---
title: "Authorization"
sidebarTitle: "Authorization"
description: "Who may do what: privileges granted on catalog objects to principals, groups, roles, and API keys."
icon: shield-halved
keywords: ["authorization", "authz", "privileges", "rbac", "access control"]
availability:
  oss: unavailable
  enterprise: varies
  summary: >-
    A deployment checks privileges on its databases, namespaces, tables and
    other catalog objects only when its administrator has configured it to.
    Embedded LanceDB has no such layer: access is whatever the object store
    allows.
---

[Authentication](/enterprise/authentication) establishes who is calling.
Authorization decides what they may do.

An access control entry grants **one privilege** on **one object** to **one
subject**. Everything below is a consequence of that shape.

## Subjects {#subjects}

A grant is held by one of four kinds of subject, distinguished by a prefix:

| Prefix | Subject |
| --- | --- |
| `p:` | a principal, by ID -- `P:` by name |
| `g:` | a group, by ID -- `G:` by name |
| `r:` | a role |
| `a:` | the principal holding an API key, named by the key |

Granting to a group or role rather than a principal is what keeps the entry
count manageable: a principal's effective privileges are the union of what it
holds directly and what it inherits.

`P:`, `G:` and `a:` are ways of naming a subject when you make a request. The
entry is stored against the ID they resolve to, so a grant to `a:` belongs to
the principal holding that key and carries that principal's full authority,
not a narrower one.

## Objects {#objects}

Objects are addressed by kind and path:

{/* if functions not launched */}
```
system
database:db
namespace:db:ns
table:db:ns$table
view:db:ns$view
secret:db:ns$secret
```
{/* end if */}
{/* if functions launched */}
```
system
database:db
namespace:db:ns
table:db:ns$table
view:db:ns$view
function:db:ns$function
secret:db:ns$secret
```
{/* end if */}

A nested namespace joins its path with `$`, as in `namespace:db:parent$child`
or `table:db:parent$child$table`.

The hierarchy is not decorative. Reaching a table requires `USAGE` on the
namespace containing it and on the database containing that -- a grant on the
table alone is not enough to traverse to it.

## Privileges {#privileges}

| Privilege | Granted on | Allows |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `OWNERSHIP` | any object but `system` | ownership, conveying full authority |
| `USAGE` | system | listing jobs and their events, and looking up other identities |
| `USAGE` | database | accessing the namespaces inside |
| `USAGE` | namespace | accessing the tables inside |
| `USAGE` {/* if functions launched */} | function | binding it to a column, and refreshing a column it computes |
| `USAGE` | secret | binding and resolving it |
| `SELECT` | table, view | reading rows |
| `INSERT` | table | appending rows |
| `UPDATE` | table | modifying existing rows |
| `UPDATE` | secret | rotating it, without the right to bind or read it |
| `DELETE` | table | deleting rows |
| `CREATE_DATABASE` | system | creating a database |
| `CREATE_NAMESPACE` | database, namespace | creating immediate child namespaces |
| `CREATE_TABLE` | namespace | creating a table in it |
| `CREATE_MATERIALIZED_VIEW` | namespace | creating a materialized view in it |
| `CREATE_VIEW` | namespace | creating a non-materialized view in it |
| `CREATE_FUNCTION` {/* if functions launched */} | namespace | registering a function in it |
| `CREATE_SECRET` | namespace | creating a secret in it |
| `OPERATE` | system | describing and controlling jobs, managing caches, and reading server configuration |

The four data privileges map onto the four
[ingestion operations](/ingestion), so a principal that may append but not
modify is expressed by granting `INSERT` without `UPDATE`.

<Note>
`CREATE_MATERIALIZED_VIEW` and `CREATE_VIEW` are separate privileges because
[the two objects differ](/basics/catalog): one stores rows and is refreshed,
the other stores only a query. Granting the ability to create one does not
grant the other.
</Note>

## Creation privileges resolve upward {#upward}

A subtlety worth knowing, because it explains grants that appear to work on
objects that do not exist yet.

When you create an object, the deployment checks the database and each
namespace that will contain it. One that **has no owner** -- because it does
not exist yet, or predates per-object authorization -- is treated as one you are
creating: the check falls back to `CREATE_DATABASE` on `system` for the
database, or to `CREATE_NAMESPACE` on its parent for a namespace, and you become
its owner. One that has an owner needs `USAGE` as usual.

So a principal holding `CREATE_DATABASE` can create a table in a database that
has not been created -- which is what makes creation possible at all, and why
an empty ACL set is not the same as a deny. The fallback applies only when
creating; other operations on a database or namespace need `USAGE` on it.

## Listing grants {#listing}

Entries can be listed filtered by object, by subject, or both:

```
object  = table:db:ns$documents
subject = G:data-science
```

Results paginate through a continuation token. A page holds at most 100 stored
`(object, subject)` tuples, and a tuple carrying several privileges expands
into several entries in the response, so a page can return more than 100
entries: the count reflects privileges rather than tuples. Keep requesting with
the returned token until a page comes back without one.

Listing by subject answers "what can this team reach"; listing by object
answers "who can reach this table". Both are worth running before changing a
grant.