diff --git a/config/max-lines-baseline.txt b/config/max-lines-baseline.txt
index 859b4f5c59c..83c550911ee 100644
--- a/config/max-lines-baseline.txt
+++ b/config/max-lines-baseline.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 # split the oversized file instead (AGENTS.md → "Do Not Disable Max Lines").
 # Regenerate/prune: pnpm check:max-lines-ratchet --prune   (removes stale entries only)
 inline src/main/agent-hooks/server.ts
-inline src/main/automations/external-manager.ts
 inline src/main/browser/agent-browser-bridge.ts
 inline src/main/browser/browser-cookie-import.ts
 inline src/main/browser/browser-manager.ts
diff --git a/src/main/automations/external-manager-discovery.ts b/src/main/automations/external-manager-discovery.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9eed6c44a40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/automations/external-manager-discovery.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import { homedir } from 'node:os'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+import type {
+  ExternalAutomationManager,
+  ExternalAutomationProvider
+} from '../../shared/automations-types'
+import type { SshTarget } from '../../shared/ssh-types'
+import { getActiveMultiplexer } from '../ssh/ssh-target-registry'
+import { mapHermesJobs, mapOpenClawJobs } from './external-job-mappers'
+import { readHermesCronOutputRunsPage } from './hermes-cron-output'
+import { isExternalAutomationCommandOnPath } from './external-manager-local-command'
+import { externalAutomationRelayErrorMessage } from './external-manager-relay'
+
+const HERMES_HOME = process.env.HERMES_HOME?.trim() || join(homedir(), '.hermes')
+const HERMES_CRON_DIR = join(HERMES_HOME, 'cron')
+const HERMES_JOBS_FILE = join(HERMES_CRON_DIR, 'jobs.json')
+const OPENCLAW_JOBS_FILE = join(homedir(), '.openclaw', 'cron', 'jobs.json')
+const PROVIDER_LABELS: Record<ExternalAutomationProvider, string> = {
+  hermes: 'Hermes',
+  openclaw: 'OpenClaw'
+}
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+async function readLocalHermesJobs(): Promise<unknown[]> {
+  if (!existsSync(HERMES_JOBS_FILE)) {
+    return []
+  }
+  const content = await readFile(HERMES_JOBS_FILE, 'utf-8')
+  const parsed = JSON.parse(content) as unknown
+  const jobs = Array.isArray(parsed)
+    ? parsed
+    : isRecord(parsed) && Array.isArray(parsed.jobs)
+      ? parsed.jobs
+      : []
+  return Promise.all(
+    jobs.map(async (job) => {
+      if (!isRecord(job)) {
+        return job
+      }
+      const jobId = typeof job.id === 'string' ? job.id : null
+      if (!jobId) {
+        return job
+      }
+      const runsPage = await readHermesCronOutputRunsPage(jobId, { page: 1, pageSize: 0 })
+      return {
+        ...job,
+        run_count: runsPage.total,
+        runs: []
+      }
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+async function readLocalOpenClawJobs(): Promise<unknown[]> {
+  if (!existsSync(OPENCLAW_JOBS_FILE)) {
+    return []
+  }
+  const content = await readFile(OPENCLAW_JOBS_FILE, 'utf-8')
+  const parsed = JSON.parse(content) as unknown
+  return isRecord(parsed) && Array.isArray(parsed.jobs) ? parsed.jobs : []
+}
+
+function mapProviderJobs(
+  provider: ExternalAutomationProvider,
+  managerId: string,
+  jobs: unknown[]
+): ExternalAutomationManager['jobs'] {
+  return provider === 'hermes' ? mapHermesJobs(managerId, jobs) : mapOpenClawJobs(managerId, jobs)
+}
+
+export async function listLocalManager(
+  provider: ExternalAutomationProvider
+): Promise<ExternalAutomationManager | null> {
+  const [availableResult, jobsResult] = await Promise.allSettled([
+    isExternalAutomationCommandOnPath(provider),
+    provider === 'hermes' ? readLocalHermesJobs() : readLocalOpenClawJobs()
+  ])
+  const available = availableResult.status === 'fulfilled' && availableResult.value
+  const jobs = jobsResult.status === 'fulfilled' ? jobsResult.value : []
+  const readError = jobsResult.status === 'rejected' ? String(jobsResult.reason) : null
+  if (!available && jobs.length === 0 && !readError) {
+    return null
+  }
+  const managerId = `${provider}:local`
+  const providerLabel = PROVIDER_LABELS[provider]
+  return {
+    id: managerId,
+    provider,
+    label: `${providerLabel} on this computer`,
+    targetLabel: 'this computer',
+    target: { type: 'local' },
+    status: readError ? 'unavailable' : 'available',
+    error:
+      readError ??
+      (available
+        ? null
+        : `${providerLabel} jobs were found, but the ${provider} CLI is not on PATH.`),
+    canManage: !readError && available,
+    jobs: mapProviderJobs(provider, managerId, jobs)
+  }
+}
+
+export async function listRemoteManager(
+  target: SshTarget,
+  provider: ExternalAutomationProvider
+): Promise<ExternalAutomationManager> {
+  const providerLabel = PROVIDER_LABELS[provider]
+  const managerProviderId = `${provider}:ssh:${target.id}`
+  const mux = getActiveMultiplexer(target.id)
+  if (!mux || mux.isDisposed()) {
+    return {
+      id: managerProviderId,
+      provider,
+      label: `${providerLabel} on ${target.label}`,
+      targetLabel: target.label,
+      target: { type: 'ssh', connectionId: target.id },
+      status: 'unavailable',
+      error: 'SSH target is not connected.',
+      canManage: false,
+      jobs: []
+    }
+  }
+  try {
+    const result = (await mux.request('externalAutomations.list', { provider })) as {
+      jobs?: unknown[]
+      hermesAvailable?: boolean
+      openclawAvailable?: boolean
+      error?: string | null
+    }
+    const commandAvailable =
+      provider === 'hermes' ? result.hermesAvailable === true : result.openclawAvailable === true
+    const readError = result.error ?? null
+    return {
+      id: managerProviderId,
+      provider,
+      label: `${providerLabel} on ${target.label}`,
+      targetLabel: target.label,
+      target: { type: 'ssh', connectionId: target.id },
+      status: readError ? 'unavailable' : 'available',
+      error:
+        readError ?? (commandAvailable ? null : `${providerLabel} CLI is not on the remote PATH.`),
+      canManage: !readError && commandAvailable,
+      jobs: mapProviderJobs(provider, managerProviderId, result.jobs ?? [])
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return {
+      id: managerProviderId,
+      provider,
+      label: `${providerLabel} on ${target.label}`,
+      targetLabel: target.label,
+      target: { type: 'ssh', connectionId: target.id },
+      status: 'unavailable',
+      error: externalAutomationRelayErrorMessage(error),
+      canManage: false,
+      jobs: []
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/automations/external-manager-job-id.ts b/src/main/automations/external-manager-job-id.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6d8ac157f98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/automations/external-manager-job-id.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+const EXTERNAL_JOB_ID_PATTERN = /^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9._:-]*$/
+
+export function assertExternalAutomationJobId(jobId: string): void {
+  if (!EXTERNAL_JOB_ID_PATTERN.test(jobId)) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid external automation job ID.')
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/automations/external-manager-local-command.ts b/src/main/automations/external-manager-local-command.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..44d81e68ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/automations/external-manager-local-command.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { runProcess } from '../../shared/child-process/run-process'
+
+const LOCAL_COMMAND_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000
+const LOCAL_AUTOMATION_COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000
+
+function runLocalProviderCommand(
+  command: string,
+  args: string[],
+  options: { timeoutMs: number; timeoutMessage: string }
+): Promise<void> {
+  return runProcess({ program: command, args, timeoutMs: options.timeoutMs }).then((result) => {
+    if (result.timedOut) {
+      throw new Error(options.timeoutMessage)
+    }
+    if (result.code !== 0) {
+      throw new Error(
+        result.stderr.trim() || `Command exited with code ${result.code ?? 'unknown'}.`
+      )
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+export async function isExternalAutomationCommandOnPath(command: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  const finder = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'where' : 'which'
+  try {
+    // Why: these probes run while loading Automations; a wedged PATH shim must
+    // not keep the list IPC pending forever.
+    await runLocalProviderCommand(finder, [command], {
+      timeoutMs: LOCAL_COMMAND_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      timeoutMessage: `Command lookup timed out after ${LOCAL_COMMAND_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_MS}ms.`
+    })
+    return true
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+// Why: local automation mutations back UI actions; a wedged CLI must not keep
+// create/edit/run/delete pending after Node signals a timeout.
+export function runLocalAutomationCommand(command: string, args: string[]): Promise<void> {
+  return runLocalProviderCommand(command, args, {
+    timeoutMs: LOCAL_AUTOMATION_COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS,
+    timeoutMessage: `Local automation command timed out after ${LOCAL_AUTOMATION_COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS}ms.`
+  })
+}
diff --git a/src/main/automations/external-manager-mutations.ts b/src/main/automations/external-manager-mutations.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..215e00e7a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/automations/external-manager-mutations.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import type {
+  ExternalAutomationAction,
+  ExternalAutomationActionInput,
+  ExternalAutomationCreateInput,
+  ExternalAutomationProvider,
+  ExternalAutomationUpdateInput
+} from '../../shared/automations-types'
+import { assertExternalAutomationJobId } from './external-manager-job-id'
+import { runLocalAutomationCommand } from './external-manager-local-command'
+import { requireExternalAutomationMultiplexer } from './external-manager-relay'
+import { clearHermesCronOutputRunCountCache } from './hermes-cron-output'
+
+const PROVIDER_ACTION_COMMANDS: Record<
+  ExternalAutomationProvider,
+  Record<ExternalAutomationAction, string>
+> = {
+  hermes: { pause: 'pause', resume: 'resume', run: 'run', delete: 'remove' },
+  openclaw: { pause: 'disable', resume: 'enable', run: 'run', delete: 'rm' }
+}
+
+/** Fails closed like its neighbours: an unlisted or inherited key is not an action. */
+function providerActionCommand(
+  provider: ExternalAutomationProvider,
+  action: ExternalAutomationAction
+): string {
+  const commands = Object.hasOwn(PROVIDER_ACTION_COMMANDS, provider)
+    ? PROVIDER_ACTION_COMMANDS[provider]
+    : null
+  const command = commands && Object.hasOwn(commands, action) ? commands[action] : null
+  if (typeof command !== 'string') {
+    throw new Error('Unsupported external automation action.')
+  }
+  return command
+}
+
+function normalizeHermesCronMutationInput(input: ExternalAutomationCreateInput): {
+  name: string
+  prompt: string
+  schedule: string
+  workdir: string | null
+} {
+  if (input.provider !== 'hermes') {
+    throw new Error('Only Hermes cron creation and editing are supported.')
+  }
+  const name = input.name.trim()
+  const prompt = input.prompt.trim()
+  const schedule = input.schedule.trim()
+  const workdir = input.workdir?.trim() || null
+  if (!prompt) {
+    throw new Error('Hermes cron requires a prompt.')
+  }
+  if (!schedule) {
+    throw new Error('Hermes cron requires a schedule.')
+  }
+  return {
+    name: name || prompt.slice(0, 50).trim() || 'Hermes cron',
+    prompt,
+    schedule,
+    workdir
+  }
+}
+
+/** Edit args when `jobId` is given, create args otherwise; both are argv, never a shell string. */
+function hermesCronMutationArgs(
+  jobId: string | null,
+  input: { name: string; prompt: string; schedule: string; workdir: string | null }
+): string[] {
+  const args = jobId
+    ? ['cron', 'edit', jobId, '--schedule', input.schedule, '--prompt', input.prompt]
+    : ['cron', 'create', input.schedule, input.prompt]
+  args.push('--name', input.name)
+  if (!jobId) {
+    args.push('--deliver', 'local')
+  }
+  if (input.workdir) {
+    args.push('--workdir', input.workdir)
+  }
+  return args
+}
+
+export async function createExternalAutomation(
+  input: ExternalAutomationCreateInput
+): Promise<void> {
+  const normalized = normalizeHermesCronMutationInput(input)
+  if (input.target.type === 'local') {
+    await runLocalAutomationCommand('hermes', hermesCronMutationArgs(null, normalized))
+    clearHermesCronOutputRunCountCache()
+    return
+  }
+  await requireExternalAutomationMultiplexer(input.target.connectionId).request(
+    'externalAutomations.create',
+    {
+      provider: input.provider,
+      ...normalized
+    }
+  )
+}
+
+export async function updateExternalAutomation(
+  input: ExternalAutomationUpdateInput
+): Promise<void> {
+  assertExternalAutomationJobId(input.jobId)
+  const normalized = normalizeHermesCronMutationInput(input)
+  if (input.target.type === 'local') {
+    await runLocalAutomationCommand('hermes', hermesCronMutationArgs(input.jobId, normalized))
+    clearHermesCronOutputRunCountCache(input.jobId)
+    return
+  }
+  await requireExternalAutomationMultiplexer(input.target.connectionId).request(
+    'externalAutomations.update',
+    {
+      provider: input.provider,
+      jobId: input.jobId,
+      ...normalized
+    }
+  )
+}
+
+export async function runExternalAutomationAction(
+  input: ExternalAutomationActionInput
+): Promise<void> {
+  assertExternalAutomationJobId(input.jobId)
+  const command = providerActionCommand(input.provider, input.action)
+  if (input.target.type === 'local') {
+    await runLocalAutomationCommand(input.provider, ['cron', command, input.jobId])
+    if (input.provider === 'hermes') {
+      clearHermesCronOutputRunCountCache(input.jobId)
+    }
+    return
+  }
+  await requireExternalAutomationMultiplexer(input.target.connectionId).request(
+    'externalAutomations.act',
+    {
+      provider: input.provider,
+      action: input.action,
+      jobId: input.jobId
+    }
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/main/automations/external-manager-relay.ts b/src/main/automations/external-manager-relay.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f223c55d0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/automations/external-manager-relay.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import { JsonRpcErrorCode } from '../ssh/relay-protocol'
+import { getActiveMultiplexer } from '../ssh/ssh-target-registry'
+
+export function requireExternalAutomationMultiplexer(
+  connectionId: string
+): NonNullable<ReturnType<typeof getActiveMultiplexer>> {
+  const mux = getActiveMultiplexer(connectionId)
+  if (!mux || mux.isDisposed()) {
+    throw new Error(`SSH target "${connectionId}" is not connected.`)
+  }
+  return mux
+}
+
+/**
+ * True only for a structured JSON-RPC `-32601`, never for error prose.
+ *
+ * A `-32601` object means the peer parsed the request and declined the method,
+ * so it is positive evidence the connection is healthy. Matching the words
+ * "method not found" instead would let a genuinely broken relay be reported as
+ * a missing capability, hiding a dead connection behind a capability notice.
+ */
+export function isRelayMethodNotFoundError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  return (
+    typeof error === 'object' &&
+    error !== null &&
+    (error as { code?: unknown }).code === JsonRpcErrorCode.MethodNotFound
+  )
+}
+
+export function externalAutomationRelayErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
+  if (isRelayMethodNotFoundError(error)) {
+    return 'Remote relay does not support external automation management. Reconnect the SSH target to deploy the latest relay.'
+  }
+  return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+}
diff --git a/src/main/automations/external-manager-runs.ts b/src/main/automations/external-manager-runs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ebb0b0b6dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/automations/external-manager-runs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import type {
+  ExternalAutomationProvider,
+  ExternalAutomationRunsInput,
+  ExternalAutomationRunsPage
+} from '../../shared/automations-types'
+import {
+  EXTERNAL_AUTOMATION_SCOPE_CODES,
+  ExternalAutomationScopeError
+} from '../../shared/external-automation-scope'
+import { mapHermesJobs } from './external-job-mappers'
+import { assertExternalAutomationJobId } from './external-manager-job-id'
+import {
+  isRelayMethodNotFoundError,
+  requireExternalAutomationMultiplexer
+} from './external-manager-relay'
+import { readHermesCronOutputRunsPage } from './hermes-cron-output'
+
+/**
+ * Runs the relay's paged runs call, translating "no such method" into a code the
+ * renderer can act on.
+ *
+ * The structured code exists only here: Electron IPC preserves nothing but the
+ * message, so a renderer that re-derived this from the host's prose would be
+ * guessing. Translating at the boundary that can still see the code is what lets
+ * the caller fall back to job-carried runs without matching free text.
+ */
+async function requestRemoteExternalRuns(
+  connectionId: string,
+  params: { provider: ExternalAutomationProvider; jobId: string; page: number; pageSize: number }
+): Promise<{ total?: number; runs?: unknown[] }> {
+  try {
+    return (await requireExternalAutomationMultiplexer(connectionId).request(
+      'externalAutomations.runs',
+      params
+    )) as {
+      total?: number
+      runs?: unknown[]
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (isRelayMethodNotFoundError(error)) {
+      throw new ExternalAutomationScopeError(EXTERNAL_AUTOMATION_SCOPE_CODES.runsUnsupported)
+    }
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+export async function listExternalAutomationRuns(
+  input: ExternalAutomationRunsInput
+): Promise<ExternalAutomationRunsPage> {
+  assertExternalAutomationJobId(input.jobId)
+  const page = Number.isFinite(input.page) ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(input.page)) : 1
+  const pageSize = Number.isFinite(input.pageSize)
+    ? Math.min(100, Math.max(1, Math.floor(input.pageSize)))
+    : 25
+  const identity = {
+    managerId: input.managerId,
+    provider: input.provider,
+    target: input.target,
+    jobId: input.jobId,
+    page,
+    pageSize
+  }
+  if (input.provider !== 'hermes') {
+    return { ...identity, total: 0, runs: [] }
+  }
+  const result =
+    input.target.type === 'local'
+      ? await readHermesCronOutputRunsPage(input.jobId, { page, pageSize })
+      : await requestRemoteExternalRuns(input.target.connectionId, {
+          provider: input.provider,
+          jobId: input.jobId,
+          page,
+          pageSize
+        })
+  return {
+    ...identity,
+    total: typeof result.total === 'number' && Number.isFinite(result.total) ? result.total : 0,
+    runs:
+      mapHermesJobs(input.managerId, [{ id: input.jobId, runs: result.runs ?? [] }])[0]?.runs ?? []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/automations/external-manager.ts b/src/main/automations/external-manager.ts
index 0905f1943de..d1adeb3e83c 100644
--- a/src/main/automations/external-manager.ts
+++ b/src/main/automations/external-manager.ts
@@ -1,34 +1,16 @@
-/* eslint-disable max-lines -- Why: external automation discovery, pagination,
- * and lifecycle routing share provider/target validation and remote relay fallbacks. */
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
-import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
-import { homedir } from 'node:os'
-import { join } from 'node:path'
-import { runProcess } from '../../shared/child-process/run-process'
 import type {
-  ExternalAutomationAction,
-  ExternalAutomationActionInput,
   ExternalAutomationCreateInput,
-  ExternalAutomationManager,
-  ExternalAutomationProvider,
-  ExternalAutomationRunsInput,
-  ExternalAutomationRunsPage,
-  ExternalAutomationUpdateInput
+  ExternalAutomationRunsPage
 } from '../../shared/automations-types'
-import {
-  EXTERNAL_AUTOMATION_SCOPE_CODES,
-  ExternalAutomationScopeError,
-  type ScopedExternalAutomationRequest,
-  type ScopedExternalManagerActionRequest,
-  type ScopedExternalManagerCreateRequest,
-  type ScopedExternalManagerListRequest,
-  type ScopedExternalManagerMutationFields,
-  type ScopedExternalManagerRunsRequest,
-  type ScopedExternalManagerUpdateRequest
+import type {
+  ScopedExternalAutomationRequest,
+  ScopedExternalManagerActionRequest,
+  ScopedExternalManagerCreateRequest,
+  ScopedExternalManagerListRequest,
+  ScopedExternalManagerMutationFields,
+  ScopedExternalManagerRunsRequest,
+  ScopedExternalManagerUpdateRequest
 } from '../../shared/external-automation-scope'
-import type { SshTarget } from '../../shared/ssh-types'
-import { getActiveMultiplexer } from '../ssh/ssh-target-registry'
-import { JsonRpcErrorCode } from '../ssh/relay-protocol'
 import {
   resolveExternalAutomationScope,
   type DesktopSshTargetRegistry,
@@ -40,423 +22,19 @@ import {
   type ExternalAutomationManagerCacheEntry
 } from './external-automation-manager-cache'
 import type { ExternalAutomationProbeScheduler } from './external-automation-probe-scheduler'
-import { mapHermesJobs, mapOpenClawJobs } from './external-job-mappers'
+import { listLocalManager, listRemoteManager } from './external-manager-discovery'
 import {
-  clearHermesCronOutputRunCountCache,
-  readHermesCronOutputRunsPage
-} from './hermes-cron-output'
+  createExternalAutomation,
+  runExternalAutomationAction,
+  updateExternalAutomation
+} from './external-manager-mutations'
+import { listExternalAutomationRuns } from './external-manager-runs'
 
-const HERMES_HOME = process.env.HERMES_HOME?.trim() || join(homedir(), '.hermes')
-const HERMES_CRON_DIR = join(HERMES_HOME, 'cron')
-const HERMES_JOBS_FILE = join(HERMES_CRON_DIR, 'jobs.json')
-const OPENCLAW_JOBS_FILE = join(homedir(), '.openclaw', 'cron', 'jobs.json')
-const EXTERNAL_JOB_ID_PATTERN = /^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9._:-]*$/
-const LOCAL_COMMAND_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000
-const LOCAL_AUTOMATION_COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000
-const PROVIDER_LABELS: Record<ExternalAutomationProvider, string> = {
-  hermes: 'Hermes',
-  openclaw: 'OpenClaw'
-}
-
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
-function runLocalProviderCommand(
-  command: string,
-  args: string[],
-  options: { timeoutMs: number; timeoutMessage: string }
-): Promise<void> {
-  return runProcess({ program: command, args, timeoutMs: options.timeoutMs }).then((result) => {
-    if (result.timedOut) {
-      throw new Error(options.timeoutMessage)
-    }
-    if (result.code !== 0) {
-      throw new Error(
-        result.stderr.trim() || `Command exited with code ${result.code ?? 'unknown'}.`
-      )
-    }
-  })
-}
-
-async function isCommandOnPath(command: string): Promise<boolean> {
-  const finder = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'where' : 'which'
-  try {
-    // Why: these probes run while loading Automations; a wedged PATH shim must
-    // not keep the list IPC pending forever.
-    await runLocalProviderCommand(finder, [command], {
-      timeoutMs: LOCAL_COMMAND_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_MS,
-      timeoutMessage: `Command lookup timed out after ${LOCAL_COMMAND_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_MS}ms.`
-    })
-    return true
-  } catch {
-    return false
-  }
-}
-
-// Why: local automation mutations back UI actions; a wedged CLI must not keep
-// create/edit/run/delete pending after Node signals a timeout.
-function runLocalAutomationCommand(command: string, args: string[]): Promise<void> {
-  return runLocalProviderCommand(command, args, {
-    timeoutMs: LOCAL_AUTOMATION_COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS,
-    timeoutMessage: `Local automation command timed out after ${LOCAL_AUTOMATION_COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS}ms.`
-  })
-}
-
-async function readLocalHermesJobs(): Promise<unknown[]> {
-  if (!existsSync(HERMES_JOBS_FILE)) {
-    return []
-  }
-  const content = await readFile(HERMES_JOBS_FILE, 'utf-8')
-  const parsed = JSON.parse(content) as unknown
-  const jobs = Array.isArray(parsed)
-    ? parsed
-    : isRecord(parsed) && Array.isArray(parsed.jobs)
-      ? parsed.jobs
-      : []
-  return Promise.all(
-    jobs.map(async (job) => {
-      if (!isRecord(job)) {
-        return job
-      }
-      const jobId = typeof job.id === 'string' ? job.id : null
-      if (!jobId) {
-        return job
-      }
-      const runsPage = await readHermesCronOutputRunsPage(jobId, { page: 1, pageSize: 0 })
-      return {
-        ...job,
-        run_count: runsPage.total,
-        runs: []
-      }
-    })
-  )
-}
-
-async function readLocalOpenClawJobs(): Promise<unknown[]> {
-  if (!existsSync(OPENCLAW_JOBS_FILE)) {
-    return []
-  }
-  const content = await readFile(OPENCLAW_JOBS_FILE, 'utf-8')
-  const parsed = JSON.parse(content) as unknown
-  return isRecord(parsed) && Array.isArray(parsed.jobs) ? parsed.jobs : []
-}
-
-function mapProviderJobs(
-  provider: ExternalAutomationProvider,
-  managerId: string,
-  jobs: unknown[]
-): ExternalAutomationManager['jobs'] {
-  return provider === 'hermes' ? mapHermesJobs(managerId, jobs) : mapOpenClawJobs(managerId, jobs)
-}
-
-async function listLocalManager(
-  provider: ExternalAutomationProvider
-): Promise<ExternalAutomationManager | null> {
-  const [availableResult, jobsResult] = await Promise.allSettled([
-    isCommandOnPath(provider),
-    provider === 'hermes' ? readLocalHermesJobs() : readLocalOpenClawJobs()
-  ])
-  const available = availableResult.status === 'fulfilled' && availableResult.value
-  const jobs = jobsResult.status === 'fulfilled' ? jobsResult.value : []
-  const readError = jobsResult.status === 'rejected' ? String(jobsResult.reason) : null
-  if (!available && jobs.length === 0 && !readError) {
-    return null
-  }
-  const managerId = `${provider}:local`
-  const providerLabel = PROVIDER_LABELS[provider]
-  return {
-    id: managerId,
-    provider,
-    label: `${providerLabel} on this computer`,
-    targetLabel: 'this computer',
-    target: { type: 'local' },
-    status: readError ? 'unavailable' : 'available',
-    error:
-      readError ??
-      (available
-        ? null
-        : `${providerLabel} jobs were found, but the ${provider} CLI is not on PATH.`),
-    canManage: !readError && available,
-    jobs: mapProviderJobs(provider, managerId, jobs)
-  }
-}
-
-function requireMultiplexer(
-  connectionId: string
-): NonNullable<ReturnType<typeof getActiveMultiplexer>> {
-  const mux = getActiveMultiplexer(connectionId)
-  if (!mux || mux.isDisposed()) {
-    throw new Error(`SSH target "${connectionId}" is not connected.`)
-  }
-  return mux
-}
-
-/**
- * True only for a structured JSON-RPC `-32601`, never for error prose.
- *
- * A `-32601` object means the peer parsed the request and declined the method,
- * so it is positive evidence the connection is healthy. Matching the words
- * "method not found" instead would let a genuinely broken relay be reported as
- * a missing capability, hiding a dead connection behind a capability notice.
- */
-function isRelayMethodNotFoundError(error: unknown): boolean {
-  return (
-    typeof error === 'object' &&
-    error !== null &&
-    (error as { code?: unknown }).code === JsonRpcErrorCode.MethodNotFound
-  )
-}
-
-function remoteRelayErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
-  if (isRelayMethodNotFoundError(error)) {
-    return 'Remote relay does not support external automation management. Reconnect the SSH target to deploy the latest relay.'
-  }
-  return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
-}
-
-async function listRemoteManager(
-  target: SshTarget,
-  provider: ExternalAutomationProvider
-): Promise<ExternalAutomationManager> {
-  const providerLabel = PROVIDER_LABELS[provider]
-  const managerProviderId = `${provider}:ssh:${target.id}`
-  const mux = getActiveMultiplexer(target.id)
-  if (!mux || mux.isDisposed()) {
-    return {
-      id: managerProviderId,
-      provider,
-      label: `${providerLabel} on ${target.label}`,
-      targetLabel: target.label,
-      target: { type: 'ssh', connectionId: target.id },
-      status: 'unavailable',
-      error: 'SSH target is not connected.',
-      canManage: false,
-      jobs: []
-    }
-  }
-  try {
-    const result = (await mux.request('externalAutomations.list', { provider })) as {
-      jobs?: unknown[]
-      hermesAvailable?: boolean
-      openclawAvailable?: boolean
-      error?: string | null
-    }
-    const commandAvailable =
-      provider === 'hermes' ? result.hermesAvailable === true : result.openclawAvailable === true
-    const readError = result.error ?? null
-    return {
-      id: managerProviderId,
-      provider,
-      label: `${providerLabel} on ${target.label}`,
-      targetLabel: target.label,
-      target: { type: 'ssh', connectionId: target.id },
-      status: readError ? 'unavailable' : 'available',
-      error:
-        readError ?? (commandAvailable ? null : `${providerLabel} CLI is not on the remote PATH.`),
-      canManage: !readError && commandAvailable,
-      jobs: mapProviderJobs(provider, managerProviderId, result.jobs ?? [])
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    return {
-      id: managerProviderId,
-      provider,
-      label: `${providerLabel} on ${target.label}`,
-      targetLabel: target.label,
-      target: { type: 'ssh', connectionId: target.id },
-      status: 'unavailable',
-      error: remoteRelayErrorMessage(error),
-      canManage: false,
-      jobs: []
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Runs the relay's paged runs call, translating "no such method" into a code the
- * renderer can act on.
- *
- * The structured code exists only here: Electron IPC preserves nothing but the
- * message, so a renderer that re-derived this from the host's prose would be
- * guessing. Translating at the boundary that can still see the code is what lets
- * the caller fall back to job-carried runs without matching free text.
- */
-async function requestRemoteExternalRuns(
-  connectionId: string,
-  params: { provider: ExternalAutomationProvider; jobId: string; page: number; pageSize: number }
-): Promise<{ total?: number; runs?: unknown[] }> {
-  try {
-    return (await requireMultiplexer(connectionId).request('externalAutomations.runs', params)) as {
-      total?: number
-      runs?: unknown[]
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (isRelayMethodNotFoundError(error)) {
-      throw new ExternalAutomationScopeError(EXTERNAL_AUTOMATION_SCOPE_CODES.runsUnsupported)
-    }
-    throw error
-  }
-}
-
-export async function listExternalAutomationRuns(
-  input: ExternalAutomationRunsInput
-): Promise<ExternalAutomationRunsPage> {
-  if (!EXTERNAL_JOB_ID_PATTERN.test(input.jobId)) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid external automation job ID.')
-  }
-  const page = Number.isFinite(input.page) ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(input.page)) : 1
-  const pageSize = Number.isFinite(input.pageSize)
-    ? Math.min(100, Math.max(1, Math.floor(input.pageSize)))
-    : 25
-  const identity = {
-    managerId: input.managerId,
-    provider: input.provider,
-    target: input.target,
-    jobId: input.jobId,
-    page,
-    pageSize
-  }
-  if (input.provider !== 'hermes') {
-    return { ...identity, total: 0, runs: [] }
-  }
-  const result =
-    input.target.type === 'local'
-      ? await readHermesCronOutputRunsPage(input.jobId, { page, pageSize })
-      : await requestRemoteExternalRuns(input.target.connectionId, {
-          provider: input.provider,
-          jobId: input.jobId,
-          page,
-          pageSize
-        })
-  return {
-    ...identity,
-    total: typeof result.total === 'number' && Number.isFinite(result.total) ? result.total : 0,
-    runs:
-      mapHermesJobs(input.managerId, [{ id: input.jobId, runs: result.runs ?? [] }])[0]?.runs ?? []
-  }
-}
-
-const PROVIDER_ACTION_COMMANDS: Record<
-  ExternalAutomationProvider,
-  Record<ExternalAutomationAction, string>
-> = {
-  hermes: { pause: 'pause', resume: 'resume', run: 'run', delete: 'remove' },
-  openclaw: { pause: 'disable', resume: 'enable', run: 'run', delete: 'rm' }
-}
-
-/** Fails closed like its neighbours: an unlisted or inherited key is not an action. */
-function providerActionCommand(
-  provider: ExternalAutomationProvider,
-  action: ExternalAutomationAction
-): string {
-  const commands = Object.hasOwn(PROVIDER_ACTION_COMMANDS, provider)
-    ? PROVIDER_ACTION_COMMANDS[provider]
-    : null
-  const command = commands && Object.hasOwn(commands, action) ? commands[action] : null
-  if (typeof command !== 'string') {
-    throw new Error('Unsupported external automation action.')
-  }
-  return command
-}
-
-function normalizeHermesCronMutationInput(input: ExternalAutomationCreateInput): {
-  name: string
-  prompt: string
-  schedule: string
-  workdir: string | null
-} {
-  if (input.provider !== 'hermes') {
-    throw new Error('Only Hermes cron creation and editing are supported.')
-  }
-  const name = input.name.trim()
-  const prompt = input.prompt.trim()
-  const schedule = input.schedule.trim()
-  const workdir = input.workdir?.trim() || null
-  if (!prompt) {
-    throw new Error('Hermes cron requires a prompt.')
-  }
-  if (!schedule) {
-    throw new Error('Hermes cron requires a schedule.')
-  }
-  return {
-    name: name || prompt.slice(0, 50).trim() || 'Hermes cron',
-    prompt,
-    schedule,
-    workdir
-  }
-}
-
-/** Edit args when `jobId` is given, create args otherwise; both are argv, never a shell string. */
-function hermesCronMutationArgs(
-  jobId: string | null,
-  input: { name: string; prompt: string; schedule: string; workdir: string | null }
-): string[] {
-  const args = jobId
-    ? ['cron', 'edit', jobId, '--schedule', input.schedule, '--prompt', input.prompt]
-    : ['cron', 'create', input.schedule, input.prompt]
-  args.push('--name', input.name)
-  if (!jobId) {
-    args.push('--deliver', 'local')
-  }
-  if (input.workdir) {
-    args.push('--workdir', input.workdir)
-  }
-  return args
-}
-
-export async function createExternalAutomation(
-  input: ExternalAutomationCreateInput
-): Promise<void> {
-  const normalized = normalizeHermesCronMutationInput(input)
-  if (input.target.type === 'local') {
-    await runLocalAutomationCommand('hermes', hermesCronMutationArgs(null, normalized))
-    clearHermesCronOutputRunCountCache()
-    return
-  }
-  await requireMultiplexer(input.target.connectionId).request('externalAutomations.create', {
-    provider: input.provider,
-    ...normalized
-  })
-}
-
-export async function updateExternalAutomation(
-  input: ExternalAutomationUpdateInput
-): Promise<void> {
-  if (!EXTERNAL_JOB_ID_PATTERN.test(input.jobId)) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid external automation job ID.')
-  }
-  const normalized = normalizeHermesCronMutationInput(input)
-  if (input.target.type === 'local') {
-    await runLocalAutomationCommand('hermes', hermesCronMutationArgs(input.jobId, normalized))
-    clearHermesCronOutputRunCountCache(input.jobId)
-    return
-  }
-  await requireMultiplexer(input.target.connectionId).request('externalAutomations.update', {
-    provider: input.provider,
-    jobId: input.jobId,
-    ...normalized
-  })
-}
-
-export async function runExternalAutomationAction(
-  input: ExternalAutomationActionInput
-): Promise<void> {
-  if (!EXTERNAL_JOB_ID_PATTERN.test(input.jobId)) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid external automation job ID.')
-  }
-  const command = providerActionCommand(input.provider, input.action)
-  if (input.target.type === 'local') {
-    await runLocalAutomationCommand(input.provider, ['cron', command, input.jobId])
-    if (input.provider === 'hermes') {
-      clearHermesCronOutputRunCountCache(input.jobId)
-    }
-    return
-  }
-  await requireMultiplexer(input.target.connectionId).request('externalAutomations.act', {
-    provider: input.provider,
-    action: input.action,
-    jobId: input.jobId
-  })
+export {
+  createExternalAutomation,
+  listExternalAutomationRuns,
+  runExternalAutomationAction,
+  updateExternalAutomation
 }
 
 export type ScopedExternalAutomationDeps = {