lancedb/docs/web/sql/ddl/table.mdx

---
title: "Table"
sidebarTitle: "Table"
description: "CREATE, DESCRIBE, ALTER, CLONE and DROP TABLE."
icon: table
keywords: ["create table", "alter table", "drop table", "describe", "clone", "ddl"]
availability:
  embedded: unavailable
  enterprise: available
---

## CREATE TABLE {#create}

```sql
CREATE TABLE documents (id BIGINT, title VARCHAR, created_at TIMESTAMP)
CREATE TABLE recent AS SELECT * FROM documents WHERE created_at > now() - INTERVAL '7 days'
```

Column types are Arrow types under SQL names. See [Data types](/sql/data-types).

A table inside a [namespace](/sql/ddl/namespace) is written as a dotted path:
`prod.events.clicks`.

## DESCRIBE {#describe}

```sql
DESCRIBE documents
```

The table's columns and types, without a plan. The SQL counterpart of
`table.schema`.

## ALTER TABLE {#alter}

What `ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN` does depends on what follows the column
name.

### A plain column {#plain-column}

SQL `ADD COLUMN` requires an `AS` binding, so a plain column such as
`ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN c INT` is rejected. Add an empty, nullable column
with the SDK instead. See
[Add nullable columns](/management/table#schema-add-nullable-columns).

### A computed column {#computed-column}

```sql
ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN doubled AS value * 2
```

`AS <expression>` declares a [computed column](/feature-engineering/add-computed-column).
The column is committed empty and the expression is stored, not evaluated:
declaring one on a billion-row table costs what declaring one on an empty table
costs. [`REFRESH COLUMN`](/sql/dml/refresh-column) fills it.

{/*
Draft for automatic computed-column refresh. Enable this section when the
server feature is released.

### Automatic refresh options {#automatic-refresh-options}

```sql
ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN doubled AS value * 2
WITH (auto_refresh_enabled = true, auto_refresh_interval_seconds = 300);

ALTER TABLE t ALTER COLUMN doubled SET auto_refresh_enabled = false;
ALTER TABLE t ALTER COLUMN doubled SET auto_refresh_interval_seconds = 600;
ALTER TABLE t ALTER COLUMN doubled SET auto_refresh_enabled = true;
```

Automatic refresh is enabled by default. An explicitly configured interval is
stored in each computed output's field metadata; when omitted, the server
determines when to refresh. The interval must be a positive integer
and is minimum pacing after a successful refresh of that output; unchanged
inputs do not force work. A new column is immediately eligible for its first
refresh. The server's separate automatic-refresh switch must also be enabled.

These options also work beside a Function binding's `version` and `branch`,
continuing the [`caption` Function](/management/function#chain) from Functions:

```sql
ALTER TABLE frames ADD COLUMN caption AS caption(extract_frame(video, ts))
WITH (version = 'fv_1', auto_refresh_enabled = true,
      auto_refresh_interval_seconds = 300);
ALTER TABLE frames ALTER COLUMN caption SET auto_refresh_enabled = false;
```

Declaration settings initialize every output in the group; later SET commands
change one output. SET takes effect immediately and does not itself read or
write any row:

- **Disabling** prevents new automatic submissions. Inflight jobs may still
  finish, explicit `REFRESH COLUMN` keeps working, and rows written while
  disabled commit with no computed value -- they do not queue anywhere
  separate.
- **Re-enabling catches up the entire backlog in one pass.** The next
  scheduler tick processes every row left unfilled since the column was
  disabled, immediately, with no further write required to trigger it: a
  column disabled for an hour and re-enabled fills everything that
  accumulated during that hour, not just rows written after the moment it
  is re-enabled.

Column SUSPEND/RESUME syntax is not supported; `SET auto_refresh_enabled` is
the only toggle. The current setting is in the column's own field metadata,
`computed_column.auto_refresh_enabled`, readable from `DESCRIBE` or the
SDK's `table.schema` without submitting a job to ask.
*/}

{/*
Draft for the Functions release.

### A function column {#function-column}

```sql
ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN embedded AS embed(name) WITH (version = 'fv_1')
```

When the expression calls a [registered function](/sql/ddl/function), the
column is filled by running that function on workers. `version` pins which
immutable function version fills it, so a later registration does not silently
change what the column means.

Several modifiers narrow what gets computed:

| | |
| --- | --- |
| `FILTER (WHERE pred)` | only rows matching `pred` are computed |
| `IGNORE NULLS` | rows with null inputs are skipped |
| `OVER (PARTITION BY col)` | the function sees rows grouped by `col` |

A function returning several values fills several columns at once:

```sql
ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN (label, score) AS classify(text) WITH (version = 'fv_1')
```

```sql
ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN c AS f(x) FILTER (WHERE keep) WITH (version = 'fv_1')
REFRESH COLUMN c ON t WITH (num_workers = 2)
```

<Note>
Declaration `WITH` accepts `auto_refresh_enabled` and
`auto_refresh_interval_seconds`. Function bindings also accept `version` and
`branch`. Worker resource options such as `num_workers` belong on
`REFRESH COLUMN ... WITH (...)`.
</Note>
*/}

### Table properties {#properties}

```sql
ALTER TABLE t SET UNENFORCED PRIMARY KEY (id)
```

Records which column identifies a row. **Unenforced** is not a hedge in the
naming: uniqueness is not checked on write, and declaring it does not make
duplicates impossible. It tells the planner what to assume. The column must be
declared `NOT NULL`.

```sql
ALTER TABLE t SET RTE
ALTER TABLE t SET RTE WITH (sharding = 'bucket', column = 'id', buckets = 4)
ALTER TABLE t SET RTE WITH (maintained_indexes = '')
ALTER TABLE t UNSET RTE
```

The [real time engine](/tables/realtime-engine) puts a write-ahead log in front
of the table, making small frequent writes cheap by batching them out of the
commit path. `sharding` and `buckets` spread the log so concurrent writers do
not contend on one place; `bucket` sharding names its `column`, which must be
the table's unenforced primary key, and inserts into the table then need a
scalar index on that key. `maintained_indexes` chooses which indexes are kept
current against WAL rows; omitted, every supported index is kept current,
including ones created later. A table with a computed column cannot take a
write-ahead log. See
[Background jobs](/maintenance/background-jobs#wal) for how the log gets
folded back into the table.

<Warning>
[`TABLESAMPLE`](/sql/dql/sampling) is refused on a WAL-backed table, because
rows a sample would draw from are not all in the fragments yet.
</Warning>

### Errors and limits {#errors-and-limits}

| | |
| --- | --- |
| `ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN` | not supported |

Dropping, renaming, or retyping a column is an SDK operation
([`drop_columns`](/management/table#schema) and
[`alter_columns`](/management/table#schema)), not a SQL statement.

## CLONE {#clone}

```sql
CREATE TABLE docs_snapshot CLONE documents
CREATE TABLE docs_at_v42 CLONE documents AT 42
CREATE TABLE docs_at_release CLONE documents AT TAG 'release-1'
CREATE TABLE docs_yesterday CLONE documents AT TIMESTAMP '2026-09-01T00:00:00Z'
```

A **shallow clone**: the new table shares the source's data files rather than
copying them, so it costs one metadata commit regardless of the source's size.

`AT` pins the point in the source's history to clone. A bare integer is a
version and a bare quoted string is a timestamp; `VERSION`, `TAG` and
`TIMESTAMP` say so explicitly, and a tag always needs its keyword: a bare
quoted string cannot be both a tag name and a timestamp.

<Warning>
The clone depends on the source's files continuing to exist. If the source is
[compacted](/maintenance/cleanup) past the retention window, the version the
clone points at can be pruned. The SDK's
[`clone_table`](/management/table#rename-clone) also offers a deep clone for
when the copy has to outlive the source's history.
</Warning>

## DROP TABLE {#drop}

```sql
DROP TABLE documents
```

<Warning>
Removes the table and every version of it. There is no undrop.
</Warning>

<Note>
**Enterprise job type:** `drop_table` or `drop_object`, depending on how the
deployment stores its catalog. See
[Background jobs](/maintenance/background-jobs#teardown).
</Note>

## What to read next {#next}

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Table" icon="table" href="/management/table">
    The SDK equivalent, and what a table carries.
  </Card>
  <Card title="Schema evolution" icon="boxes-stacked" href="/management/table#schema">
    Renaming, retyping and dropping columns from the SDK.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>