Switch CI, Storage and Proxy to Debian 12 (Bookworm) (#9170)

## Problem

This PR switches CI and Storage to Debain 12 (Bookworm) based images.

## Summary of changes
- Add Debian codename (`bookworm`/`bullseye`) to most of docker tags,
create un-codenamed images to be used by default
- `vm-compute-node-image`: create a separate spec for `bookworm` (we
don't need to build cgroups in the future)
- `neon-image`: Switch to `bookworm`-based `build-tools` image
  - Storage components and Proxy use it
- CI: run lints and tests on `bookworm`-based `build-tools` image

.github/actions/run-python-test-set/action.yml

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ runs:
       uses: actions/cache@v4
       with:
         path: ~/.cache/pypoetry/virtualenvs
-        key: v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-python-deps-${{ hashFiles('poetry.lock') }}
+        key: v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-python-deps-bookworm-${{ hashFiles('poetry.lock') }}
 
     - name: Install Python deps
       shell: bash -euxo pipefail {0}