---
title: "Aggregation"
sidebarTitle: "Aggregation"
description: "GROUP BY, HAVING, and the aggregate function set."
icon: layer-group
keywords: ["group by", "having", "count", "sum", "avg", "aggregate", "approximate"]
---

<Badge color="red">Enterprise</Badge> [SQL runs on a deployment.](/sql)

Aggregation is one of the two main reasons to reach for SQL rather than a query
builder -- the SDKs project, filter and search, but they do not group. The other
is [joins](/sql/dql/join).

## Grouping {#grouping}

```sql
SELECT category, count(*) AS n, avg(score) AS mean_score
FROM documents
GROUP BY category
HAVING count(*) > 10
ORDER BY n DESC
```

`WHERE` filters rows before grouping; `HAVING` filters groups after. Putting a
row-level predicate in `HAVING` still gives the right answer but does more work,
because rows that could have been discarded early are grouped first.

Grouping by several expressions produces one row per distinct combination:

```sql
SELECT category, source, count(*) FROM documents GROUP BY category, source
```

## Aggregate without grouping {#whole-table}

Omitting `GROUP BY` aggregates the whole table into one row -- the usual way to
ask how big something is:

```sql
SELECT count(*), min(created_at), max(created_at) FROM documents
```

`count(*)` counts rows; `count(col)` counts non-null values, which is how you
measure how populated a [computed column](/feature-engineering/add-computed-column)
is before deciding to refresh it again.

## The function set {#functions}

Registered in DataFusion 54. Names below are what is actually available.

**General**

```text
count  sum  min  max  avg  median
bit_and  bit_or  bit_xor  bool_and  bool_or
first_value  last_value  nth_value  grouping
```

**Statistical**

```text
stddev  stddev_pop  stddev_samp
var  var_pop  var_samp
corr  covar_pop  covar_samp
regr_slope  regr_intercept  regr_count  regr_r2
regr_avgx  regr_avgy  regr_sxx  regr_syy  regr_sxy
```

**Approximate**

```text
approx_distinct  approx_median
approx_percentile_cont  approx_percentile_cont_with_weight
percentile_cont
```

**Collecting**

```text
array_agg  string_agg
```

The approximate functions are the ones worth reaching for on a large table.
`approx_distinct` answers "roughly how many distinct values" for a fraction of
what `count(DISTINCT ...)` costs, which matters most where it is most expensive
— a high-cardinality column.

`DISTINCT` works inside an aggregate: `count(DISTINCT category)`. `FILTER`
narrows one aggregate without narrowing the others:

```sql
SELECT
    count(*) AS total,
    count(*) FILTER (WHERE score > 0.9) AS confident
FROM documents
```

## Aggregating a sample {#sampling}

For an estimate over a very large table, aggregate a
[sample](/sql/dql/sampling) rather than the whole thing:

```sql
SELECT category, count(*) * 100 AS estimated
FROM documents TABLESAMPLE (1)
GROUP BY category
```

Scale the result by the inverse of the sample fraction, and treat it as an
estimate -- a 1% sample of a skewed column will miss rare categories entirely.

## What aggregation does not do {#not}

Aggregates run over rows the query already produced. They cannot combine with
[vector search](/search/vector-search) in one statement, because similarity
search has no SQL form. Run the search in an SDK and aggregate its result, or
materialize the search output first.