neon/libs/remote_storage/src/lib.rs

//! A set of generic storage abstractions for the page server to use when backing up and restoring its state from the external storage.
//! No other modules from this tree are supposed to be used directly by the external code.
//!
//! [`RemoteStorage`] trait a CRUD-like generic abstraction to use for adapting external storages with a few implementations:
//!   * [`local_fs`] allows to use local file system as an external storage
//!   * [`s3_bucket`] uses AWS S3 bucket as an external storage
//!
mod local_fs;
mod s3_bucket;
mod simulate_failures;

use std::{
    collections::HashMap,
    fmt::Debug,
    num::{NonZeroU32, NonZeroUsize},
    path::{Path, PathBuf},
    pin::Pin,
    sync::Arc,
};

use anyhow::{bail, Context};

use tokio::io;
use toml_edit::Item;
use tracing::info;

pub use self::{local_fs::LocalFs, s3_bucket::S3Bucket, simulate_failures::UnreliableWrapper};

/// How many different timelines can be processed simultaneously when synchronizing layers with the remote storage.
/// During regular work, pageserver produces one layer file per timeline checkpoint, with bursts of concurrency
/// during start (where local and remote timelines are compared and initial sync tasks are scheduled) and timeline attach.
/// Both cases may trigger timeline download, that might download a lot of layers. This concurrency is limited by the clients internally, if needed.
pub const DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_MAX_CONCURRENT_SYNCS: usize = 50;
pub const DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_MAX_SYNC_ERRORS: u32 = 10;
/// Currently, sync happens with AWS S3, that has two limits on requests per second:
/// ~200 RPS for IAM services
/// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/UsingWithRDS.IAMDBAuth.html
/// ~3500 PUT/COPY/POST/DELETE or 5500 GET/HEAD S3 requests
/// https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/s3-request-limit-avoid-throttling/
pub const DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT: usize = 100;
/// No limits on the client side, which currenltly means 1000 for AWS S3.
/// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectsV2.html#API_ListObjectsV2_RequestSyntax
pub const DEFAULT_MAX_KEYS_PER_LIST_RESPONSE: Option<i32> = None;

const REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR: char = '/';

/// Path on the remote storage, relative to some inner prefix.
/// The prefix is an implementation detail, that allows representing local paths
/// as the remote ones, stripping the local storage prefix away.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
pub struct RemotePath(PathBuf);

impl RemotePath {
    pub fn new(relative_path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
        anyhow::ensure!(
            relative_path.is_relative(),
            "Path {relative_path:?} is not relative"
        );
        Ok(Self(relative_path.to_path_buf()))
    }

    pub fn with_base(&self, base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
        base_path.join(&self.0)
    }

    pub fn object_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.0.file_name().and_then(|os_str| os_str.to_str())
    }

    pub fn join(&self, segment: &Path) -> Self {
        Self(self.0.join(segment))
    }
}

/// Storage (potentially remote) API to manage its state.
/// This storage tries to be unaware of any layered repository context,
/// providing basic CRUD operations for storage files.
#[async_trait::async_trait]
pub trait RemoteStorage: Send + Sync + 'static {
    /// Lists all top level subdirectories for a given prefix
    /// Note: here we assume that if the prefix is passed it was obtained via remote_object_id
    /// which already takes into account any kind of global prefix (prefix_in_bucket for S3 or storage_root for LocalFS)
    /// so this method doesnt need to.
    async fn list_prefixes(
        &self,
        prefix: Option<&RemotePath>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<RemotePath>, DownloadError>;

    /// Streams the local file contents into remote into the remote storage entry.
    async fn upload(
        &self,
        from: impl io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        // S3 PUT request requires the content length to be specified,
        // otherwise it starts to fail with the concurrent connection count increasing.
        data_size_bytes: usize,
        to: &RemotePath,
        metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()>;

    /// Streams the remote storage entry contents into the buffered writer given, returns the filled writer.
    /// Returns the metadata, if any was stored with the file previously.
    async fn download(&self, from: &RemotePath) -> Result<Download, DownloadError>;

    /// Streams a given byte range of the remote storage entry contents into the buffered writer given, returns the filled writer.
    /// Returns the metadata, if any was stored with the file previously.
    async fn download_byte_range(
        &self,
        from: &RemotePath,
        start_inclusive: u64,
        end_exclusive: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<Download, DownloadError>;

    async fn delete(&self, path: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
}

pub struct Download {
    pub download_stream: Pin<Box<dyn io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync>>,
    /// Extra key-value data, associated with the current remote file.
    pub metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
}

impl Debug for Download {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Download")
            .field("metadata", &self.metadata)
            .finish()
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum DownloadError {
    /// Validation or other error happened due to user input.
    BadInput(anyhow::Error),
    /// The file was not found in the remote storage.
    NotFound,
    /// The file was found in the remote storage, but the download failed.
    Other(anyhow::Error),
}

impl std::fmt::Display for DownloadError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            DownloadError::BadInput(e) => {
                write!(f, "Failed to download a remote file due to user input: {e}")
            }
            DownloadError::NotFound => write!(f, "No file found for the remote object id given"),
            DownloadError::Other(e) => write!(f, "Failed to download a remote file: {e:?}"),
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for DownloadError {}

/// Every storage, currently supported.
/// Serves as a simple way to pass around the [`RemoteStorage`] without dealing with generics.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum GenericRemoteStorage {
    LocalFs(LocalFs),
    AwsS3(Arc<S3Bucket>),
    Unreliable(Arc<UnreliableWrapper>),
}

impl GenericRemoteStorage {
    pub async fn list_prefixes(
        &self,
        prefix: Option<&RemotePath>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<RemotePath>, DownloadError> {
        match self {
            Self::LocalFs(s) => s.list_prefixes(prefix).await,
            Self::AwsS3(s) => s.list_prefixes(prefix).await,
            Self::Unreliable(s) => s.list_prefixes(prefix).await,
        }
    }

    pub async fn upload(
        &self,
        from: impl io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        data_size_bytes: usize,
        to: &RemotePath,
        metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        match self {
            Self::LocalFs(s) => s.upload(from, data_size_bytes, to, metadata).await,
            Self::AwsS3(s) => s.upload(from, data_size_bytes, to, metadata).await,
            Self::Unreliable(s) => s.upload(from, data_size_bytes, to, metadata).await,
        }
    }

    pub async fn download(&self, from: &RemotePath) -> Result<Download, DownloadError> {
        match self {
            Self::LocalFs(s) => s.download(from).await,
            Self::AwsS3(s) => s.download(from).await,
            Self::Unreliable(s) => s.download(from).await,
        }
    }

    pub async fn download_byte_range(
        &self,
        from: &RemotePath,
        start_inclusive: u64,
        end_exclusive: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<Download, DownloadError> {
        match self {
            Self::LocalFs(s) => {
                s.download_byte_range(from, start_inclusive, end_exclusive)
                    .await
            }
            Self::AwsS3(s) => {
                s.download_byte_range(from, start_inclusive, end_exclusive)
                    .await
            }
            Self::Unreliable(s) => {
                s.download_byte_range(from, start_inclusive, end_exclusive)
                    .await
            }
        }
    }

    pub async fn delete(&self, path: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        match self {
            Self::LocalFs(s) => s.delete(path).await,
            Self::AwsS3(s) => s.delete(path).await,
            Self::Unreliable(s) => s.delete(path).await,
        }
    }
}

impl GenericRemoteStorage {
    pub fn from_config(storage_config: &RemoteStorageConfig) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
        Ok(match &storage_config.storage {
            RemoteStorageKind::LocalFs(root) => {
                info!("Using fs root '{}' as a remote storage", root.display());
                Self::LocalFs(LocalFs::new(root.clone())?)
            }
            RemoteStorageKind::AwsS3(s3_config) => {
                info!("Using s3 bucket '{}' in region '{}' as a remote storage, prefix in bucket: '{:?}', bucket endpoint: '{:?}'",
                      s3_config.bucket_name, s3_config.bucket_region, s3_config.prefix_in_bucket, s3_config.endpoint);
                Self::AwsS3(Arc::new(S3Bucket::new(s3_config)?))
            }
        })
    }

    pub fn unreliable_wrapper(s: Self, fail_first: u64) -> Self {
        Self::Unreliable(Arc::new(UnreliableWrapper::new(s, fail_first)))
    }

    /// Takes storage object contents and its size and uploads to remote storage,
    /// mapping `from_path` to the corresponding remote object id in the storage.
    ///
    /// The storage object does not have to be present on the `from_path`,
    /// this path is used for the remote object id conversion only.
    pub async fn upload_storage_object(
        &self,
        from: impl tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        from_size_bytes: usize,
        to: &RemotePath,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.upload(from, from_size_bytes, to, None)
            .await
            .with_context(|| {
                format!("Failed to upload data of length {from_size_bytes} to storage path {to:?}")
            })
    }

    /// Downloads the storage object into the `to_path` provided.
    /// `byte_range` could be specified to dowload only a part of the file, if needed.
    pub async fn download_storage_object(
        &self,
        byte_range: Option<(u64, Option<u64>)>,
        from: &RemotePath,
    ) -> Result<Download, DownloadError> {
        match byte_range {
            Some((start, end)) => self.download_byte_range(from, start, end).await,
            None => self.download(from).await,
        }
    }
}

/// Extra set of key-value pairs that contain arbitrary metadata about the storage entry.
/// Immutable, cannot be changed once the file is created.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct StorageMetadata(HashMap<String, String>);

/// External backup storage configuration, enough for creating a client for that storage.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct RemoteStorageConfig {
    /// Max allowed number of concurrent sync operations between the API user and the remote storage.
    pub max_concurrent_syncs: NonZeroUsize,
    /// Max allowed errors before the sync task is considered failed and evicted.
    pub max_sync_errors: NonZeroU32,
    /// The storage connection configuration.
    pub storage: RemoteStorageKind,
}

/// A kind of a remote storage to connect to, with its connection configuration.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum RemoteStorageKind {
    /// Storage based on local file system.
    /// Specify a root folder to place all stored files into.
    LocalFs(PathBuf),
    /// AWS S3 based storage, storing all files in the S3 bucket
    /// specified by the config
    AwsS3(S3Config),
}

/// AWS S3 bucket coordinates and access credentials to manage the bucket contents (read and write).
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct S3Config {
    /// Name of the bucket to connect to.
    pub bucket_name: String,
    /// The region where the bucket is located at.
    pub bucket_region: String,
    /// A "subfolder" in the bucket, to use the same bucket separately by multiple remote storage users at once.
    pub prefix_in_bucket: Option<String>,
    /// A base URL to send S3 requests to.
    /// By default, the endpoint is derived from a region name, assuming it's
    /// an AWS S3 region name, erroring on wrong region name.
    /// Endpoint provides a way to support other S3 flavors and their regions.
    ///
    /// Example: `http://127.0.0.1:5000`
    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
    /// AWS S3 has various limits on its API calls, we need not to exceed those.
    /// See [`DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT`] for more details.
    pub concurrency_limit: NonZeroUsize,
    pub max_keys_per_list_response: Option<i32>,
}

impl Debug for S3Config {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("S3Config")
            .field("bucket_name", &self.bucket_name)
            .field("bucket_region", &self.bucket_region)
            .field("prefix_in_bucket", &self.prefix_in_bucket)
            .field("concurrency_limit", &self.concurrency_limit)
            .field(
                "max_keys_per_list_response",
                &self.max_keys_per_list_response,
            )
            .finish()
    }
}

impl RemoteStorageConfig {
    pub fn from_toml(toml: &toml_edit::Item) -> anyhow::Result<Option<RemoteStorageConfig>> {
        let local_path = toml.get("local_path");
        let bucket_name = toml.get("bucket_name");
        let bucket_region = toml.get("bucket_region");

        let max_concurrent_syncs = NonZeroUsize::new(
            parse_optional_integer("max_concurrent_syncs", toml)?
                .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_MAX_CONCURRENT_SYNCS),
        )
        .context("Failed to parse 'max_concurrent_syncs' as a positive integer")?;

        let max_sync_errors = NonZeroU32::new(
            parse_optional_integer("max_sync_errors", toml)?
                .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_MAX_SYNC_ERRORS),
        )
        .context("Failed to parse 'max_sync_errors' as a positive integer")?;

        let concurrency_limit = NonZeroUsize::new(
            parse_optional_integer("concurrency_limit", toml)?
                .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT),
        )
        .context("Failed to parse 'concurrency_limit' as a positive integer")?;

        let max_keys_per_list_response =
            parse_optional_integer::<i32, _>("max_keys_per_list_response", toml)
                .context("Failed to parse 'max_keys_per_list_response' as a positive integer")?
                .or(DEFAULT_MAX_KEYS_PER_LIST_RESPONSE);

        let storage = match (local_path, bucket_name, bucket_region) {
            // no 'local_path' nor 'bucket_name' options are provided, consider this remote storage disabled
            (None, None, None) => return Ok(None),
            (_, Some(_), None) => {
                bail!("'bucket_region' option is mandatory if 'bucket_name' is given ")
            }
            (_, None, Some(_)) => {
                bail!("'bucket_name' option is mandatory if 'bucket_region' is given ")
            }
            (None, Some(bucket_name), Some(bucket_region)) => RemoteStorageKind::AwsS3(S3Config {
                bucket_name: parse_toml_string("bucket_name", bucket_name)?,
                bucket_region: parse_toml_string("bucket_region", bucket_region)?,
                prefix_in_bucket: toml
                    .get("prefix_in_bucket")
                    .map(|prefix_in_bucket| parse_toml_string("prefix_in_bucket", prefix_in_bucket))
                    .transpose()?,
                endpoint: toml
                    .get("endpoint")
                    .map(|endpoint| parse_toml_string("endpoint", endpoint))
                    .transpose()?,
                concurrency_limit,
                max_keys_per_list_response,
            }),
            (Some(local_path), None, None) => RemoteStorageKind::LocalFs(PathBuf::from(
                parse_toml_string("local_path", local_path)?,
            )),
            (Some(_), Some(_), _) => bail!("local_path and bucket_name are mutually exclusive"),
        };

        Ok(Some(RemoteStorageConfig {
            max_concurrent_syncs,
            max_sync_errors,
            storage,
        }))
    }
}

// Helper functions to parse a toml Item
fn parse_optional_integer<I, E>(name: &str, item: &toml_edit::Item) -> anyhow::Result<Option<I>>
where
    I: TryFrom<i64, Error = E>,
    E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    let toml_integer = match item.get(name) {
        Some(item) => item
            .as_integer()
            .with_context(|| format!("configure option {name} is not an integer"))?,
        None => return Ok(None),
    };

    I::try_from(toml_integer)
        .map(Some)
        .with_context(|| format!("configure option {name} is too large"))
}

fn parse_toml_string(name: &str, item: &Item) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
    let s = item
        .as_str()
        .with_context(|| format!("configure option {name} is not a string"))?;
    Ok(s.to_string())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_object_name() {
        let k = RemotePath::new(Path::new("a/b/c")).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(k.object_name(), Some("c"));

        let k = RemotePath::new(Path::new("a/b/c/")).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(k.object_name(), Some("c"));

        let k = RemotePath::new(Path::new("a/")).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(k.object_name(), Some("a"));

        // XXX is it impossible to have an empty key?
        let k = RemotePath::new(Path::new("")).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(k.object_name(), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn rempte_path_cannot_be_created_from_absolute_ones() {
        let err = RemotePath::new(Path::new("/")).expect_err("Should fail on absolute paths");
        assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "Path \"/\" is not relative");
    }
}