add retries for apt, wget and curl (#10553)

Ref: https://github.com/neondatabase/cloud/issues/23461

## Problem
> recent CI failure due to apt-get:
```
4.266 E: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/pool/main/g/gcc-10/libgfortran5_10.2.1-6_arm64.deb  Error reading from server - read (104: Connection reset by peer) [IP: 146.75.122.132 80]
```

https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/actions/runs/11144974698/job/30973537767?pr=9186
thinking about if there should be a mirror-selector at the beginning of
the dockerfile so that it uses a debian mirror closer to the build
server?
## Summary of changes
We could consider adding local mirror or proxy and keep it close to our
self-hosted runners.
For now lets just add retries for `apt`, `wget` and `curl`

thanks to @skyzh for reporting that in October 2024, I just finally
found time to take a look here :)

Dockerfile

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ ARG DEFAULT_PG_VERSION
 WORKDIR /data
 
 RUN set -e \
+    && echo 'Acquire::Retries "5";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/80-retries \
     && apt update \
     && apt install -y \
         libreadline-dev \
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ RUN set -e \
 	# System postgres for use with client libraries (e.g. in storage controller)
         postgresql-15 \
         openssl \
+    && rm -f /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/80-retries \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/* \
     && useradd -d /data neon \
     && chown -R neon:neon /data