybeEmbedded<R> {
+    type Item = std::result::Result<RecordBatch, arrow_schema::ArrowError>;
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Yes(inner) => inner.next(),
+            Self::No(inner) => inner.next(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: RecordBatchReader> RecordBatchReader for MaybeEmbedded<R> {
+    fn schema(&self) -> Arc<arrow_schema::Schema> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Yes(inner) => inner.schema(),
+            Self::No(inner) => inner.schema(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: RecordBatchReader> Iterator for WithEmbeddings<R> {
+    type Item = std::result::Result<RecordBatch, arrow_schema::ArrowError>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let batch = self.inner.next()?;
+        match batch {
+            Ok(mut batch) => {
+                // todo: parallelize this
+                for (fld, func) in self.embeddings.iter() {
+                    let src_column = batch.column_by_name(&fld.source_column).unwrap();
+                    let embedding = match func.embed(src_column.clone()) {
+                        Ok(embedding) => embedding,
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            return Some(Err(arrow_schema::ArrowError::ComputeError(format!(
+                                "Error computing embedding: {}",
+                                e
+                            ))))
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let dst_field_name = fld
+                        .dest_column
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{}_embedding", &fld.source_column));
+
+                    let dst_field = Field::new(
+                        dst_field_name,
+                        embedding.data_type().clone(),
+                        embedding.nulls().is_some(),
+                    );
+
+                    match batch.try_with_column(dst_field.clone(), embedding) {
+                        Ok(b) => batch = b,
+                        Err(e) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                    };
+                }
+                Some(Ok(batch))
+            }
+            Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: RecordBatchReader> RecordBatchReader for WithEmbeddings<R> {
+    fn schema(&self) -> Arc<arrow_schema::Schema> {
+        self.table_definition()
+            .expect("table definition should be infallible at this point")
+            .into_rich_schema()
+    }
+}

rust/lancedb/src/error.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ pub enum Error {
     InvalidInput { message: String },
     #[snafu(display("Table '{name}' was not found"))]
     TableNotFound { name: String },
+    #[snafu(display("Embedding function '{name}' was not found. : {reason}"))]
+    EmbeddingFunctionNotFound { name: String, reason: String },
+
     #[snafu(display("Table '{name}' already exists"))]
     TableAlreadyExists { name: String },
     #[snafu(display("Unable to created lance dataset at {path}: {source}"))]
@@ -112,3 +115,13 @@ impl From<url::ParseError> for Error {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+impl From<polars::prelude::PolarsError> for Error {
+    fn from(source: polars::prelude::PolarsError) -> Self {
+        Self::Other {
+            message: "Error in Polars DataFrame integration.".to_string(),
+            source: Some(Box::new(source)),
+        }
+    }
+}

rust/lancedb/src/index.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::{table::TableInternal, Result};
 
-use self::{scalar::BTreeIndexBuilder, vector::IvfPqIndexBuilder};
+use self::{
+    scalar::BTreeIndexBuilder,
+    vector::{IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder, IvfPqIndexBuilder},
+};
 
 pub mod scalar;
 pub mod vector;
@@ -25,6 +28,7 @@ pub enum Index {
     Auto,
     BTree(BTreeIndexBuilder),
     IvfPq(IvfPqIndexBuilder),
+    IvfHnswSq(IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder),
 }
 
 /// Builder for the create_index operation
@@ -65,6 +69,7 @@ impl IndexBuilder {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub enum IndexType {
     IvfPq,
+    IvfHnswSq,
     BTree,
 }
 

rust/lancedb/src/index/vector.rs

@@ -83,10 +83,14 @@ pub struct VectorIndexStatistics {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct IvfPqIndexBuilder {
     pub(crate) distance_type: DistanceType,
+
+    // IVF
     pub(crate) num_partitions: Option<u32>,
-    pub(crate) num_sub_vectors: Option<u32>,
     pub(crate) sample_rate: u32,
     pub(crate) max_iterations: u32,
+
+    // PQ
+    pub(crate) num_sub_vectors: Option<u32>,
 }
 
 impl Default for IvfPqIndexBuilder {
@@ -201,3 +205,124 @@ pub(crate) fn suggested_num_sub_vectors(dim: u32) -> u32 {
         1
     }
 }
+
+/// Builder for an IVF_HNSW_SQ index.
+///
+/// This index is a combination of IVF and HNSW.
+/// The IVF part is the same as the IVF PQ index.
+/// For each IVF partition, this builds a HNSW graph, the graph is used to
+/// quickly find the closest vectors to a query vector.
+///
+/// The SQ (scalar quantizer) is used to compress the vectors,
+/// each vector is mapped to a 8-bit integer vector, 4x compression ratio for float32 vector.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder {
+    // IVF
+    pub(crate) distance_type: DistanceType,
+    pub(crate) num_partitions: Option<u32>,
+    pub(crate) sample_rate: u32,
+    pub(crate) max_iterations: u32,
+
+    // HNSW
+    pub(crate) m: u32,
+    pub(crate) ef_construction: u32,
+    // SQ
+    // TODO add num_bits for SQ after it supports another num_bits besides 8
+}
+
+impl Default for IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            distance_type: DistanceType::L2,
+            num_partitions: None,
+            sample_rate: 256,
+            max_iterations: 50,
+            m: 20,
+            ef_construction: 300,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder {
+    /// [DistanceType] to use to build the index.
+    ///
+    /// Default value is [DistanceType::L2].
+    ///
+    /// This is used when training the index to calculate the IVF partitions (vectors are
+    /// grouped in partitions with similar vectors according to this distance type)
+    ///
+    /// The metric type used to train an index MUST match the metric type used to search the
+    /// index.  Failure to do so will yield inaccurate results.
+    ///
+    /// Now IVF_HNSW_SQ only supports L2 and Cosine distance types.
+    pub fn distance_type(mut self, distance_type: DistanceType) -> Self {
+        self.distance_type = distance_type;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The number of IVF partitions to create.
+    ///
+    /// This value should generally scale with the number of rows in the dataset.  By default
+    /// the number of partitions is the square root of the number of rows.
+    ///
+    /// If this value is too large then the first part of the search (picking the right partition)
+    /// will be slow.  If this value is too small then the second part of the search (searching
+    /// within a partition) will be slow.
+    pub fn num_partitions(mut self, num_partitions: u32) -> Self {
+        self.num_partitions = Some(num_partitions);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The rate used to calculate the number of training vectors for kmeans and SQ.
+    ///
+    /// When an IVF_HNSW_SQ index is trained, we need to calculate partitions and min/max value of vectors.  These are groups
+    /// of vectors that are similar to each other.  To do this we use an algorithm called kmeans.
+    ///
+    /// Running kmeans on a large dataset can be slow.  To speed this up we run kmeans on a
+    /// random sample of the data.  This parameter controls the size of the sample.  The total
+    /// number of vectors used to train the IVF is `sample_rate * num_partitions`.
+    ///
+    /// The total number of vectors used to train the SQ is `sample_rate * 2^{num_bits}`.
+    ///
+    /// Increasing this value might improve the quality of the index but in most cases the
+    /// default should be sufficient.
+    ///
+    /// The default value is 256.
+    pub fn sample_rate(mut self, sample_rate: u32) -> Self {
+        self.sample_rate = sample_rate;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Max iterations to train kmeans.
+    ///
+    /// When training an IVF index we use kmeans to calculate the partitions.  This parameter
+    /// controls how many iterations of kmeans to run.
+    ///
+    /// Increasing this might improve the quality of the index but in most cases the parameter
+    /// is unused because kmeans will converge with fewer iterations.  The parameter is only
+    /// used in cases where kmeans does not appear to converge.  In those cases it is unlikely
+    /// that setting this larger will lead to the index converging anyways.
+    ///
+    /// The default value is 50.
+    pub fn max_iterations(mut self, max_iterations: u32) -> Self {
+        self.max_iterations = max_iterations;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The number of neighbors to select for each vector in the HNSW graph.
+    /// Bumping this number will increase the recall of the search but also increase the build/search time.
+    /// The default value is 20.
+    pub fn m(mut self, m: u32) -> Self {
+        self.m = m;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The number of candidates to evaluate during the construction of the HNSW graph.
+    /// Bumping this number will increase the recall of the search but also increase the build/search time.
+    /// This value should be not less than `ef` in the search phase.
+    /// The default value is 300.
+    pub fn ef_construction(mut self, ef_construction: u32) -> Self {
+        self.ef_construction = ef_construction;
+        self
+    }
+}

rust/lancedb/src/lib.rs

@@ -194,10 +194,13 @@
 pub mod arrow;
 pub mod connection;
 pub mod data;
+pub mod embeddings;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod index;
 pub mod io;
 pub mod ipc;
+#[cfg(feature = "polars")]
+mod polars_arrow_convertors;
 pub mod query;
 #[cfg(feature = "remote")]
 pub(crate) mod remote;
@@ -235,6 +238,9 @@ pub enum DistanceType {
     /// distance has a range of (-∞, ∞). If the vectors are normalized (i.e. their
     /// L2 norm is 1), then dot distance is equivalent to the cosine distance.
     Dot,
+    /// Hamming distance. Hamming distance is a distance metric that measures
+    /// the number of positions at which the corresponding elements are different.
+    Hamming,
 }
 
 impl From<DistanceType> for LanceDistanceType {
@@ -243,6 +249,7 @@ impl From<DistanceType> for LanceDistanceType {
             DistanceType::L2 => Self::L2,
             DistanceType::Cosine => Self::Cosine,
             DistanceType::Dot => Self::Dot,
+            DistanceType::Hamming => Self::Hamming,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -253,6 +260,7 @@ impl From<LanceDistanceType> for DistanceType {
             LanceDistanceType::L2 => Self::L2,
             LanceDistanceType::Cosine => Self::Cosine,
             LanceDistanceType::Dot => Self::Dot,
+            LanceDistanceType::Hamming => Self::Hamming,
         }
     }
 }

rust/lancedb/src/polars_arrow_convertors.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/// Polars and LanceDB both use Arrow for their in memory-representation, but use
+/// different Rust Arrow implementations. LanceDB uses the arrow-rs crate and
+/// Polars uses the polars-arrow crate.
+///
+/// This crate defines zero-copy conversions (of the underlying buffers)
+/// between polars-arrow and arrow-rs using the C FFI.
+///
+/// The polars-arrow does implement conversions to and from arrow-rs, but
+/// requires a feature flagged dependency on arrow-rs. The version of arrow-rs
+/// depended on by polars-arrow and LanceDB may not be compatible,
+/// which necessitates using the C FFI.
+use crate::error::Result;
+use polars::prelude::{DataFrame, Series};
+use std::{mem, sync::Arc};
+
+/// When interpreting Polars dataframes as polars-arrow record batches,
+/// one must decide whether to use Arrow string/binary view types
+/// instead of the standard Arrow string/binary types.
+/// For now, we will not use string view types because conversions
+/// for string view types from polars-arrow to arrow-rs are not yet implemented.
+/// See: https://lists.apache.org/thread/w88tpz76ox8h3rxkjl4so6rg3f1rv7wt for the
+/// differences in the types.
+pub const POLARS_ARROW_FLAVOR: bool = false;
+const IS_ARRAY_NULLABLE: bool = true;
+
+/// Converts a Polars DataFrame schema to an Arrow RecordBatch schema.
+pub fn convert_polars_df_schema_to_arrow_rb_schema(
+    polars_df_schema: polars::prelude::Schema,
+) -> Result<Arc<arrow_schema::Schema>> {
+    let arrow_fields: Result<Vec<arrow_schema::Field>> = polars_df_schema
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(name, df_dtype)| {
+            let polars_arrow_dtype = df_dtype.to_arrow(POLARS_ARROW_FLAVOR);
+            let polars_field =
+                polars_arrow::datatypes::Field::new(name, polars_arrow_dtype, IS_ARRAY_NULLABLE);
+            convert_polars_arrow_field_to_arrow_rs_field(polars_field)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    Ok(Arc::new(arrow_schema::Schema::new(arrow_fields?)))
+}
+
+/// Converts an Arrow RecordBatch schema to a Polars DataFrame schema.
+pub fn convert_arrow_rb_schema_to_polars_df_schema(
+    arrow_schema: &arrow_schema::Schema,
+) -> Result<polars::prelude::Schema> {
+    let polars_df_fields: Result<Vec<polars::prelude::Field>> = arrow_schema
+        .fields()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|arrow_rs_field| {
+            let polars_arrow_field = convert_arrow_rs_field_to_polars_arrow_field(arrow_rs_field)?;
+            Ok(polars::prelude::Field::new(
+                arrow_rs_field.name(),
+                polars::datatypes::DataType::from(polars_arrow_field.data_type()),
+            ))
+        })
+        .collect();
+    Ok(polars::prelude::Schema::from_iter(polars_df_fields?))
+}
+
+/// Converts an Arrow RecordBatch to a Polars DataFrame, using a provided Polars DataFrame schema.
+pub fn convert_arrow_rb_to_polars_df(
+    arrow_rb: &arrow::record_batch::RecordBatch,
+    polars_schema: &polars::prelude::Schema,
+) -> Result<DataFrame> {
+    let mut columns: Vec<Series> = Vec::with_capacity(arrow_rb.num_columns());
+
+    for (i, column) in arrow_rb.columns().iter().enumerate() {
+        let polars_df_dtype = polars_schema.try_get_at_index(i)?.1;
+        let polars_arrow_dtype = polars_df_dtype.to_arrow(POLARS_ARROW_FLAVOR);
+        let polars_array =
+            convert_arrow_rs_array_to_polars_arrow_array(column, polars_arrow_dtype)?;
+        columns.push(Series::from_arrow(
+            polars_schema.try_get_at_index(i)?.0,
+            polars_array,
+        )?);
+    }
+
+    Ok(DataFrame::from_iter(columns))
+}
+
+/// Converts a polars-arrow Arrow array to an arrow-rs Arrow array.
+pub fn convert_polars_arrow_array_to_arrow_rs_array(
+    polars_array: Box<dyn polars_arrow::array::Array>,
+    arrow_datatype: arrow_schema::DataType,
+) -> std::result::Result<arrow_array::ArrayRef, arrow_schema::ArrowError> {
+    let polars_c_array = polars_arrow::ffi::export_array_to_c(polars_array);
+    let arrow_c_array = unsafe { mem::transmute(polars_c_array) };
+    Ok(arrow_array::make_array(unsafe {
+        arrow::ffi::from_ffi_and_data_type(arrow_c_array, arrow_datatype)
+    }?))
+}
+
+/// Converts an arrow-rs Arrow array to a polars-arrow Arrow array.
+fn convert_arrow_rs_array_to_polars_arrow_array(
+    arrow_rs_array: &Arc<dyn arrow_array::Array>,
+    polars_arrow_dtype: polars::datatypes::ArrowDataType,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn polars_arrow::array::Array>> {
+    let arrow_c_array = arrow::ffi::FFI_ArrowArray::new(&arrow_rs_array.to_data());
+    let polars_c_array = unsafe { mem::transmute(arrow_c_array) };
+    Ok(unsafe { polars_arrow::ffi::import_array_from_c(polars_c_array, polars_arrow_dtype) }?)
+}
+
+fn convert_polars_arrow_field_to_arrow_rs_field(
+    polars_arrow_field: polars_arrow::datatypes::Field,
+) -> Result<arrow_schema::Field> {
+    let polars_c_schema = polars_arrow::ffi::export_field_to_c(&polars_arrow_field);
+    let arrow_c_schema: arrow::ffi::FFI_ArrowSchema = unsafe { mem::transmute(polars_c_schema) };
+    let arrow_rs_dtype = arrow_schema::DataType::try_from(&arrow_c_schema)?;
+    Ok(arrow_schema::Field::new(
+        polars_arrow_field.name,
+        arrow_rs_dtype,
+        IS_ARRAY_NULLABLE,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn convert_arrow_rs_field_to_polars_arrow_field(
+    arrow_rs_field: &arrow_schema::Field,
+) -> Result<polars_arrow::datatypes::Field> {
+    let arrow_rs_dtype = arrow_rs_field.data_type();
+    let arrow_c_schema = arrow::ffi::FFI_ArrowSchema::try_from(arrow_rs_dtype)?;
+    let polars_c_schema: polars_arrow::ffi::ArrowSchema = unsafe { mem::transmute(arrow_c_schema) };
+    Ok(unsafe { polars_arrow::ffi::import_field_from_c(&polars_c_schema) }?)
+}

rust/lancedb/src/remote/db.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use tokio::task::spawn_blocking;
 use crate::connection::{
     ConnectionInternal, CreateTableBuilder, NoData, OpenTableBuilder, TableNamesBuilder,
 };
+use crate::embeddings::EmbeddingRegistry;
 use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::Table;
 
@@ -87,14 +88,16 @@ impl ConnectionInternal for RemoteDatabase {
             .await
             .unwrap()?;
 
-        self.client
+        let rsp = self
-            .post(&format!("/v1/table/{}/create", options.name))
+            .client
+            .post(&format!("/v1/table/{}/create/", options.name))
             .body(data_buffer)
             .header(CONTENT_TYPE, ARROW_STREAM_CONTENT_TYPE)
             // This is currently expected by LanceDb cloud but will be removed soon.
             .header("x-request-id", "na")
             .send()
             .await?;
+        self.client.check_response(rsp).await?;
 
         Ok(Table::new(Arc::new(RemoteTable::new(
             self.client.clone(),
@@ -113,4 +116,8 @@ impl ConnectionInternal for RemoteDatabase {
     async fn drop_db(&self) -> Result<()> {
         todo!()
     }
+
+    fn embedding_registry(&self) -> &dyn EmbeddingRegistry {
+        todo!()
+    }
 }

rust/lancedb/src/remote/table.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::{
     query::{Query, QueryExecutionOptions, VectorQuery},
     table::{
         merge::MergeInsertBuilder, AddDataBuilder, NativeTable, OptimizeAction, OptimizeStats,
-        TableInternal, UpdateBuilder,
+        TableDefinition, TableInternal, UpdateBuilder,
     },
 };
 
@@ -120,4 +120,7 @@ impl TableInternal for RemoteTable {
     async fn list_indices(&self) -> Result<Vec<IndexConfig>> {
         todo!()
     }
+    async fn table_definition(&self) -> Result<TableDefinition> {
+        todo!()
+    }
 }

rust/lancedb/src/table.rs

@@ -23,12 +23,9 @@ use arrow::datatypes::Float32Type;
 use arrow_array::{RecordBatchIterator, RecordBatchReader};
 use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use chrono::Duration;
 use lance::dataset::builder::DatasetBuilder;
 use lance::dataset::cleanup::RemovalStats;
-use lance::dataset::optimize::{
+use lance::dataset::optimize::{compact_files, CompactionMetrics, IndexRemapperOptions};
-    compact_files, CompactionMetrics, CompactionOptions, IndexRemapperOptions,
-};
 use lance::dataset::scanner::{DatasetRecordBatchStream, Scanner};
 pub use lance::dataset::ColumnAlteration;
 pub use lance::dataset::NewColumnTransform;
@@ -38,15 +35,22 @@ use lance::dataset::{
 };
 use lance::dataset::{MergeInsertBuilder as LanceMergeInsertBuilder, WhenNotMatchedBySource};
 use lance::io::WrappingObjectStore;
+use lance_index::vector::hnsw::builder::HnswBuildParams;
+use lance_index::vector::ivf::IvfBuildParams;
+use lance_index::vector::sq::builder::SQBuildParams;
+use lance_index::DatasetIndexExt;
 use lance_index::IndexType;
-use lance_index::{optimize::OptimizeOptions, DatasetIndexExt};
 use log::info;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::whatever;
 
 use crate::arrow::IntoArrow;
 use crate::connection::NoData;
+use crate::embeddings::{EmbeddingDefinition, EmbeddingRegistry, MaybeEmbedded, MemoryRegistry};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
-use crate::index::vector::{IvfPqIndexBuilder, VectorIndex, VectorIndexStatistics};
+use crate::index::vector::{
+    IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder, IvfPqIndexBuilder, VectorIndex, VectorIndexStatistics,
+};
 use crate::index::IndexConfig;
 use crate::index::{
     vector::{suggested_num_partitions, suggested_num_sub_vectors},
@@ -63,6 +67,83 @@ use self::merge::MergeInsertBuilder;
 pub(crate) mod dataset;
 pub mod merge;
 
+pub use chrono::Duration;
+pub use lance::dataset::optimize::CompactionOptions;
+pub use lance_index::optimize::OptimizeOptions;
+
+/// Defines the type of column
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum ColumnKind {
+    /// Columns populated by data from the user (this is the most common case)
+    Physical,
+    /// Columns populated by applying an embedding function to the input
+    Embedding(EmbeddingDefinition),
+}
+
+/// Defines a column in a table
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ColumnDefinition {
+    /// The source of the column data
+    pub kind: ColumnKind,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TableDefinition {
+    pub column_definitions: Vec<ColumnDefinition>,
+    pub schema: SchemaRef,
+}
+
+impl TableDefinition {
+    pub fn new(schema: SchemaRef, column_definitions: Vec<ColumnDefinition>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            column_definitions,
+            schema,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_from_schema(schema: SchemaRef) -> Self {
+        let column_definitions = schema
+            .fields()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|_| ColumnDefinition {
+                kind: ColumnKind::Physical,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Self::new(schema, column_definitions)
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_from_rich_schema(schema: SchemaRef) -> Result<Self> {
+        let column_definitions = schema.metadata.get("lancedb::column_definitions");
+        if let Some(column_definitions) = column_definitions {
+            let column_definitions: Vec<ColumnDefinition> =
+                serde_json::from_str(column_definitions).map_err(|e| Error::Runtime {
+                    message: format!("Failed to deserialize column definitions: {}", e),
+                })?;
+            Ok(Self::new(schema, column_definitions))
+        } else {
+            let column_definitions = schema
+                .fields()
+                .iter()
+                .map(|_| ColumnDefinition {
+                    kind: ColumnKind::Physical,
+                })
+                .collect();
+            Ok(Self::new(schema, column_definitions))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_rich_schema(self) -> SchemaRef {
+        // We have full control over the structure of column definitions.  This should
+        // not fail, except for a bug
+        let lancedb_metadata = serde_json::to_string(&self.column_definitions).unwrap();
+        let mut schema_with_metadata = (*self.schema).clone();
+        schema_with_metadata
+            .metadata
+            .insert("lancedb::column_definitions".to_string(), lancedb_metadata);
+        Arc::new(schema_with_metadata)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Optimize the dataset.
 ///
 /// Similar to `VACUUM` in PostgreSQL, it offers different options to
@@ -70,22 +151,58 @@ pub mod merge;
 ///
 /// By default, it optimizes everything, as [`OptimizeAction::All`].
 pub enum OptimizeAction {
-    /// Run optimization on every, with default options.
+    /// Run all optimizations with default values
     All,
-    /// Compact files in the dataset
+    /// Compacts files in the dataset
+    ///
+    /// LanceDb uses a readonly filesystem for performance and safe concurrency.  Every time
+    /// new data is added it will be added into new files.  Small files
+    /// can hurt both read and write performance.  Compaction will merge small files
+    /// into larger ones.
+    ///
+    /// All operations that modify data (add, delete, update, merge insert, etc.) will create
+    /// new files.  If these operations are run frequently then compaction should run frequently.
+    ///
+    /// If these operations are never run (search only) then compaction is not necessary.
     Compact {
         options: CompactionOptions,
         remap_options: Option<Arc<dyn IndexRemapperOptions>>,
     },
-    /// Prune old version of datasets.
+    /// Prune old version of datasets
+    ///
+    /// Every change in LanceDb is additive.  When data is removed from a dataset a new version is
+    /// created that doesn't contain the removed data.  However, the old version, which does contain
+    /// the removed data, is left in place.  This is necessary for consistency and concurrency and
+    /// also enables time travel functionality like the ability to checkout an older version of the
+    /// dataset to undo changes.
+    ///
+    /// Over time, these old versions can consume a lot of disk space.  The prune operation will
+    /// remove versions of the dataset that are older than a certain age.  This will free up the
+    /// space used by that old data.
+    ///
+    /// Once a version is pruned it can no longer be checked out.
     Prune {
         /// The duration of time to keep versions of the dataset.
-        older_than: Duration,
+        older_than: Option<Duration>,
         /// Because they may be part of an in-progress transaction, files newer than 7 days old are not deleted by default.
         /// If you are sure that there are no in-progress transactions, then you can set this to True to delete all files older than `older_than`.
         delete_unverified: Option<bool>,
     },
-    /// Optimize index.
+    /// Optimize the indices
+    ///
+    /// This operation optimizes all indices in the table.  When new data is added to LanceDb
+    /// it is not added to the indices.  However, it can still turn up in searches because the search
+    /// function will scan both the indexed data and the unindexed data in parallel.  Over time, the
+    /// unindexed data can become large enough that the search performance is slow.  This operation
+    /// will add the unindexed data to the indices without rerunning the full index creation process.
+    ///
+    /// Optimizing an index is faster than re-training the index but it does not typically adjust the
+    /// underlying model relied upon by the index.  This can eventually lead to poor search accuracy
+    /// and so users may still want to occasionally retrain the index after adding a large amount of
+    /// data.
+    ///
+    /// For example, when using IVF, an index will create clusters.  Optimizing an index assigns unindexed
+    /// data to the existing clusters, but it does not move the clusters or create new clusters.
     Index(OptimizeOptions),
 }
 
@@ -132,6 +249,7 @@ pub struct AddDataBuilder<T: IntoArrow> {
     pub(crate) data: T,
     pub(crate) mode: AddDataMode,
     pub(crate) write_options: WriteOptions,
+    embedding_registry: Option<Arc<dyn EmbeddingRegistry>>,
 }
 
 impl<T: IntoArrow> std::fmt::Debug for AddDataBuilder<T> {
@@ -163,6 +281,7 @@ impl<T: IntoArrow> AddDataBuilder<T> {
             mode: self.mode,
             parent: self.parent,
             write_options: self.write_options,
+            embedding_registry: self.embedding_registry,
         };
         parent.add(without_data, data).await
     }
@@ -235,6 +354,7 @@ impl UpdateBuilder {
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub(crate) trait TableInternal: std::fmt::Display + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any;
     /// Cast as [`NativeTable`], or return None it if is not a [`NativeTable`].
     fn as_native(&self) -> Option<&NativeTable>;
@@ -280,6 +400,7 @@ pub(crate) trait TableInternal: std::fmt::Display + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Syn
     async fn checkout(&self, version: u64) -> Result<()>;
     async fn checkout_latest(&self) -> Result<()>;
     async fn restore(&self) -> Result<()>;
+    async fn table_definition(&self) -> Result<TableDefinition>;
 }
 
 /// A Table is a collection of strong typed Rows.
@@ -288,6 +409,7 @@ pub(crate) trait TableInternal: std::fmt::Display + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Syn
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Table {
     inner: Arc<dyn TableInternal>,
+    embedding_registry: Arc<dyn EmbeddingRegistry>,
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for Table {
@@ -298,7 +420,20 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for Table {
 
 impl Table {
     pub(crate) fn new(inner: Arc<dyn TableInternal>) -> Self {
-        Self { inner }
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            embedding_registry: Arc::new(MemoryRegistry::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new_with_embedding_registry(
+        inner: Arc<dyn TableInternal>,
+        embedding_registry: Arc<dyn EmbeddingRegistry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            embedding_registry,
+        }
     }
 
     /// Cast as [`NativeTable`], or return None it if is not a [`NativeTable`].
@@ -340,6 +475,7 @@ impl Table {
             data: batches,
             mode: AddDataMode::Append,
             write_options: WriteOptions::default(),
+            embedding_registry: Some(self.embedding_registry.clone()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -658,10 +794,30 @@ impl Table {
 
     /// Optimize the on-disk data and indices for better performance.
     ///
+    /// Modeled after ``VACUUM`` in PostgreSQL.
+    ///
+    /// Optimization is discussed in more detail in the [OptimizeAction] documentation
+    /// and covers three operations:
+    ///
+    ///  * Compaction: Merges small files into larger ones
+    ///  * Prune: Removes old versions of the dataset
+    ///  * Index: Optimizes the indices, adding new data to existing indices
+    ///
     /// <section class="warning">Experimental API</section>
     ///
-    /// Modeled after ``VACUUM`` in PostgreSQL.
+    /// The optimization process is undergoing active development and may change.
-    /// Not all implementations support explicit optimization.
+    /// Our goal with these changes is to improve the performance of optimization and
+    /// reduce the complexity.
+    ///
+    /// That being said, it is essential today to run optimize if you want the best
+    /// performance.  It should be stable and safe to use in production, but it our
+    /// hope that the API may be simplified (or not even need to be called) in the future.
+    ///
+    /// The frequency an application shoudl call optimize is based on the frequency of
+    /// data modifications.  If data is frequently added, deleted, or updated then
+    /// optimize should be run frequently.  A good rule of thumb is to run optimize if
+    /// you have added or modified 100,000 or more records or run more than 20 data
+    /// modification operations.
     pub async fn optimize(&self, action: OptimizeAction) -> Result<OptimizeStats> {
         self.inner.optimize(action).await
     }
@@ -743,11 +899,10 @@ impl Table {
 
 impl From<NativeTable> for Table {
     fn from(table: NativeTable) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self::new(Arc::new(table))
-            inner: Arc::new(table),
-        }
     }
 }
+
 /// A table in a LanceDB database.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct NativeTable {
@@ -918,7 +1073,6 @@ impl NativeTable {
             Some(wrapper) => params.patch_with_store_wrapper(wrapper)?,
             None => params,
         };
-
         let storage_options = params
             .store_params
             .clone()
@@ -1147,7 +1301,6 @@ impl NativeTable {
             num_partitions as usize,
             /*num_bits=*/ 8,
             num_sub_vectors as usize,
-            false,
             index.distance_type.into(),
             index.max_iterations as usize,
         );
@@ -1163,6 +1316,57 @@ impl NativeTable {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    async fn create_ivf_hnsw_sq_index(
+        &self,
+        index: IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder,
+        field: &Field,
+        replace: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if !Self::supported_vector_data_type(field.data_type()) {
+            return Err(Error::InvalidInput {
+                message: format!(
+                    "An IVF HNSW SQ index cannot be created on the column `{}` which has data type {}",
+                    field.name(),
+                    field.data_type()
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+
+        let num_partitions = if let Some(n) = index.num_partitions {
+            n
+        } else {
+            suggested_num_partitions(self.count_rows(None).await?)
+        };
+
+        let mut dataset = self.dataset.get_mut().await?;
+        let mut ivf_params = IvfBuildParams::new(num_partitions as usize);
+        ivf_params.sample_rate = index.sample_rate as usize;
+        ivf_params.max_iters = index.max_iterations as usize;
+        let hnsw_params = HnswBuildParams::default()
+            .num_edges(index.m as usize)
+            .ef_construction(index.ef_construction as usize);
+        let sq_params = SQBuildParams {
+            sample_rate: index.sample_rate as usize,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let lance_idx_params = lance::index::vector::VectorIndexParams::with_ivf_hnsw_sq_params(
+            index.distance_type.into(),
+            ivf_params,
+            hnsw_params,
+            sq_params,
+        );
+        dataset
+            .create_index(
+                &[field.name()],
+                IndexType::Vector,
+                None,
+                &lance_idx_params,
+                replace,
+            )
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     async fn create_auto_index(&self, field: &Field, opts: IndexBuilder) -> Result<()> {
         if Self::supported_vector_data_type(field.data_type()) {
             self.create_ivf_pq_index(IvfPqIndexBuilder::default(), field, opts.replace)
@@ -1342,6 +1546,11 @@ impl TableInternal for NativeTable {
         Ok(Arc::new(Schema::from(&lance_schema)))
     }
 
+    async fn table_definition(&self) -> Result<TableDefinition> {
+        let schema = self.schema().await?;
+        TableDefinition::try_from_rich_schema(schema)
+    }
+
     async fn count_rows(&self, filter: Option<String>) -> Result<usize> {
         Ok(self.dataset.get().await?.count_rows(filter).await?)
     }
@@ -1351,6 +1560,9 @@ impl TableInternal for NativeTable {
         add: AddDataBuilder<NoData>,
         data: Box<dyn RecordBatchReader + Send>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
+        let data =
+            MaybeEmbedded::try_new(data, self.table_definition().await?, add.embedding_registry)?;
+
         let mut lance_params = add.write_options.lance_write_params.unwrap_or(WriteParams {
             mode: match add.mode {
                 AddDataMode::Append => WriteMode::Append,
@@ -1378,8 +1590,8 @@ impl TableInternal for NativeTable {
         };
 
         self.dataset.ensure_mutable().await?;
-
         let dataset = Dataset::write(data, &self.uri, Some(lance_params)).await?;
+
         self.dataset.set_latest(dataset).await;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1398,6 +1610,10 @@ impl TableInternal for NativeTable {
             Index::Auto => self.create_auto_index(field, opts).await,
             Index::BTree(_) => self.create_btree_index(field, opts).await,
             Index::IvfPq(ivf_pq) => self.create_ivf_pq_index(ivf_pq, field, opts.replace).await,
+            Index::IvfHnswSq(ivf_hnsw_sq) => {
+                self.create_ivf_hnsw_sq_index(ivf_hnsw_sq, field, opts.replace)
+                    .await
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1493,7 +1709,7 @@ impl TableInternal for NativeTable {
                     .compaction;
                 stats.prune = self
                     .optimize(OptimizeAction::Prune {
-                        older_than: Duration::try_days(7).unwrap(),
+                        older_than: None,
                         delete_unverified: None,
                     })
                     .await?
@@ -1512,7 +1728,10 @@ impl TableInternal for NativeTable {
                 delete_unverified,
             } => {
                 stats.prune = Some(
-                    self.cleanup_old_versions(older_than, delete_unverified)
+                    self.cleanup_old_versions(
+                        older_than.unwrap_or(Duration::try_days(7).expect("valid delta")),
+                        delete_unverified,
+                    )
                     .await?,
                 );
             }
@@ -2258,6 +2477,102 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_create_index_ivf_hnsw_sq() {
+        use arrow_array::RecordBatch;
+        use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema as ArrowSchema};
+        use rand;
+        use std::iter::repeat_with;
+
+        use arrow_array::Float32Array;
+
+        let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let uri = tmp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+        let conn = connect(uri).execute().await.unwrap();
+
+        let dimension = 16;
+        let schema = Arc::new(ArrowSchema::new(vec![Field::new(
+            "embeddings",
+            DataType::FixedSizeList(
+                Arc::new(Field::new("item", DataType::Float32, true)),
+                dimension,
+            ),
+            false,
+        )]));
+
+        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let float_arr = Float32Array::from(
+            repeat_with(|| rng.gen::<f32>())
+                .take(512 * dimension as usize)
+                .collect::<Vec<f32>>(),
+        );
+
+        let vectors = Arc::new(create_fixed_size_list(float_arr, dimension).unwrap());
+        let batches = RecordBatchIterator::new(
+            vec![RecordBatch::try_new(schema.clone(), vec![vectors.clone()]).unwrap()]
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(Ok),
+            schema,
+        );
+
+        let table = conn.create_table("test", batches).execute().await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            table
+                .as_native()
+                .unwrap()
+                .count_indexed_rows("my_index")
+                .await
+                .unwrap(),
+            None
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            table
+                .as_native()
+                .unwrap()
+                .count_unindexed_rows("my_index")
+                .await
+                .unwrap(),
+            None
+        );
+
+        let index = IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder::default();
+        table
+            .create_index(&["embeddings"], Index::IvfHnswSq(index))
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let index_configs = table.list_indices().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(index_configs.len(), 1);
+        let index = index_configs.into_iter().next().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(index.index_type, crate::index::IndexType::IvfPq);
+        assert_eq!(index.columns, vec!["embeddings".to_string()]);
+        assert_eq!(table.count_rows(None).await.unwrap(), 512);
+        assert_eq!(table.name(), "test");
+
+        let indices = table.as_native().unwrap().load_indices().await.unwrap();
+        let index_uuid = &indices[0].index_uuid;
+        assert_eq!(
+            table
+                .as_native()
+                .unwrap()
+                .count_indexed_rows(index_uuid)
+                .await
+                .unwrap(),
+            Some(512)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            table
+                .as_native()
+                .unwrap()
+                .count_unindexed_rows(index_uuid)
+                .await
+                .unwrap(),
+            Some(0)
+        );
+    }
+
     fn create_fixed_size_list<T: Array>(values: T, list_size: i32) -> Result<FixedSizeListArray> {
         let list_type = DataType::FixedSizeList(
             Arc::new(Field::new("item", values.data_type().clone(), true)),

rust/lancedb/tests/embedding_registry_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    iter::repeat,
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+use arrow::buffer::NullBuffer;
+use arrow_array::{
+    Array, FixedSizeListArray, Float32Array, Int32Array, RecordBatch, RecordBatchIterator,
+    StringArray,
+};
+use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use lancedb::{
+    arrow::IntoArrow,
+    connect,
+    embeddings::{EmbeddingDefinition, EmbeddingFunction, EmbeddingRegistry},
+    query::ExecutableQuery,
+    Error, Result,
+};
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_custom_func() -> Result<()> {
+    let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let tempdir = tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+    let db = connect(tempdir).execute().await?;
+    let embed_fun = MockEmbed::new("embed_fun".to_string(), 1);
+    db.embedding_registry()
+        .register("embed_fun", Arc::new(embed_fun.clone()))?;
+
+    let tbl = db
+        .create_table("test", create_some_records()?)
+        .add_embedding(EmbeddingDefinition::new(
+            "text",
+            &embed_fun.name,
+            Some("embeddings"),
+        ))?
+        .execute()
+        .await?;
+    let mut res = tbl.query().execute().await?;
+    while let Some(Ok(batch)) = res.next().await {
+        let embeddings = batch.column_by_name("embeddings");
+        assert!(embeddings.is_some());
+        let embeddings = embeddings.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(embeddings.data_type(), embed_fun.dest_type()?.as_ref());
+    }
+    // now make sure the embeddings are applied when
+    // we add new records too
+    tbl.add(create_some_records()?).execute().await?;
+    let mut res = tbl.query().execute().await?;
+    while let Some(Ok(batch)) = res.next().await {
+        let embeddings = batch.column_by_name("embeddings");
+        assert!(embeddings.is_some());
+        let embeddings = embeddings.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(embeddings.data_type(), embed_fun.dest_type()?.as_ref());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_custom_registry() -> Result<()> {
+    let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let tempdir = tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+
+    let db = connect(tempdir)
+        .embedding_registry(Arc::new(MyRegistry::default()))
+        .execute()
+        .await?;
+
+    let tbl = db
+        .create_table("test", create_some_records()?)
+        .add_embedding(EmbeddingDefinition::new(
+            "text",
+            "func_1",
+            Some("embeddings"),
+        ))?
+        .execute()
+        .await?;
+    let mut res = tbl.query().execute().await?;
+    while let Some(Ok(batch)) = res.next().await {
+        let embeddings = batch.column_by_name("embeddings");
+        assert!(embeddings.is_some());
+        let embeddings = embeddings.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            embeddings.data_type(),
+            MockEmbed::new("func_1".to_string(), 1)
+                .dest_type()?
+                .as_ref()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_multiple_embeddings() -> Result<()> {
+    let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let tempdir = tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+
+    let db = connect(tempdir).execute().await?;
+    let func_1 = MockEmbed::new("func_1".to_string(), 1);
+    let func_2 = MockEmbed::new("func_2".to_string(), 10);
+    db.embedding_registry()
+        .register(&func_1.name, Arc::new(func_1.clone()))?;
+    db.embedding_registry()
+        .register(&func_2.name, Arc::new(func_2.clone()))?;
+
+    let tbl = db
+        .create_table("test", create_some_records()?)
+        .add_embedding(EmbeddingDefinition::new(
+            "text",
+            &func_1.name,
+            Some("first_embeddings"),
+        ))?
+        .add_embedding(EmbeddingDefinition::new(
+            "text",
+            &func_2.name,
+            Some("second_embeddings"),
+        ))?
+        .execute()
+        .await?;
+    let mut res = tbl.query().execute().await?;
+    while let Some(Ok(batch)) = res.next().await {
+        let embeddings = batch.column_by_name("first_embeddings");
+        assert!(embeddings.is_some());
+        let second_embeddings = batch.column_by_name("second_embeddings");
+        assert!(second_embeddings.is_some());
+
+        let embeddings = embeddings.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(embeddings.data_type(), func_1.dest_type()?.as_ref());
+
+        let second_embeddings = second_embeddings.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(second_embeddings.data_type(), func_2.dest_type()?.as_ref());
+    }
+
+    // now make sure the embeddings are applied when
+    // we add new records too
+    tbl.add(create_some_records()?).execute().await?;
+    let mut res = tbl.query().execute().await?;
+    while let Some(Ok(batch)) = res.next().await {
+        let embeddings = batch.column_by_name("first_embeddings");
+        assert!(embeddings.is_some());
+        let second_embeddings = batch.column_by_name("second_embeddings");
+        assert!(second_embeddings.is_some());
+
+        let embeddings = embeddings.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(embeddings.data_type(), func_1.dest_type()?.as_ref());
+
+        let second_embeddings = second_embeddings.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(second_embeddings.data_type(), func_2.dest_type()?.as_ref());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_no_func_in_registry() -> Result<()> {
+    let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let tempdir = tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+
+    let db = connect(tempdir).execute().await?;
+
+    let res = db
+        .create_table("test", create_some_records()?)
+        .add_embedding(EmbeddingDefinition::new(
+            "text",
+            "some_func",
+            Some("first_embeddings"),
+        ));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert!(matches!(
+        res.err().unwrap(),
+        Error::EmbeddingFunctionNotFound { .. }
+    ));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_no_func_in_registry_on_add() -> Result<()> {
+    let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let tempdir = tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+
+    let db = connect(tempdir).execute().await?;
+    db.embedding_registry().register(
+        "some_func",
+        Arc::new(MockEmbed::new("some_func".to_string(), 1)),
+    )?;
+
+    db.create_table("test", create_some_records()?)
+        .add_embedding(EmbeddingDefinition::new(
+            "text",
+            "some_func",
+            Some("first_embeddings"),
+        ))?
+        .execute()
+        .await?;
+
+    let db = connect(tempdir).execute().await?;
+
+    let tbl = db.open_table("test").execute().await?;
+    // This should fail because 'tbl' is expecting "some_func" to be in the registry
+    let res = tbl.add(create_some_records()?).execute().await;
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert!(matches!(
+        res.unwrap_err(),
+        crate::Error::EmbeddingFunctionNotFound { .. }
+    ));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn create_some_records() -> Result<impl IntoArrow> {
+    const TOTAL: usize = 2;
+
+    let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
+        Field::new("id", DataType::Int32, false),
+        Field::new("text", DataType::Utf8, true),
+    ]));
+
+    // Create a RecordBatch stream.
+    let batches = RecordBatchIterator::new(
+        vec![RecordBatch::try_new(
+            schema.clone(),
+            vec![
+                Arc::new(Int32Array::from_iter_values(0..TOTAL as i32)),
+                Arc::new(StringArray::from_iter(
+                    repeat(Some("hello world".to_string())).take(TOTAL),
+                )),
+            ],
+        )
+        .unwrap()]
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(Ok),
+        schema.clone(),
+    );
+    Ok(Box::new(batches))
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct MyRegistry {
+    functions: HashMap<String, Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>>,
+}
+impl Default for MyRegistry {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        let funcs: Vec<Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>> = vec![
+            Arc::new(MockEmbed::new("func_1".to_string(), 1)),
+            Arc::new(MockEmbed::new("func_2".to_string(), 10)),
+        ];
+        Self {
+            functions: funcs
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|f| (f.name().to_string(), f))
+                .collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// a mock registry that only has one function called `embed_fun`
+impl EmbeddingRegistry for MyRegistry {
+    fn functions(&self) -> HashSet<String> {
+        self.functions.keys().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    fn register(&self, _name: &str, _function: Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>) -> Result<()> {
+        Err(Error::Other {
+            message: "MyRegistry is read-only".to_string(),
+            source: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn EmbeddingFunction>> {
+        self.functions.get(name).cloned()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct MockEmbed {
+    source_type: DataType,
+    dest_type: DataType,
+    name: String,
+    dim: usize,
+}
+
+impl MockEmbed {
+    pub fn new(name: String, dim: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            source_type: DataType::Utf8,
+            dest_type: DataType::new_fixed_size_list(DataType::Float32, dim as _, true),
+            name,
+            dim,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl EmbeddingFunction for MockEmbed {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+    fn source_type(&self) -> Result<Cow<DataType>> {
+        Ok(Cow::Borrowed(&self.source_type))
+    }
+    fn dest_type(&self) -> Result<Cow<DataType>> {
+        Ok(Cow::Borrowed(&self.dest_type))
+    }
+    fn embed(&self, source: Arc<dyn Array>) -> Result<Arc<dyn Array>> {
+        // We can't use the FixedSizeListBuilder here because it always adds a null bitmap
+        // and we want to explicitly work with non-nullable arrays.
+        let len = source.len();
+        let inner = Arc::new(Float32Array::from(vec![Some(1.0); len * self.dim]));
+        let field = Field::new("item", inner.data_type().clone(), false);
+        let arr = FixedSizeListArray::new(
+            Arc::new(field),
+            self.dim as _,
+            inner,
+            Some(NullBuffer::new_valid(len)),
+        );
+
+        Ok(Arc::new(arr))
+    }
+}