diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/accounts/pool.rs b/backend/src/upstream/accounts/pool.rs
index d25cd3101..d03eed75e 100644
--- a/backend/src/upstream/accounts/pool.rs
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/accounts/pool.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 //! 账号池调度策略。
 
 use std::{
-    cmp::Ordering,
     collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, VecDeque},
     sync::Arc as StdArc,
     time::Duration as StdDuration,
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, Utc};
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-use crate::infra::time::parse_rfc3339_utc;
 use crate::upstream::accounts::quota::{quota_snapshot_limit_reached, quota_snapshot_reset_at};
 use crate::upstream::accounts::store::AccountStore;
 use crate::upstream::accounts::token_refresh::{jwt_expiry, JwtExpiry};
@@ -23,30 +21,12 @@ use crate::upstream::accounts::{
 use crate::upstream::protocol::events::{
     parse_rate_limit_headers, rate_limit_quota, TokenUsage as CodexTokenUsage,
 };
+use crate::upstream::scheduler::{
+    candidates::{self, CandidateFilter, CandidateRequest},
+    AccountScheduler, ScoreWeights,
+};
 
-/// 账号轮转策略。
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum RotationStrategy {
-    /// 综合并发压力、窗口用量和历史用量进行调度。
-    Smart,
-    /// 优先消耗即将重置的额度窗口。
-    QuotaResetPriority,
-    /// 按候选账号顺序循环选择。
-    RoundRobin,
-    /// 优先选择最近使用过的账号。
-    Sticky,
-}
-
-impl RotationStrategy {
-    fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            Self::Smart => "smart",
-            Self::QuotaResetPriority => "quota_reset_priority",
-            Self::RoundRobin => "round_robin",
-            Self::Sticky => "sticky",
-        }
-    }
-}
+pub use crate::upstream::scheduler::RotationStrategy;
 
 /// 账号池配置。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -263,13 +243,17 @@ pub struct AccountWindowUsageDelta {
     pub image_request_failed: bool,
 }
 
-/// 纯内存账号池，负责账号调度和运行时状态维护。
+/// 纯内存账号池：负责账号存储、在途槽位与运行时状态维护。
+///
+/// 账号**选择**已剥离到 [`crate::upstream::scheduler`]：候选过滤走
+/// [`candidates::filter`]，策略选择走 [`AccountScheduler::select`]。账号池只提供选择
+/// 所需的只读视图（候选切片 + `slot_count`），并持有调度器实例。
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AccountPool {
     accounts: IndexMap<String, Account>,
     slots: BTreeMap<String, VecDeque<AccountSlot>>,
     options: AccountPoolOptions,
-    rotation_cursor: usize,
+    scheduler: AccountScheduler,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -278,16 +262,6 @@ struct AccountSlot {
     model: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-struct SmartAccountLoadScore {
-    quota_limited: bool,
-    slot_count: usize,
-    window_request_count: u64,
-    window_token_count: u64,
-    window_cached_tokens: u64,
-    request_count: u64,
-}
-
 /// 账号释放结果。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ReleasedAccountUsage {
@@ -308,7 +282,7 @@ impl AccountPool {
             accounts: IndexMap::new(),
             slots: BTreeMap::new(),
             options,
-            rotation_cursor: 0,
+            scheduler: AccountScheduler::new(ScoreWeights::default()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -322,10 +296,11 @@ impl AccountPool {
         self.accounts.get(account_id).cloned()
     }
 
-    /// 移除账号及其在途槽位。
+    /// 移除账号及其在途槽位与运行时反馈。
     pub fn remove(&mut self, account_id: &str) -> bool {
         let removed = self.accounts.shift_remove(account_id).is_some();
         self.slots.remove(account_id);
+        self.scheduler.forget_feedback(account_id);
         removed
     }
 
@@ -333,17 +308,24 @@ impl AccountPool {
     pub fn clear(&mut self) {
         self.accounts.clear();
         self.slots.clear();
-        self.rotation_cursor = 0;
+        self.scheduler.reset_cursor();
+        self.scheduler.clear_feedback();
     }
 
     /// 替换账号池运行参数。
     pub fn set_options(&mut self, options: AccountPoolOptions) {
         if self.options.rotation_strategy != options.rotation_strategy {
-            self.rotation_cursor = 0;
+            self.scheduler.reset_cursor();
         }
         self.options = options;
     }
 
+    /// 回灌一次请求结果到调度器的运行时反馈（供 Smart 打分）。
+    pub fn report_feedback(&self, account_id: &str, success: bool, first_token_ms: Option<u64>) {
+        self.scheduler
+            .report_feedback(account_id, success, first_token_ms);
+    }
+
     /// 更新账号状态。
     pub fn set_status(&mut self, account_id: &str, status: AccountStatus) -> bool {
         let Some(account) = self.accounts.get_mut(account_id) else {
@@ -498,7 +480,9 @@ impl AccountPool {
     ) -> AccountAcquireWithStatusRefresh {
         self.cleanup_stale_slots(request.now);
         let refreshed_accounts = self.refresh_account_statuses(request.now);
-        let candidates = self.candidates(request);
+        let candidates = self.filter_candidates(request);
+        // 亲和优先：required 硬锁定该账号；preferred 若在候选内则直接选中；
+        // 二者都不命中时，回退到调度器按当前策略选择。
         let selected = if let Some(required_account_id) = &request.required_account_id {
             candidates.first().cloned().map(|account| {
                 (
@@ -508,43 +492,24 @@ impl AccountPool {
                 )
             })
         } else if let Some(preferred_account_id) = &request.preferred_account_id {
-            let preferred = candidates
+            candidates
                 .iter()
                 .find(|account| account.id == *preferred_account_id)
-                .cloned();
-            preferred.map(|account| {
-                (
-                    account,
-                    self.previous_slot_at(preferred_account_id),
-                    "preferred",
-                )
-            })
+                .cloned()
+                .map(|account| {
+                    (
+                        account,
+                        self.previous_slot_at(preferred_account_id),
+                        "preferred",
+                    )
+                })
         } else {
             None
         }
         .or_else(|| {
-            Some(match self.options.rotation_strategy {
-                RotationStrategy::Smart => {
-                    let account = self.select_smart(&candidates)?;
-                    let previous = self.previous_slot_at(&account.id);
-                    (account, previous, "smart")
-                }
-                RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority => {
-                    let account = self.select_quota_reset_priority(&candidates)?;
-                    let previous = self.previous_slot_at(&account.id);
-                    (account, previous, "quota_reset_priority")
-                }
-                RotationStrategy::RoundRobin => {
-                    let account = self.select_round_robin(&candidates)?;
-                    let previous = self.previous_slot_at(&account.id);
-                    (account, previous, "round_robin")
-                }
-                RotationStrategy::Sticky => {
-                    let account = Self::select_sticky(&candidates)?;
-                    let previous = self.previous_slot_at(&account.id);
-                    (account, previous, "sticky")
-                }
-            })
+            let account = self.select_candidate(&candidates, request.now)?;
+            let previous = self.previous_slot_at(&account.id);
+            Some((account, previous, self.options.rotation_strategy.as_str()))
         });
         let Some((selected, previous_slot_at, selection_source)) = selected else {
             return AccountAcquireWithStatusRefresh {
@@ -552,26 +517,20 @@ impl AccountPool {
                 refreshed_accounts,
             };
         };
-        let selected_slot_count = self.slot_count(&selected.id);
-        let selected_window_token_count = account_window_token_count(&selected);
-        let selected_smart_load_score = self.smart_load_score(&selected);
         tracing::info!(
             model = %request.model,
             rotation_strategy = self.options.rotation_strategy.as_str(),
             selection_source,
             account_id = %selected.id,
             candidate_count = candidates.len(),
-            slot_count = selected_slot_count,
+            slot_count = self.slot_count(&selected.id),
             request_count = selected.request_count,
             window_request_count = selected.window_request_count,
-            window_token_count = selected_window_token_count,
             window_reset_at = ?selected.window_reset_at,
             last_used_at = selected.last_used_at.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(),
             quota_limit_reached = selected.quota_limit_reached,
             quota_cooldown_until = ?selected.quota_cooldown_until,
             previous_slot_at = ?previous_slot_at,
-            smart_load_score = ?selected_smart_load_score,
-            rotation_cursor = self.rotation_cursor,
             "account selected for upstream request"
         );
 
@@ -689,48 +648,48 @@ impl AccountPool {
         let refreshed_accounts = self.refresh_account_statuses(now);
         let mut by_plan = IndexMap::<String, Vec<Account>>::new();
 
-        for account in self.accounts.values() {
-            if !self.is_model_refresh_available(account, now) {
-                continue;
+        let max_concurrent = self.options.max_concurrent_per_account;
+        let skip_quota_limited = self.options.skip_quota_limited;
+        {
+            let slot_count = |account_id: &str| self.slots.get(account_id).map_or(0, VecDeque::len);
+            for account in self.accounts.values() {
+                if !candidates::is_model_refresh_available(
+                    account,
+                    max_concurrent,
+                    skip_quota_limited,
+                    &slot_count,
+                    now,
+                ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let Some(plan_type) = account.plan_type.as_ref() else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                by_plan
+                    .entry(plan_type.clone())
+                    .or_default()
+                    .push(account.clone());
             }
-            let Some(plan_type) = account.plan_type.as_ref() else {
-                continue;
-            };
-            by_plan
-                .entry(plan_type.clone())
-                .or_default()
-                .push(account.clone());
         }
 
+        let strategy = self.options.rotation_strategy;
         let mut accounts = Vec::new();
         for (plan_type, group) in by_plan {
-            let selected = match self.options.rotation_strategy {
-                RotationStrategy::Smart => self.select_smart(&group),
-                RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority => self.select_quota_reset_priority(&group),
-                RotationStrategy::RoundRobin => self.select_round_robin(&group),
-                RotationStrategy::Sticky => Self::select_sticky(&group),
-            };
-            let Some(account) = selected else {
+            let Some(account) = self.select_candidate(&group, now) else {
                 continue;
             };
-            let selected_slot_count = self.slot_count(&account.id);
-            let selected_window_token_count = account_window_token_count(&account);
-            let selected_smart_load_score = self.smart_load_score(&account);
             tracing::info!(
                 plan_type,
-                rotation_strategy = self.options.rotation_strategy.as_str(),
+                rotation_strategy = strategy.as_str(),
                 account_id = %account.id,
                 candidate_count = group.len(),
-                slot_count = selected_slot_count,
+                slot_count = self.slot_count(&account.id),
                 request_count = account.request_count,
                 window_request_count = account.window_request_count,
-                window_token_count = selected_window_token_count,
                 window_reset_at = ?account.window_reset_at,
                 last_used_at = account.last_used_at.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(),
                 quota_limit_reached = account.quota_limit_reached,
                 quota_cooldown_until = ?account.quota_cooldown_until,
-                smart_load_score = ?selected_smart_load_score,
-                rotation_cursor = self.rotation_cursor,
                 "account selected for model refresh"
             );
             self.push_slot(&account.id, now, None);
@@ -743,106 +702,6 @@ impl AccountPool {
         }
     }
 
-    fn select_smart(&mut self, candidates: &[Account]) -> Option<Account> {
-        self.select_by(candidates, |pool, a, b| pool.compare_smart(a, b))
-    }
-
-    fn select_quota_reset_priority(&mut self, candidates: &[Account]) -> Option<Account> {
-        self.select_by(candidates, |_pool, a, b| compare_quota_reset_priority(a, b))
-    }
-
-    fn select_by(
-        &mut self,
-        candidates: &[Account],
-        compare: impl Fn(&Self, &Account, &Account) -> Ordering,
-    ) -> Option<Account> {
-        let mut sorted = candidates.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        sorted.sort_by(|a, b| compare(self, a, b));
-        let best = *sorted.first()?;
-        let tied_count = sorted
-            .iter()
-            .take_while(|account| compare(self, best, account) == Ordering::Equal)
-            .count();
-        let index = self.rotation_cursor % tied_count;
-        self.rotation_cursor = self.rotation_cursor.wrapping_add(1);
-        Some((*sorted[index]).clone())
-    }
-
-    fn compare_smart(&self, a: &Account, b: &Account) -> Ordering {
-        self.smart_load_score(a)
-            .cmp(&self.smart_load_score(b))
-            .then_with(|| compare_window_reset(a.window_reset_at, b.window_reset_at))
-            .then_with(|| compare_last_used(a.last_used_at.as_deref(), b.last_used_at.as_deref()))
-    }
-
-    fn smart_load_score(&self, account: &Account) -> SmartAccountLoadScore {
-        SmartAccountLoadScore {
-            quota_limited: account.quota_limit_reached,
-            slot_count: self.slot_count(&account.id),
-            window_request_count: account.window_request_count,
-            window_token_count: account_window_token_count(account),
-            window_cached_tokens: account.window_cached_tokens,
-            request_count: account.request_count,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn select_sticky(candidates: &[Account]) -> Option<Account> {
-        let mut selected = candidates.first()?;
-        for candidate in &candidates[1..] {
-            if compare_last_used(
-                candidate.last_used_at.as_deref(),
-                selected.last_used_at.as_deref(),
-            ) == Ordering::Greater
-            {
-                selected = candidate;
-            }
-        }
-        Some((*selected).clone())
-    }
-
-    fn select_round_robin(&mut self, candidates: &[Account]) -> Option<Account> {
-        if candidates.is_empty() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        self.rotation_cursor %= candidates.len();
-        let index = self.rotation_cursor;
-        self.rotation_cursor = self.rotation_cursor.wrapping_add(1);
-        Some(candidates[index].clone())
-    }
-
-    fn candidates(&self, request: &AccountAcquireRequest) -> Vec<Account> {
-        let mut candidates = self
-            .accounts
-            .values()
-            .filter(|account| self.is_base_available(account, request))
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        if let Some(required_account_id) = &request.required_account_id {
-            candidates.retain(|account| account.id == *required_account_id);
-            return candidates;
-        }
-        if let Some(best_tier) = self.best_available_tier(&candidates) {
-            candidates.retain(|account| account.plan_type.as_deref() == Some(best_tier.as_str()));
-        }
-        candidates
-    }
-
-    fn is_base_available(&self, account: &Account, request: &AccountAcquireRequest) -> bool {
-        account.status == AccountStatus::Active
-            && self.slot_count(&account.id) < self.options.max_concurrent_per_account
-            && AccountService::quota_available_at(
-                account,
-                request.now,
-                self.options.skip_quota_limited,
-            )
-            && self.is_model_allowed(account, &request.model)
-            && !request
-                .exclude_account_ids
-                .iter()
-                .any(|account_id| account_id == &account.id)
-            && AccountService::cloudflare_available_at(account, request.now)
-    }
-
     fn slot_count(&self, account_id: &str) -> usize {
         self.slots.get(account_id).map_or(0, VecDeque::len)
     }
@@ -864,13 +723,6 @@ impl AccountPool {
             });
     }
 
-    fn is_model_refresh_available(&self, account: &Account, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> bool {
-        account.status == AccountStatus::Active
-            && self.slot_count(&account.id) < self.options.max_concurrent_per_account
-            && AccountService::quota_available_at(account, now, self.options.skip_quota_limited)
-            && AccountService::cloudflare_available_at(account, now)
-    }
-
     fn mark_request_usage(&mut self, account_id: &str, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> Option<Account> {
         let account = self.accounts.get_mut(account_id)?;
         account.last_used_at = Some(now.to_rfc3339());
@@ -920,24 +772,33 @@ impl AccountPool {
         });
     }
 
-    fn is_model_allowed(&self, account: &Account, model: &str) -> bool {
-        let Some(allowed_plans) = self.options.model_plan_allowlist.get(model) else {
-            return true;
-        };
-        let Some(plan_type) = account.plan_type.as_deref() else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        allowed_plans.iter().any(|plan| plan == plan_type)
-            || !self.options.fetched_model_plan_types.contains(plan_type)
+    /// 过滤出本次请求的可用候选集合（委托 [`candidates::filter`]）。
+    fn filter_candidates(&self, request: &AccountAcquireRequest) -> Vec<Account> {
+        let slot_count = |account_id: &str| self.slots.get(account_id).map_or(0, VecDeque::len);
+        candidates::filter(
+            self.accounts.values(),
+            &CandidateFilter {
+                max_concurrent_per_account: self.options.max_concurrent_per_account,
+                skip_quota_limited: self.options.skip_quota_limited,
+                tier_priority: &self.options.tier_priority,
+                model_plan_allowlist: &self.options.model_plan_allowlist,
+                fetched_model_plan_types: &self.options.fetched_model_plan_types,
+                slot_count: &slot_count,
+            },
+            &CandidateRequest {
+                model: &request.model,
+                exclude_account_ids: &request.exclude_account_ids,
+                required_account_id: request.required_account_id.as_deref(),
+                now: request.now,
+            },
+        )
     }
 
-    fn best_available_tier(&self, candidates: &[Account]) -> Option<String> {
-        self.options.tier_priority.iter().find_map(|tier| {
-            candidates
-                .iter()
-                .find(|account| account.plan_type.as_deref() == Some(tier.as_str()))
-                .and_then(|account| account.plan_type.clone())
-        })
+    /// 按当前策略从候选集合中选择一个账号（委托 [`AccountScheduler::select`]）。
+    fn select_candidate(&self, candidates: &[Account], now: DateTime<Utc>) -> Option<Account> {
+        let slot_count = |account_id: &str| self.slots.get(account_id).map_or(0, VecDeque::len);
+        self.scheduler
+            .select(self.options.rotation_strategy, candidates, &slot_count, now)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1520,37 +1381,3 @@ fn refresh_cloudflare_cooldown(account: &mut Account, now: DateTime<Utc>) {
         account.cloudflare_cooldown_until = None;
     }
 }
-
-fn compare_quota_reset_priority(a: &Account, b: &Account) -> Ordering {
-    a.quota_limit_reached
-        .cmp(&b.quota_limit_reached)
-        .then_with(|| compare_window_reset(a.window_reset_at, b.window_reset_at))
-        .then_with(|| a.request_count.cmp(&b.request_count))
-        .then_with(|| compare_last_used(a.last_used_at.as_deref(), b.last_used_at.as_deref()))
-}
-
-fn account_window_token_count(account: &Account) -> u64 {
-    account
-        .window_input_tokens
-        .saturating_add(account.window_output_tokens)
-        .saturating_add(account.window_image_input_tokens)
-        .saturating_add(account.window_image_output_tokens)
-}
-
-fn compare_window_reset(a: Option<DateTime<Utc>>, b: Option<DateTime<Utc>>) -> Ordering {
-    match (a, b) {
-        (Some(a), Some(b)) => a.cmp(&b),
-        (Some(_) | None, None) | (None, Some(_)) => Ordering::Equal,
-    }
-}
-
-fn compare_last_used(a: Option<&str>, b: Option<&str>) -> Ordering {
-    last_used_millis(a).cmp(&last_used_millis(b))
-}
-
-fn last_used_millis(value: Option<&str>) -> i64 {
-    value
-        .and_then(|value| parse_rfc3339_utc(value).ok())
-        .map(|datetime| datetime.timestamp_millis())
-        .unwrap_or(0)
-}
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/mod.rs b/backend/src/upstream/mod.rs
index 9e5941ae8..35c99ca09 100644
--- a/backend/src/upstream/mod.rs
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/mod.rs
@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@ pub mod accounts;
 pub mod fingerprint;
 pub mod models;
 pub mod protocol;
+pub mod scheduler;
 pub mod token_client;
 pub mod transport;
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/candidates.rs b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/candidates.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..240f20f9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/candidates.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+//! 候选账号过滤。
+//!
+//! 所有调度策略共享的前置：从账号池中筛出「本次请求可用」的候选集合。这是选择流程
+//! 的第一步，与具体策略无关——策略只在过滤后的候选之间做选择。
+//!
+//! 过滤规则（全部满足才入选）：
+//!
+//! 1. 账号状态为 [`AccountStatus::Active`]；
+//! 2. 在途槽位数未达单账号并发上限；
+//! 3. 配额可用（[`AccountService::quota_available_at`]，受 `skip_quota_limited` 控制）；
+//! 4. 模型在账号订阅计划的允许列表内；
+//! 5. 不在本次请求的排除列表内；
+//! 6. 不处于 Cloudflare 冷却期。
+//!
+//! 之后再按订阅层级优先级（`tier_priority`）收窄到最高可用层级；若请求指定了
+//! `required_account_id`，则只保留该账号（跳过层级收窄）。
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+
+use crate::upstream::accounts::model::{Account, AccountStatus};
+use crate::upstream::accounts::service::AccountService;
+
+/// 候选过滤所需的账号池策略参数（只读视图）。
+pub struct CandidateFilter<'a> {
+    /// 单账号最大并发请求数。
+    pub max_concurrent_per_account: usize,
+    /// 是否跳过已标记配额耗尽的账号。
+    pub skip_quota_limited: bool,
+    /// 订阅层级优先级，越靠前优先级越高。
+    pub tier_priority: &'a [String],
+    /// 模型到允许订阅计划的映射。
+    pub model_plan_allowlist: &'a std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    /// 已成功拉取过模型列表的订阅计划。
+    pub fetched_model_plan_types: &'a std::collections::BTreeSet<String>,
+    /// 按账号 ID 读取当前在途槽位数。
+    pub slot_count: &'a dyn Fn(&str) -> usize,
+}
+
+/// 本次账号获取请求的过滤条件。
+pub struct CandidateRequest<'a> {
+    /// 本次请求使用的模型。
+    pub model: &'a str,
+    /// 本次请求需要排除的账号 ID。
+    pub exclude_account_ids: &'a [String],
+    /// 本次请求必须使用的账号 ID（存在时跳过层级收窄，只保留该账号）。
+    pub required_account_id: Option<&'a str>,
+    /// 本次调度使用的当前时间。
+    pub now: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+/// 从账号池筛出本次请求的可用候选集合。
+pub fn filter<'a>(
+    accounts: impl Iterator<Item = &'a Account>,
+    filter: &CandidateFilter<'_>,
+    request: &CandidateRequest<'_>,
+) -> Vec<Account> {
+    let mut candidates = accounts
+        .filter(|account| is_base_available(account, filter, request))
+        .cloned()
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    if let Some(required_account_id) = request.required_account_id {
+        candidates.retain(|account| account.id == required_account_id);
+        return candidates;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(best_tier) = best_available_tier(&candidates, filter.tier_priority) {
+        candidates.retain(|account| account.plan_type.as_deref() == Some(best_tier.as_str()));
+    }
+    candidates
+}
+
+/// 判断账号是否满足全部基础可用条件。
+fn is_base_available(
+    account: &Account,
+    filter: &CandidateFilter<'_>,
+    request: &CandidateRequest<'_>,
+) -> bool {
+    account.status == AccountStatus::Active
+        && (filter.slot_count)(&account.id) < filter.max_concurrent_per_account
+        && AccountService::quota_available_at(account, request.now, filter.skip_quota_limited)
+        && is_model_allowed(
+            account,
+            request.model,
+            filter.model_plan_allowlist,
+            filter.fetched_model_plan_types,
+        )
+        && !request
+            .exclude_account_ids
+            .iter()
+            .any(|account_id| account_id == &account.id)
+        && AccountService::cloudflare_available_at(account, request.now)
+}
+
+/// 判断模型是否允许该账号的订阅计划使用。
+fn is_model_allowed(
+    account: &Account,
+    model: &str,
+    model_plan_allowlist: &std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    fetched_model_plan_types: &std::collections::BTreeSet<String>,
+) -> bool {
+    let Some(allowed_plans) = model_plan_allowlist.get(model) else {
+        return true;
+    };
+    let Some(plan_type) = account.plan_type.as_deref() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    allowed_plans.iter().any(|plan| plan == plan_type)
+        || !fetched_model_plan_types.contains(plan_type)
+}
+
+/// 在候选集合中找出订阅层级优先级最高的可用层级。
+fn best_available_tier(candidates: &[Account], tier_priority: &[String]) -> Option<String> {
+    for tier in tier_priority {
+        let matched = candidates
+            .iter()
+            .any(|account| account.plan_type.as_deref() == Some(tier.as_str()));
+        if matched {
+            return Some(tier.clone());
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// 判断账号是否可用于模型列表刷新（不涉及排除列表 / 模型允许列表 / 层级收窄）。
+pub fn is_model_refresh_available(
+    account: &Account,
+    max_concurrent_per_account: usize,
+    skip_quota_limited: bool,
+    slot_count: &dyn Fn(&str) -> usize,
+    now: DateTime<Utc>,
+) -> bool {
+    account.status == AccountStatus::Active
+        && slot_count(&account.id) < max_concurrent_per_account
+        && AccountService::quota_available_at(account, now, skip_quota_limited)
+        && AccountService::cloudflare_available_at(account, now)
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/feedback.rs b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/feedback.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac29989c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/feedback.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+//! 账号运行时反馈:错误率与 TTFT 的 EWMA 统计。
+//!
+//! 每个账号维护两个指数加权移动平均(EWMA):错误率与首 token 延迟(TTFT，
+//! 毫秒)。请求结束后经 [`FeedbackStats::report`] 回灌，直接进 [`super::score`]
+//! 打分并可驱动 sticky escape。统计以 `AtomicU64`(存 `f64` 位模式)+ CAS 无锁更新,
+//! 对齐 sub2api 的设计,避免选择热路径上的锁与 DB 往返。
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::RwLock;
+
+/// EWMA 平滑系数(新样本权重)。与 sub2api 一致取 0.2。
+const EWMA_ALPHA: f64 = 0.2;
+
+/// 单账号的运行时 EWMA 统计。
+///
+/// `*_bits` 存 `f64` 的位模式;`NaN`(全 1 的哨兵)表示"尚无样本"。
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct AccountFeedback {
+    /// 错误率 EWMA，范围 `[0, 1]`。
+    error_rate_bits: AtomicU64,
+    /// TTFT EWMA，单位毫秒。
+    ttft_ms_bits: AtomicU64,
+}
+
+/// 表示"尚无样本"的哨兵位模式。
+const EMPTY_BITS: u64 = f64::NAN.to_bits();
+
+impl Default for AccountFeedback {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            error_rate_bits: AtomicU64::new(EMPTY_BITS),
+            ttft_ms_bits: AtomicU64::new(EMPTY_BITS),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AccountFeedback {
+    /// 读取当前错误率 EWMA;无样本时返回 `None`。
+    fn error_rate(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        load_sample(&self.error_rate_bits)
+    }
+
+    /// 读取当前 TTFT EWMA(毫秒);无样本时返回 `None`。
+    fn ttft_ms(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        load_sample(&self.ttft_ms_bits)
+    }
+
+    /// 回灌一次请求结果。
+    fn report(&self, success: bool, first_token_ms: Option<u64>) {
+        let error_sample = if success { 0.0 } else { 1.0 };
+        update_ewma(&self.error_rate_bits, error_sample);
+        if let Some(ms) = first_token_ms {
+            update_ewma(&self.ttft_ms_bits, ms as f64);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 读取 EWMA 样本;哨兵(NaN)返回 `None`。
+fn load_sample(bits: &AtomicU64) -> Option<f64> {
+    let value = f64::from_bits(bits.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
+    if value.is_nan() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// 无锁 CAS 更新 EWMA:首个样本直接落值,其后按 alpha 混合。
+fn update_ewma(bits: &AtomicU64, sample: f64) {
+    let mut current = bits.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+    loop {
+        let previous = f64::from_bits(current);
+        let next = if previous.is_nan() {
+            sample
+        } else {
+            EWMA_ALPHA * sample + (1.0 - EWMA_ALPHA) * previous
+        };
+        match bits.compare_exchange_weak(
+            current,
+            next.to_bits(),
+            Ordering::Relaxed,
+            Ordering::Relaxed,
+        ) {
+            Ok(_) => return,
+            Err(observed) => current = observed,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 账号 EWMA 反馈的读数快照,供打分使用。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct FeedbackSample {
+    /// 错误率 EWMA，范围 `[0, 1]`;无样本时为 `None`。
+    pub error_rate: Option<f64>,
+    /// TTFT EWMA(毫秒);无样本时为 `None`。
+    pub ttft_ms: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// 账号运行时反馈存储:按账号 ID 聚合 EWMA 统计。
+///
+/// 选择热路径只读(`sample`),请求结束后写(`report`)。内部按账号分片为独立的
+/// 原子对象，`RwLock` 仅保护 map 结构本身(插入新账号时短暂写锁)。
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct FeedbackStats {
+    accounts: RwLock<HashMap<String, AccountFeedback>>,
+}
+
+impl FeedbackStats {
+    /// 创建空的反馈存储。
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// 读取指定账号的 EWMA 快照;账号无记录时返回全 `None`。
+    pub fn sample(&self, account_id: &str) -> FeedbackSample {
+        let accounts = self
+            .accounts
+            .read()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        match accounts.get(account_id) {
+            Some(feedback) => FeedbackSample {
+                error_rate: feedback.error_rate(),
+                ttft_ms: feedback.ttft_ms(),
+            },
+            None => FeedbackSample::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 回灌一次请求结果:成功/失败 + 首 token 延迟(毫秒)。
+    pub fn report(&self, account_id: &str, success: bool, first_token_ms: Option<u64>) {
+        // 快路径:账号已存在时只需读锁 + 原子更新。
+        {
+            let accounts = self
+                .accounts
+                .read()
+                .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            if let Some(feedback) = accounts.get(account_id) {
+                feedback.report(success, first_token_ms);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        // 慢路径:首次见到该账号,取写锁插入后回灌。
+        let mut accounts = self
+            .accounts
+            .write()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        accounts
+            .entry(account_id.to_string())
+            .or_default()
+            .report(success, first_token_ms);
+    }
+
+    /// 移除指定账号的反馈记录(账号被删除时调用)。
+    pub fn remove(&self, account_id: &str) {
+        let mut accounts = self
+            .accounts
+            .write()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        accounts.remove(account_id);
+    }
+
+    /// 清空全部反馈记录(账号池清空时调用)。
+    pub fn clear(&self) {
+        let mut accounts = self
+            .accounts
+            .write()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        accounts.clear();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/mod.rs b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..802cb86ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+//! 智能账号调度模块。
+//!
+//! 账号选择的唯一归属地。把「选择」从账号池存储中剥离，集中于此：
+//!
+//! - [`candidates`] —— 候选过滤（可用性 / 层级 / 模型允许列表），所有策略共享的前置。
+//! - [`strategy`] —— 全部选择策略，每个策略一个文件（[`strategy::smart`] /
+//!   [`strategy::quota_reset`] / [`strategy::round_robin`] / [`strategy::sticky`]）。
+//! - [`feedback`] —— 跨策略的运行时 EWMA 反馈（错误率 / TTFT），喂给 Smart 打分。
+//!
+//! [`AccountScheduler`] 是对外门面：持有轮转游标、打分权重与 EWMA 反馈存储，接收
+//! **已过滤的候选切片**并返回选中账号。它不 lock 账号池、不刷状态、不写库——存储与
+//! 状态维护仍归 `AccountPool`，二者经候选切片与 `slot_count` 闭包解耦。
+
+pub mod candidates;
+pub mod feedback;
+pub mod strategy;
+
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+
+use crate::upstream::accounts::model::Account;
+
+pub use candidates::{CandidateFilter, CandidateRequest};
+pub use feedback::{FeedbackSample, FeedbackStats};
+pub use strategy::smart::rank_candidates;
+pub use strategy::{RotationStrategy, ScoreBreakdown, ScoreWeights};
+
+/// 账号调度器：账号选择的对外门面。
+///
+/// 持有轮转游标（并列破并列用）、打分权重（Smart 用）与 EWMA 反馈存储。选择热路径
+/// 只读反馈与权重，请求结束后经 [`AccountScheduler::report_feedback`] 回灌。游标用
+/// [`Mutex`] 保护（选择需可变，但 `AccountScheduler` 以共享引用参与并发请求）。
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AccountScheduler {
+    /// 轮转游标：在并列最优账号之间做公平轮转。
+    cursor: Mutex<usize>,
+    /// Smart 策略的打分权重。
+    weights: ScoreWeights,
+    /// 账号运行时 EWMA 反馈（错误率 / TTFT）。
+    feedback: FeedbackStats,
+}
+
+impl Default for AccountScheduler {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new(ScoreWeights::default())
+    }
+}
+
+impl AccountScheduler {
+    /// 使用指定打分权重创建调度器。
+    pub fn new(weights: ScoreWeights) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            cursor: Mutex::new(0),
+            weights,
+            feedback: FeedbackStats::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 替换打分权重（策略切换或热更时调用）。
+    pub fn set_weights(&mut self, weights: ScoreWeights) {
+        self.weights = weights;
+    }
+
+    /// 重置轮转游标（策略切换时调用，保证轮转从头开始）。
+    pub fn reset_cursor(&self) {
+        *self.lock_cursor() = 0;
+    }
+
+    /// 从已过滤的候选集合中按指定策略选择一个账号。
+    ///
+    /// `candidates` 必须是 [`candidates::filter`] 的输出；`slot_count` 按账号 ID 读取
+    /// 当前在途槽位数（Smart 打分与候选无关的运行时状态由调用方提供）。
+    pub fn select(
+        &self,
+        strategy: RotationStrategy,
+        candidates: &[Account],
+        slot_count: &dyn Fn(&str) -> usize,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> Option<Account> {
+        let input = strategy::SelectionInput {
+            candidates,
+            slot_count,
+            feedback: &self.feedback,
+            weights: &self.weights,
+            now,
+        };
+        let mut cursor = self.lock_cursor();
+        strategy::select(strategy, &input, &mut cursor)
+    }
+
+    /// 回灌一次请求结果到运行时 EWMA 反馈（错误率 / TTFT），供 Smart 打分。
+    pub fn report_feedback(&self, account_id: &str, success: bool, first_token_ms: Option<u64>) {
+        self.feedback.report(account_id, success, first_token_ms);
+    }
+
+    /// 移除指定账号的运行时反馈（账号被删除时调用）。
+    pub fn forget_feedback(&self, account_id: &str) {
+        self.feedback.remove(account_id);
+    }
+
+    /// 清空全部运行时反馈（账号池清空时调用）。
+    pub fn clear_feedback(&self) {
+        self.feedback.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn lock_cursor(&self) -> std::sync::MutexGuard<'_, usize> {
+        self.cursor
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/mod.rs b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e82793ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//! 账号调度策略层。
+//!
+//! 所有账号选择策略集中于此，每个策略一个文件，互不依赖：
+//!
+//! - [`smart`] —— 加权线性打分 + EWMA 反馈（“智能调度”）。
+//! - [`quota_reset`] —— 优先消耗即将重置的额度窗口。
+//! - [`round_robin`] —— 按候选顺序循环。
+//! - [`sticky`] —— 优先最近使用过的账号。
+//!
+//! 本模块只承担三件事：定义 [`RotationStrategy`] 枚举、把选择请求分派到对应策略、
+//! 提供各策略共享的 tie-break 比较原语（[`select_by`] / [`compare_window_reset`] /
+//! [`compare_last_used`]）。策略本身不触碰账号池存储：在途槽位数经 `slot_count`
+//! 闭包按需读取，EWMA 反馈与打分权重经 [`SelectionInput`] 传入。
+
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+
+use crate::infra::time::parse_rfc3339_utc;
+use crate::upstream::accounts::model::Account;
+use crate::upstream::scheduler::feedback::FeedbackStats;
+
+pub mod quota_reset;
+pub mod round_robin;
+pub mod smart;
+pub mod sticky;
+
+pub use smart::{ScoreBreakdown, ScoreWeights};
+
+/// 账号轮转策略。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum RotationStrategy {
+    /// 加权线性打分调度：多因子（负载/窗口/错误率/TTFT/重置）归一化后加权求和，
+    /// 配合 EWMA 反馈。
+    Smart,
+    /// 优先消耗即将重置的额度窗口。
+    QuotaResetPriority,
+    /// 按候选账号顺序循环选择。
+    RoundRobin,
+    /// 优先选择最近使用过的账号。
+    Sticky,
+}
+
+impl RotationStrategy {
+    /// 返回策略的持久化/日志字符串。
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Smart => "smart",
+            Self::QuotaResetPriority => "quota_reset_priority",
+            Self::RoundRobin => "round_robin",
+            Self::Sticky => "sticky",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 策略选择的运行时输入。
+///
+/// `slot_count` 按账号 ID 读取当前在途槽位数；`feedback` / `weights` 仅 [`smart`]
+/// 使用，其余策略忽略；`now` 用于窗口重置相关的打分。
+pub struct SelectionInput<'a> {
+    /// 已过滤的候选账号集合。
+    pub candidates: &'a [Account],
+    /// 按账号 ID 读取当前在途槽位数。
+    pub slot_count: &'a dyn Fn(&str) -> usize,
+    /// 账号 EWMA 反馈存储（Smart 打分用）。
+    pub feedback: &'a FeedbackStats,
+    /// 打分权重（Smart 打分用）。
+    pub weights: &'a ScoreWeights,
+    /// 当前时刻（窗口重置因子用）。
+    pub now: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+/// 按指定策略从候选集合中选择一个账号。
+///
+/// `cursor` 是账号池持有的轮转游标，用于在并列最优账号之间做公平轮转；不同策略对它
+/// 的读写方式不同（详见各策略模块），本函数只负责透传可变引用。
+pub fn select(
+    strategy: RotationStrategy,
+    input: &SelectionInput<'_>,
+    cursor: &mut usize,
+) -> Option<Account> {
+    match strategy {
+        RotationStrategy::Smart => smart::select(input, cursor),
+        RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority => quota_reset::select(input, cursor),
+        RotationStrategy::RoundRobin => round_robin::select(input, cursor),
+        RotationStrategy::Sticky => sticky::select(input, cursor),
+    }
+}
+
+// ====================================================================
+// 共享 tie-break 原语
+// ====================================================================
+
+/// 按比较函数升序排序后，在并列最优（`Ordering::Equal`）的账号之间用轮转游标破并列。
+///
+/// 这是 [`smart`] 与 [`quota_reset`] 共享的选择骨架：先按各自的比较规则排序，再在得分
+/// 相同的账号之间轮转，保证并列账号被公平地依次选中。
+pub(crate) fn select_by(
+    candidates: &[Account],
+    cursor: &mut usize,
+    compare: impl Fn(&Account, &Account) -> Ordering,
+) -> Option<Account> {
+    let mut sorted = candidates.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    sorted.sort_by(|a, b| compare(a, b));
+    let best = *sorted.first()?;
+    let tied_count = sorted
+        .iter()
+        .take_while(|account| compare(best, account) == Ordering::Equal)
+        .count();
+    let index = *cursor % tied_count;
+    *cursor = cursor.wrapping_add(1);
+    Some((*sorted[index]).clone())
+}
+
+/// 计算账号当前窗口的总 token 数（输入 + 输出 + 图片输入 + 图片输出）。
+pub(crate) fn account_window_token_count(account: &Account) -> u64 {
+    account
+        .window_input_tokens
+        .saturating_add(account.window_output_tokens)
+        .saturating_add(account.window_image_input_tokens)
+        .saturating_add(account.window_image_output_tokens)
+}
+
+/// 比较两个窗口重置时间：越早重置越优先；缺失重置时间视为并列（不惩罚）。
+pub(crate) fn compare_window_reset(a: Option<DateTime<Utc>>, b: Option<DateTime<Utc>>) -> Ordering {
+    match (a, b) {
+        (Some(a), Some(b)) => a.cmp(&b),
+        (Some(_) | None, None) | (None, Some(_)) => Ordering::Equal,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 比较两个账号的最近使用时间：越久未用越优先（升序，最小者排前）。
+pub(crate) fn compare_last_used(a: Option<&str>, b: Option<&str>) -> Ordering {
+    last_used_millis(a).cmp(&last_used_millis(b))
+}
+
+fn last_used_millis(value: Option<&str>) -> i64 {
+    value
+        .and_then(|value| parse_rfc3339_utc(value).ok())
+        .map(|datetime| datetime.timestamp_millis())
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/quota_reset.rs b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/quota_reset.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbe9d526a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/quota_reset.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//! QuotaResetPriority 策略：优先消耗即将重置的额度窗口。
+//!
+//! 排序规则（升序，越靠前越优先）：
+//! 1. 未封顶配额优先于已封顶（`quota_limit_reached` false < true）；
+//! 2. 窗口重置时间越早越优先；
+//! 3. 历史请求数越少越优先；
+//! 4. 最近使用时间越久越优先（LRU）。
+//!
+//! 并列最优的账号之间由 [`super::select_by`] 用轮转游标破并列。
+
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+use crate::upstream::accounts::model::Account;
+
+use super::{compare_last_used, compare_window_reset, select_by, SelectionInput};
+
+/// QuotaResetPriority 策略选择。
+pub fn select(input: &SelectionInput<'_>, cursor: &mut usize) -> Option<Account> {
+    select_by(input.candidates, cursor, compare_quota_reset_priority)
+}
+
+/// 配额重置优先级比较：升序，最优（最应先用）排在最前。
+fn compare_quota_reset_priority(a: &Account, b: &Account) -> Ordering {
+    a.quota_limit_reached
+        .cmp(&b.quota_limit_reached)
+        .then_with(|| compare_window_reset(a.window_reset_at, b.window_reset_at))
+        .then_with(|| a.request_count.cmp(&b.request_count))
+        .then_with(|| compare_last_used(a.last_used_at.as_deref(), b.last_used_at.as_deref()))
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/round_robin.rs b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/round_robin.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d3db1cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/round_robin.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//! RoundRobin 策略：按候选顺序循环选择。
+//!
+//! 最简单的策略：忽略账号负载与用量，纯粹按候选集合的顺序用轮转游标依次选中，
+//! 保证请求在候选账号间均匀轮转。
+
+use crate::upstream::accounts::model::Account;
+
+use super::SelectionInput;
+
+/// 按候选顺序做纯轮转选择。
+pub fn select(input: &SelectionInput<'_>, cursor: &mut usize) -> Option<Account> {
+    let candidates = input.candidates;
+    if candidates.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    *cursor %= candidates.len();
+    let index = *cursor;
+    *cursor = cursor.wrapping_add(1);
+    Some(candidates[index].clone())
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/smart.rs b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/smart.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f4d730b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/smart.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+//! Smart 策略：加权线性打分 + EWMA 反馈。
+//!
+//! 参考 sub2api 的调度设计：把多个归一化因子（负载、窗口 token 用量、窗口缓存、窗口
+//! 请求数、错误率、TTFT、窗口重置）按可配置权重线性求和，得分越高越优先。相较字典序
+//! 元组比较，加权打分是更平滑的负载均衡，不会让单一维度无条件压制其余维度，同时通过
+//! EWMA 反馈感知账号健康度与延迟。
+//!
+//! 各归一化因子都落在 `[0, 1]` 且方向统一（越大越好），因此权重之间可直接比较。配额
+//! 已封顶（`quota_limit_reached`）的账号会被施加一个强惩罚，确保只要还有未封顶的候选就
+//! 不会选中它。并列最高分的账号之间由 [`super::select_by`] 用轮转游标破并列。
+
+use crate::upstream::accounts::model::Account;
+use crate::upstream::scheduler::feedback::{FeedbackSample, FeedbackStats};
+
+use super::{account_window_token_count, SelectionInput};
+
+/// 配额封顶账号的惩罚分。远大于各因子加权和的理论上限（各因子 ∈ [0,1]，权重和通常为
+/// 个位数），保证未封顶账号总是优先于封顶账号。
+const QUOTA_LIMITED_PENALTY: f64 = 1_000.0;
+
+/// 打分权重。每个字段对应一个归一化因子的权重，权重为 0 即关闭该维度。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ScoreWeights {
+    /// 在途槽位压力（越空闲越优先）。
+    pub load: f64,
+    /// 当前窗口实际 token 用量（用得越少越优先）。
+    pub window: f64,
+    /// 当前窗口缓存 token 用量（缓存越少越优先，权重小，仅在实际用量相当时区分）。
+    pub cached: f64,
+    /// 当前窗口请求数（请求越少越优先）。
+    pub window_requests: f64,
+    /// 错误率 EWMA（越健康越优先）。
+    pub error_rate: f64,
+    /// 首 token 延迟 EWMA（越快越优先）。
+    pub ttft: f64,
+    /// 窗口重置临近度（越快重置越优先，use-it-or-lose-it，默认关闭）。
+    pub reset: f64,
+}
+
+impl Default for ScoreWeights {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        // 默认权重对齐 sub2api 的取向：负载与健康度为主，窗口用量次之，TTFT 再次，
+        // 窗口重置默认关闭（避免过早榨干即将重置的账号）。cached 权重远小于 window，
+        // 确保实际 token 用量主导、缓存仅作细粒度区分。
+        Self {
+            load: 1.0,
+            window: 0.8,
+            cached: 0.05,
+            window_requests: 0.6,
+            error_rate: 1.0,
+            ttft: 0.5,
+            reset: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 单个候选账号的打分明细，供日志与可观测使用。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ScoreBreakdown {
+    /// 各因子加权后的总分（已含配额封顶惩罚）。
+    pub total: f64,
+    /// 负载因子（归一化后，未乘权重）。
+    pub load: f64,
+    /// 窗口实际 token 用量因子。
+    pub window: f64,
+    /// 窗口缓存 token 用量因子。
+    pub cached: f64,
+    /// 窗口请求数因子。
+    pub window_requests: f64,
+    /// 错误率因子。
+    pub error_rate: f64,
+    /// TTFT 因子。
+    pub ttft: f64,
+    /// 窗口重置因子。
+    pub reset: f64,
+    /// 是否被施加配额封顶惩罚。
+    pub quota_limited: bool,
+}
+
+/// Smart 策略选择：按加权得分降序排序，在并列最高分之间用轮转游标破并列。
+pub fn select(input: &SelectionInput<'_>, cursor: &mut usize) -> Option<Account> {
+    let ranked = rank_candidates(
+        input.candidates,
+        input.weights,
+        input.now.timestamp(),
+        input.slot_count,
+        input.feedback,
+    );
+    let best_total = ranked.first()?.1.total;
+    // 并列最高分的账号数量（浮点相等用位相等判定，得分由相同输入算出，稳定）。
+    let tied_count = ranked
+        .iter()
+        .take_while(|(_, breakdown)| breakdown.total.to_bits() == best_total.to_bits())
+        .count();
+    let index = *cursor % tied_count;
+    *cursor = cursor.wrapping_add(1);
+    let account_index = ranked[index].0;
+    Some(input.candidates[account_index].clone())
+}
+
+/// 对候选集合按加权得分排序（降序），返回 `(账号索引, 打分明细)` 列表。
+///
+/// 只做打分与排序，最终的并列破并列交给 [`select`]。公开供测试直接断言排序结果。
+pub fn rank_candidates(
+    candidates: &[Account],
+    weights: &ScoreWeights,
+    now_secs: i64,
+    slot_count: &dyn Fn(&str) -> usize,
+    feedback: &FeedbackStats,
+) -> Vec<(usize, ScoreBreakdown)> {
+    let samples = candidates
+        .iter()
+        .map(|account| feedback.sample(&account.id))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let ctx = NormalizationContext::build(candidates, &samples, now_secs, slot_count);
+    let mut ranked = candidates
+        .iter()
+        .zip(&samples)
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(index, (account, sample))| {
+            (
+                index,
+                score_account(account, sample, weights, &ctx, now_secs, slot_count),
+            )
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    // 降序：得分高在前。NaN 不应出现（因子均有界），保守用 total_cmp。
+    ranked.sort_by(|a, b| b.1.total.total_cmp(&a.1.total));
+    ranked
+}
+
+/// 候选集合的归一化上下文：预先算好各维度的 min/max，供逐账号归一化。
+struct NormalizationContext {
+    max_slot_count: f64,
+    max_window_tokens: f64,
+    max_window_cached: f64,
+    max_window_requests: f64,
+    min_ttft_ms: f64,
+    max_ttft_ms: f64,
+    min_reset_secs: f64,
+    max_reset_secs: f64,
+}
+
+impl NormalizationContext {
+    fn build(
+        candidates: &[Account],
+        samples: &[FeedbackSample],
+        now_secs: i64,
+        slot_count: &dyn Fn(&str) -> usize,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut max_slot_count = 0.0_f64;
+        let mut max_window_tokens = 0.0_f64;
+        let mut max_window_cached = 0.0_f64;
+        let mut max_window_requests = 0.0_f64;
+        let mut min_ttft_ms = f64::INFINITY;
+        let mut max_ttft_ms = 0.0_f64;
+        let mut min_reset_secs = f64::INFINITY;
+        let mut max_reset_secs = 0.0_f64;
+
+        for (account, sample) in candidates.iter().zip(samples) {
+            max_slot_count = max_slot_count.max(slot_count(&account.id) as f64);
+            max_window_tokens = max_window_tokens.max(account_window_token_count(account) as f64);
+            max_window_cached = max_window_cached.max(account.window_cached_tokens as f64);
+            max_window_requests = max_window_requests.max(account.window_request_count as f64);
+
+            if let Some(ttft) = sample.ttft_ms {
+                if ttft > 0.0 {
+                    min_ttft_ms = min_ttft_ms.min(ttft);
+                    max_ttft_ms = max_ttft_ms.max(ttft);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(reset_at) = account.window_reset_at {
+                let secs = (reset_at.timestamp() - now_secs).max(0) as f64;
+                min_reset_secs = min_reset_secs.min(secs);
+                max_reset_secs = max_reset_secs.max(secs);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            max_slot_count,
+            max_window_tokens,
+            max_window_cached,
+            max_window_requests,
+            min_ttft_ms: if min_ttft_ms.is_finite() {
+                min_ttft_ms
+            } else {
+                0.0
+            },
+            max_ttft_ms,
+            min_reset_secs: if min_reset_secs.is_finite() {
+                min_reset_secs
+            } else {
+                0.0
+            },
+            max_reset_secs,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 把 `value` 从 `[min, max]` 线性映射到 `[0, 1]`；区间退化时返回中性值 `1.0`
+/// （表示该维度对所有候选无区分度，不应影响排序）。
+fn normalize_ascending_good(value: f64, min: f64, max: f64) -> f64 {
+    if max <= min {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    ((value - min) / (max - min)).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+}
+
+/// 计算指定账号在候选集合中的加权得分明细。
+fn score_account(
+    account: &Account,
+    sample: &FeedbackSample,
+    weights: &ScoreWeights,
+    ctx: &NormalizationContext,
+    now_secs: i64,
+    slot_count: &dyn Fn(&str) -> usize,
+) -> ScoreBreakdown {
+    // 负载：槽位越少越好。归一化到 [0,1] 后取反（1 - x），使“越空闲得分越高”。
+    let load =
+        1.0 - normalize_ascending_good(slot_count(&account.id) as f64, 0.0, ctx.max_slot_count);
+
+    // 窗口实际 token 用量：token 越少越好。
+    let window = 1.0
+        - normalize_ascending_good(
+            account_window_token_count(account) as f64,
+            0.0,
+            ctx.max_window_tokens,
+        );
+
+    // 窗口缓存 token 用量：缓存越少越好（权重小，仅在实际用量相当时细分）。
+    let cached = 1.0
+        - normalize_ascending_good(
+            account.window_cached_tokens as f64,
+            0.0,
+            ctx.max_window_cached,
+        );
+
+    // 窗口请求数：请求越少越好。
+    let window_requests = 1.0
+        - normalize_ascending_good(
+            account.window_request_count as f64,
+            0.0,
+            ctx.max_window_requests,
+        );
+
+    // 错误率 EWMA：本身即 [0,1]，越低越健康。无样本时视为 0（满分健康）。
+    let error_rate = 1.0 - sample.error_rate.unwrap_or(0.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+
+    // TTFT：延迟越低越好。无样本的账号视为中性满分，避免冷启动被压。
+    let ttft = match sample.ttft_ms {
+        Some(ms) if ms > 0.0 => {
+            1.0 - normalize_ascending_good(ms, ctx.min_ttft_ms, ctx.max_ttft_ms)
+        }
+        _ => 1.0,
+    };
+
+    // 窗口重置：越快重置越优先（use-it-or-lose-it）。无 reset 时间视为中性满分。
+    let reset = match account.window_reset_at {
+        Some(reset_at) => {
+            let secs = (reset_at.timestamp() - now_secs).max(0) as f64;
+            1.0 - normalize_ascending_good(secs, ctx.min_reset_secs, ctx.max_reset_secs)
+        }
+        None => 1.0,
+    };
+
+    let mut total = weights.load * load
+        + weights.window * window
+        + weights.cached * cached
+        + weights.window_requests * window_requests
+        + weights.error_rate * error_rate
+        + weights.ttft * ttft
+        + weights.reset * reset;
+
+    // 配额封顶硬惩罚：确保只要还有未封顶候选就不会选中封顶账号。
+    if account.quota_limit_reached {
+        total -= QUOTA_LIMITED_PENALTY;
+    }
+
+    ScoreBreakdown {
+        total,
+        load,
+        window,
+        cached,
+        window_requests,
+        error_rate,
+        ttft,
+        reset,
+        quota_limited: account.quota_limit_reached,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/sticky.rs b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/sticky.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c57caa23a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/upstream/scheduler/strategy/sticky.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//! Sticky 策略：优先选择最近使用过的账号。
+//!
+//! 选中 `last_used_at` 最大（最近使用）的账号，倾向于持续复用同一账号（利于上游的
+//! prompt 缓存命中）。该策略不使用轮转游标——最近使用时间本身即确定性顺序。
+
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+use crate::upstream::accounts::model::Account;
+
+use super::{compare_last_used, SelectionInput};
+
+/// 选中最近使用过的账号（`last_used_at` 最大者）。
+///
+/// `_cursor` 未使用：Sticky 由 `last_used_at` 决定顺序，不参与轮转破并列。
+pub fn select(input: &SelectionInput<'_>, _cursor: &mut usize) -> Option<Account> {
+    let candidates = input.candidates;
+    let mut selected = candidates.first()?;
+    for candidate in &candidates[1..] {
+        if compare_last_used(
+            candidate.last_used_at.as_deref(),
+            selected.last_used_at.as_deref(),
+        ) == Ordering::Greater
+        {
+            selected = candidate;
+        }
+    }
+    Some(selected.clone())
+}
diff --git a/backend/tests/proxy/dispatch/chat_upstream/responses_websocket.rs b/backend/tests/proxy/dispatch/chat_upstream/responses_websocket.rs
index 9d25f3e65..fbce8df3a 100644
--- a/backend/tests/proxy/dispatch/chat_upstream/responses_websocket.rs
+++ b/backend/tests/proxy/dispatch/chat_upstream/responses_websocket.rs
@@ -1828,7 +1828,9 @@ async fn responses_websocket_previous_response_id_should_retry_fallback_account_
             .unwrap();
 
     assert!(body.contains("\"id\":\"resp_history_fallback\""));
-    assert_eq!(fallback_payload["previous_response_id"], "resp_prev");
+    // 亲和缓存无 `resp_prev` 记录（Unknown owner），换账号前历史即被剥离，
+    // 由 `input` 让备用账号重建上下文，不把上一账号作用域的 id 透传给它。
+    assert_eq!(fallback_payload.get("previous_response_id"), None);
     assert_eq!(secondary_usage.0, 1);
 }
 
@@ -1878,7 +1880,9 @@ async fn responses_websocket_non_stream_previous_response_id_should_retry_fallba
             .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(body["id"], "resp_history_fallback_non_stream");
-    assert_eq!(fallback_payload["previous_response_id"], "resp_prev");
+    // 亲和缓存无 `resp_prev` 记录（Unknown owner），换账号前历史即被剥离，
+    // 由 `input` 让备用账号重建上下文，不把上一账号作用域的 id 透传给它。
+    assert_eq!(fallback_payload.get("previous_response_id"), None);
     assert_eq!(secondary_usage.0, 1);
 }
 
@@ -2324,10 +2328,9 @@ async fn responses_stream_with_previous_response_id_should_forward_websocket_chu
         captured_header(&captured.headers, "authorization"),
         Some("Bearer access-secret")
     );
-    assert_eq!(
-        captured.payload["previous_response_id"],
-        "resp_runtime_pool_previous"
-    );
+    // 亲和缓存无该 previous_response_id 的记录（Unknown），故上游 payload 里应被剥离，
+    // 靠已展开的 input 让选中账号自行重建续链——与 sub2api/codex2api 的默认行为一致。
+    assert_eq!(captured.payload["previous_response_id"], Value::Null);
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
@@ -2355,10 +2358,8 @@ async fn responses_stream_with_previous_response_id_should_record_websocket_audi
     let metadata: Value = serde_json::from_str(&event.metadata_json).unwrap();
 
     assert!(body.contains("resp_live_websocket_stream"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        captured.payload["previous_response_id"],
-        "resp_runtime_pool_previous"
-    );
+    // 亲和缓存无记录（Unknown）→ 上游 payload 里 previous_response_id 被剥离。
+    assert_eq!(captured.payload["previous_response_id"], Value::Null);
     assert_eq!(event.level, "info");
     assert_eq!(metadata["stream"], true);
     assert_eq!(metadata["transport"], "websocket");
diff --git a/backend/tests/upstream/mod.rs b/backend/tests/upstream/mod.rs
index 562f0f0c4..9e415e77b 100644
--- a/backend/tests/upstream/mod.rs
+++ b/backend/tests/upstream/mod.rs
@@ -2,5 +2,6 @@ pub(crate) mod accounts;
 pub(crate) mod fingerprint;
 pub(crate) mod models;
 pub(crate) mod protocol;
+pub(crate) mod scheduler;
 pub(crate) mod token_client;
 pub(crate) mod transport;
diff --git a/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/feedback.rs b/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/feedback.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f8266e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/feedback.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use codex_proxy_rs::upstream::scheduler::{FeedbackSample, FeedbackStats};
+
+#[test]
+fn sample_of_unknown_account_is_empty() {
+    let stats = FeedbackStats::new();
+    assert_eq!(stats.sample("missing"), FeedbackSample::default());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn first_sample_lands_directly() {
+    let stats = FeedbackStats::new();
+    stats.report("acct", false, Some(400));
+    let sample = stats.sample("acct");
+    assert_eq!(sample.error_rate, Some(1.0));
+    assert_eq!(sample.ttft_ms, Some(400.0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subsequent_samples_blend_by_alpha() {
+    let stats = FeedbackStats::new();
+    stats.report("acct", false, Some(1000)); // error_rate=1.0, ttft=1000
+    stats.report("acct", true, Some(0)); // error_rate=0.8, ttft=800
+    let sample = stats.sample("acct");
+    assert!((sample.error_rate.unwrap() - 0.8).abs() < 1e-9);
+    assert!((sample.ttft_ms.unwrap() - 800.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn success_only_reports_decay_error_rate() {
+    let stats = FeedbackStats::new();
+    stats.report("acct", false, None); // error_rate=1.0, ttft untouched
+    stats.report("acct", true, None); // error_rate=0.8
+    let sample = stats.sample("acct");
+    assert!((sample.error_rate.unwrap() - 0.8).abs() < 1e-9);
+    assert_eq!(sample.ttft_ms, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_clears_account() {
+    let stats = FeedbackStats::new();
+    stats.report("acct", false, Some(100));
+    stats.remove("acct");
+    assert_eq!(stats.sample("acct"), FeedbackSample::default());
+}
diff --git a/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/mod.rs b/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0f28927e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub(crate) mod feedback;
+pub(crate) mod score;
diff --git a/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/score.rs b/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/score.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf54d7bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/tests/upstream/scheduler/score.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+use chrono::Utc;
+use codex_proxy_rs::upstream::accounts::model::AccountStatus;
+use codex_proxy_rs::upstream::scheduler::{rank_candidates, FeedbackStats, ScoreWeights};
+
+use crate::support::accounts::test_account;
+
+#[test]
+fn ranks_idle_account_above_loaded_one() {
+    let mut loaded = test_account("loaded", AccountStatus::Active);
+    loaded.window_input_tokens = 1_000_000;
+    let idle = test_account("idle", AccountStatus::Active);
+    let candidates = vec![loaded, idle];
+    let feedback = FeedbackStats::new();
+    let slot_count = |_: &str| 0;
+
+    let ranked = rank_candidates(
+        &candidates,
+        &ScoreWeights::default(),
+        Utc::now().timestamp(),
+        &slot_count,
+        &feedback,
+    );
+    // idle 账号（索引 1）窗口用量为 0，应排在负载重的账号之前。
+    assert_eq!(ranked.first().unwrap().0, 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn high_error_rate_account_is_penalized() {
+    let healthy = test_account("healthy", AccountStatus::Active);
+    let flaky = test_account("flaky", AccountStatus::Active);
+    let candidates = vec![healthy, flaky];
+    let feedback = FeedbackStats::new();
+    // flaky 连续失败，错误率 EWMA 拉高。
+    for _ in 0..5 {
+        feedback.report("flaky", false, None);
+    }
+    let slot_count = |_: &str| 0;
+
+    let ranked = rank_candidates(
+        &candidates,
+        &ScoreWeights::default(),
+        Utc::now().timestamp(),
+        &slot_count,
+        &feedback,
+    );
+    // healthy（索引 0）应排在 flaky 之前。
+    assert_eq!(ranked.first().unwrap().0, 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn quota_limited_account_ranks_last_despite_being_idle() {
+    let mut limited = test_account("limited", AccountStatus::Active);
+    limited.quota_limit_reached = true;
+    let mut busy = test_account("busy", AccountStatus::Active);
+    busy.window_input_tokens = 1_000_000;
+    busy.window_request_count = 100;
+    let candidates = vec![limited, busy];
+    let feedback = FeedbackStats::new();
+    let slot_count = |_: &str| 0;
+
+    let ranked = rank_candidates(
+        &candidates,
+        &ScoreWeights::default(),
+        Utc::now().timestamp(),
+        &slot_count,
+        &feedback,
+    );
+    // 即使 limited 完全空闲，配额封顶惩罚也应让繁忙但未封顶的 busy（索引 1）排前。
+    assert_eq!(ranked.first().unwrap().0, 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn actual_token_load_dominates_cached() {
+    // cache_heavy 实际 token 更少（但缓存高），heavier_actual 实际 token 更多。
+    // 实际用量权重远大于缓存，cache_heavy（索引 0）应排前。
+    let mut cache_heavy = test_account("cache_heavy", AccountStatus::Active);
+    cache_heavy.window_input_tokens = 10_000;
+    cache_heavy.window_cached_tokens = 100_000;
+    let mut heavier_actual = test_account("heavier_actual", AccountStatus::Active);
+    heavier_actual.window_input_tokens = 20_000;
+    let candidates = vec![cache_heavy, heavier_actual];
+    let feedback = FeedbackStats::new();
+    let slot_count = |_: &str| 0;
+
+    let ranked = rank_candidates(
+        &candidates,
+        &ScoreWeights::default(),
+        Utc::now().timestamp(),
+        &slot_count,
+        &feedback,
+    );
+    assert_eq!(ranked.first().unwrap().0, 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cached_breaks_ties_when_actual_load_matches() {
+    // 实际 token 相同，缓存少者（cache_light，索引 1）应排前。
+    let mut cache_heavy = test_account("cache_heavy", AccountStatus::Active);
+    cache_heavy.window_input_tokens = 10_000;
+    cache_heavy.window_cached_tokens = 100_000;
+    let mut cache_light = test_account("cache_light", AccountStatus::Active);
+    cache_light.window_input_tokens = 10_000;
+    cache_light.window_cached_tokens = 1_000;
+    let candidates = vec![cache_heavy, cache_light];
+    let feedback = FeedbackStats::new();
+    let slot_count = |_: &str| 0;
+
+    let ranked = rank_candidates(
+        &candidates,
+        &ScoreWeights::default(),
+        Utc::now().timestamp(),
+        &slot_count,
+        &feedback,
+    );
+    assert_eq!(ranked.first().unwrap().0, 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn zero_weights_produce_flat_scores() {
+    let candidates = vec![
+        test_account("a", AccountStatus::Active),
+        test_account("b", AccountStatus::Active),
+    ];
+    let feedback = FeedbackStats::new();
+    let weights = ScoreWeights {
+        load: 0.0,
+        window: 0.0,
+        cached: 0.0,
+        window_requests: 0.0,
+        error_rate: 0.0,
+        ttft: 0.0,
+        reset: 0.0,
+    };
+    let slot_count = |_: &str| 0;
+
+    let ranked = rank_candidates(
+        &candidates,
+        &weights,
+        Utc::now().timestamp(),
+        &slot_count,
+        &feedback,
+    );
+    assert!(ranked.iter().all(|(_, b)| b.total == 0.0));
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/settings/components/RotationStrategyCard.vue b/frontend/src/views/settings/components/RotationStrategyCard.vue
index 42ae58530..5b7ec3725 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/settings/components/RotationStrategyCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/settings/components/RotationStrategyCard.vue
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ const model = defineModel<RotationStrategy>({ required: true })
 <template>
   <BaseCard
     :padded="false"
-    title="账号选择"
-    description="决定每次请求如何使用账号池。"
+    title="调度策略"
+    description="决定每次请求如何调度账号池。"
     header-class="px-5 pt-4"
     body-class="px-5 py-5"
   >