diff --git a/crates/ide-host/src/ops/run/commands.rs b/crates/ide-host/src/ops/run/commands.rs
index ec0075e2..c792a44c 100644
--- a/crates/ide-host/src/ops/run/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/ide-host/src/ops/run/commands.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,18 @@ pub fn run_system_env(_host: &Host, _window: &str) -> std::collections::BTreeMap
     ide_run::system_env()
 }
 
+/// Writes the Gradle init script that adds `jvm_args` to the JVMs the build forks
+/// (`bootRun`, `run`, tests) and returns its path, for `--init-script`.
+pub async fn run_gradle_jvm_args_script(_host: &Host, _window: &str, jvm_args: Vec<String>) -> IdeResult<String> {
+    tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+        ide_run::gradle_jvm::write_init_script(&ide_run::gradle_jvm::default_dir(), &jvm_args)
+            .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+            .map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(format!("cannot write the Gradle init script: {e}")))
+    })
+    .await
+    .map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(e.to_string()))?
+}
+
 /// Results from the JUnit XML reports (Surefire, Failsafe, Gradle) of the module at
 /// `module` (relative to the project root) written since `since_ms` (Unix epoch, ms).
 pub async fn run_test_reports(
@@ -42,6 +54,9 @@ pub(crate) fn register(d: &mut Dispatcher) {
     d.add("run_templates", |c| async move { run_templates(&c.host, &c.window) });
     d.add("run_save_templates", |c| async move { run_save_templates(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("templates")?) });
     d.add("run_system_env", |c| async move { Ok(run_system_env(&c.host, &c.window)) });
+    d.add("run_gradle_jvm_args_script", |c| async move {
+        run_gradle_jvm_args_script(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("jvmArgs")?).await
+    });
     d.add("run_test_reports", |c| async move {
         run_test_reports(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("module")?, c.arg("sinceMs")?).await
     });
diff --git a/crates/ide-run/src/gradle_jvm.rs b/crates/ide-run/src/gradle_jvm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0734a851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ide-run/src/gradle_jvm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//! VM options for the JVMs a Gradle build forks (`bootRun`, `run`, `test`): Gradle has no
+//! command-line switch for them, so a launch passes an init script that adds them to every
+//! `JavaExec` and `Test` task (`--init-script <file>`). Gradle's own JVM is left alone.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+/// Groovy string literal (single-quoted, `\` and `'` escaped).
+fn groovy_string(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(s.len() + 2);
+    out.push('\'');
+    for c in s.chars() {
+        match c {
+            '\\' => out.push_str("\\\\"),
+            '\'' => out.push_str("\\'"),
+            '\n' => out.push_str("\\n"),
+            '\r' => out.push_str("\\r"),
+            c => out.push(c),
+        }
+    }
+    out.push('\'');
+    out
+}
+
+/// The init script adding `jvm_args` (one argument each) to the forked JVMs.
+pub fn init_script(jvm_args: &[String]) -> String {
+    let list = jvm_args.iter().map(|a| groovy_string(a)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
+    format!(
+        "// Written by OpenIDEA: VM options of the run configuration.\n\
+         allprojects {{\n    \
+             tasks.withType(JavaExec).configureEach {{ jvmArgs([{list}]) }}\n    \
+             tasks.withType(Test).configureEach {{ jvmArgs([{list}]) }}\n\
+         }}\n"
+    )
+}
+
+/// Where the scripts are written.
+pub fn default_dir() -> PathBuf {
+    std::env::temp_dir().join("openidea-gradle")
+}
+
+/// Writes the script for `jvm_args` under `dir` (named by its content, so launches share
+/// it and nothing needs deleting) and returns its path.
+pub fn write_init_script(dir: &Path, jvm_args: &[String]) -> std::io::Result<PathBuf> {
+    use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+    let text = init_script(jvm_args);
+    let mut h = std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher::new();
+    text.hash(&mut h);
+    let file = dir.join(format!("jvm-args-{:016x}.init.gradle", h.finish()));
+    if std::fs::read_to_string(&file).is_ok_and(|t| t == text) {
+        return Ok(file);
+    }
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)?;
+    let tmp = file.with_extension(format!("{}.tmp", std::process::id()));
+    std::fs::write(&tmp, &text)?;
+    std::fs::rename(&tmp, &file).inspect_err(|_| {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&tmp);
+    })?;
+    Ok(file)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn args(a: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+        a.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn adds_each_argument_to_java_exec_and_test_tasks() {
+        let script = init_script(&args(&["-Ddemo.flag=on", "--add-opens", "java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED"]));
+        let list = "['-Ddemo.flag=on', '--add-opens', 'java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED']";
+        assert!(script.contains(&format!("tasks.withType(JavaExec).configureEach {{ jvmArgs({list}) }}")), "{script}");
+        assert!(script.contains(&format!("tasks.withType(Test).configureEach {{ jvmArgs({list}) }}")), "{script}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn escapes_quotes_backslashes_and_keeps_spaces_and_dollars() {
+        let script = init_script(&args(&[r"-Dpath=C:\Program Files\app", "-Dq=it's", "-Dv=${x}"]));
+        assert!(script.contains(r"'-Dpath=C:\\Program Files\\app'"), "{script}");
+        assert!(script.contains(r"'-Dq=it\'s'"), "{script}");
+        // Single-quoted Groovy strings don't interpolate.
+        assert!(script.contains("'-Dv=${x}'"), "{script}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn writes_one_file_per_content() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let a = write_init_script(dir.path(), &args(&["-Xmx1g"])).unwrap();
+        let again = write_init_script(dir.path(), &args(&["-Xmx1g"])).unwrap();
+        let b = write_init_script(dir.path(), &args(&["-Xmx2g"])).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(a, again);
+        assert_ne!(a, b);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&a).unwrap(), init_script(&args(&["-Xmx1g"])));
+        assert!(a.to_string_lossy().ends_with(".init.gradle"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ide-run/src/lib.rs b/crates/ide-run/src/lib.rs
index 4490b7f7..d2110912 100644
--- a/crates/ide-run/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ide-run/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 mod config;
 mod detect;
 pub mod envfile;
+pub mod gradle_jvm;
 pub mod java_cmdline;
 pub mod junit;
 mod output_encoding;
diff --git a/crates/ide-run/tests/config.rs b/crates/ide-run/tests/config.rs
index b4bb34ac..6fd423f1 100644
--- a/crates/ide-run/tests/config.rs
+++ b/crates/ide-run/tests/config.rs
@@ -169,3 +169,45 @@ fn extras_round_trip_and_local_file() {
     assert_eq!(load_templates(dir.path()).unwrap(), vec![template]);
     assert_eq!(load_user_configs(dir.path()).unwrap(), moved);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn jvm_options_persist_in_the_project_file() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let vm = "-Ddemo.flag=on --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED '-Dname=a b'";
+    let args =
+        ["-Ddemo.flag=on", "--add-opens", "java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED", "-Dname=a b", "-cp", "${classpath}"];
+    let mut app = sample().remove(0);
+    app.id = "user:demo".into();
+    app.kind = "spring-boot".into();
+    app.command = "java".into();
+    app.args =
+        args.into_iter().chain(["a.DemoApplication", "--spring.profiles.active=dev"]).map(String::from).collect();
+    app.extras.params = BTreeMap::from([
+        ("mainClass".into(), "a.DemoApplication".into()),
+        ("vmOptions".into(), vm.into()),
+        ("activeProfiles".into(), "dev".into()),
+        ("classpath".into(), "${classpath}".into()),
+    ]);
+    save_user_configs(dir.path(), std::slice::from_ref(&app)).unwrap();
+    let text = fs::read_to_string(user_configs_path(dir.path())).unwrap();
+    assert!(text.contains(&format!("vmOptions = \"{vm}\"")), "{text}");
+    assert_eq!(load_user_configs(dir.path()).unwrap(), vec![app.clone()]);
+
+    // A file written before the form had these fields loads with its command line only.
+    fs::write(
+        user_configs_path(dir.path()),
+        "[[configurations]]\nid = \"user:old\"\nname = \"Old\"\nkind = \"spring-boot\"\ncommand = \"java\"\n\
+         args = [\"-Xmx1g\", \"-cp\", \"${classpath}\", \"a.App\"]\n",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let old = load_user_configs(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(old[0].args, ["-Xmx1g", "-cp", "${classpath}", "a.App"]);
+    assert!(old[0].extras.params.is_empty());
+
+    // Templates keep default VM options for new configurations.
+    let mut template = app;
+    template.id = "template:spring-boot".into();
+    template.extras.params = BTreeMap::from([("vmOptions".into(), "-Xmx512m".into())]);
+    ide_run::save_templates(dir.path(), std::slice::from_ref(&template)).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(ide_run::load_templates(dir.path()).unwrap()[0].extras.params["vmOptions"], "-Xmx512m");
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands/mod.rs
index 0db71f35..c89190cf 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands/mod.rs
@@ -266,6 +266,7 @@ pub fn builder() -> tauri_specta::Builder<tauri::Wry> {
         run::run_list,
         run::run_close_stdin,
         run::run_resize,
+        run::run_gradle_jvm_args_script,
         run::run_test_reports,
         build::build_model,
         build::build_sync,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands/run.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands/run.rs
index 800919d3..a99eaf2a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands/run.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands/run.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,17 @@ pub fn run_system_env(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> std::collections::BTreeMap<
     ide_host::ops::run::run_system_env(&state.host, "")
 }
 
+/// Writes the Gradle init script adding `jvm_args` to the JVMs the build forks; returns its path.
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn run_gradle_jvm_args_script(
+    window: Window,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    jvm_args: Vec<String>,
+) -> IdeResult<String> {
+    ide_host::ops::run::run_gradle_jvm_args_script(&state.host, window.label(), jvm_args).await
+}
+
 /// Results from the JUnit XML reports (Surefire, Failsafe, Gradle) of the module at
 /// `module` (relative to the project root) written since `since_ms` (Unix epoch, ms).
 #[tauri::command]
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 70bcd3d2..219eefcc 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -515,6 +515,8 @@ export const commands = {
 	runCloseStdin: (id: RunId) => typedError<null, IdeError>(__TAURI_INVOKE("run_close_stdin", { id })),
 	/**  Terminal size of a run started with "Emulate terminal in output console". */
 	runResize: (id: RunId, cols: number, rows: number) => typedError<null, IdeError>(__TAURI_INVOKE("run_resize", { id, cols, rows })),
+	/**  Writes the Gradle init script adding `jvm_args` to the JVMs the build forks; returns its path. */
+	runGradleJvmArgsScript: (jvmArgs: string[]) => typedError<string, IdeError>(__TAURI_INVOKE("run_gradle_jvm_args_script", { jvmArgs })),
 	/**
 	 *  Results from the JUnit XML reports (Surefire, Failsafe, Gradle) of the module at
 	 *  `module` (relative to the project root) written since `since_ms` (Unix epoch, ms).
diff --git a/src/features/debugger/__tests__/java.test.ts b/src/features/debugger/__tests__/java.test.ts
index 2166a49b..0dde9a59 100644
--- a/src/features/debugger/__tests__/java.test.ts
+++ b/src/features/debugger/__tests__/java.test.ts
@@ -75,6 +75,23 @@ describe("Java debugging (java-debug through jdtls)", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("passes the configuration's VM options to java-debug's vmArgs, before the main class", async () => {
+    const args = [
+      "-Ddemo.flag=on",
+      "--add-opens",
+      "java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED",
+      "-Dname=a b",
+      "-cp",
+      "${classpath}",
+    ];
+    const l = await javaLaunchConfig({ ...app, args: [...args, "a.App", "--spring.profiles.active=dev"] }, "/p");
+    expect(JSON.parse(l.extraJson!)).toMatchObject({
+      mainClass: "a.App",
+      vmArgs: '-Ddemo.flag=on --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED "-Dname=a b"',
+      args: "--spring.profiles.active=dev",
+    });
+  });
+
   it("lets java-debug shorten a classpath too long for the OS, as Run does", async () => {
     for (const how of ["jarmanifest", "argfile"]) {
       shortenCommandLine = how;
diff --git a/src/features/run/ConfigForm.tsx b/src/features/run/ConfigForm.tsx
index 99aaf1f6..fea94088 100644
--- a/src/features/run/ConfigForm.tsx
+++ b/src/features/run/ConfigForm.tsx
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ function TypeField({
         spellCheck={false}
         value={value}
         placeholder={tx(field.placeholder)}
-        rows={4}
+        rows={field.rows ?? 4}
         onChange={(e) => onChange(e.target.value)}
       />
     );
diff --git a/src/features/run/configs.ts b/src/features/run/configs.ts
index 53f2ffa1..fd5161ed 100644
--- a/src/features/run/configs.ts
+++ b/src/features/run/configs.ts
@@ -258,8 +258,11 @@ export function validateConfig(config: RunConfig, all: readonly RunConfig[] = []
 
 export const hasErrors = (e: ConfigErrors) => Object.keys(e).length > 0;
 
-/** Splits a command line into arguments: whitespace, '…' and "…" quoting, backslash escapes. */
-export function parseArgs(input: string): string[] {
+/**
+ * Splits a command line into arguments: whitespace, '…' and "…" quoting, backslash escapes.
+ * `windowsPaths`: a backslash only escapes a quote, so `C:\dir\app.jar` stays as typed.
+ */
+export function parseArgs(input: string, windowsPaths = false): string[] {
   const out: string[] = [];
   let cur = "";
   let has = false;
@@ -268,13 +271,18 @@ export function parseArgs(input: string): string[] {
     const ch = input[i]!;
     if (quote) {
       if (ch === quote) quote = null;
-      else if (ch === "\\" && quote === '"' && i + 1 < input.length && '"\\$`'.includes(input[i + 1]!))
+      else if (
+        ch === "\\" &&
+        quote === '"' &&
+        i + 1 < input.length &&
+        (windowsPaths ? '"' : '"\\$`').includes(input[i + 1]!)
+      )
         cur += input[++i];
       else cur += ch;
     } else if (ch === "'" || ch === '"') {
       quote = ch;
       has = true;
-    } else if (ch === "\\" && i + 1 < input.length) {
+    } else if (ch === "\\" && i + 1 < input.length && (!windowsPaths || "\"'".includes(input[i + 1]!))) {
       cur += input[++i];
       has = true;
     } else if (/\s/.test(ch)) {
diff --git a/src/features/run/jvmTypes.test.ts b/src/features/run/jvmTypes.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..921f0afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/features/run/jvmTypes.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { RunConfig } from "@/platform/ipc";
+
+const scripts: string[][] = [];
+vi.mock("@/platform/ipc", async (orig) => {
+  const real = await orig<typeof import("@/platform/ipc")>();
+  return {
+    ...real,
+    commands: {
+      ...real.commands,
+      runGradleJvmArgsScript: (jvmArgs: string[]) => {
+        scripts.push(jvmArgs);
+        return Promise.resolve({ status: "ok", data: "/tmp/openidea-gradle/jvm-args-1.init.gradle" });
+      },
+    },
+  };
+});
+
+const { parseJavaArgs, joinJavaArgs } = await import("@/platform/javaLaunch");
+const { parseArgs } = await import("./configs");
+const { jdwpLaunch } = await import("./javaDebug");
+const { applicationType, gradleJvmArgs, joinPropertyArgs, springBootType } = await import("./jvmTypes");
+const { formParams, newConfigOfType, registerBuiltinTypes, typeFor, withParams } = await import("./types");
+
+const REPORTER_VM = "-Ddemo.flag=on --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED";
+
+const cfg = (over: Partial<RunConfig>): RunConfig => ({
+  id: "c",
+  name: "c",
+  kind: "spring-boot",
+  command: "java",
+  args: [],
+  cwd: null,
+  env: {},
+  detected: false,
+  isTest: false,
+  debugAdapter: "java-debug",
+  ...over,
+});
+
+let dispose: () => void;
+beforeEach(() => {
+  dispose = registerBuiltinTypes();
+  scripts.length = 0;
+});
+afterEach(() => dispose());
+
+describe("Application / Spring Boot command line", () => {
+  it.each([
+    ["application", applicationType],
+    ["spring-boot", springBootType],
+  ] as const)("%s puts VM options before the main class and program arguments after it", (_, type) => {
+    const line = type.commandLine({
+      mainClass: "com.example.Application",
+      vmOptions: REPORTER_VM,
+      programArgs: "--server.port=8081 'two words'",
+      classpath: "${classpath}",
+    });
+    expect(line).toEqual({
+      command: "java",
+      args: [
+        "-Ddemo.flag=on",
+        "--add-opens",
+        "java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED",
+        "-cp",
+        "${classpath}",
+        "com.example.Application",
+        "--server.port=8081",
+        "two words",
+      ],
+    });
+    const parsed = parseJavaArgs(line!.args);
+    expect(parsed.vmArgs).toEqual(["-Ddemo.flag=on", "--add-opens", "java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED"]);
+    expect(parsed.mainClass).toBe("com.example.Application");
+    expect(parsed.programArgs).toEqual(["--server.port=8081", "two words"]);
+  });
+
+  it("reads VM options over several lines and with quoted spaces", () => {
+    const line = applicationType.commandLine({
+      mainClass: "a.Main",
+      vmOptions: '-Xmx1g\n-Dapp.name="My App"\n  -Dempty=""',
+    });
+    expect(line!.args.slice(0, 3)).toEqual(["-Xmx1g", "-Dapp.name=My App", "-Dempty="]);
+    expect(joinJavaArgs(parseJavaArgs(line!.args).vmArgs)).toBe('-Xmx1g "-Dapp.name=My App" -Dempty=');
+  });
+
+  it("keeps Windows paths as typed on Windows", () => {
+    expect(parseArgs(String.raw`-javaagent:C:\tools\agent.jar "-Dlog=C:\Program Files\x.log"`, true)).toEqual([
+      String.raw`-javaagent:C:\tools\agent.jar`,
+      String.raw`-Dlog=C:\Program Files\x.log`,
+    ]);
+    expect(parseArgs(String.raw`-Dq=\"x\" "a \"b\""`, true)).toEqual(['-Dq="x"', 'a "b"']);
+    // Elsewhere a backslash still escapes.
+    expect(parseArgs(String.raw`a\ b`)).toEqual(["a b"]);
+  });
+
+  it("passes Spring Boot's active profiles before the program arguments", () => {
+    const line = springBootType.commandLine({ mainClass: "a.App", activeProfiles: "dev,local", programArgs: "--x" });
+    expect(line!.args).toEqual(["-cp", "${classpath}", "a.App", "--spring.profiles.active=dev,local", "--x"]);
+    // Application has no profiles field.
+    expect(applicationType.commandLine({ mainClass: "a.App", activeProfiles: "dev" })!.args).toEqual([
+      "-cp",
+      "${classpath}",
+      "a.App",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("uses the test classpath when chosen", () => {
+    expect(applicationType.commandLine({ mainClass: "a.T", classpath: "${testClasspath}" })!.args).toEqual([
+      "-cp",
+      "${testClasspath}",
+      "a.T",
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("configurations saved or detected as a raw command line", () => {
+  it("opens a detected Spring Boot configuration in the form", () => {
+    const detected = cfg({ args: ["-cp", "${classpath}", "com.example.DemoApplication"], detected: true });
+    expect(formParams(detected)).toEqual({
+      mainClass: "com.example.DemoApplication",
+      vmOptions: "",
+      programArgs: "",
+      classpath: "${classpath}",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("splits an older configuration's arguments into VM options, main class, profiles and program arguments", () => {
+    const old = cfg({
+      args: ["-Xmx1g", "-Dname=a b", "-cp", "${classpath}", "a.App", "--spring.profiles.active=dev", "x y"],
+    });
+    const params = formParams(old);
+    expect(params).toEqual({
+      mainClass: "a.App",
+      vmOptions: "-Xmx1g '-Dname=a b'",
+      programArgs: "'x y'",
+      classpath: "${classpath}",
+      activeProfiles: "dev",
+    });
+    // Editing VM options keeps the rest of the command line.
+    const next = withParams(old, { ...params!, vmOptions: REPORTER_VM });
+    expect(next.args).toEqual([
+      "-Ddemo.flag=on",
+      "--add-opens",
+      "java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED",
+      "-cp",
+      "${classpath}",
+      "a.App",
+      "--spring.profiles.active=dev",
+      "x y",
+    ]);
+    expect(next.params).toMatchObject({ vmOptions: REPORTER_VM });
+  });
+
+  it("keeps an explicit classpath and edits other command lines as a command", () => {
+    expect(formParams(cfg({ kind: "application", args: ["-cp", "lib/*", "a.Main"] }))).toMatchObject({
+      classpath: "lib/*",
+    });
+    expect(formParams(cfg({ command: "./run.sh", args: ["a.Main"] }))).toBeNull();
+    expect(formParams(cfg({ args: ["a.Main"] }))).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("prefers the stored params", () => {
+    const c = cfg({
+      params: { mainClass: "a.App", vmOptions: "-Xss2m" },
+      args: ["-Xss2m", "-cp", "${classpath}", "a.App"],
+    });
+    expect(formParams(c)).toEqual({ mainClass: "a.App", vmOptions: "-Xss2m" });
+  });
+});
+
+describe("templates", () => {
+  it("applies the template's VM options to a new configuration", () => {
+    const template = cfg({ id: "template:spring-boot", params: { classpath: "${classpath}", vmOptions: "-Xmx512m" } });
+    const c = newConfigOfType(springBootType, [], template);
+    expect(c.kind).toBe("spring-boot");
+    expect(c.debugAdapter).toBe("java-debug");
+    expect(c.params).toMatchObject({ vmOptions: "-Xmx512m" });
+    expect(c.args).toEqual(["-Xmx512m", "-cp", "${classpath}"]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("Maven / Gradle: VM options of the forked JVM", () => {
+  const maven = () => typeFor("maven")!;
+  const gradle = () => typeFor("gradle")!;
+
+  it("passes spring-boot:run's VM options and profiles to the application, not to Maven", () => {
+    const line = maven().commandLine({
+      tasks: "spring-boot:run",
+      vmOptions: REPORTER_VM + " '-Dname=a b'",
+      activeProfiles: "dev",
+    });
+    expect(line!.args).toEqual([
+      "spring-boot:run",
+      `-Dspring-boot.run.jvmArguments=-Ddemo.flag=on --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED "-Dname=a b"`,
+      "-Dspring-boot.run.profiles=dev",
+    ]);
+    // Debugging adds the JDWP agent to the same property.
+    const debug = jdwpLaunch(cfg({ kind: "maven", command: "mvn", args: line!.args }));
+    expect(debug!.args[1]).toMatch(/^-Dspring-boot\.run\.jvmArguments=-Ddemo\.flag=on .* -agentlib:jdwp=/);
+  });
+
+  it("passes test goals' VM options to Surefire and nothing for other goals", () => {
+    expect(maven().commandLine({ tasks: "test", vmOptions: "-Xmx1g" })!.args).toEqual(["test", "-DargLine=-Xmx1g"]);
+    expect(maven().commandLine({ tasks: "package", vmOptions: "-Xmx1g" })!.args).toEqual(["package"]);
+    const vm = maven().fields.find((f) => f.key === "vmOptions")!;
+    expect(vm.visible!({ tasks: "clean spring-boot:run" })).toBe(true);
+    expect(vm.visible!({ tasks: "package" })).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("quotes property values the plugins split", () => {
+    expect(joinPropertyArgs(["-Xmx1g", "-Dp=C:\\Program Files\\x", 'say "hi"', ""])).toBe(
+      `-Xmx1g "-Dp=C:\\Program Files\\x" 'say "hi"' ""`,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("hands Gradle's VM options to an init script for the forked JVMs", async () => {
+    const params = { tasks: "bootRun", vmOptions: REPORTER_VM, activeProfiles: "dev", wrapper: "true" };
+    expect(gradleJvmArgs(params)).toEqual([
+      "-Ddemo.flag=on",
+      "--add-opens",
+      "java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED",
+      "-Dspring.profiles.active=dev",
+    ]);
+    expect(gradleJvmArgs({ tasks: "build", vmOptions: "-Xmx1g" })).toEqual([]);
+    const c = withParams(cfg({ kind: "gradle" }), params);
+    // Gradle's own command line is unchanged.
+    expect(c.args).toEqual(["bootRun"]);
+    const launched = await gradle().prepareLaunch!(c);
+    expect(scripts).toEqual([gradleJvmArgs(params)]);
+    expect(launched.args).toEqual(["--init-script", "/tmp/openidea-gradle/jvm-args-1.init.gradle", "bootRun"]);
+    // Debugging keeps them: `--debug-jvm` is added before the launch is prepared.
+    const debug = await gradle().prepareLaunch!(jdwpLaunch(c)!);
+    expect(debug.args).toEqual([
+      "--init-script",
+      "/tmp/openidea-gradle/jvm-args-1.init.gradle",
+      "bootRun",
+      "--debug-jvm",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("leaves Gradle configurations without VM options alone", async () => {
+    const c = withParams(cfg({ kind: "gradle" }), { tasks: "bootRun" });
+    expect(await gradle().prepareLaunch!(c)).toBe(c);
+    expect(scripts).toEqual([]);
+    const remote = withParams(cfg({ kind: "gradle", target: "ssh-1" }), { tasks: "bootRun", vmOptions: "-Xmx1g" });
+    await expect(gradle().prepareLaunch!(remote)).rejects.toThrow(/run targets/);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/features/run/jvmTypes.ts b/src/features/run/jvmTypes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95000589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/features/run/jvmTypes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+/**
+ * JVM run configuration types: Application and Spring Boot
+ * (`java [VM options] -cp ${classpath} <main class> [program arguments]`), and the
+ * VM options Maven / Gradle configurations hand to the JVM the build forks
+ * (`spring-boot:run`, tests, `bootRun`) rather than to the build tool's own JVM.
+ */
+import { call, commands, type RunConfig } from "@/platform/ipc";
+import { CLASSPATH, parseJavaArgs, TEST_CLASSPATH } from "@/platform/javaLaunch";
+import type { RunConfigTypeContribution, RunConfigTypeField } from "@/workbench/contributions";
+import { formatArgs, parseArgs } from "./configs";
+
+export const isWindows = () => typeof navigator !== "undefined" && /win/i.test(navigator.platform);
+
+/** VM options / program arguments as typed; on Windows a backslash is a path separator. */
+export const splitJvmArgs = (text: string | undefined, windows = isWindows()) => parseArgs(text ?? "", windows);
+
+export const PROFILES_ARG = "--spring.profiles.active=";
+
+const VM_OPTIONS_PLACEHOLDER = "e.g. -Xmx1g -Dkey=value --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED";
+
+const vmOptionsField = (hint?: string, visible?: RunConfigTypeField["visible"]): RunConfigTypeField => ({
+  key: "vmOptions",
+  label: "VM options",
+  control: "textarea",
+  rows: 2,
+  mono: true,
+  placeholder: VM_OPTIONS_PLACEHOLDER,
+  ...(hint ? { hint } : {}),
+  ...(visible ? { visible } : {}),
+});
+
+const profilesField = (hint: string, visible?: RunConfigTypeField["visible"]): RunConfigTypeField => ({
+  key: "activeProfiles",
+  label: "Active profiles",
+  mono: true,
+  placeholder: "e.g. dev,local",
+  hint,
+  ...(visible ? { visible } : {}),
+});
+
+const isJava = (command: string) => /^java(\.exe)?$/i.test(command.replace(/\\/g, "/").split("/").pop() ?? "");
+
+/** Main classes of the JVM configurations, offered while typing. */
+function mainClasses(configs: readonly RunConfig[]): string[] {
+  const out = new Set<string>();
+  for (const c of configs) {
+    if (c.kind !== "application" && c.kind !== "spring-boot") continue;
+    const main = c.params?.mainClass || parseJavaArgs(c.args).mainClass;
+    if (main) out.add(main);
+  }
+  return [...out];
+}
+
+function jvmApplicationType(spring: boolean): RunConfigTypeContribution {
+  return {
+    id: spring ? "spring-boot" : "application",
+    label: spring ? "Spring Boot" : "Application",
+    icon: spring ? "spring-boot" : "class",
+    description: spring ? "Run a Spring Boot application" : "Run a Java main class",
+    defaults: { classpath: CLASSPATH },
+    debugAdapter: "java-debug",
+    fields: [
+      {
+        key: "mainClass",
+        label: "Main class",
+        mono: true,
+        required: true,
+        placeholder: "e.g. com.example.Application",
+        suggestions: mainClasses,
+      },
+      vmOptionsField(),
+      { key: "programArgs", label: "Program arguments", mono: true },
+      ...(spring ? [profilesField("Comma separated; passed as --spring.profiles.active")] : []),
+      {
+        key: "classpath",
+        label: "Classpath",
+        control: "select",
+        options: [
+          { value: CLASSPATH, label: "Runtime classpath of the module" },
+          { value: TEST_CLASSPATH, label: "Test classpath of the module" },
+        ],
+      },
+    ],
+    commandLine(p) {
+      const main = p.mainClass?.trim() ?? "";
+      const profiles = spring ? (p.activeProfiles?.trim() ?? "") : "";
+      return {
+        command: "java",
+        args: [
+          ...splitJvmArgs(p.vmOptions),
+          "-cp",
+          p.classpath || CLASSPATH,
+          ...(main ? [main] : []),
+          ...(profiles ? [PROFILES_ARG + profiles] : []),
+          ...splitJvmArgs(p.programArgs),
+        ],
+      };
+    },
+    // Configurations detected or saved before these fields existed: `java [vm] -cp <cp> Main [args]`.
+    paramsFrom(c) {
+      if (!isJava(c.command)) return null;
+      const parsed = parseJavaArgs(c.args);
+      const classpath =
+        parsed.classpath === "runtime"
+          ? CLASSPATH
+          : parsed.classpath === "test"
+            ? TEST_CLASSPATH
+            : parsed.explicitClasspath;
+      if (!parsed.mainClass || classpath === null) return null;
+      let rest = parsed.programArgs;
+      let activeProfiles = "";
+      if (spring && rest[0]?.startsWith(PROFILES_ARG)) {
+        activeProfiles = rest[0].slice(PROFILES_ARG.length);
+        rest = rest.slice(1);
+      }
+      return {
+        mainClass: parsed.mainClass,
+        vmOptions: formatArgs(parsed.vmArgs),
+        programArgs: formatArgs(rest),
+        classpath,
+        ...(activeProfiles ? { activeProfiles } : {}),
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export const applicationType = jvmApplicationType(false);
+export const springBootType = jvmApplicationType(true);
+
+/**
+ * One value for a Maven property holding JVM arguments (`spring-boot.run.jvmArguments`,
+ * `argLine`): the plugins split it on whitespace, honouring "…" and '…'.
+ */
+export function joinPropertyArgs(args: readonly string[]): string {
+  return args
+    .map((a) => {
+      if (a && !/[\s"']/.test(a)) return a;
+      return a.includes('"') ? `'${a}'` : `"${a}"`;
+    })
+    .join(" ");
+}
+
+const words = (tasks: string | undefined) => (tasks ?? "").split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean);
+
+const isSpringBootRun = (goal: string) =>
+  goal === "spring-boot:run" || /:spring-boot-maven-plugin:[^:]*:run$/.test(goal);
+const isMavenTestGoal = (goal: string) =>
+  /^(test|verify|integration-test|surefire:test|failsafe:integration-test)$/.test(goal);
+const isBootRun = (task: string) => /(^|:)bootRun$/.test(task);
+const isGradleJvmTask = (task: string) => /(^|:)(test|bootRun|run|integrationTest|check)$/.test(task);
+
+/** What a build tool configuration does with VM options and Spring Boot profiles. */
+export interface ForkedJvm {
+  fields: readonly RunConfigTypeField[];
+  /** Arguments appended to the build tool's command line. */
+  args(params: Readonly<Record<string, string>>): string[];
+  prepareLaunch?(config: RunConfig): Promise<RunConfig>;
+}
+
+export const mavenForkedJvm: ForkedJvm = {
+  fields: [
+    vmOptionsField("Passed to the JVM that spring-boot:run or the tests start, not to Maven", (p) =>
+      words(p.tasks).some((g) => isSpringBootRun(g) || isMavenTestGoal(g)),
+    ),
+    profilesField("Comma separated; passed as -Dspring-boot.run.profiles", (p) => words(p.tasks).some(isSpringBootRun)),
+  ],
+  args(p) {
+    const goals = words(p.tasks);
+    const vm = splitJvmArgs(p.vmOptions);
+    const out: string[] = [];
+    if (goals.some(isSpringBootRun)) {
+      if (vm.length) out.push(`-Dspring-boot.run.jvmArguments=${joinPropertyArgs(vm)}`);
+      const profiles = p.activeProfiles?.trim();
+      if (profiles) out.push(`-Dspring-boot.run.profiles=${profiles}`);
+    } else if (vm.length && goals.some(isMavenTestGoal)) {
+      out.push(`-DargLine=${joinPropertyArgs(vm)}`);
+    }
+    return out;
+  },
+};
+
+/** VM options (and profiles, as `-Dspring.profiles.active`) of a Gradle configuration's forked JVMs. */
+export function gradleJvmArgs(p: Readonly<Record<string, string>>): string[] {
+  const tasks = words(p.tasks);
+  if (!tasks.some(isGradleJvmTask)) return [];
+  const profiles = tasks.some(isBootRun) ? p.activeProfiles?.trim() : "";
+  return [...splitJvmArgs(p.vmOptions), ...(profiles ? [`-Dspring.profiles.active=${profiles}`] : [])];
+}
+
+export const gradleForkedJvm: ForkedJvm = {
+  fields: [
+    vmOptionsField("Passed to the JVMs the tasks start (bootRun, run, test), not to Gradle", (p) =>
+      words(p.tasks).some(isGradleJvmTask),
+    ),
+    profilesField("Comma separated; passed as -Dspring.profiles.active", (p) => words(p.tasks).some(isBootRun)),
+  ],
+  // Gradle has no command-line switch for them: an init script adds them to the JavaExec / Test tasks.
+  args: () => [],
+  async prepareLaunch(config) {
+    const jvmArgs = gradleJvmArgs(config.params ?? {});
+    if (!jvmArgs.length) return config;
+    if (config.target) throw new Error("VM options of Gradle configurations are not applied on run targets");
+    const script = await call(commands.runGradleJvmArgsScript(jvmArgs));
+    return { ...config, args: ["--init-script", script, ...config.args] };
+  },
+};
diff --git a/src/features/run/types.ts b/src/features/run/types.ts
index 8b4f6893..d685482c 100644
--- a/src/features/run/types.ts
+++ b/src/features/run/types.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  * Built-in run configuration types (Shell Script, Program, npm, Gradle, Maven,
- * Compound) and the helpers that turn a type's params into the launched
+ * Application, Spring Boot, Compound) and the helpers that turn a type's params into the launched
  * command line. Other features contribute types with `registerRunConfigType`.
  */
 import type { RunConfig } from "@/platform/ipc";
@@ -11,11 +11,18 @@ import {
   type RunConfigTypeContribution,
 } from "@/workbench/contributions";
 import { formatArgs, parseArgs, uid, uniqueName } from "./configs";
+import {
+  applicationType,
+  gradleForkedJvm,
+  isWindows,
+  mavenForkedJvm,
+  springBootType,
+  type ForkedJvm,
+} from "./jvmTypes";
 import { tx } from "@/platform/i18n";
 
 export const COMPOUND = "compound";
 
-const isWindows = () => typeof navigator !== "undefined" && /win/i.test(navigator.platform);
 const on = (v: string | undefined) => v === "true";
 const baseName = (p: string) => p.replace(/\\/g, "/").split("/").pop() ?? p;
 const dirOf = (cwd: string | null | undefined) => cwd ?? "";
@@ -213,6 +220,7 @@ function buildToolType(
   icon: string,
   tasks: { label: string; description: string },
   wrapper: { unix: string; windows: string; plain: string; label: string; byDefault: boolean },
+  jvm: ForkedJvm,
 ): RunConfigTypeContribution {
   return {
     id,
@@ -231,13 +239,15 @@ function buildToolType(
         suggestions: (configs) => argsOf(configs, id, 0),
       },
       { key: "arguments", label: "Arguments", mono: true },
+      ...jvm.fields,
       { key: "wrapper", label: wrapper.label, control: "checkbox" },
     ],
     commandLine: (p) => ({
       command: wrapperCommand(wrapper.unix, wrapper.windows, wrapper.plain, on(p.wrapper)),
-      args: [...parseArgs(p.tasks ?? ""), ...parseArgs(p.arguments ?? "")],
+      args: [...parseArgs(p.tasks ?? ""), ...parseArgs(p.arguments ?? ""), ...jvm.args(p)],
       cwd: p.projectDir?.trim() || null,
     }),
+    ...(jvm.prepareLaunch ? { prepareLaunch: jvm.prepareLaunch } : {}),
     paramsFrom(c) {
       const name = baseName(c.command);
       const usesWrapper = name === wrapper.unix || name === wrapper.windows;
@@ -264,6 +274,7 @@ const gradle = buildToolType(
     label: "Use the Gradle wrapper",
     byDefault: true,
   },
+  gradleForkedJvm,
 );
 
 const maven = buildToolType(
@@ -278,6 +289,7 @@ const maven = buildToolType(
     label: "Use the Maven wrapper",
     byDefault: false,
   },
+  mavenForkedJvm,
 );
 
 const compound: RunConfigTypeContribution = {
@@ -296,6 +308,8 @@ export const BUILTIN_TYPES: readonly RunConfigTypeContribution[] = [
   gradle,
   maven,
   godot,
+  applicationType,
+  springBootType,
   compound,
 ];
 
diff --git a/src/platform/locales/text/zh.json b/src/platform/locales/text/zh.json
index c722229d..cb84e750 100644
--- a/src/platform/locales/text/zh.json
+++ b/src/platform/locales/text/zh.json
@@ -2828,6 +2828,23 @@
   "Executable": "可执行文件",
   "Path or command on PATH": "路径或 PATH 中的命令",
   "Program arguments": "程序实参",
+  "VM options": "VM 选项",
+  "e.g. -Xmx1g -Dkey=value --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED": "例如 -Xmx1g -Dkey=value --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED",
+  "Main class": "主类",
+  "e.g. com.example.Application": "例如 com.example.Application",
+  "Active profiles": "活动配置文件",
+  "e.g. dev,local": "例如 dev,local",
+  "Comma separated; passed as --spring.profiles.active": "以逗号分隔；作为 --spring.profiles.active 传递",
+  "Comma separated; passed as -Dspring-boot.run.profiles": "以逗号分隔；作为 -Dspring-boot.run.profiles 传递",
+  "Comma separated; passed as -Dspring.profiles.active": "以逗号分隔；作为 -Dspring.profiles.active 传递",
+  "Classpath": "类路径",
+  "Runtime classpath of the module": "模块的运行时类路径",
+  "Test classpath of the module": "模块的测试类路径",
+  "Run a Java main class": "运行 Java 主类",
+  "Run a Spring Boot application": "运行 Spring Boot 应用程序",
+  "Spring Boot": "Spring Boot",
+  "Passed to the JVM that spring-boot:run or the tests start, not to Maven": "传给 spring-boot:run 或测试启动的 JVM，而不是 Maven 本身",
+  "Passed to the JVMs the tasks start (bootRun, run, test), not to Gradle": "传给任务启动的 JVM（bootRun、run、test），而不是 Gradle 本身",
   "Run a package.json script": "运行 package.json 脚本",
   "package.json directory": "package.json 目录",
   "Tasks": "任务",
diff --git a/src/workbench/contributions.ts b/src/workbench/contributions.ts
index ad1a5358..b7bdeb2e 100644
--- a/src/workbench/contributions.ts
+++ b/src/workbench/contributions.ts
@@ -886,6 +886,8 @@ export interface RunConfigTypeField {
    */
   control?: "text" | "textarea" | "select" | "checkbox" | "output";
   mono?: boolean;
+  /** Visible lines of a `textarea` (default 4). */
+  rows?: number;
   placeholder?: string;
   options?: ReadonlyArray<{ value: string; label: string }>;
   /** Values offered while typing (e.g. the scripts of detected configurations). */