diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 58d9bc8e9..a13f02972 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 # Frontend
 /frontend/node_modules/
 /frontend/dist/
-/frontend/.vite/
 /frontend/.pnpm-store/
 /frontend/.pnpm-cache/
 *.tsbuildinfo
diff --git a/docs/development.md b/docs/development.md
index 2f9fa5717..66661d544 100644
--- a/docs/development.md
+++ b/docs/development.md
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pnpm --dir frontend build:source
 pnpm --dir modules/plugins/examples/workbench/frontend build:source
 ```
 
-`build:source` 用各项目的 `tsconfig.source.json` 检查源码类型，再构建到各自 `.vite/source-dist`，不改写正式依赖、锁文件或 `dist`。正常 `dev`、`build`、宿主发行 CI 和 Docker 仍消费锁定的 UI 包，无需初始化子模块。CI 另有源码联调检查，显式检出子模块、核对 UI 提交锁定并验证这两个命令。
+`build:source` 用各项目的 `tsconfig.source.json` 检查源码类型，管理端构建到 `frontend/node_modules/.vite/source-dist`，示例构建到其前端项目的 `.vite/source-dist`，不改写正式依赖、锁文件或 `dist`。正常 `dev`、`build`、宿主发行 CI 和 Docker 仍消费锁定的 UI 包，无需初始化子模块。CI 另有源码联调检查，显式检出子模块、核对 UI 提交锁定并验证这两个命令。
 
 ### 本地 SDK 验证
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ApiKeyConfigModal.vue b/frontend/src/components/ApiKeyConfigModal.vue
index a72e1d49e..be16578e6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ApiKeyConfigModal.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ApiKeyConfigModal.vue
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ import { BaseButton, BaseIconButton, BaseModal, BaseScrollbar, BaseSegmented, Ba
 
 import { Apple, Copy, Monitor, Upload } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed, shallowRef } from 'vue'
-import { buildCodexCcSwitchImportDeeplink } from '@/utils/ccswitchImport'
-import {
-  buildCodexConfigFiles,
-  CODEX_WEBSOCKET_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT,
-} from '@/utils/codexConfig'
+import { buildCodexCcSwitchImportDeeplink, buildCodexConfigFiles, CODEX_WEBSOCKET_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT } from '@/utils/client'
 
 const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
   title?: string
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/LastUsedAtCell.vue b/frontend/src/components/LastUsedAtCell.vue
index efff7ee20..4f9230f96 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/LastUsedAtCell.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/LastUsedAtCell.vue
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { computed } from 'vue'
 
 import { useUiClock } from '@/composables/useUiClock'
-import { formatDateTime, formatRelativeTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime, formatRelativeTime } from '@/utils/format'
 
 const props = defineProps<{
   value: string | null
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/SchemaForm/index.vue b/frontend/src/components/SchemaForm/index.vue
index 864525145..7fd277a1d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/SchemaForm/index.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/SchemaForm/index.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { InputField } from './schema'
 import { BaseForm, BaseFormItem, BaseIconButton, BaseInput, BasePopover, BaseSelect, BaseTextarea } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { Braces, Info, List } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed, nextTick, shallowRef, useTemplateRef } from 'vue'
-import { jsonObjectError, parseJsonObject } from '@/utils/jsonObject'
+import { jsonObjectError, parseJsonObject } from '@/utils/data'
 import { inputFields } from './schema'
 
 const props = defineProps<{
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/SchemaForm/schema.ts b/frontend/src/components/SchemaForm/schema.ts
index 1b4f8c6a4..dff594b01 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/SchemaForm/schema.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/components/SchemaForm/schema.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isRecord } from '@/utils/object'
+import { isRecord } from '@/utils/data'
 
 export interface InputField {
   key: string
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/charts/tooltip.ts b/frontend/src/components/charts/tooltip.ts
index 9543e8202..af223891f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/charts/tooltip.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/components/charts/tooltip.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isRecord } from '@/utils/object'
+import { isRecord } from '@/utils/data'
 
 interface ChartTooltipTheme {
   surface: string
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/client-profile/ClientProfileEditor.vue b/frontend/src/components/client-profile/ClientProfileEditor.vue
index ab0b2758f..621d946ca 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/client-profile/ClientProfileEditor.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/client-profile/ClientProfileEditor.vue
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import type {
 import { BaseButton, BaseSegmented } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { computed, onMounted, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getClientProfileOptions, previewClientProfile } from '@/api/modules/client-profiles'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 import ClientProfilePresetFields from './ClientProfilePresetFields.vue'
 import ClientProfilePreviewPanel from './ClientProfilePreviewPanel.vue'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/client-profile/ClientProfilePreviewPanel.vue b/frontend/src/components/client-profile/ClientProfilePreviewPanel.vue
index 6f5f0ee8f..c7cad6285 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/client-profile/ClientProfilePreviewPanel.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/client-profile/ClientProfilePreviewPanel.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import type { ClientProfilePreview } from '@/api/modules/client-profiles'
 import { BaseSkeleton } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 
 defineProps<{
   preview?: Pick<ClientProfilePreview, 'userAgent' | 'versionSource' | 'checkedAt' | 'error'>
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/client-profile/XaiClientProfileEditor.vue b/frontend/src/components/client-profile/XaiClientProfileEditor.vue
index a9f4b7275..ea6ff297a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/client-profile/XaiClientProfileEditor.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/client-profile/XaiClientProfileEditor.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { XaiClientProfilePreview, XaiClientProfileSelection } from '@/api/m
 import { BaseButton, BaseFormItem, BaseInput, BaseSegmented, BaseSelect } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { computed, onMounted, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getXaiClientProfileOptions, previewXaiClientProfile } from '@/api/modules/client-profiles'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 import ClientProfilePreviewPanel from './ClientProfilePreviewPanel.vue'
 
 const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{ active?: boolean, disabled?: boolean, allowInherit?: boolean }>(), {
diff --git a/frontend/src/composables/useAsyncAction.ts b/frontend/src/composables/useAsyncAction.ts
index d03caa472..bf0c10f8f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/composables/useAsyncAction.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/composables/useAsyncAction.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { toast } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 
 import { shallowRef } from 'vue'
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
-import { errorMessage, withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage, withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 type MaybePromise<T> = T | Promise<T>
 interface AsyncActionRunOptions {
diff --git a/frontend/src/composables/useCopyText.ts b/frontend/src/composables/useCopyText.ts
index 7a68de698..ac0e3814a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/composables/useCopyText.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/composables/useCopyText.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { toast } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 
 import { useClipboard } from '@vueuse/core'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 interface CopyTextOptions {
   successText: string
diff --git a/frontend/src/composables/useRequestState.ts b/frontend/src/composables/useRequestState.ts
index 3c039a300..dd4cdabf6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/composables/useRequestState.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/composables/useRequestState.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { onScopeDispose, shallowRef } from 'vue'
 
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 export function useRequestState(onError?: (error: unknown) => void) {
   const loading = shallowRef(false)
diff --git a/frontend/src/layout/components/AppSidebar.vue b/frontend/src/layout/components/AppSidebar.vue
index d00c2fd15..f762fe48d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/layout/components/AppSidebar.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/layout/components/AppSidebar.vue
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import { computed, nextTick, onBeforeUnmount, onMounted, ref, shallowRef, useId,
 import { useRoute, useRouter } from 'vue-router'
 import AppBrandMark from '@/components/AppBrandMark.vue'
 import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/modules/auth'
-import { usePluginManagementViewsStore } from '@/stores/modules/plugin-management-views'
+import { usePluginViewsStore } from '@/stores/modules/plugin-views'
 import { useSystemUpdateStore } from '@/stores/modules/system-update'
 import { useThemeStore } from '@/stores/modules/theme'
 import { pluginPageLocation, shortPluginInstanceId } from '@/views/plugins/utils/navigation'
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits<{
 const route = useRoute()
 const router = useRouter()
 const authStore = useAuthStore()
-const pluginViewsStore = usePluginManagementViewsStore()
+const pluginViewsStore = usePluginViewsStore()
 const systemUpdateStore = useSystemUpdateStore()
 const themeStore = useThemeStore()
 const { pageViews: pluginPageViews } = storeToRefs(pluginViewsStore)
diff --git a/frontend/src/layout/components/SystemUpdateModal/index.vue b/frontend/src/layout/components/SystemUpdateModal/index.vue
index 76f0cd03b..49f44476b 100644
--- a/frontend/src/layout/components/SystemUpdateModal/index.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/layout/components/SystemUpdateModal/index.vue
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import {
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
 import { computed, nextTick, shallowRef, useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { normalizeSystemVersion, useSystemUpdateStore } from '@/stores/modules/system-update'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
-import { formatTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatTime } from '@/utils/format'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 import {
   resolveSystemUpdateLogClasses,
   resolveSystemUpdatePresentation,
diff --git a/frontend/src/router/index.ts b/frontend/src/router/index.ts
index 36d8ddd1a..05ad4caad 100644
--- a/frontend/src/router/index.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/router/index.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import type { AuthSession } from '@/api'
 import { createRouter, createWebHistory } from 'vue-router'
 
 import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/modules/auth'
@@ -8,17 +9,32 @@ export const router = createRouter({
   routes,
 })
 
+function resolveRoleEntry(role: AuthSession['role']) {
+  const entry = router.getRoutes().find(route => route.meta.role === role && route.meta.defaultEntry)
+  if (!entry)
+    throw new Error(`未配置 ${role} 身份的默认入口`)
+  return { path: entry.path }
+}
+
 router.beforeEach(async (to) => {
   const authStore = useAuthStore()
 
   // 登录页不依赖会话恢复；只使用当前已知身份决定是否跳转。
-  if (to.name === 'login') {
-    if (authStore.isAuthenticated)
-      return { name: authStore.isAdmin ? 'dashboard' : 'key-usage' }
+  if (to.meta.guestOnly) {
+    if (authStore.session)
+      return resolveRoleEntry(authStore.session.role)
     return
   }
 
-  const login = { name: 'login', query: { redirect: to.fullPath } }
+  const requiredRole = to.meta.role
+  if (!requiredRole)
+    return
+
+  const login = {
+    name: 'login',
+    query: { redirect: to.fullPath },
+    state: { loginMode: requiredRole },
+  }
 
   if (!authStore.sessionChecked) {
     try {
@@ -30,12 +46,10 @@ router.beforeEach(async (to) => {
     }
   }
 
-  if (!authStore.isAuthenticated)
-    return { ...login, state: { loginMode: to.name === 'key-usage' ? 'key' : 'admin' } }
+  if (!authStore.session)
+    return login
 
   // 两种身份各自进入独立页面，Key 不挂载会请求管理接口的布局。
-  if (!authStore.isAdmin && to.name !== 'key-usage')
-    return { name: 'key-usage' }
-  if (authStore.isAdmin && to.name === 'key-usage')
-    return { name: 'dashboard' }
+  if (authStore.session.role !== requiredRole)
+    return resolveRoleEntry(authStore.session.role)
 })
diff --git a/frontend/src/router/routes.ts b/frontend/src/router/routes.ts
index 53bcb2cec..03b626d3e 100644
--- a/frontend/src/router/routes.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/router/routes.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
 import type { RouteRecordRaw } from 'vue-router'
+import type { AuthSession } from '@/api'
+
+declare module 'vue-router' {
+  interface RouteMeta {
+    role?: AuthSession['role']
+    defaultEntry?: boolean
+    guestOnly?: boolean
+  }
+}
 
 export const routes: RouteRecordRaw[] = [
   {
     path: '/login',
     name: 'login',
+    meta: { guestOnly: true },
     component: () => import('@/views/login/index.vue'),
   },
   {
     path: '/key-usage',
     name: 'key-usage',
+    meta: { role: 'key', defaultEntry: true },
     component: () => import('@/views/key-usage/index.vue'),
   },
   {
     path: '/',
+    meta: { role: 'admin', defaultEntry: true },
     component: () => import('@/layout/index.vue'),
     children: [
       {
diff --git a/frontend/src/stores/modules/plugin-management-views.ts b/frontend/src/stores/modules/plugin-views.ts
similarity index 91%
rename from frontend/src/stores/modules/plugin-management-views.ts
rename to frontend/src/stores/modules/plugin-views.ts
index 5c7bf061a..d23efd2fa 100644
--- a/frontend/src/stores/modules/plugin-management-views.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/stores/modules/plugin-views.ts
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ import { computed, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getPluginManagementViews } from '@/api'
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
 import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/modules/auth'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
-export const usePluginManagementViewsStore = defineStore('plugin-management-views', () => {
+export const usePluginViewsStore = defineStore('plugin-views', () => {
   const authStore = useAuthStore()
   const views = shallowRef<PluginManagementView[]>([])
   const loading = shallowRef(false)
@@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ export const usePluginManagementViewsStore = defineStore('plugin-management-view
 })
 
 if (import.meta.hot)
-  import.meta.hot.accept(acceptHMRUpdate(usePluginManagementViewsStore, import.meta.hot))
+  import.meta.hot.accept(acceptHMRUpdate(usePluginViewsStore, import.meta.hot))
diff --git a/frontend/src/stores/modules/system-update.ts b/frontend/src/stores/modules/system-update.ts
index 03710459c..0eadf2e32 100644
--- a/frontend/src/stores/modules/system-update.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/stores/modules/system-update.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/api'
 import { API_BASE_URL } from '@/api/constants'
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 const maxUpdateLogs = 200
 const updateEventReadyTimeoutMs = 3_000
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/ccswitchImport.ts b/frontend/src/utils/client.ts
similarity index 57%
rename from frontend/src/utils/ccswitchImport.ts
rename to frontend/src/utils/client.ts
index 9ec663779..c6bb137f7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/utils/ccswitchImport.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/utils/client.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,49 @@
-import {
-  buildCodexConfigFiles,
-  CODEX_DEFAULT_MODEL,
-  CODEX_WEBSOCKET_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT,
-} from './codexConfig.ts'
+import { API_BASE_URL } from '@/api/constants'
+
+export const CODEX_DEFAULT_MODEL = 'gpt-5.6-terra'
+export const CODEX_WEBSOCKET_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT = false
+
+export interface CodexConfigInput {
+  apiKey: string
+  baseUrl: string
+  websocketEnabled?: boolean
+}
+
+export function buildCodexConfigFiles(input: CodexConfigInput) {
+  const baseUrl = input.baseUrl.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+  const websocketEnabled = input.websocketEnabled ?? CODEX_WEBSOCKET_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT
+  // 保留 auth.json 载荷，兼容仍依赖该字段的 CCSwitch 导入器。
+  const auth = { OPENAI_API_KEY: input.apiKey }
+  const configToml = `model_provider = "OpenAI"
+model = "${CODEX_DEFAULT_MODEL}"
+review_model = "${CODEX_DEFAULT_MODEL}"
+model_reasoning_effort = "max"
+service_tier = "default"
+
+[model_providers.OpenAI]
+name = "OpenAI"
+base_url = ${JSON.stringify(baseUrl)}
+wire_api = "responses"
+supports_websockets = ${websocketEnabled}
+requires_openai_auth = false
+# 代理密钥仅用于网关鉴权，真实账号登录状态由服务端管理。
+experimental_bearer_token = ${JSON.stringify(input.apiKey)}
+
+[model_providers.OpenAI.http_headers]
+# 声明服务端托管认证，让官方客户端启用原生生图；该标记不是密钥。
+X-OpenAI-Actor-Authorization = "proxy-managed"
+
+[features]
+image_generation = true
+goals = true`
+
+  return {
+    auth,
+    authJson: JSON.stringify(auth, null, 2),
+    baseUrl,
+    configToml,
+  }
+}
 
 export interface CodexCcSwitchImportInput {
   apiKey: string
@@ -80,3 +121,16 @@ function encodeBase64(value: string) {
     binary += String.fromCharCode(byte)
   return btoa(binary)
 }
+
+export function resolveServiceRootUrl() {
+  const normalizedApiBase = API_BASE_URL.trim().replace(/\/+$/, '')
+  if (/^https?:\/\//i.test(normalizedApiBase))
+    return normalizedApiBase
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined')
+    return normalizedApiBase
+
+  const origin = window.location.origin.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+  if (!normalizedApiBase)
+    return origin
+  return `${origin}${normalizedApiBase.startsWith('/') ? normalizedApiBase : `/${normalizedApiBase}`}`
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/codexConfig.ts b/frontend/src/utils/codexConfig.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e12f5a7f0..000000000
--- a/frontend/src/utils/codexConfig.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-export const CODEX_DEFAULT_MODEL = 'gpt-5.6-terra'
-export const CODEX_WEBSOCKET_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT = false
-
-export interface CodexConfigInput {
-  apiKey: string
-  baseUrl: string
-  websocketEnabled?: boolean
-}
-
-export function buildCodexConfigFiles(input: CodexConfigInput) {
-  const baseUrl = input.baseUrl.replace(/\/+$/, '')
-  const websocketEnabled = input.websocketEnabled ?? CODEX_WEBSOCKET_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT
-  // 保留 auth.json 载荷，兼容仍依赖该字段的 CCSwitch 导入器。
-  const auth = { OPENAI_API_KEY: input.apiKey }
-  const configToml = `model_provider = "OpenAI"
-model = "${CODEX_DEFAULT_MODEL}"
-review_model = "${CODEX_DEFAULT_MODEL}"
-model_reasoning_effort = "max"
-service_tier = "default"
-
-[model_providers.OpenAI]
-name = "OpenAI"
-base_url = ${JSON.stringify(baseUrl)}
-wire_api = "responses"
-supports_websockets = ${websocketEnabled}
-requires_openai_auth = false
-# 代理密钥仅用于网关鉴权，真实账号登录状态由服务端管理。
-experimental_bearer_token = ${JSON.stringify(input.apiKey)}
-
-[model_providers.OpenAI.http_headers]
-# 声明服务端托管认证，让官方客户端启用原生生图；该标记不是密钥。
-X-OpenAI-Actor-Authorization = "proxy-managed"
-
-[features]
-image_generation = true
-goals = true`
-
-  return {
-    auth,
-    authJson: JSON.stringify(auth, null, 2),
-    baseUrl,
-    configToml,
-  }
-}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/data.ts b/frontend/src/utils/data.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea2175081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/utils/data.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import type { RequestLocation } from '@/api'
+
+export function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+export function parseJsonObject(text: string, maximumBytes?: number): Record<string, unknown> {
+  let value: unknown
+  try {
+    value = JSON.parse(text)
+  }
+  catch {
+    throw new Error('请输入有效的 JSON 对象')
+  }
+  if (!isRecord(value))
+    throw new Error('输入必须是 JSON 对象')
+  if (maximumBytes !== undefined && new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(value)).byteLength > maximumBytes)
+    throw new Error(`输入不能超过 ${maximumBytes / 1024} KiB`)
+  return value
+}
+
+export function jsonObjectError(text: string, maximumBytes?: number) {
+  try {
+    parseJsonObject(text, maximumBytes)
+    return undefined
+  }
+  catch (error) {
+    return (error as Error).message
+  }
+}
+
+export function normalizeRequestLocation(location: RequestLocation): RequestLocation {
+  return {
+    country: location.country.trim().toUpperCase(),
+    region: location.region.trim(),
+    city: location.city.trim(),
+    timezone: location.timezone.trim(),
+  }
+}
+
+export function requestLocationError(location: RequestLocation): string {
+  if (!/^[A-Z]{2}$/.test(location.country) || !location.region || !location.city || !location.timezone)
+    return '请填写两位国家代码、地区、城市和 IANA 时区'
+  return ''
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/date.ts b/frontend/src/utils/format.ts
similarity index 62%
rename from frontend/src/utils/date.ts
rename to frontend/src/utils/format.ts
index a167e5120..21cc5d4a7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/utils/date.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/utils/format.ts
@@ -53,3 +53,43 @@ export function formatRelativeTime(
 function normalizedDate(value: ConfigType) {
   return dayjs(typeof value === 'string' ? value.replace(' ', 'T') : value)
 }
+
+const integerFormatter = new Intl.NumberFormat('zh-CN')
+
+const localizedCompactFormatter = new Intl.NumberFormat('zh-CN', {
+  notation: 'compact',
+  maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+})
+
+const metricUnits = [
+  ['P', 1_000_000_000_000_000],
+  ['T', 1_000_000_000_000],
+  ['B', 1_000_000_000],
+  ['M', 1_000_000],
+  ['K', 1_000],
+] as const
+
+export function formatInteger(value: number) {
+  return integerFormatter.format(value)
+}
+
+export function formatLocalizedCompactNumber(value: number) {
+  return localizedCompactFormatter.format(Number.isFinite(value) ? value : 0)
+}
+
+export function formatCompactNumber(value: number) {
+  const normalized = Math.max(0, Math.round(value))
+  if (normalized < 1_000)
+    return formatInteger(normalized)
+
+  for (const [unit, threshold] of metricUnits) {
+    if (normalized < threshold)
+      continue
+
+    const scaled = normalized / threshold
+    const rounded = scaled >= 10 ? scaled.toFixed(1) : scaled.toFixed(2)
+    return `${rounded.replace(/\.?0+$/, '')}${unit}`
+  }
+
+  return formatInteger(normalized)
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/jsonObject.ts b/frontend/src/utils/jsonObject.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3de20944e..000000000
--- a/frontend/src/utils/jsonObject.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import { isRecord } from '@/utils/object'
-
-export function parseJsonObject(text: string, maximumBytes?: number): Record<string, unknown> {
-  let value: unknown
-  try {
-    value = JSON.parse(text)
-  }
-  catch {
-    throw new Error('请输入有效的 JSON 对象')
-  }
-  if (!isRecord(value))
-    throw new Error('输入必须是 JSON 对象')
-  if (maximumBytes !== undefined && new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(value)).byteLength > maximumBytes)
-    throw new Error(`输入不能超过 ${maximumBytes / 1024} KiB`)
-  return value
-}
-
-export function jsonObjectError(text: string, maximumBytes?: number) {
-  try {
-    parseJsonObject(text, maximumBytes)
-    return undefined
-  }
-  catch (error) {
-    return (error as Error).message
-  }
-}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/number.ts b/frontend/src/utils/number.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f3f0f1bbe..000000000
--- a/frontend/src/utils/number.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-const integerFormatter = new Intl.NumberFormat('zh-CN')
-
-const localizedCompactFormatter = new Intl.NumberFormat('zh-CN', {
-  notation: 'compact',
-  maximumFractionDigits: 1,
-})
-
-const metricUnits = [
-  ['P', 1_000_000_000_000_000],
-  ['T', 1_000_000_000_000],
-  ['B', 1_000_000_000],
-  ['M', 1_000_000],
-  ['K', 1_000],
-] as const
-
-export function formatInteger(value: number) {
-  return integerFormatter.format(value)
-}
-
-export function formatLocalizedCompactNumber(value: number) {
-  return localizedCompactFormatter.format(Number.isFinite(value) ? value : 0)
-}
-
-export function formatCompactNumber(value: number) {
-  const normalized = Math.max(0, Math.round(value))
-  if (normalized < 1_000)
-    return formatInteger(normalized)
-
-  for (const [unit, threshold] of metricUnits) {
-    if (normalized < threshold)
-      continue
-
-    const scaled = normalized / threshold
-    const rounded = scaled >= 10 ? scaled.toFixed(1) : scaled.toFixed(2)
-    return `${rounded.replace(/\.?0+$/, '')}${unit}`
-  }
-
-  return formatInteger(normalized)
-}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/object.ts b/frontend/src/utils/object.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 52dc4abbb..000000000
--- a/frontend/src/utils/object.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-export function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/async.ts b/frontend/src/utils/operation.ts
similarity index 62%
rename from frontend/src/utils/async.ts
rename to frontend/src/utils/operation.ts
index 980dcbb9c..7947d38c9 100644
--- a/frontend/src/utils/async.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/utils/operation.ts
@@ -27,3 +27,12 @@ export async function withMinimumDuration<T>(
     }
   }
 }
+
+export function generateRequestId() {
+  // 普通 HTTP 管理端没有 randomUUID；getRandomValues 仍可生成密码学安全的 UUIDv4。
+  const bytes = globalThis.crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(16))
+  bytes[6] = (bytes[6] & 0x0F) | 0x40
+  bytes[8] = (bytes[8] & 0x3F) | 0x80
+  const hex = Array.from(bytes, byte => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('')
+  return `${hex.slice(0, 8)}-${hex.slice(8, 12)}-${hex.slice(12, 16)}-${hex.slice(16, 20)}-${hex.slice(20)}`
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/request-location.ts b/frontend/src/utils/request-location.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ce976c75..000000000
--- a/frontend/src/utils/request-location.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-import type { RequestLocation } from '@/api'
-
-export function normalizeRequestLocation(location: RequestLocation): RequestLocation {
-  return {
-    country: location.country.trim().toUpperCase(),
-    region: location.region.trim(),
-    city: location.city.trim(),
-    timezone: location.timezone.trim(),
-  }
-}
-
-export function requestLocationError(location: RequestLocation): string {
-  if (!/^[A-Z]{2}$/.test(location.country) || !location.region || !location.city || !location.timezone)
-    return '请填写两位国家代码、地区、城市和 IANA 时区'
-  return ''
-}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/serviceUrl.ts b/frontend/src/utils/serviceUrl.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6bbf8f251..000000000
--- a/frontend/src/utils/serviceUrl.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import { API_BASE_URL } from '@/api/constants'
-
-export function resolveServiceRootUrl() {
-  const normalizedApiBase = API_BASE_URL.trim().replace(/\/+$/, '')
-  if (/^https?:\/\//i.test(normalizedApiBase))
-    return normalizedApiBase
-  if (typeof window === 'undefined')
-    return normalizedApiBase
-
-  const origin = window.location.origin.replace(/\/+$/, '')
-  if (!normalizedApiBase)
-    return origin
-  return `${origin}${normalizedApiBase.startsWith('/') ? normalizedApiBase : `/${normalizedApiBase}`}`
-}
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/uuid.ts b/frontend/src/utils/uuid.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6022c0cde..000000000
--- a/frontend/src/utils/uuid.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-export function generateRequestId() {
-  // 普通 HTTP 管理端没有 randomUUID；getRandomValues 仍可生成密码学安全的 UUIDv4。
-  const bytes = globalThis.crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(16))
-  bytes[6] = (bytes[6] & 0x0F) | 0x40
-  bytes[8] = (bytes[8] & 0x3F) | 0x80
-  const hex = Array.from(bytes, byte => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('')
-  return `${hex.slice(0, 8)}-${hex.slice(8, 12)}-${hex.slice(12, 16)}-${hex.slice(16, 20)}-${hex.slice(20)}`
-}
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountOverviewCards.vue b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountOverviewCards.vue
index 9434bf14d..168525aae 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountOverviewCards.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountOverviewCards.vue
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { BaseCard, BaseMotionIcon } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 
 import { AlertTriangle, Gauge, ShieldCheck, Users } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
-import { formatInteger } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatInteger } from '@/utils/format'
 
 const props = defineProps<{
   summary: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getAccounts>>['summary']
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/ActivityInsights.vue b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/ActivityInsights.vue
index 0df7edb12..38b250cb8 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/ActivityInsights.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/ActivityInsights.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { AccountProfileActivityInsights, AccountProfileInvocation } from '@
 import { Package } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
 
-import { formatInteger } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatInteger } from '@/utils/format'
 
 const props = defineProps<{
   insights: AccountProfileActivityInsights
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/Metrics.vue b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/Metrics.vue
index 884a9ae26..7250bee11 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/Metrics.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/Metrics.vue
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import type { AccountProfileStatisticsResponse } from '@/api'
 import { BaseSkeleton } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
-import { formatCompactNumber, formatInteger } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatCompactNumber, formatInteger } from '@/utils/format'
 
 const props = defineProps<{
   profile: AccountProfileStatisticsResponse | null
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/Subscription.vue b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/Subscription.vue
index 38e2f792d..eaf0e86d0 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/Subscription.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountProfileModal/Subscription.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import type { AccountSubscription } from '@/api'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 
 const props = defineProps<{
   subscription: AccountSubscription
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountStatusBadge/presenter.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountStatusBadge/presenter.ts
index 1a628d141..624cb3e75 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountStatusBadge/presenter.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountStatusBadge/presenter.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type { Component } from 'vue'
 import type { AccountErrorReason, AccountStatus } from '@/api'
 import { AlertTriangle, CircleCheck, Gauge, Power, Timer } from '@lucide/vue'
 
-import { formatDateTime, parseTimestamp } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime, parseTimestamp } from '@/utils/format'
 import { errorReasonLabels, statusLabels, statusTones } from '../../constants'
 
 export type AccountStatusDisplayMode = AccountStatus | 'refresh_backoff'
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountUsageWindow/presenter.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountUsageWindow/presenter.ts
index ba4f6e1cd..47e63e04a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountUsageWindow/presenter.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/components/AccountUsageWindow/presenter.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { AccountQuotaWindow } from '../../constants'
 import { clamp } from 'es-toolkit'
-import { formatInteger } from '@/utils/number'
-import { isRecord } from '@/utils/object'
+import { isRecord } from '@/utils/data'
+import { formatInteger } from '@/utils/format'
 
 export type AccountUsageWindowVariant = 'compact' | 'detail' | 'metric'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountAuthorization.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountAuthorization.ts
index c2a1eae17..a8a952064 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountAuthorization.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountAuthorization.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { AccountImportSettings, AccountOAuthStartResponse } from '@/api'
 import { computed, onScopeDispose, shallowRef } from 'vue'
 import { completeAccountOAuth, startAccountOAuth } from '@/api'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 type Status = 'idle' | 'starting' | 'waiting' | 'paused' | 'expired' | 'completing'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountConnectionTest.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountConnectionTest.ts
index 92c1498b6..baeaebb51 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountConnectionTest.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountConnectionTest.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import { getAccountModels, refreshAccountModels } from '@/api'
 import { API_BASE_URL } from '@/api/constants'
 import { useIdSet } from '@/composables/useIdSet'
 import { useRequestState } from '@/composables/useRequestState'
-import { errorMessage, withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/async'
-import { formatDateTime, formatTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime, formatTime } from '@/utils/format'
+import { errorMessage, withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 interface ConnectionTestRun {
   accountId: string
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountImportTasks.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountImportTasks.ts
index b73c73d6b..28c2c3c20 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountImportTasks.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountImportTasks.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type { AccountImportTask, AccountImportTaskDetail } from '@/api'
 import { computed, onMounted, onScopeDispose, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getAccountImportTask, getAccountImportTasks, stopAccountImportTask } from '@/api'
 import { useAsyncAction } from '@/composables/useAsyncAction'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 export function useAccountImportTasks(options: { reload: () => Promise<unknown> }) {
   const open = shallowRef(false)
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountMutations.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountMutations.ts
index 7cd7a34f1..1688ecd33 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountMutations.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountMutations.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
 import { useAsyncAction } from '@/composables/useAsyncAction'
 import { useDownload } from '@/composables/useDownload'
 import { useIdSet } from '@/composables/useIdSet'
-import { errorMessage, withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage, withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/operation'
 import { isSupportedProvider } from '@/utils/providers'
 
 import { useAccountOnboarding } from './useAccountOnboarding'
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountOnboarding.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountOnboarding.ts
index ae796ecf3..441c498ad 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountOnboarding.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountOnboarding.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ import { toast } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { computed, ref, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { createAccountImportTask, importAccounts } from '@/api'
 import { useAsyncAction } from '@/composables/useAsyncAction'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage, generateRequestId } from '@/utils/operation'
 import { formatProviderLabel, isSupportedProvider } from '@/utils/providers'
-import { generateRequestId } from '@/utils/uuid'
 import { accountCreateProvider, accountCreateSourceKey, accountImportSettings, accountProxyError, emptyAccountCreateForm } from '../components/AccountCreateModal/model'
 import { accountImportModes } from '../components/AccountCreateModal/presenter'
 import { accountImportDocuments, MAX_ACCOUNT_IMPORT_COUNT, mixedImportDocuments } from '../utils/accountImport'
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountResetCredits.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountResetCredits.ts
index 3c79e844d..193416f6c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountResetCredits.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/composables/useAccountResetCredits.ts
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ import {
   getAccountResetCredits,
 } from '@/api'
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
-import { generateRequestId } from '@/utils/uuid'
+import { errorMessage, generateRequestId } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 interface PendingResetCreditOperation {
   accountId: string
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/utils/accountImport.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/utils/accountImport.ts
index fa135de31..56da65825 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/utils/accountImport.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/utils/accountImport.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isRecord } from '@/utils/object'
+import { isRecord } from '@/utils/data'
 import { formatProviderLabel, isSupportedProvider } from '@/utils/providers'
 
 export const MAX_ACCOUNT_IMPORT_COUNT = 200
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/accounts/utils/accountProfileStatistics.ts b/frontend/src/views/accounts/utils/accountProfileStatistics.ts
index 8a8b6843b..a8479aa80 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/accounts/utils/accountProfileStatistics.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/accounts/utils/accountProfileStatistics.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { AccountProfileDailyUsage } from '@/api'
-import { formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/format'
 
 export type ProfileActivityMode = 'daily' | 'weekly' | 'cumulative'
 export type ProfileActivityLevel = 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/dashboard/components/AccountOverviewCard.vue b/frontend/src/views/dashboard/components/AccountOverviewCard.vue
index be0bf41ff..3be5000b4 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/dashboard/components/AccountOverviewCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/dashboard/components/AccountOverviewCard.vue
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { BaseCard, BaseEmpty } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 
 import { CircleCheck, RefreshCw, ShieldAlert, TriangleAlert } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
-import { formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/format'
 import AccountUsageWindow from '@/views/accounts/components/AccountUsageWindow/index.vue'
 import { metricToneIconClasses, metricToneValueClasses } from '../constants'
 import DashboardAccountIdentity from './DashboardAccountIdentity.vue'
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/dashboard/components/WireProfileCard.vue b/frontend/src/views/dashboard/components/WireProfileCard.vue
index 28bc9b7f8..2699a595d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/dashboard/components/WireProfileCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/dashboard/components/WireProfileCard.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { BaseCard, BaseEmpty, BaseSegmented } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 
 import { Box, CheckCircle2, Monitor, RefreshCw, ShieldCheck, Terminal, TriangleAlert } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 import { formatProviderLabel, isSupportedProvider, providerIcon } from '@/utils/providers'
 
 interface WireProfile {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/dashboard/composables/useDashboard.ts b/frontend/src/views/dashboard/composables/useDashboard.ts
index a17eadff2..9b9548b38 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/dashboard/composables/useDashboard.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/dashboard/composables/useDashboard.ts
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ import { useIntervalFn } from '@vueuse/core'
 import { computed, onMounted, onScopeDispose, shallowRef } from 'vue'
 
 import { getDashboardSummary, getDashboardTrend } from '@/api'
-import { errorMessage, withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/async'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
-import { formatCompactNumber, formatInteger } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatCompactNumber, formatDateTime, formatInteger } from '@/utils/format'
+import { errorMessage, withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 export function useDashboard() {
   const activeTrendKind = shallowRef(normalizeDashboardTrendKind('usage'))
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/dashboard/constants.ts b/frontend/src/views/dashboard/constants.ts
index dff30674f..4fcb31505 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/dashboard/constants.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/dashboard/constants.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { MetricTone } from './composables/useDashboard'
-import { formatInteger } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatInteger } from '@/utils/format'
 
 // tone 到 Tailwind 类的唯一映射；仪表盘各卡片共用。
 export const metricToneIconClasses: Record<MetricTone, string> = {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/groups/composables/useAccountGroups.ts b/frontend/src/views/groups/composables/useAccountGroups.ts
index efd9749f7..3ee1a86f5 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/groups/composables/useAccountGroups.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/groups/composables/useAccountGroups.ts
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import {
 import { useAsyncAction } from '@/composables/useAsyncAction'
 import { useIdSet } from '@/composables/useIdSet'
 import { usePagedQuery } from '@/composables/usePagedQuery'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 import { DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_GROUP_COLOR } from '../constants'
 
 export interface AccountGroupFormValue {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/key-usage/components/KeyUsageSummary.vue b/frontend/src/views/key-usage/components/KeyUsageSummary.vue
index 78cea94a8..0af29b4a3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/key-usage/components/KeyUsageSummary.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/key-usage/components/KeyUsageSummary.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { KeyUsageMetrics } from '@/api/modules/key-usage'
 import { BaseCard, BaseMotionIcon } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { Gauge, Zap } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
-import { formatCompactNumber, formatInteger } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatCompactNumber, formatInteger } from '@/utils/format'
 import AnimatedMetricValue from '@/views/dashboard/components/AnimatedMetricValue.vue'
 import { money } from '../utils/format'
 import { keyUsageTokenMetrics, keyUsageTokenValue } from '../utils/metrics'
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/key-usage/components/KeyUsageTrend.vue b/frontend/src/views/key-usage/components/KeyUsageTrend.vue
index e00850919..57df596b0 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/key-usage/components/KeyUsageTrend.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/key-usage/components/KeyUsageTrend.vue
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { computed } from 'vue'
 import BaseChart from '@/components/charts/BaseChart.vue'
 import { chartTooltipStyle } from '@/components/charts/tooltip'
 import { useChartPalette } from '@/composables/useChartPalette'
-import { formatCompactNumber, formatInteger } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatCompactNumber, formatInteger } from '@/utils/format'
 import { keyUsageTime, money } from '../utils/format'
 import { keyUsageTokenMetrics, keyUsageTokenValue } from '../utils/metrics'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/key-usage/composables/useKeyConfig.ts b/frontend/src/views/key-usage/composables/useKeyConfig.ts
index 0071db457..8c3c33782 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/key-usage/composables/useKeyConfig.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/key-usage/composables/useKeyConfig.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { computed, onScopeDispose, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getKeyUsageConfig } from '@/api/modules/key-usage'
 import { useCopyText } from '@/composables/useCopyText'
 import { useRequestState } from '@/composables/useRequestState'
-import { resolveServiceRootUrl } from '@/utils/serviceUrl'
+import { resolveServiceRootUrl } from '@/utils/client'
 
 export function useKeyConfig() {
   const showConfig = shallowRef(false)
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/key-usage/utils/format.ts b/frontend/src/views/key-usage/utils/format.ts
index 64fc84e0d..c6838c6fe 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/key-usage/utils/format.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/key-usage/utils/format.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 
 export const KEY_USAGE_TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/keys/components/ApiKeyBudgetCell.vue b/frontend/src/views/keys/components/ApiKeyBudgetCell.vue
index c4098310e..d0df72f25 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/keys/components/ApiKeyBudgetCell.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/keys/components/ApiKeyBudgetCell.vue
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import type { ApiKey } from '@/api'
 import { BasePopover } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 
 const props = defineProps<{ apiKey: ApiKey }>()
 const windows = computed(() => [
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/keys/composables/useApiKeyUse.ts b/frontend/src/views/keys/composables/useApiKeyUse.ts
index 9056982ad..d93ae18c1 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/keys/composables/useApiKeyUse.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/keys/composables/useApiKeyUse.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import type { Ref, ShallowRef } from 'vue'
 import type { getApiKeys } from '@/api'
 import { computed, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 
-import { buildCodexCcSwitchImportDeeplink } from '@/utils/ccswitchImport'
-import { resolveServiceRootUrl } from '@/utils/serviceUrl'
+import { buildCodexCcSwitchImportDeeplink, resolveServiceRootUrl } from '@/utils/client'
 
 // “使用密钥”弹窗展示明文时，在列表行上补挂 reveal 得到的完整 key。
 type ApiKeyRow = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getApiKeys>>['items'][number] & { key?: string }
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/keys/composables/useApiKeysQuery.ts b/frontend/src/views/keys/composables/useApiKeysQuery.ts
index 8c602a81d..c7fe7f2f7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/keys/composables/useApiKeysQuery.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/keys/composables/useApiKeysQuery.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { watchDebounced } from '@vueuse/core'
 import { computed, onMounted, shallowRef } from 'vue'
 import { getApiKeys } from '@/api'
 import { useRequestState } from '@/composables/useRequestState'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 
 export function useApiKeysQuery() {
   const searchQuery = shallowRef('')
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginConfigurationFields.vue b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginConfigurationFields.vue
index a569280f5..ea14aa1ec 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginConfigurationFields.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginConfigurationFields.vue
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { BaseEmpty, BaseFormItem, BaseInput, BaseTag } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 
 import { computed, nextTick, shallowRef, useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import SchemaForm from '@/components/SchemaForm/index.vue'
-import { jsonObjectError, parseJsonObject } from '@/utils/jsonObject'
+import { jsonObjectError, parseJsonObject } from '@/utils/data'
 import PluginHelpPopover from './PluginHelpPopover.vue'
 
 const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginFrontendAuthenticationEditor.vue b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginFrontendAuthenticationEditor.vue
index 8b208e30e..b48b20ae6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginFrontendAuthenticationEditor.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginFrontendAuthenticationEditor.vue
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import { BaseButton, BaseFormItem, BaseIconButton, BaseInput, BaseSegmented, Bas
 import { Plus, RefreshCw, Trash2 } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getApiKeys } from '@/api'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 import PluginHelpPopover from './PluginHelpPopover.vue'
 
 const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginManagementFrame.vue b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginManagementFrame.vue
index 6e422d430..6a1f7292a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginManagementFrame.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginManagementFrame.vue
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 import { API_BASE_URL } from '@/api/constants'
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
 import { useThemeStore } from '@/stores/modules/theme'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage, generateRequestId } from '@/utils/operation'
 import {
   assemblePluginManagementPage,
   MAXIMUM_MANAGEMENT_BODY_BYTES,
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ async function loadPage() {
   loading.value = true
   loadError.value = ''
   const controller = new AbortController()
-  const channel = crypto.randomUUID()
-  const sessionId = crypto.randomUUID()
+  const channel = generateRequestId()
+  const sessionId = generateRequestId()
   try {
     await nextTick()
     if (sequence !== loadSequence)
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginPage.vue b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginPage.vue
index fce84bc95..f850a270e 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginPage.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginPage.vue
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ import { Blocks, CircleAlert, RefreshCw } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
 import { computed, onMounted, shallowRef } from 'vue'
 import { useRoute, useRouter } from 'vue-router'
-import { usePluginManagementViewsStore } from '@/stores/modules/plugin-management-views'
+import { usePluginViewsStore } from '@/stores/modules/plugin-views'
 import { pluginPageLocation } from '../utils/navigation'
 import PluginManagementFrame from './PluginManagementFrame.vue'
 import PluginPageLoading from './PluginPageLoading.vue'
 
 const route = useRoute()
 const router = useRouter()
-const directory = usePluginManagementViewsStore()
+const directory = usePluginViewsStore()
 const { pageViews, loading, loaded, loadError } = storeToRefs(directory)
 const frameReload = shallowRef(0)
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginResourcePicker.vue b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginResourcePicker.vue
index c8d81b965..849d74e90 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginResourcePicker.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/plugins/components/PluginResourcePicker.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { BaseButton, BaseEmpty, BaseSelect, toast } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { CircleAlert, LoaderCircle } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed, onScopeDispose, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getAccountGroups, getApiKeys } from '@/api'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{ kind: 'keys' | 'groups', disabled?: boolean, maxCollapseTags?: number }>(), { maxCollapseTags: 1 })
 const selected = defineModel<string[]>({ required: true })
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/plugins/composables/usePluginManagement.ts b/frontend/src/views/plugins/composables/usePluginManagement.ts
index dfd80797e..ce6055bff 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/plugins/composables/usePluginManagement.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/plugins/composables/usePluginManagement.ts
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ import {
   updatePluginInstance,
 } from '@/api'
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
-import { usePluginManagementViewsStore } from '@/stores/modules/plugin-management-views'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { usePluginViewsStore } from '@/stores/modules/plugin-views'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 import { configurationStatus, currentPluginInstance, groupInstalledPlugins } from '../utils/catalog'
 import { usePluginInstallation } from './usePluginInstallation'
 import { usePluginUninstall } from './usePluginUninstall'
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export function usePluginManagement() {
   const instances = shallowRef<PluginInstance[]>([])
   const sources = shallowRef<PluginUpdateSourceBinding[]>([])
   const credentials = shallowRef<PluginSourceCredential[]>([])
-  const extensionDirectory = usePluginManagementViewsStore()
+  const extensionDirectory = usePluginViewsStore()
   const { views: extensions } = storeToRefs(extensionDirectory)
   const loading = shallowRef(false)
   const catalog = computed(() => groupInstalledPlugins(artifacts.value, instances.value, sources.value))
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/proxies/index.vue b/frontend/src/views/proxies/index.vue
index 1dada6a2b..d66db6f60 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/proxies/index.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/proxies/index.vue
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import { computed, onMounted, reactive, ref, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { createProxy, deleteProxy, getProxies, probeProxy, testProxy, updateProxy } from '@/api'
 import { useAsyncAction } from '@/composables/useAsyncAction'
 import { usePagedQuery } from '@/composables/usePagedQuery'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
-import { normalizeRequestLocation, requestLocationError } from '@/utils/request-location'
+import { normalizeRequestLocation, requestLocationError } from '@/utils/data'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 import ProxyAccountsModal from './components/ProxyAccountsModal.vue'
 import ProxyFormModal from './components/ProxyFormModal.vue'
 import { effectiveProxyLocation } from './utils/location'
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/settings/components/backup/BackupRecordsCard.vue b/frontend/src/views/settings/components/backup/BackupRecordsCard.vue
index dbba9013e..71f9ccbde 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/settings/components/backup/BackupRecordsCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/settings/components/backup/BackupRecordsCard.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { BackupRecord } from '@/api'
 
 import { BaseButton, BaseCard, BaseConfirmModal, BaseIconButton, BaseTable, BaseTablePagination, defineTableColumns } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { Download, Play, RefreshCw, Trash2 } from '@lucide/vue'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 
 import BackupStatusBadge from './BackupStatusBadge.vue'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/settings/components/client-version/components/ClientDesktopOfflineDownloads.vue b/frontend/src/views/settings/components/client-version/components/ClientDesktopOfflineDownloads.vue
index b2f76e919..a323fd8ad 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/settings/components/client-version/components/ClientDesktopOfflineDownloads.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/settings/components/client-version/components/ClientDesktopOfflineDownloads.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { ClientDownloadPackage, CodexDesktopWindowsDownloads } from '@/api'
 import { BaseButton, BaseEmpty, BaseIconButton, BaseSkeleton } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 
 import { ArrowDownToLine, PackageOpen, RefreshCw } from '@lucide/vue'
-import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/date'
+import { formatDateTime } from '@/utils/format'
 
 import ClientInstallCommandList from './ClientInstallCommandList.vue'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/settings/components/client-version/composables/useClientDownloads.ts b/frontend/src/views/settings/components/client-version/composables/useClientDownloads.ts
index d0f072c7c..22509646b 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/settings/components/client-version/composables/useClientDownloads.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/settings/components/client-version/composables/useClientDownloads.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type { CodexDesktopWindowsDownloads } from '@/api'
 import { shallowRef } from 'vue'
 
 import { getCodexDesktopWindowsDownloads } from '@/api'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 export function useClientDownloads() {
   const open = shallowRef(false)
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useBackupRecords.ts b/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useBackupRecords.ts
index 8219f8e9d..67357987a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useBackupRecords.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useBackupRecords.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/api'
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
 import { usePagedQuery } from '@/composables/usePagedQuery'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 const ACTIVE_STATUSES: BackupStatus[] = ['queued', 'dumping', 'uploading']
 const POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 2000
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useBackupSettings.ts b/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useBackupSettings.ts
index b1f012732..ab11db46b 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useBackupSettings.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useBackupSettings.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   updateBackupSchedule,
   updateBackupStorage,
 } from '@/api'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 /** 存储与计划配置共用的加载/保存/测试 composable。 */
 export function useBackupSettings() {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useSettingsForm.ts b/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useSettingsForm.ts
index 707b46e02..cf8ec9aa3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useSettingsForm.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/settings/composables/useSettingsForm.ts
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import { computed, reactive, ref, shallowRef } from 'vue'
 import { getSettings, updateSettings } from '@/api'
 import { ApiError } from '@/api/request'
 import { useAsyncAction } from '@/composables/useAsyncAction'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
-import { normalizeRequestLocation, requestLocationError } from '@/utils/request-location'
+import { normalizeRequestLocation, requestLocationError } from '@/utils/data'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 type RotationStrategy = (typeof rotationOptions)[number]['value']
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/settings/pricing/usePricing.ts b/frontend/src/views/settings/pricing/usePricing.ts
index dcd5b05f1..424b54911 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/settings/pricing/usePricing.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/settings/pricing/usePricing.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { toast } from '@codex-proxy/ui'
 import { computed, onMounted, ref, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getPricing, previewPricingSync, syncPricing, updatePricing } from '@/api'
 import { useAsyncAction } from '@/composables/useAsyncAction'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 import { pricingProviders, pricingRows } from './model'
 
 export function usePricing() {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageCostCard.vue b/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageCostCard.vue
index d55e09f8b..380227caf 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageCostCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageCostCard.vue
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   zeroInactiveValues,
 } from '@/components/charts/timeSeriesGap'
 import { useChartPalette } from '@/composables/useChartPalette'
-import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber as formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber as formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/format'
 
 import {
   tooltipIndex,
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageDiagnosticCard.vue b/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageDiagnosticCard.vue
index 6bc6d8656..4e6adbef0 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageDiagnosticCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageDiagnosticCard.vue
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { BaseCard, BaseEmpty, BaseSegmented, BaseTable, defineTableColumns } fro
 
 import { CornerDownRight } from '@lucide/vue'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
-import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber as formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber as formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/format'
 
 import { formatDuration, formatPercent, formatUsd } from '../utils/format'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageHealthCard.vue b/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageHealthCard.vue
index e4c7a4a25..de1a1e117 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageHealthCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsageHealthCard.vue
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import { use } from 'echarts/core'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
 import BaseChart from '@/components/charts/BaseChart.vue'
 import { useChartPalette } from '@/composables/useChartPalette'
-import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber as formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber as formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/format'
 
 import {
   tooltipIndex,
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsagePerformanceCard.vue b/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsagePerformanceCard.vue
index fffebdd06..1eeeb131e 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsagePerformanceCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/components/UsagePerformanceCard.vue
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { computed, shallowRef } from 'vue'
 import BaseChart from '@/components/charts/BaseChart.vue'
 import { requestActivityByBucket, zeroInactiveValues } from '@/components/charts/timeSeriesGap'
 import { useChartPalette } from '@/composables/useChartPalette'
-import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber as formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber as formatCompactNumber } from '@/utils/format'
 
 import {
   tooltipIndex,
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useOpsErrorsTable.ts b/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useOpsErrorsTable.ts
index 7afd2776b..6861ec5a9 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useOpsErrorsTable.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useOpsErrorsTable.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { watchDebounced } from '@vueuse/core'
 import { computed, onScopeDispose, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getOpsErrors } from '@/api'
 import { useStablePagedQuery } from '@/composables/useStablePagedQuery'
-import { withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/async'
+import { withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 interface UseOpsErrorsTableOptions {
   timeRangeParams: Readonly<Ref<UsageTimeRangeParams>>
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useRequestDiagnostics.ts b/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useRequestDiagnostics.ts
index b4da395d4..4c66849c1 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useRequestDiagnostics.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useRequestDiagnostics.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { UsageRecordDetail } from '@/api'
 import { shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
 import { getUsageRecordDetail } from '@/api'
-import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/async'
+import { errorMessage } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 /** Requests can be switched while a lookup is pending; stale results never replace the active trace. */
 export function useRequestDiagnostics(requestId: () => string) {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useUsageRecordsTable.ts b/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useUsageRecordsTable.ts
index 472326c4a..d85b79926 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useUsageRecordsTable.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/composables/useUsageRecordsTable.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   getUsageRecords,
   getUsageRecordSummary,
 } from '@/api'
-import { withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/async'
+import { withMinimumDuration } from '@/utils/operation'
 
 interface UseUsageRecordsTableOptions {
   timeRangeParams: Readonly<Ref<UsageTimeRangeParams>>
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/utils/format.ts b/frontend/src/views/usage/utils/format.ts
index c827727c0..8ddd35bfa 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/utils/format.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/utils/format.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber } from '@/utils/number'
+import { formatLocalizedCompactNumber } from '@/utils/format'
 import { formatProviderLabel } from '@/utils/providers'
 
 const percentFormatter = new Intl.NumberFormat('zh-CN', {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/usage/utils/records.ts b/frontend/src/views/usage/utils/records.ts
index 1291eb073..1f84511bf 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/usage/utils/records.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/usage/utils/records.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import type {
   UsageTokenDetails,
 } from '@/api'
 
-import { isRecord } from '@/utils/object'
+import { isRecord } from '@/utils/data'
 import { formatDuration } from './format'
 
 // Usage 记录的规范化 view model：组件只消费这个形状。
diff --git a/frontend/vite.config.ts b/frontend/vite.config.ts
index d501dcaba..4a28b7bec 100644
--- a/frontend/vite.config.ts
+++ b/frontend/vite.config.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export default defineConfig(({ mode }) => {
       },
     },
     build: {
-      outDir: sourceUi ? '.vite/source-dist' : 'dist',
+      outDir: sourceUi ? 'node_modules/.vite/source-dist' : 'dist',
       assetsDir: 'assets',
       chunkSizeWarningLimit: 600,
       rolldownOptions: {