diff --git a/src/main/index.ts b/src/main/index.ts
index a142fc6cf7d..55d0eb6ddeb 100644
--- a/src/main/index.ts
+++ b/src/main/index.ts
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ import { registerCoreHandlers } from './ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core
 import { initObservability, shutdownObservability } from './observability'
 import { registerMobileHandlers } from './ipc/mobile'
 import { initTelemetry, shutdownTelemetry, trackAppOpenedOnce, track } from './telemetry/client'
+import {
+  createDesktopPaneAgentIdentityCensus,
+  createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus
+} from './telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census-composition'
 import { classifyError } from './telemetry/classify-error'
 import { recordManagedHookInstallFailure } from './agent-hooks/install-telemetry'
 import {
@@ -2490,6 +2494,9 @@ void app.whenReady().then(async () => {
       runtime?.touchMobileSessionTabsForPane(enriched.paneKey, enriched.worktreeId ?? null)
     }
   })
+  const unsubscribePaneAgentIdentityHook = agentHookServer.subscribeEnrichedStatus((enriched) => {
+    runtime?.observeAgentHookStatus(enriched)
+  })
   // Teardown: agent exit, pane close, and the SSH transient-disconnect batch all land
   // here. Without it the live state published above becomes a zombie question card.
   const unsubscribeHookStatusClear = agentHookServer.subscribePaneStatusClear((clear) => {
@@ -2506,6 +2513,7 @@ void app.whenReady().then(async () => {
     unsubscribeStatusChanges()
     unsubscribeProviderSessionChanges()
     unsubscribeHookStatusSessionTabs()
+    unsubscribePaneAgentIdentityHook()
     unsubscribeHookStatusClear()
   }
   // Why: telemetry must init before any IPC handler/renderer can call track(); it's a no-op in dev and while TELEMETRY_ENABLED is false, so it's safe early.
@@ -2723,7 +2731,11 @@ void app.whenReady().then(async () => {
         envelope
       )
   }
+  const paneAgentIdentityCensus = isServeMode
+    ? createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus()
+    : createDesktopPaneAgentIdentityCensus()
   const runtimeService = new OrcaRuntimeService(store, stats, {
+    paneAgentIdentityCensus,
     agentSessionClaimSigner: loadAgentSessionClaimSigner(
       getProfileUserDataPath(),
       getProfileUserDataPath()
@@ -3508,6 +3520,7 @@ app.on('will-quit', (e) => {
   pluginService = null
   setUnreadDockBadgeCount(0)
   agentHookServer.stop()
+  runtime?.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus()
   // Why Windows only: POSIX hooks short-circuit on ORCA_PANE_KEY, while Windows must register a
   // bare script path that cannot express the guard and would otherwise keep spawning after quit.
   // Why bounded here: every other teardown member carries its own ceiling, and this one reaches
diff --git a/src/main/ipc/pty/ipc/spawn-commit.ts b/src/main/ipc/pty/ipc/spawn-commit.ts
index 09e6fa8b8c8..182a9dddba5 100644
--- a/src/main/ipc/pty/ipc/spawn-commit.ts
+++ b/src/main/ipc/pty/ipc/spawn-commit.ts
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ export async function commitPtyIpcSpawn(ctx: PtyIpcSpawnState): Promise<PtySpawn
       spawnEnv: ctx.spawnEnv,
       launchAgent: args.launchAgent,
       launchConfig: ctx.effectiveLaunchConfig,
+      resumeProviderSession: args.resumeProviderSession,
       isReattach: ctx.result.isReattach === true,
       hasStablePaneOwner: ctx.stablePaneOwner !== null,
       incarnationId: ctx.result.incarnationId
diff --git a/src/main/ipc/pty/ipc/write-input.ts b/src/main/ipc/pty/ipc/write-input.ts
index fbfc09d1d4d..6e61d1cee54 100644
--- a/src/main/ipc/pty/ipc/write-input.ts
+++ b/src/main/ipc/pty/ipc/write-input.ts
@@ -163,7 +163,19 @@ export function createPtyWriteInput(deps: {
       if (visibleRendererPtys.has(args.id)) {
         clearHiddenRendererResizeOutput(args.id)
       }
-      return writePtyProviderInput(provider, args.id, args.data)
+      const result = writePtyProviderInput(provider, args.id, args.data)
+      if (typeof result === 'boolean') {
+        if (result) {
+          runtime?.observeAcceptedPtyWrite?.(args.id, args.data)
+        }
+        return result
+      }
+      return result.then((accepted) => {
+        if (accepted) {
+          runtime?.observeAcceptedPtyWrite?.(args.id, args.data)
+        }
+        return accepted
+      })
     } catch {
       return false
     }
@@ -188,7 +200,19 @@ export function createPtyWriteInput(deps: {
       if (visibleRendererPtys.has(args.id)) {
         clearHiddenRendererResizeOutput(args.id)
       }
-      return writePtyProviderInput(provider, args.id, args.data)
+      const result = writePtyProviderInput(provider, args.id, args.data)
+      if (typeof result === 'boolean') {
+        if (result) {
+          runtime?.observeAcceptedPtyWrite?.(args.id, args.data)
+        }
+        return result
+      }
+      return result.then((accepted) => {
+        if (accepted) {
+          runtime?.observeAcceptedPtyWrite?.(args.id, args.data)
+        }
+        return accepted
+      })
     } catch {
       return false
     }
diff --git a/src/main/ipc/pty/pane/launch-authority.test.ts b/src/main/ipc/pty/pane/launch-authority.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e104022fad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/ipc/pty/pane/launch-authority.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import { admitRendererAgentLaunchAuthority } from './launch-authority'
+
+function admit(resumeProviderSession: unknown) {
+  return admitRendererAgentLaunchAuthority({
+    launchToken: 'token',
+    spawnEnv: { ORCA_AGENT_LAUNCH_TOKEN: 'token' },
+    launchAgent: 'codex',
+    launchConfig: {} as never,
+    resumeProviderSession,
+    isReattach: false,
+    hasStablePaneOwner: false,
+    incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+  })
+}
+
+describe('renderer agent launch authority', () => {
+  it('classifies fresh launches and provider-session resumes distinctly', () => {
+    expect(admit(undefined)).toMatchObject({ launchMode: 'orca-launch' })
+    expect(admit('provider-session')).toMatchObject({ launchMode: 'resume' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/ipc/pty/pane/launch-authority.ts b/src/main/ipc/pty/pane/launch-authority.ts
index 93f3061f0b3..29850ac9ebf 100644
--- a/src/main/ipc/pty/pane/launch-authority.ts
+++ b/src/main/ipc/pty/pane/launch-authority.ts
@@ -10,10 +10,15 @@ export function admitRendererAgentLaunchAuthority(args: {
   spawnEnv: Record<string, string> | undefined
   launchAgent: unknown
   launchConfig: SleepingAgentLaunchConfig | undefined
+  resumeProviderSession: unknown
   isReattach: boolean
   hasStablePaneOwner: boolean
   incarnationId: unknown
-}): { launchToken: string; launchAgent: TuiAgent } | null {
+}): {
+  launchToken: string
+  launchAgent: TuiAgent
+  launchMode: 'orca-launch' | 'resume'
+} | null {
   if (
     args.isReattach ||
     args.hasStablePaneOwner ||
@@ -27,7 +32,11 @@ export function admitRendererAgentLaunchAuthority(args: {
   ) {
     return null
   }
-  return { launchToken: args.launchToken, launchAgent: args.launchAgent }
+  return {
+    launchToken: args.launchToken,
+    launchAgent: args.launchAgent,
+    launchMode: args.resumeProviderSession ? 'resume' : 'orca-launch'
+  }
 }
 
 export function shouldRefreshNativeClaudeAgentTeamsEnv(args: {
diff --git a/src/main/ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core-handlers.test.ts b/src/main/ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core-handlers.test.ts
index 5648cca0219..04fc889f27a 100644
--- a/src/main/ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core-handlers.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core-handlers.test.ts
@@ -458,7 +458,12 @@ describe('registerCoreHandlers', () => {
 
   it('passes the store through to handler registrars that need it', async () => {
     const store = { marker: 'store' }
-    const runtime = { marker: 'runtime', getAgentBrowserBridge: () => null }
+    const paneAgentIdentityCensus = { marker: 'paneAgentIdentityCensus' }
+    const runtime = {
+      marker: 'runtime',
+      getAgentBrowserBridge: () => null,
+      getPaneAgentIdentityCensus: () => paneAgentIdentityCensus
+    }
     const stats = { marker: 'stats' }
     const claudeUsage = { marker: 'claudeUsage' }
     const codexUsage = { marker: 'codexUsage' }
@@ -539,7 +544,7 @@ describe('registerCoreHandlers', () => {
     expect(registerWorkspaceSpaceHandlersMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(store)
     expect(registerWorkspacePortHandlersMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(store)
     expect(registerLocalhostWorktreeLabelHandlersMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(store)
-    expect(registerTelemetryHandlersMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(store)
+    expect(registerTelemetryHandlersMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(store, paneAgentIdentityCensus)
     expect(registerOrcaProfileHandlersMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(store, { onBeforeRelaunch })
     expect(registerSessionHandlersMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(store)
     expect(registerUIHandlersMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(store, {
diff --git a/src/main/ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core-handlers.ts b/src/main/ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core-handlers.ts
index a18fbb9a1d3..388eded3fb9 100644
--- a/src/main/ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core-handlers.ts
+++ b/src/main/ipc/register-core-handlers/register-core-handlers.ts
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ export function registerCoreHandlers(
   if (pluginService) {
     registerPluginHandlers(store, pluginService, runtime, marketplaceServices)
   }
-  registerTelemetryHandlers(store)
+  registerTelemetryHandlers(store, runtime.getPaneAgentIdentityCensus())
   registerOrcaProfileHandlers(store, {
     onBeforeRelaunch: lifecycleOptions.onBeforeRelaunch,
     onAuthMutation: lifecycleOptions.onOrcaProfileAuthMutation,
diff --git a/src/main/ipc/telemetry.test.ts b/src/main/ipc/telemetry.test.ts
index 9b28270551a..93d844670f2 100644
--- a/src/main/ipc/telemetry.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/ipc/telemetry.test.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ vi.mock('../telemetry/onboarding-cohort-classifier', () => ({
 }))
 
 import { _resetStoreForTests, registerTelemetryHandlers } from './telemetry'
+import { PaneAgentIdentityCensus } from '../telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census'
 
 function captureHandlers(): void {
   handlers.clear()
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ function makeFakeStore(telemetry: GlobalSettings['telemetry']): {
 
 function registerWith(telemetry: GlobalSettings['telemetry']): FakeStoreState {
   const { store, state } = makeFakeStore(telemetry)
-  registerTelemetryHandlers(store)
+  registerTelemetryHandlers(store, new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null }))
   captureHandlers()
   return state
 }
@@ -161,10 +162,38 @@ describe('telemetry IPC handlers', () => {
       bucket_source: 'crossed_now'
     })
     handler({}, 'daemon_audit_eligibility', {})
+    handler({}, 'pane_agent_identity_availability', { rows: [] })
     expect(trackMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
     expect(getCohortAtEmitMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })
 
+  it('accepts identity availability only through the dedicated validated ingestion path', () => {
+    const census = new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null })
+    const ingest = vi.spyOn(census, 'ingestRelaySnapshot')
+    const { store } = makeFakeStore({
+      installId: 'x',
+      existedBeforeTelemetryRelease: false,
+      optedIn: true
+    })
+    registerTelemetryHandlers(store, census)
+    captureHandlers()
+
+    handlers.get('telemetry:ingestPaneAgentIdentityAvailability')!(
+      {},
+      {
+        environmentKey: 'relay-1',
+        snapshot: { epoch: 'epoch-1', revision: 1, rows: [] }
+      }
+    )
+
+    expect(ingest).toHaveBeenCalledWith('relay-1', {
+      epoch: 'epoch-1',
+      revision: 1,
+      rows: []
+    })
+    expect(trackMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
   it('injects cohort for setup script prompt events', () => {
     registerWith({ installId: 'x', existedBeforeTelemetryRelease: false, optedIn: true })
     getCohortAtEmitMock.mockReturnValue({ nth_repo_added: 3 })
diff --git a/src/main/ipc/telemetry.ts b/src/main/ipc/telemetry.ts
index c1fe7d0f68d..062dc78787f 100644
--- a/src/main/ipc/telemetry.ts
+++ b/src/main/ipc/telemetry.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ import { resolveConsent, type ConsentState } from '../telemetry/consent'
 import type { Store } from '../persistence'
 import { isCohortExtendedEvent, isOnboardingEvent } from '../../shared/telemetry-events'
 import type { EventName, EventProps, OptInVia } from '../../shared/telemetry-events'
+import type { PaneAgentIdentityCensus } from '../telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census'
+import type { PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot } from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-availability'
+import { isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot } from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-availability-validator'
 
 // Module-level store ref: handlers need a synchronous `settings.telemetry` read to derive `via` before any mutation.
 let storeRef: Store | null = null
@@ -25,6 +28,7 @@ let storeRef: Store | null = null
 const MAIN_OWNED_TELEMETRY_EVENTS = new Set<EventName>([
   'app_starred_orca',
   'daemon_audit_eligibility',
+  'pane_agent_identity_availability',
   'star_nag_outcome',
   'feature_interaction_usage_bucket_reached'
 ])
@@ -49,7 +53,10 @@ function deriveOptInVia(store: Store, incomingOptedIn: boolean): OptInVia {
   return 'settings'
 }
 
-export function registerTelemetryHandlers(store: Store): void {
+export function registerTelemetryHandlers(
+  store: Store,
+  paneIdentityCensus: PaneAgentIdentityCensus
+): void {
   storeRef = store
 
   ipcMain.handle('telemetry:track', (_event, name: unknown, props: unknown): void => {
@@ -78,6 +85,34 @@ export function registerTelemetryHandlers(store: Store): void {
     track(eventName, finalProps as EventProps<EventName>)
   })
 
+  ipcMain.handle(
+    'telemetry:ingestPaneAgentIdentityAvailability',
+    (_event, payload: unknown): void => {
+      const environmentKey =
+        payload && typeof payload === 'object'
+          ? (payload as { environmentKey?: unknown }).environmentKey
+          : undefined
+      const snapshot =
+        payload && typeof payload === 'object'
+          ? (payload as { snapshot?: unknown }).snapshot
+          : undefined
+      if (
+        typeof environmentKey !== 'string' ||
+        environmentKey.length === 0 ||
+        environmentKey.length > 256
+      ) {
+        return
+      }
+      if (snapshot !== undefined && !isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot(snapshot)) {
+        return
+      }
+      paneIdentityCensus.ingestRelaySnapshot(
+        environmentKey,
+        snapshot as PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot | undefined
+      )
+    }
+  )
+
   ipcMain.handle('telemetry:setOptIn', (_event, optedIn: unknown): Promise<void> | void => {
     // Strict input typing — renderer can pass anything over IPC.
     if (typeof optedIn !== 'boolean') {
diff --git a/src/main/orcad/orcad-entry.ts b/src/main/orcad/orcad-entry.ts
index 4af2a87c45d..c79f51c8a7a 100644
--- a/src/main/orcad/orcad-entry.ts
+++ b/src/main/orcad/orcad-entry.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,8 @@ async function startOrcadRuntime(
   const { resolveAdvertisedPairingEndpoint } = await import('../runtime/pairing-endpoint')
   const { ServeReadinessPublisher } = await import('../server/serve-readiness')
   const { Store } = await import('../persistence/loading-store/store')
+  const { createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus } =
+    await import('../telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census-composition')
   const { ensureActiveOrcaProfile, initOrcaProfilePaths } =
     await import('../orca-profiles/profile-index-store')
   const { initSshHostKeyStoreFile } = await import('../ssh/ssh-host-key-store')
@@ -165,7 +167,9 @@ async function startOrcadRuntime(
   // registerPtyHandlers so the IPC layer routes through the daemon from the first call.
   await startOrcadDaemon()
 
+  const paneAgentIdentityCensus = createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus()
   const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService(store, undefined, {
+    paneAgentIdentityCensus,
     // Why lazy: a daemon swap replaces the provider after construction, so an eager
     // reference would freeze the pre-daemon one.
     getLocalProvider: () => getLocalPtyProvider(),
@@ -265,6 +269,9 @@ async function startOrcadRuntime(
       try {
         await rpc.stop()
       } finally {
+        // Why the census first: it reads runtime state, so it must settle before the daemon
+        // link goes away.
+        runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
         // Why disconnect and not shut down: the daemon must outlive this process, or an
         // orcad restart goes back to killing every running terminal. See
         // orcad-daemon-supervision.ts.
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/orca-runtime.ts b/src/main/runtime/orca-runtime.ts
index 0b25b3cef46..ba1c68ed62c 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/orca-runtime.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/orca-runtime.ts
@@ -344,7 +344,6 @@ import type {
   TerminalPaneLayoutNode,
   TerminalTab
 } from '../../shared/terminal-tab-types'
-import type { TuiAgent } from '../../shared/tui-agent'
 import type { BranchPrefixStrategy } from '../../shared/ui-chrome-types'
 import type { WorkspaceSessionState } from '../../shared/workspace-session-state-types'
 import type { WorkspaceSource as WorkspaceCreateTelemetrySource } from '../../shared/workspace-source'
@@ -449,6 +448,19 @@ import type {
   LinearStatusSetResult
 } from '../../shared/linear/agent-access'
 import { runtimeTerminalDegradation } from './native-terminal-availability'
+import {
+  MAX_PENDING_IDENTITY_OBSERVATIONS,
+  TITLE_CANDIDATE_WINDOW_MS
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-availability'
+import type {
+  PaneAgentIdentityAvailability,
+  PaneAgentIdentityHostKind
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+import { ManualAgentCommandTracker } from '../../shared/manual-agent-command-tracker'
+import { resolveExplicitTerminalTitleAgentType } from '../../shared/terminal-title-agent-type'
+import type { TuiAgent } from '../../shared/tui-agent'
+import { PaneAgentIdentityCensus } from '../telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census'
+import { PaneAgentIdentityObservationAuthority } from './pane-agent-identity-observation-authority'
 import {
   BROWSER_UNAVAILABLE_ERROR_CODE,
   browserUnavailableMessage,
@@ -3130,6 +3142,21 @@ type ProviderSnapshotReadOptions = {
 
 export class OrcaRuntimeService {
   private readonly runtimeId = randomUUID()
+  private readonly paneAgentIdentityCensus: PaneAgentIdentityCensus
+  private readonly paneAgentIdentityObservations: PaneAgentIdentityObservationAuthority
+  private readonly paneAgentCommandTrackers = new Map<string, ManualAgentCommandTracker>()
+  private readonly paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations = new Map<string, PtyIncarnationId | null>()
+  private readonly paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty = new Map<string, number>()
+  private readonly sshTypedAgentCandidates = new Map<
+    string,
+    {
+      agent: TuiAgent
+      incarnationId: PtyIncarnationId | null
+      lifecycleGeneration: number
+      commandOrdinal: number
+      timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>
+    }
+  >()
   private readonly startedAt = Date.now()
   private readonly store: RuntimeStore | null
   private managedHookReconciliationGeneration = 0
@@ -3874,9 +3901,16 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
       agentSessionClaimSigner?: AgentSessionClaimSigner
       orchestrationEnvironmentTransport?: OrchestrationEnvironmentTransport
       skillTransactionRecovery?: Promise<unknown>
+      paneAgentIdentityCensus?: PaneAgentIdentityCensus
     }
   ) {
     this.store = store
+    this.paneAgentIdentityCensus =
+      deps?.paneAgentIdentityCensus ?? new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null })
+    this.paneAgentIdentityObservations = new PaneAgentIdentityObservationAuthority(
+      this.runtimeId,
+      this.paneAgentIdentityCensus
+    )
     // Why: per-device tab selections must survive host restarts, or every phone snaps back to the first tab on return.
     const persistedClientTabSelections = store?.getMobileClientTabSelections?.()
     if (persistedClientTabSelections) {
@@ -11442,7 +11476,11 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
       tabId: string
       leafId: string
       incarnationId?: PtyIncarnationId
-      agentLaunchAuthority?: { launchToken: string; launchAgent: TuiAgent }
+      agentLaunchAuthority?: {
+        launchToken: string
+        launchAgent: TuiAgent
+        launchMode?: 'orca-launch' | 'resume'
+      }
     },
     isWsl?: boolean
   ): void {
@@ -11480,6 +11518,11 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
       pty.launchToken = agentLaunchAuthority.launchToken
       pty.launchIncarnationId = binding.incarnationId
       pty.launchAgent = agentLaunchAuthority.launchAgent
+      this.observePtyAgentLaunch(
+        pty,
+        agentLaunchAuthority.launchMode ?? 'orca-launch',
+        agentLaunchAuthority.launchToken
+      )
     }
     const pendingIncarnation = this.pendingPtyRegistrationIncarnations.get(ptyId)
     if (
@@ -12452,6 +12495,13 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
       pty.lastOscTitleEpochMs = observedAtEpochMs
       pty.lastAgentStatus = agentStatus
       pty.lastAgentStatusObservedLive = true
+      const titleAgent = resolveExplicitTerminalTitleAgentType(rawTitle)
+      if (titleAgent) {
+        this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.observeTitle(
+          this.getPaneAgentIdentityPtyContext(pty),
+          titleAgent
+        )
+      }
       if (prevStatus !== agentStatus) {
         pty.lastAgentStatusStartedAtEpochMs = observedAtEpochMs
       }
@@ -12551,7 +12601,13 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
   private resetTrackedTerminalStateForProviderGeneration(ptyId: string): void {
     // Why: a replacement daemon session can reuse the PTY id, but title/parser
     // state from the prior process must not bleed into its snapshots or chunks.
+    const previousPty = this.ptysById.get(ptyId)
+    this.releasePaneAgentIdentityOwner(ptyId, previousPty?.incarnationId)
+    this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.exitOrRebind(ptyId, previousPty?.incarnationId)
     this.disposePtyTitleTracker(ptyId)
+    this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.delete(ptyId)
+    this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.delete(ptyId)
+    this.clearSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId)
     this.oscTitleScanTailByPtyId.delete(ptyId)
     this.osc7ScanTailByPtyId.delete(ptyId)
     this.agentStatusOscProcessorsByPtyId.delete(ptyId)
@@ -12721,6 +12777,19 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
     }
     let retainedChanged = false
     for (const payload of chunk.payloads) {
+      if (pty && isTuiAgent(payload.agentType)) {
+        this.rememberPaneAgentIdentityHookSurface(ptyId, payload.state)
+        if (connectionId && payload.state !== 'done') {
+          this.corroborateSshTypedAgent(ptyId, payload.agentType, 'live-hook')
+        }
+        this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.observeEvidence(
+          this.getPaneAgentIdentityPtyContext(pty),
+          {
+            source: payload.state === 'done' ? 'completed-hook' : 'live-hook',
+            agent: payload.agentType
+          }
+        )
+      }
       this.recordAgentPromptLifecycleState(
         ptyId,
         mapExplicitAgentStateToRuntimeTerminalStatus(payload.state)
@@ -14662,6 +14731,8 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
 
   private retirePtyAgentLaunchAuthority(ptyId: string): void {
     const pty = this.ptysById.get(ptyId)
+    this.releasePaneAgentIdentityOwner(ptyId, pty?.incarnationId)
+    this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.delete(ptyId)
     if (!pty) {
       return
     }
@@ -15924,6 +15995,8 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
     if (exitIncarnationId && pty?.incarnationId && exitIncarnationId !== pty.incarnationId) {
       return
     }
+    this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.delete(ptyId)
+    this.clearSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId)
     // Why intent first: a requested stop can still be delivered by the provider's
     // own exit event, whose status looks exactly like a natural finish.
     //
@@ -15944,6 +16017,10 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
       pty?.connectionId != null &&
       exitCode < 0 &&
       options?.hostExitConfirmed !== true
+    if (!preservesAbnormalSshSurface && pty) {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.delete(ptyId)
+      this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.exitOrRebind(ptyId, pty.incarnationId)
+    }
     // Why: collect before retirePtyAgentLaunchAuthority, which deletes the restored-authority
     // receipt a receipt-only pane's key comes from.
     const exitPaneKeys = this.collectPaneKeysForPty(ptyId)
@@ -18022,6 +18099,7 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
 
     return {
       terminals: listedTerminals,
+      agentIdentityAvailability: this.paneAgentIdentityCensus.snapshot(),
       hostScope: this.buildTerminalListHostScope(
         targetWorktreeId,
         matchingTerminals,
@@ -18040,6 +18118,269 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
     }
   }
 
+  recordPaneAgentIdentityAvailability(observation: PaneAgentIdentityAvailability): void {
+    this.paneAgentIdentityCensus.record(observation)
+  }
+
+  getPaneAgentIdentityCensus(): PaneAgentIdentityCensus {
+    return this.paneAgentIdentityCensus
+  }
+
+  private getPaneAgentIdentityPtyContext(pty: RuntimePtyWorktreeRecord): {
+    ptyId: string
+    incarnationId: PtyIncarnationId | null
+    hostKinds: readonly PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[]
+  } {
+    const hostKinds: readonly PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[] = pty.connectionId
+      ? ['ssh']
+      : pty.isWsl || pty.wslDistro || this.wslDistroByPtyId.has(pty.ptyId)
+        ? ['wsl-host', 'wsl-distro']
+        : ['native']
+    return {
+      ptyId: pty.ptyId,
+      incarnationId: pty.incarnationId,
+      hostKinds: this.paneAgentIdentityCensus.hostKindsForObservation(hostKinds)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private observePtyAgentLaunch(
+    pty: RuntimePtyWorktreeRecord,
+    launchMode: 'orca-launch' | 'resume',
+    attestationId: string
+  ): void {
+    if (!pty.launchAgent) {
+      return
+    }
+    if (
+      this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.attestRun(
+        this.getPaneAgentIdentityPtyContext(pty),
+        launchMode,
+        pty.launchAgent,
+        `${launchMode}:${attestationId}`
+      )
+    ) {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations.set(pty.ptyId, pty.incarnationId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private releasePaneAgentIdentityOwner(
+    ptyId: string,
+    incarnationId?: PtyIncarnationId | null
+  ): void {
+    if (
+      !this.paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations.has(ptyId) ||
+      (incarnationId !== undefined &&
+        this.paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations.get(ptyId) !== incarnationId)
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+    this.paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations.delete(ptyId)
+    this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.get(ptyId)?.reset()
+  }
+
+  observeAgentHookStatus(args: {
+    paneKey: string
+    connectionId?: string | null
+    isReplay?: boolean
+    restoredUnconfirmed?: boolean
+    providerSessionOnly?: boolean
+    payload: { state: string; agentType?: string }
+  }): boolean {
+    if (
+      args.isReplay === true ||
+      args.restoredUnconfirmed === true ||
+      args.providerSessionOnly === true ||
+      !isTuiAgent(args.payload.agentType)
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    const pty = this.getPtyRecordForPaneKey(args.paneKey)
+    const isWslRelay = isWslHookRelayConnectionId(args.connectionId)
+    const hookOwnerConnectionId = isWslRelay ? null : (args.connectionId ?? null)
+    const isWslPty =
+      pty?.isWsl === true ||
+      !!pty?.wslDistro ||
+      (pty ? this.wslDistroByPtyId.has(pty.ptyId) : false)
+    if (
+      !pty?.connected ||
+      (pty.connectionId ?? null) !== hookOwnerConnectionId ||
+      (isWslRelay && !isWslPty)
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (pty.connectionId && args.payload.state !== 'done') {
+      this.corroborateSshTypedAgent(pty.ptyId, args.payload.agentType, 'live-hook')
+    }
+    this.rememberPaneAgentIdentityHookSurface(pty.ptyId, args.payload.state)
+    return this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.observeEvidence(
+      this.getPaneAgentIdentityPtyContext(pty),
+      {
+        source: args.payload.state === 'done' ? 'completed-hook' : 'live-hook',
+        agent: args.payload.agentType
+      }
+    )
+  }
+
+  observeAcceptedPtyWrite(ptyId: string, data: string): void {
+    const pty = this.ptysById.get(ptyId)
+    if (!pty?.connected) {
+      return
+    }
+    if (this.paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations.get(ptyId) === pty.incarnationId) {
+      this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.get(ptyId)?.reset()
+      return
+    }
+    if (this.hasFreshPaneAgentIdentitySurface(pty)) {
+      this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.get(ptyId)?.reset()
+      return
+    }
+    const tracker = this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.get(ptyId) ?? new ManualAgentCommandTracker()
+    this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.set(ptyId, tracker)
+    const [agent] = tracker.ingest(data)
+    if (!agent) {
+      return
+    }
+    if (pty.connectionId) {
+      this.rememberSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId, agent, pty, tracker.acceptedCommandCount)
+      return
+    }
+    const context = this.getPaneAgentIdentityPtyContext(pty)
+    if (
+      this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.attestRun(
+        context,
+        'typed',
+        agent,
+        `typed:${this.getPtyLifecycleGeneration(ptyId)}:${tracker.acceptedCommandCount}`
+      )
+    ) {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations.set(ptyId, pty.incarnationId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private rememberSshTypedAgentCandidate(
+    ptyId: string,
+    agent: TuiAgent,
+    pty: RuntimePtyWorktreeRecord,
+    commandOrdinal: number
+  ): void {
+    const previous = this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.get(ptyId)
+    if (!previous && this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.size >= MAX_PENDING_IDENTITY_OBSERVATIONS) {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityCensus.addCoverage('ssh', 'overflow')
+      return
+    }
+    if (previous) {
+      clearTimeout(previous.timer)
+    }
+    const timer = setTimeout(
+      () => this.clearSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId),
+      TITLE_CANDIDATE_WINDOW_MS
+    )
+    timer.unref?.()
+    this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.set(ptyId, {
+      agent,
+      incarnationId: pty.incarnationId,
+      lifecycleGeneration: this.getPtyLifecycleGeneration(ptyId),
+      commandOrdinal,
+      timer
+    })
+  }
+
+  private rememberPaneAgentIdentityHookSurface(ptyId: string, state: string): void {
+    if (state === 'done') {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.delete(ptyId)
+      return
+    }
+    this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.set(ptyId, Date.now())
+  }
+
+  private hasFreshPaneAgentIdentitySurface(pty: RuntimePtyWorktreeRecord): boolean {
+    if (pty.foregroundAgent || (pty.lastAgentStatusObservedLive && pty.lastAgentStatus !== null)) {
+      return true
+    }
+    const hookObservedAt = this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.get(pty.ptyId)
+    if (hookObservedAt === undefined) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (Date.now() - hookObservedAt <= AGENT_STATUS_STALE_AFTER_MS) {
+      return true
+    }
+    this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.delete(pty.ptyId)
+    return false
+  }
+
+  private clearSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId: string): void {
+    const candidate = this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.get(ptyId)
+    if (candidate) {
+      clearTimeout(candidate.timer)
+    }
+    this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.delete(ptyId)
+  }
+
+  corroborateSshTypedAgent(
+    ptyId: string,
+    targetAgent: TuiAgent,
+    source: 'process' | 'live-hook' = 'process'
+  ): boolean {
+    const candidate = this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.get(ptyId)
+    const pty = this.ptysById.get(ptyId)
+    if (
+      candidate?.agent !== targetAgent ||
+      !pty?.connected ||
+      !pty.connectionId ||
+      candidate.incarnationId !== pty.incarnationId ||
+      candidate.lifecycleGeneration !== this.getPtyLifecycleGeneration(ptyId)
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    this.clearSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId)
+    const context = this.getPaneAgentIdentityPtyContext(pty)
+    if (
+      !this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.attestRun(
+        context,
+        'typed',
+        targetAgent,
+        `typed:${candidate.lifecycleGeneration}:${candidate.commandOrdinal}`
+      )
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    this.paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations.set(ptyId, pty.incarnationId)
+    if (source === 'process') {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.observeEvidence(context, {
+        source,
+        agent: targetAgent,
+        processProvenance: 'target-origin'
+      })
+    } else {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.observeEvidence(context, {
+        source,
+        agent: targetAgent
+      })
+    }
+    return true
+  }
+
+  shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(emitTelemetry = true): void {
+    if (this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.size > 0) {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityCensus.addCoverage(
+        'ssh',
+        'truncated',
+        this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.size
+      )
+    }
+    this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.shutdown()
+    if (emitTelemetry) {
+      this.paneAgentIdentityCensus.flush()
+    }
+    this.paneAgentIdentityCensus.shutdown()
+    this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.clear()
+    this.paneAgentIdentityOwnedIncarnations.clear()
+    this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.clear()
+    for (const ptyId of this.sshTypedAgentCandidates.keys()) {
+      this.clearSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId)
+    }
+  }
+
   // A worktree-scoped request answers for one host only, so name the hosts it
   // skipped: absence from a scoped listing is not evidence a worker exited.
   private buildTerminalListHostScope(
@@ -19362,6 +19703,7 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
       }
       await assertTerminalInputWithinLimitWithYield(action.text)
       await this.writeTerminalAction(pty.pty.ptyId, action, payload, options)
+      this.observeAcceptedPtyWrite(pty.pty.ptyId, payload)
       return {
         handle,
         accepted: true,
@@ -19387,6 +19729,7 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
     }
 
     await this.writeTerminalAction(leaf.ptyId, action, payload, options)
+    this.observeAcceptedPtyWrite(leaf.ptyId, payload)
 
     return {
       handle,
@@ -19861,6 +20204,7 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
         }
         return
       }
+      this.releasePaneAgentIdentityOwner(ptyId, current.incarnationId)
       this.recordTerminalSideEffectFact(ptyId, { kind: 'agent-exited' })
     })
   }
@@ -19984,9 +20328,24 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
     const foregroundAgent = foregroundProcess
       ? (recognizeAgentProcess(foregroundProcess)?.agent ?? null)
       : null
+    const isWsl = pty.isWsl || pty.wslDistro || this.wslDistroByPtyId.has(ptyId)
+    if (foregroundAgent && !isWsl) {
+      const processProvenance = pty.connectionId ? 'target-origin' : 'execution-host'
+      this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.observeEvidence(this.getPaneAgentIdentityPtyContext(pty), {
+        source: 'process',
+        agent: foregroundAgent,
+        processProvenance
+      })
+      if (pty.connectionId) {
+        this.corroborateSshTypedAgent(ptyId, foregroundAgent, 'process')
+      }
+    }
     if (pty.foregroundAgent === foregroundAgent) {
       return false
     }
+    if (pty.foregroundAgent && !foregroundAgent) {
+      this.releasePaneAgentIdentityOwner(ptyId, pty.incarnationId)
+    }
     pty.foregroundAgent = foregroundAgent
     this.touchMobileSessionSnapshotsForPty(ptyId)
     return true
@@ -29183,6 +29542,15 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
             pty.launchToken = launchToken ?? null
             pty.launchIncarnationId = launchToken ? pty.incarnationId : null
             pty.launchAgent = launchOpts.launchAgent ?? null
+            if (pty.launchAgent && launchToken) {
+              this.observePtyAgentLaunch(
+                pty,
+                launchOpts.resumeProviderSession || launchOpts.agentSessionClaim
+                  ? 'resume'
+                  : 'orca-launch',
+                launchToken
+              )
+            }
           }
           pty.tabId = tabId
           pty.paneKey = paneKey
@@ -33349,6 +33717,11 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
     pty.worktreeId = worktreeId
     if (state.incarnationId !== undefined) {
       if (pty.incarnationId && state.incarnationId && pty.incarnationId !== state.incarnationId) {
+        this.releasePaneAgentIdentityOwner(ptyId, pty.incarnationId)
+        this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.delete(ptyId)
+        this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.delete(ptyId)
+        this.clearSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId)
+        this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.exitOrRebind(ptyId, pty.incarnationId)
         this.invalidatePtyIncarnationHandle(ptyId)
       }
       pty.incarnationId = state.incarnationId
@@ -33839,7 +34212,13 @@ export class OrcaRuntimeService {
 
   private dropDisconnectedPtyRecord(ptyId: string): void {
     // Why: pruning can remove a PTY without the normal exit callback.
+    const pty = this.ptysById.get(ptyId)
+    this.releasePaneAgentIdentityOwner(ptyId, pty?.incarnationId)
+    this.paneAgentIdentityObservations.exitOrRebind(ptyId, pty?.incarnationId)
     this.advancePtyLifecycleGeneration(ptyId)
+    this.paneAgentCommandTrackers.delete(ptyId)
+    this.paneAgentIdentityLiveHookObservedAtByPty.delete(ptyId)
+    this.clearSshTypedAgentCandidate(ptyId)
     this.pairedRendererSessionOwnedPtyIds.delete(ptyId)
     this.ptysById.delete(ptyId)
     this.recentPtyOutputById.delete(ptyId)
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-census-runtime.test.ts b/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-census-runtime.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c8e8f2d06b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-census-runtime.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { OrcaRuntimeService } from './orca-runtime'
+import { track } from '../telemetry/client'
+import { PaneAgentIdentityCensus } from '../telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census'
+
+vi.mock('../telemetry/client', () => ({ track: vi.fn() }))
+
+async function availabilityRows(runtime: OrcaRuntimeService) {
+  return ((await runtime.listTerminals()).agentIdentityAvailability?.rows ?? []).map((row) => ({
+    hostKind: row[0],
+    launchMode: row[1],
+    attestedRuns: row[2],
+    noEvidence: row[3],
+    titleOnly: row[4],
+    identityNull: row[5],
+    ambiguousTopRank: row[6]
+  }))
+}
+
+describe('runtime pane identity census wiring', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('publishes paired WSL typed views without a false native row', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.mocked(track).mockClear()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService(undefined, undefined, {
+      paneAgentIdentityCensus: new PaneAgentIdentityCensus()
+    })
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-wsl', 'folder:/tmp', null, undefined, true)
+
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-wsl', 'codex\r')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'wsl-host', launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 }),
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'wsl-distro', launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 })
+    ])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus()
+    expect(track).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(track).toHaveBeenCalledWith('pane_agent_identity_availability', {
+      rows: expect.arrayContaining([
+        expect.objectContaining({ host_kind: 'wsl-host', attested_runs: 1 }),
+        expect.objectContaining({ host_kind: 'wsl-distro', attested_runs: 1 })
+      ])
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not relabel a Windows-side WSL foreground read as distro process provenance', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const census = new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null })
+    const record = vi.spyOn(census, 'record')
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService(undefined, undefined, {
+      paneAgentIdentityCensus: census
+    })
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-wsl', 'folder:/tmp', null, undefined, true)
+    runtime.setPtyController({ getForegroundProcess: async () => 'codex' } as never)
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-wsl', 'codex\r')
+    await (
+      runtime as unknown as {
+        loadPtyForegroundAgentFromController: (ptyId: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      }
+    ).loadPtyForegroundAgentFromController('pty-wsl')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(record).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      1,
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'wsl-host', sourceMask: 4 })
+    )
+    expect(record).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      2,
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'wsl-distro', sourceMask: 4 })
+    )
+    expect(census.snapshot().rows).toEqual([
+      ['wsl-host', 'typed', 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+      ['wsl-distro', 'typed', 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+    ])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('requires same-incarnation SSH target corroboration', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    const binding = {
+      tabId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001',
+      leafId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002',
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    }
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-ssh', 'folder:/tmp', 'ssh-1', binding)
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-ssh', 'codex\r')
+
+    expect(runtime.corroborateSshTypedAgent('pty-ssh', 'claude')).toBe(false)
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([])
+
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-ssh', 'folder:/tmp', 'ssh-1', {
+      ...binding,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-2'
+    })
+    expect(runtime.corroborateSshTypedAgent('pty-ssh', 'codex')).toBe(false)
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([])
+
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-ssh', 'codex\r')
+    runtime.onPtyData(
+      'pty-ssh',
+      '\x1b]9999;{"state":"working","agentType":"codex"}\x07',
+      Date.now()
+    )
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'ssh', launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 })
+    ])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not let a replayed SSH hook certify a typed run', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    const tabId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001'
+    const leafId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002'
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-ssh', 'folder:/tmp', 'ssh-1', {
+      tabId,
+      leafId,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    })
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-ssh', 'codex\r')
+
+    expect(
+      runtime.observeAgentHookStatus({
+        paneKey: `${tabId}:${leafId}`,
+        connectionId: 'ssh-1',
+        isReplay: true,
+        payload: { state: 'working', agentType: 'codex' }
+      })
+    ).toBe(false)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts live WSL-relayed hook evidence only for its local WSL pane', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const census = new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null })
+    const record = vi.spyOn(census, 'record')
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService(undefined, undefined, {
+      paneAgentIdentityCensus: census
+    })
+    const tabId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001'
+    const wslLeafId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002'
+    const nativeLeafId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000003'
+    runtime.registerPty(
+      'pty-wsl',
+      'folder:/tmp',
+      null,
+      {
+        tabId,
+        leafId: wslLeafId,
+        incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+      },
+      true
+    )
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-native', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      tabId,
+      leafId: nativeLeafId,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    })
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-wsl', 'codex\r')
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'codex\r')
+
+    expect(
+      runtime.observeAgentHookStatus({
+        paneKey: `${tabId}:${nativeLeafId}`,
+        connectionId: 'wsl:LiveDistro',
+        payload: { state: 'working', agentType: 'codex' }
+      })
+    ).toBe(false)
+    expect(
+      runtime.observeAgentHookStatus({
+        paneKey: `${tabId}:${wslLeafId}`,
+        connectionId: 'wsl:LiveDistro',
+        payload: { state: 'working', agentType: 'codex' }
+      })
+    ).toBe(true)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(record).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'wsl-distro', sourceMask: 5 })
+    )
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('records launch and resume through renderer registration authority', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    const binding = {
+      tabId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001',
+      leafId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002',
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    }
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-launch', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      ...binding,
+      agentLaunchAuthority: {
+        launchToken: 'launch-token',
+        launchAgent: 'codex',
+        launchMode: 'orca-launch'
+      }
+    })
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-resume', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      ...binding,
+      leafId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000003',
+      agentLaunchAuthority: {
+        launchToken: 'resume-token',
+        launchAgent: 'claude',
+        launchMode: 'resume'
+      }
+    })
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'native', launchMode: 'orca-launch', attestedRuns: 1 }),
+        expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'native', launchMode: 'resume', attestedRuns: 1 })
+      ])
+    )
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not guess a launch mode for an unstructured legacy terminal create', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    vi.spyOn(
+      runtime as unknown as {
+        resolveTerminalWorkspaceLaunchScope: (selector: string) => Promise<unknown>
+      },
+      'resolveTerminalWorkspaceLaunchScope'
+    ).mockResolvedValue({
+      id: 'folder:/tmp',
+      path: '/tmp',
+      connectionId: null,
+      repo: null,
+      folderWorkspace: null
+    })
+    runtime.setPtyController({
+      spawn: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ id: 'pty-legacy', incarnationId: 'incarnation-1' }),
+      write: () => true,
+      kill: () => true,
+      getForegroundProcess: async () => null
+    })
+
+    await runtime.createTerminal('id:folder:/tmp', {
+      command: 'codex resume provider-session-1',
+      launchAgent: 'codex'
+    })
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not classify live-agent prompt text as a typed launch', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    const binding = {
+      tabId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001',
+      leafId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002',
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1',
+      agentLaunchAuthority: {
+        launchToken: 'launch-token',
+        launchAgent: 'codex' as const,
+        launchMode: 'orca-launch' as const
+      }
+    }
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-native', 'folder:/tmp', null, binding)
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'claude\r')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'native', launchMode: 'orca-launch', attestedRuns: 1 })
+    ])
+
+    runtime.emitDaemonPtyTransientFact('pty-native', {
+      kind: 'command-finished',
+      exitCode: 0
+    })
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'claude\r')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        expect.objectContaining({ launchMode: 'orca-launch', attestedRuns: 1 }),
+        expect.objectContaining({ launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 })
+      ])
+    )
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not classify prompt text while a fresh hook owns an otherwise unattributed pane', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    const tabId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001'
+    const leafId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002'
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-native', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      tabId,
+      leafId,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    })
+
+    runtime.observeAgentHookStatus({
+      paneKey: `${tabId}:${leafId}`,
+      payload: { state: 'working', agentType: 'codex' }
+    })
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'claude\r')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not carry a partial typed command across a PTY incarnation rebind', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    const binding = {
+      tabId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001',
+      leafId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002'
+    }
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-native', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      ...binding,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    })
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'co')
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-native', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      ...binding,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-2'
+    })
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'dex\r')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([])
+
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'codex\r')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'native', launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 })
+    ])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('attests only the first agent command in one accepted multiline write', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    const tabId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001'
+    const leafId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002'
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-ssh', 'folder:/tmp', 'ssh-1', {
+      tabId,
+      leafId,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    })
+
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-ssh', 'claude\rcodex\r')
+    runtime.observeAgentHookStatus({
+      paneKey: `${tabId}:${leafId}`,
+      connectionId: 'ssh-1',
+      payload: { state: 'working', agentType: 'claude' }
+    })
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'ssh', launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 })
+    ])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('collects primary hook-server evidence for the exact live pane', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const census = new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null })
+    const record = vi.spyOn(census, 'record')
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService(undefined, undefined, {
+      paneAgentIdentityCensus: census
+    })
+    const tabId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001'
+    const leafId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002'
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-native', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      tabId,
+      leafId,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1',
+      agentLaunchAuthority: {
+        launchToken: 'launch-token',
+        launchAgent: 'codex',
+        launchMode: 'orca-launch'
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      runtime.observeAgentHookStatus({
+        paneKey: `${tabId}:${leafId}`,
+        connectionId: 'wrong-host',
+        payload: { state: 'working', agentType: 'codex' }
+      })
+    ).toBe(false)
+    expect(
+      runtime.observeAgentHookStatus({
+        paneKey: `${tabId}:${leafId}`,
+        payload: { state: 'working', agentType: 'codex' }
+      })
+    ).toBe(true)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(record).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'native', sourceMask: 5 })
+    )
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes headless authority observations to one relay row per run', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const census = new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null, snapshotHostKind: 'relay' })
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService(undefined, undefined, {
+      paneAgentIdentityCensus: census
+    })
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-wsl', 'folder:/tmp', null, undefined, true)
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-wsl', 'codex\r')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'relay', launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 })
+    ])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('collects current process, hook, and title evidence through PTY production paths', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const census = new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null })
+    const record = vi.spyOn(census, 'record')
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService(undefined, undefined, {
+      paneAgentIdentityCensus: census
+    })
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-native', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      tabId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001',
+      leafId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002',
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    })
+    runtime.setPtyController({ getForegroundProcess: async () => 'codex' } as never)
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'codex\r')
+    await (
+      runtime as unknown as {
+        loadPtyForegroundAgentFromController: (ptyId: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      }
+    ).loadPtyForegroundAgentFromController('pty-native')
+    runtime.onPtyData(
+      'pty-native',
+      '\x1b]9999;{"state":"working","agentType":"codex"}\x07' +
+        '\x1b]9999;{"state":"done","agentType":"codex"}\x07' +
+        '\x1b]0;Codex working\x07',
+      Date.now()
+    )
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(record).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      hostKind: 'native',
+      launchMode: 'typed',
+      sourceMask: 79,
+      identityNull: false,
+      ambiguousTopRank: false
+    })
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('freezes an accepted run on a confirmed production exit', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-native', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      tabId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001',
+      leafId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002',
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    })
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-native', 'codex\r')
+    runtime.onPtyExit('pty-native', 0, 'incarnation-1', { providerExitObserved: true })
+
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'native', launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 })
+    ])
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toHaveLength(1)
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+
+  it('publishes title-candidate coverage and freezes a run on production rebind', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const runtime = new OrcaRuntimeService()
+    const binding = {
+      tabId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001',
+      leafId: '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002',
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-1'
+    }
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-title', 'folder:/tmp', null, binding)
+    runtime.onPtyData('pty-title', '\x1b]0;Codex working\x07', Date.now())
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(30_000)
+    expect((await runtime.listTerminals()).agentIdentityAvailability?.candidateCoverage).toEqual([
+      ['native', 1]
+    ])
+
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-rebind', 'folder:/tmp', null, binding)
+    runtime.observeAcceptedPtyWrite('pty-rebind', 'codex\r')
+    runtime.registerPty('pty-rebind', 'folder:/tmp', null, {
+      ...binding,
+      incarnationId: 'incarnation-2'
+    })
+    expect(await availabilityRows(runtime)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'native', launchMode: 'typed', attestedRuns: 1 })
+    ])
+    runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-authority.test.ts b/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-authority.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4103f49128b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-authority.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import type { PaneAgentIdentityAvailability } from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+import { MAX_LIVE_FINALIZED_RUN_KEYS } from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-availability'
+import { PaneAgentIdentityObservationAuthority } from './pane-agent-identity-observation-authority'
+
+function createHarness() {
+  const records: PaneAgentIdentityAvailability[] = []
+  const coverage: { hostKind: string; reason: string; amount: number }[] = []
+  const authority = new PaneAgentIdentityObservationAuthority('authority', {
+    record: (row) => records.push(row),
+    addCoverage: (hostKind, reason, amount = 1) => coverage.push({ hostKind, reason, amount })
+  })
+  return { authority, records, coverage }
+}
+
+describe('PaneAgentIdentityObservationAuthority', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('settles once after five seconds and dedupes the finalized attestation', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const { authority, records } = createHarness()
+    const context = { ptyId: 'pty', incarnationId: 'inc-1', hostKinds: ['native'] as const }
+
+    expect(authority.attestRun(context, 'typed', 'codex', 'typed:1')).toBe(true)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(4_999)
+    expect(records).toEqual([])
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(1)
+    expect(records).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'native', launchMode: 'typed', sourceMask: 4 })
+    ])
+
+    expect(authority.attestRun(context, 'typed', 'codex', 'typed:1')).toBe(true)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(records).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    expect(authority.attestRun(context, 'typed', 'claude', 'typed:2')).toBe(true)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(records).toHaveLength(2)
+    authority.shutdown()
+  })
+
+  it('publishes paired WSL facts with execution evidence only on the distro view', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const { authority, records } = createHarness()
+    const context = {
+      ptyId: 'pty',
+      incarnationId: 'inc-1',
+      hostKinds: ['wsl-host', 'wsl-distro'] as const
+    }
+    authority.attestRun(context, 'orca-launch', 'codex', 'launch:1')
+    authority.observeEvidence(context, {
+      source: 'process',
+      agent: 'codex',
+      processProvenance: 'distro-origin'
+    })
+    authority.observeEvidence(context, { source: 'live-hook', agent: 'codex' })
+    authority.observeTitle(context, 'codex')
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(records).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'wsl-host', sourceMask: 4 }),
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'wsl-distro', sourceMask: 71 })
+    ])
+    authority.shutdown()
+  })
+
+  it('freezes pending runs immediately on exit and truncates only live windows on shutdown', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const { authority, records, coverage } = createHarness()
+    const first = { ptyId: 'pty-1', incarnationId: 'inc-1', hostKinds: ['ssh'] as const }
+    const second = { ptyId: 'pty-2', incarnationId: 'inc-1', hostKinds: ['native'] as const }
+    authority.attestRun(first, 'resume', 'claude', 'resume:1')
+    authority.exitOrRebind(first.ptyId, first.incarnationId)
+    expect(records).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ hostKind: 'ssh', launchMode: 'resume', sourceMask: 20 })
+    ])
+
+    authority.attestRun(second, 'typed', 'codex', 'typed:1')
+    authority.shutdown()
+    expect(coverage).toContainEqual({ hostKind: 'native', reason: 'truncated', amount: 1 })
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(records).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('records a title candidate only after its authority window and cancels it on attestation', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const { authority, coverage } = createHarness()
+    const context = { ptyId: 'pty', incarnationId: 'inc-1', hostKinds: ['ssh'] as const }
+    authority.observeTitle(context, 'codex')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(29_999)
+    expect(coverage).toEqual([])
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(1)
+    expect(coverage).toEqual([{ hostKind: 'ssh', reason: 'candidate', amount: 1 }])
+
+    authority.exitOrRebind(context.ptyId, context.incarnationId)
+    authority.observeTitle(context, 'codex')
+    authority.attestRun(context, 'typed', 'codex', 'typed:1')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(30_000)
+    expect(coverage).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    authority.observeTitle(context, 'codex')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(30_000)
+    expect(coverage).toHaveLength(1)
+    authority.shutdown()
+  })
+
+  it('releases a title candidate after the finalized-key cap rejects it', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const { authority, coverage } = createHarness()
+    for (let index = 0; index < MAX_LIVE_FINALIZED_RUN_KEYS; index += 1) {
+      authority.attestRun(
+        { ptyId: `run-${index}`, incarnationId: 'inc-1', hostKinds: ['native'] },
+        'typed',
+        'codex',
+        `typed:${index}`
+      )
+    }
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    const candidate = {
+      ptyId: 'candidate',
+      incarnationId: 'inc-1',
+      hostKinds: ['native'] as const
+    }
+    authority.observeTitle(candidate, 'codex')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(30_000)
+    expect(coverage).toContainEqual({ hostKind: 'native', reason: 'overflow', amount: 1 })
+
+    authority.observeTitle(candidate, 'codex')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(30_000)
+    authority.shutdown()
+    expect(coverage).toEqual([{ hostKind: 'native', reason: 'overflow', amount: 1 }])
+  })
+
+  it('tombstones a title candidate when the pending-window cap rejects it', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const { authority, coverage } = createHarness()
+    for (let index = 0; index < MAX_LIVE_FINALIZED_RUN_KEYS; index += 1) {
+      authority.attestRun(
+        { ptyId: `run-${index}`, incarnationId: 'inc-1', hostKinds: ['native'] },
+        'typed',
+        'codex',
+        `typed:${index}`
+      )
+    }
+
+    const candidate = {
+      ptyId: 'candidate',
+      incarnationId: 'inc-1',
+      hostKinds: ['native'] as const
+    }
+    authority.observeTitle(candidate, 'codex')
+    authority.observeTitle(candidate, 'codex')
+    expect(coverage).toEqual([{ hostKind: 'native', reason: 'overflow', amount: 1 }])
+    authority.shutdown()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-authority.ts b/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-authority.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee85cf82df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-authority.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+import type { PtyIncarnationId } from '../../shared/pty-incarnation'
+import type { TuiAgent } from '../../shared/tui-agent'
+import {
+  PaneAgentIdentityObservationScheduler,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityObservationSchedulerDeps
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-availability'
+import {
+  reducePaneAgentIdentityAvailability,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityAvailability,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceFact,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+import type { PaneAgentRunKey } from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-resolver'
+import {
+  appendEvidenceToActiveRun,
+  titleHostKind,
+  uniqueHostKinds,
+  type ActiveRun,
+  type Candidate,
+  type EvidenceObservation,
+  type PtyObservationState
+} from './pane-agent-identity-observation-model'
+
+type CensusCoverageReason = 'candidate' | 'overflow' | 'truncated'
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityObservationSink = {
+  record(observation: PaneAgentIdentityAvailability): void
+  addCoverage(
+    hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+    reason: CensusCoverageReason,
+    amount?: number
+  ): void
+}
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityPtyContext = {
+  ptyId: string
+  incarnationId: PtyIncarnationId | null
+  hostKinds: readonly PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[]
+}
+
+/** Owns run/candidate windows and reduces authority facts before they reach a sink. */
+export class PaneAgentIdentityObservationAuthority {
+  private readonly states = new Map<string, PtyObservationState>()
+  private readonly runsByKey = new Map<string, ActiveRun>()
+  private readonly candidatesByKey = new Map<string, Candidate>()
+  private readonly scheduler: PaneAgentIdentityObservationScheduler
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly authorityId: string,
+    private readonly sink: PaneAgentIdentityObservationSink,
+    schedulerDeps: Pick<PaneAgentIdentityObservationSchedulerDeps, 'now'> = {}
+  ) {
+    this.scheduler = new PaneAgentIdentityObservationScheduler({
+      ...schedulerDeps,
+      onRunFreeze: (key) => this.freezeRun(key),
+      onTitleCandidateFreeze: (hostKind, key) => this.freezeCandidate(hostKind, key),
+      onFinalizedOverflow: (kind, hostKind, key) =>
+        this.recordFinalizedOverflow(kind, hostKind, key)
+    })
+  }
+
+  attestRun(
+    context: PaneAgentIdentityPtyContext,
+    launchMode: PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode,
+    owner: TuiAgent,
+    attestationId: string
+  ): boolean {
+    const state = this.getState(context)
+    if (state.lastAttestationId === attestationId) {
+      return true
+    }
+    if (state.activeRun) {
+      const previousRun = state.activeRun
+      if (!this.scheduler.freezeRun(previousRun.key)) {
+        for (const hostKind of previousRun.hostKinds) {
+          this.sink.addCoverage(hostKind, 'overflow')
+        }
+        this.runsByKey.delete(previousRun.key)
+        state.activeRun = null
+      }
+    }
+    if (state.candidate) {
+      this.scheduler.cancelCandidate(state.candidate.key)
+      this.scheduler.exitOrRebind(state.candidate.key)
+      this.candidatesByKey.delete(state.candidate.key)
+      state.candidate = null
+    }
+    if (state.finalizedRunKey) {
+      this.scheduler.exitOrRebind(state.finalizedRunKey)
+      state.finalizedRunKey = null
+    }
+    if (state.finalizedCandidateKey) {
+      this.scheduler.exitOrRebind(state.finalizedCandidateKey)
+      state.finalizedCandidateKey = null
+    }
+    state.ordinal += 1
+    const run: PaneAgentRunKey = {
+      authorityId: `${this.authorityId}:${context.ptyId}:${context.incarnationId ?? 'unknown'}`,
+      incarnation: state.ordinal
+    }
+    const key = `${run.authorityId}:${run.incarnation}`
+    const hostKinds = uniqueHostKinds(context.hostKinds)
+    const factsByHostKind = new Map<PaneAgentIdentityHostKind, PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceFact[]>()
+    for (const hostKind of hostKinds) {
+      const facts: PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceFact[] = [{ source: 'launch', agent: owner, run }]
+      if (launchMode === 'resume') {
+        facts.push({ source: 'sleeping-session', agent: owner, run })
+      }
+      factsByHostKind.set(hostKind, facts)
+    }
+    const activeRun: ActiveRun = {
+      key,
+      ptyId: context.ptyId,
+      run,
+      launchMode,
+      owner,
+      hostKinds,
+      factsByHostKind
+    }
+    state.lastAttestationId = attestationId
+    state.activeRun = activeRun
+    this.runsByKey.set(key, activeRun)
+    if (this.scheduler.attestRun(key)) {
+      return true
+    }
+    this.runsByKey.delete(key)
+    state.activeRun = null
+    for (const hostKind of hostKinds) {
+      this.sink.addCoverage(hostKind, 'overflow')
+    }
+    return false
+  }
+
+  observeEvidence(context: PaneAgentIdentityPtyContext, evidence: EvidenceObservation): boolean {
+    const state = this.states.get(context.ptyId)
+    const activeRun = state?.activeRun
+    if (!state || state.incarnationId !== context.incarnationId || !activeRun) {
+      return false
+    }
+    return appendEvidenceToActiveRun(activeRun, evidence)
+  }
+
+  observeTitle(context: PaneAgentIdentityPtyContext, agent: TuiAgent): void {
+    if (this.observeEvidence(context, { source: 'title', agent })) {
+      return
+    }
+    const state = this.getState(context)
+    if (state.ordinal > 0 || state.candidate || state.finalizedCandidateKey) {
+      return
+    }
+    const hostKind = titleHostKind(context.hostKinds)
+    const candidate = {
+      key: `${this.authorityId}:${context.ptyId}:${context.incarnationId ?? 'unknown'}:candidate`,
+      ptyId: context.ptyId,
+      hostKind
+    }
+    if (!this.scheduler.scheduleTitleCandidate(candidate.key, candidate.hostKind)) {
+      this.sink.addCoverage(hostKind, 'overflow')
+      state.finalizedCandidateKey = candidate.key
+      return
+    }
+    state.candidate = candidate
+    this.candidatesByKey.set(candidate.key, candidate)
+  }
+
+  exitOrRebind(ptyId: string, incarnationId?: PtyIncarnationId | null): void {
+    const state = this.states.get(ptyId)
+    if (!state || (incarnationId !== undefined && state.incarnationId !== incarnationId)) {
+      return
+    }
+    if (state.activeRun && this.scheduler.isPendingRun(state.activeRun.key)) {
+      if (!this.scheduler.freezeRun(state.activeRun.key)) {
+        for (const hostKind of state.activeRun.hostKinds) {
+          this.sink.addCoverage(hostKind, 'overflow')
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (state.candidate && this.scheduler.isPendingCandidate(state.candidate.key)) {
+      if (!this.scheduler.freezeTitleCandidate(state.candidate.key, state.candidate.hostKind)) {
+        this.sink.addCoverage(state.candidate.hostKind, 'overflow')
+      }
+    }
+    if (state.activeRun) {
+      this.scheduler.exitOrRebind(state.activeRun.key)
+      this.runsByKey.delete(state.activeRun.key)
+    }
+    if (state.finalizedRunKey) {
+      this.scheduler.exitOrRebind(state.finalizedRunKey)
+    }
+    if (state.candidate) {
+      this.scheduler.exitOrRebind(state.candidate.key)
+      this.candidatesByKey.delete(state.candidate.key)
+    }
+    if (state.finalizedCandidateKey) {
+      this.scheduler.exitOrRebind(state.finalizedCandidateKey)
+    }
+    this.states.delete(ptyId)
+  }
+
+  shutdown(): void {
+    for (const state of this.states.values()) {
+      if (state.activeRun && this.scheduler.isPendingRun(state.activeRun.key)) {
+        for (const hostKind of state.activeRun.hostKinds) {
+          this.sink.addCoverage(hostKind, 'truncated')
+        }
+      }
+      if (state.candidate && this.scheduler.isPendingCandidate(state.candidate.key)) {
+        this.sink.addCoverage(state.candidate.hostKind, 'truncated')
+      }
+    }
+    this.scheduler.shutdown()
+    this.states.clear()
+    this.runsByKey.clear()
+    this.candidatesByKey.clear()
+  }
+
+  private getState(context: PaneAgentIdentityPtyContext): PtyObservationState {
+    const existing = this.states.get(context.ptyId)
+    if (existing && existing.incarnationId === context.incarnationId) {
+      return existing
+    }
+    if (existing) {
+      this.exitOrRebind(context.ptyId, existing.incarnationId)
+    }
+    const state: PtyObservationState = {
+      incarnationId: context.incarnationId,
+      ordinal: 0,
+      lastAttestationId: null,
+      activeRun: null,
+      finalizedRunKey: null,
+      candidate: null,
+      finalizedCandidateKey: null
+    }
+    this.states.set(context.ptyId, state)
+    return state
+  }
+
+  private freezeRun(key: string): void {
+    const run = this.runsByKey.get(key)
+    if (!run) {
+      return
+    }
+    for (const hostKind of run.hostKinds) {
+      this.sink.record(
+        reducePaneAgentIdentityAvailability(hostKind, run.launchMode, {
+          facts: run.factsByHostKind.get(hostKind) ?? [],
+          currentRun: run.run,
+          owner: { agent: run.owner, run: run.run }
+        })
+      )
+    }
+    this.runsByKey.delete(key)
+    const state = this.states.get(run.ptyId)
+    if (state?.activeRun?.key === key) {
+      state.activeRun = null
+      state.finalizedRunKey = key
+    }
+  }
+
+  private freezeCandidate(hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind, key: string): void {
+    this.sink.addCoverage(hostKind, 'candidate')
+    const candidate = this.candidatesByKey.get(key)
+    this.candidatesByKey.delete(key)
+    const candidateState = candidate ? this.states.get(candidate.ptyId) : undefined
+    if (candidateState) {
+      candidateState.candidate = null
+      candidateState.finalizedCandidateKey = key
+    }
+  }
+
+  private recordFinalizedOverflow(
+    kind: 'run' | 'title-candidate',
+    hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind | undefined,
+    key: string
+  ): void {
+    if (kind === 'title-candidate' && hostKind) {
+      this.sink.addCoverage(hostKind, 'overflow')
+      const candidate = this.candidatesByKey.get(key)
+      this.candidatesByKey.delete(key)
+      const state = candidate ? this.states.get(candidate.ptyId) : undefined
+      if (state?.candidate?.key === key) {
+        state.candidate = null
+        state.finalizedCandidateKey = key
+      }
+      return
+    }
+    const run = this.runsByKey.get(key)
+    if (!run) {
+      return
+    }
+    for (const runHostKind of run.hostKinds) {
+      this.sink.addCoverage(runHostKind, 'overflow')
+    }
+    this.runsByKey.delete(key)
+    const state = this.states.get(run.ptyId)
+    if (state?.activeRun?.key === key) {
+      state.activeRun = null
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-model.ts b/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a227d46ebbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/runtime/pane-agent-identity-observation-model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import type { PtyIncarnationId } from '../../shared/pty-incarnation'
+import type { TuiAgent } from '../../shared/tui-agent'
+import type {
+  PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceFact,
+  PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+import type {
+  PaneAgentEvidenceSource,
+  PaneAgentRunKey
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-resolver'
+
+export type ActiveRun = {
+  key: string
+  ptyId: string
+  run: PaneAgentRunKey
+  launchMode: PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode
+  owner: TuiAgent
+  hostKinds: readonly PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[]
+  factsByHostKind: Map<PaneAgentIdentityHostKind, PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceFact[]>
+}
+
+export type Candidate = {
+  key: string
+  ptyId: string
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind
+}
+
+export type PtyObservationState = {
+  incarnationId: PtyIncarnationId | null
+  ordinal: number
+  lastAttestationId: string | null
+  activeRun: ActiveRun | null
+  finalizedRunKey: string | null
+  candidate: Candidate | null
+  finalizedCandidateKey: string | null
+}
+
+export type EvidenceObservation =
+  | {
+      source: 'process'
+      agent: TuiAgent
+      processProvenance: 'execution-host' | 'distro-origin' | 'target-origin'
+    }
+  | {
+      source: Exclude<
+        PaneAgentEvidenceSource,
+        'launch' | 'sleeping-session' | 'sibling' | 'process'
+      >
+      agent: TuiAgent
+      processProvenance?: never
+    }
+
+export const uniqueHostKinds = (
+  hostKinds: readonly PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[]
+): PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[] => [...new Set(hostKinds)]
+
+export function appendEvidenceToActiveRun(
+  activeRun: ActiveRun,
+  evidence: EvidenceObservation
+): boolean {
+  for (const hostKind of activeRun.hostKinds) {
+    if (!evidenceBelongsToHost(hostKind, evidence)) {
+      continue
+    }
+    const facts = activeRun.factsByHostKind.get(hostKind)
+    if (!facts) {
+      continue
+    }
+    const fact: PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceFact =
+      evidence.source === 'process'
+        ? {
+            source: evidence.source,
+            agent: evidence.agent,
+            run: activeRun.run,
+            executionHostProvenance: evidence.processProvenance
+          }
+        : { source: evidence.source, agent: evidence.agent, run: activeRun.run }
+    if (
+      !facts.some((existing) => existing.source === fact.source && existing.agent === fact.agent)
+    ) {
+      facts.push(fact)
+    }
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+export function titleHostKind(
+  hostKinds: readonly PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[]
+): PaneAgentIdentityHostKind {
+  if (hostKinds.includes('ssh')) {
+    return 'ssh'
+  }
+  if (hostKinds.includes('wsl-distro')) {
+    return 'wsl-distro'
+  }
+  if (hostKinds.includes('relay')) {
+    return 'relay'
+  }
+  return 'native'
+}
+
+function evidenceBelongsToHost(
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  evidence: EvidenceObservation
+): boolean {
+  if (hostKind === 'wsl-host') {
+    return false
+  }
+  if (evidence.source !== 'process') {
+    return true
+  }
+  return (
+    (hostKind === 'native' && evidence.processProvenance === 'execution-host') ||
+    (hostKind === 'wsl-distro' && evidence.processProvenance === 'distro-origin') ||
+    (hostKind === 'ssh' && evidence.processProvenance === 'target-origin') ||
+    hostKind === 'relay'
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/terminal-send-stale-leaf-liveness.test.ts b/src/main/runtime/terminal-send-stale-leaf-liveness.test.ts
index 5aa570a92d3..171e1682c20 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/terminal-send-stale-leaf-liveness.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/terminal-send-stale-leaf-liveness.test.ts
@@ -177,6 +177,27 @@ describe('sendTerminal absence gate for leaf-branch writes', () => {
     expect(write).toHaveBeenCalledWith(STALE_PTY_ID, 'ping')
   })
 
+  it('observes a recognized terminal.send command only after its accepted provider write', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    try {
+      const { runtime, handle } = await makeRuntimeWithLeafHandle({
+        hasPty: (ptyId) => ptyId === STALE_PTY_ID
+      })
+
+      const send = runtime.sendTerminal(handle, { text: 'codex', enter: true })
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(500)
+      await send
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+      expect((await runtime.listTerminals()).agentIdentityAvailability?.rows).toEqual([
+        ['native', 'typed', 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+      ])
+      runtime.shutdownPaneAgentIdentityCensus(false)
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+
   it('reuses a proven-absent verdict across repeated sends instead of re-probing', async () => {
     const probe = vi.fn(async () => false)
     const { runtime, handle } = await makeRuntimeWithLeafHandle({ probePtyLiveness: probe })
diff --git a/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census-composition.test.ts b/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census-composition.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..868ab2f2236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census-composition.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { resolve } from 'node:path'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { PaneAgentIdentityAuthoritySnapshot } from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-availability'
+import type {
+  PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+import { track } from './client'
+import {
+  createDesktopPaneAgentIdentityCensus,
+  createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus
+} from './pane-agent-identity-census-composition'
+
+vi.mock('./client', () => ({ track: vi.fn() }))
+
+describe('pane identity census composition', () => {
+  it('constructs the desktop census as a telemetry emitter', () => {
+    const census = createDesktopPaneAgentIdentityCensus()
+    census.record({
+      hostKind: 'native',
+      launchMode: 'typed',
+      sourceMask: 4,
+      identityNull: false,
+      ambiguousTopRank: false
+    })
+    census.flush()
+
+    expect(track).toHaveBeenCalledWith('pane_agent_identity_availability', {
+      rows: [expect.objectContaining({ kind: 'aggregate', host_kind: 'native' })]
+    })
+    census.shutdown()
+  })
+
+  it('constructs the headless census as one snapshot-only relay authority', () => {
+    vi.mocked(track).mockClear()
+    const census = createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus()
+    census.record({
+      hostKind: 'wsl-distro',
+      launchMode: 'resume',
+      sourceMask: 20,
+      identityNull: false,
+      ambiguousTopRank: false
+    })
+    census.flush()
+
+    expect(census.snapshot().rows).toEqual([['relay', 'resume', 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
+    expect(track).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    census.shutdown()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the maximum authority snapshot below the terminal-list wire budget', () => {
+    const snapshot = new PaneAgentIdentityAuthoritySnapshot('e'.repeat(128))
+    const hostKinds: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[] = [
+      'native',
+      'wsl-host',
+      'wsl-distro',
+      'ssh',
+      'relay'
+    ]
+    const launchModes: PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode[] = ['typed', 'orca-launch', 'resume']
+    for (const hostKind of hostKinds) {
+      for (const launchMode of launchModes) {
+        snapshot.record({
+          hostKind,
+          launchMode,
+          sourceMask: 64,
+          identityNull: true,
+          ambiguousTopRank: true
+        })
+      }
+      snapshot.recordCandidateCoverage(hostKind)
+    }
+
+    expect(Buffer.byteLength(JSON.stringify(snapshot.snapshot()), 'utf8')).toBeLessThan(2_048)
+  })
+
+  it('installs the census and primary hook facts in both production entry points', () => {
+    const desktop = readFileSync(resolve(process.cwd(), 'src/main/index.ts'), 'utf8')
+    const headless = readFileSync(resolve(process.cwd(), 'src/main/orcad/orcad-entry.ts'), 'utf8')
+
+    expect(desktop).toContain(
+      'const paneAgentIdentityCensus = isServeMode\n    ? createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus()\n    : createDesktopPaneAgentIdentityCensus()'
+    )
+    expect(headless).toContain(
+      'const paneAgentIdentityCensus = createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus()'
+    )
+    for (const source of [desktop, headless]) {
+      expect(source).toMatch(
+        /new OrcaRuntimeService\([\s\S]*?\{[\s\S]*?paneAgentIdentityCensus[,\s]/
+      )
+    }
+    expect(desktop).toContain('runtime?.observeAgentHookStatus(enriched)')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census-composition.ts b/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census-composition.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..553db19baa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census-composition.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { PaneAgentIdentityCensus } from './pane-agent-identity-census'
+
+export function createDesktopPaneAgentIdentityCensus(): PaneAgentIdentityCensus {
+  return new PaneAgentIdentityCensus()
+}
+
+export function createHeadlessPaneAgentIdentityCensus(): PaneAgentIdentityCensus {
+  return new PaneAgentIdentityCensus({ emit: null, snapshotHostKind: 'relay' })
+}
diff --git a/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census.test.ts b/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8b6a2642869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { PaneAgentIdentityCensus } from './pane-agent-identity-census'
+
+describe('PaneAgentIdentityCensus', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('schedules relay-only deltas and preserves relay coverage host attribution', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const emit = vi.fn()
+    const census = new PaneAgentIdentityCensus(emit)
+    const row = ['relay', 'typed', 1, 0, 0, 0, 0] as const
+
+    census.ingestRelaySnapshot('env', { epoch: 'e', revision: 1, rows: [row] })
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(300_000)
+    expect(emit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(emit).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          kind: 'coverage',
+          host_kind: 'relay',
+          reason: 'baseline',
+          count: 1
+        })
+      ])
+    )
+    emit.mockClear()
+
+    census.ingestRelaySnapshot('env', {
+      epoch: 'e',
+      revision: 2,
+      rows: [['relay', 'typed', 2, 0, 0, 0, 0]],
+      candidateCoverage: [['relay', 2]]
+    })
+    expect(emit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(census.snapshot().candidateCoverage).toBeUndefined()
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(300_000)
+
+    expect(emit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(emit).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          kind: 'aggregate',
+          host_kind: 'relay',
+          attested_runs: 1
+        }),
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          kind: 'coverage',
+          host_kind: 'relay',
+          reason: 'snapshot',
+          count: 1
+        }),
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          kind: 'coverage',
+          host_kind: 'relay',
+          reason: 'candidate',
+          count: 2
+        })
+      ])
+    )
+    census.shutdown()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census.ts b/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..504aad364d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/telemetry/pane-agent-identity-census.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import {
+  aggregatePaneAgentIdentityAvailability,
+  emptyPaneAgentIdentityAggregate,
+  PaneAgentIdentityRelaySnapshotMerger,
+  PaneAgentIdentityAuthoritySnapshot,
+  PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_BATCH_ROWS,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityAggregate,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-availability'
+import type {
+  PaneAgentIdentityAvailability,
+  PaneAgentIdentityHostKind
+} from '../../shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+import { track } from './client'
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
+
+type CoverageReason =
+  | 'snapshot'
+  | 'baseline'
+  | 'epoch_changed'
+  | 'counter_regressed'
+  | 'capacity'
+  | 'candidate'
+  | 'overflow'
+  | 'truncated'
+type AggregateRow = {
+  kind: 'aggregate'
+  host_kind: PaneAgentIdentityAggregate['hostKind']
+  launch_mode: PaneAgentIdentityAggregate['launchMode']
+  attested_runs: number
+  no_evidence: number
+  title_only: number
+  identity_null: number
+  ambiguous_top_rank: number
+}
+type CoverageRow = {
+  kind: 'coverage'
+  host_kind: PaneAgentIdentityAggregate['hostKind']
+  reason: CoverageReason
+  count: number
+}
+type TelemetryRow = AggregateRow | CoverageRow
+type TelemetryEmitter = (rows: readonly TelemetryRow[]) => void
+type PaneAgentIdentityCensusOptions = {
+  emit: TelemetryEmitter | null
+  snapshotHostKind?: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind
+  epoch?: string
+}
+
+const keyOf = (hostKind: string, launchMode: string): string => `${hostKind}:${launchMode}`
+
+export class PaneAgentIdentityCensus {
+  private readonly aggregate = new Map<string, PaneAgentIdentityAggregate>()
+  private readonly relay = new PaneAgentIdentityRelaySnapshotMerger()
+  private readonly coverage = new Map<string, CoverageRow>()
+  private timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
+  private closed = false
+  private readonly emit: TelemetryEmitter | null
+  private readonly snapshotHostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind | undefined
+  private readonly authoritySnapshot: PaneAgentIdentityAuthoritySnapshot
+
+  constructor(input: TelemetryEmitter | PaneAgentIdentityCensusOptions = defaultOptions()) {
+    const options = typeof input === 'function' ? { emit: input } : input
+    this.emit = options.emit
+    this.snapshotHostKind = options.snapshotHostKind
+    this.authoritySnapshot = new PaneAgentIdentityAuthoritySnapshot(options.epoch ?? randomUUID())
+  }
+
+  record(row: PaneAgentIdentityAvailability): void {
+    if (this.closed) {
+      return
+    }
+    const normalized = this.normalizeObservation(row)
+    this.authoritySnapshot.record(normalized)
+    if (!this.emit) {
+      return
+    }
+    const key = keyOf(normalized.hostKind, normalized.launchMode)
+    this.aggregate.set(
+      key,
+      aggregatePaneAgentIdentityAvailability(
+        normalized,
+        this.aggregate.get(key) ??
+          emptyPaneAgentIdentityAggregate(normalized.hostKind, normalized.launchMode)
+      )
+    )
+    this.scheduleFlush()
+  }
+
+  ingestRelaySnapshot(
+    environmentKey: string,
+    snapshot: PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot | undefined
+  ): void {
+    if (this.closed) {
+      return
+    }
+    const result = this.relay.merge(environmentKey, snapshot)
+    if (result.kind !== 'unavailable') {
+      this.addCoverage('relay', 'snapshot')
+    }
+    if (result.kind === 'delta') {
+      for (const row of result.rows) {
+        // Apply cumulative deltas without reclassifying every run.
+        const key = keyOf(row.hostKind, row.launchMode)
+        const previous =
+          this.aggregate.get(key) ?? emptyPaneAgentIdentityAggregate(row.hostKind, row.launchMode)
+        this.aggregate.set(key, {
+          ...previous,
+          attestedRuns: Math.min(1_000_000_000, previous.attestedRuns + row.attestedRuns),
+          noEvidence: Math.min(1_000_000_000, previous.noEvidence + row.noEvidence),
+          titleOnly: Math.min(1_000_000_000, previous.titleOnly + row.titleOnly),
+          identityNull: Math.min(1_000_000_000, previous.identityNull + row.identityNull),
+          ambiguousTopRank: Math.min(
+            1_000_000_000,
+            previous.ambiguousTopRank + row.ambiguousTopRank
+          )
+        })
+      }
+      for (const candidate of result.candidateCoverage) {
+        this.addTelemetryCoverage(candidate.hostKind, 'candidate', candidate.exposures)
+      }
+    } else if (result.kind === 'baseline') {
+      this.addCoverage('relay', 'baseline')
+    } else if (result.kind === 'failed-closed') {
+      this.addCoverage(
+        'relay',
+        result.reason === 'capacity'
+          ? 'capacity'
+          : result.reason === 'counter-regressed'
+            ? 'counter_regressed'
+            : 'epoch_changed'
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  addCoverage(
+    hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityAggregate['hostKind'],
+    reason: CoverageReason,
+    amount = 1
+  ): void {
+    if (this.closed) {
+      return
+    }
+    const normalizedHostKind = this.snapshotHostKind ?? hostKind
+    if (reason === 'candidate') {
+      this.authoritySnapshot.recordCandidateCoverage(normalizedHostKind, amount)
+    }
+    this.addTelemetryCoverage(normalizedHostKind, reason, amount)
+  }
+
+  private addTelemetryCoverage(
+    hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityAggregate['hostKind'],
+    reason: CoverageReason,
+    amount: number
+  ): void {
+    if (!this.emit) {
+      return
+    }
+    const key = `${hostKind}:${reason}`
+    const previous = this.coverage.get(key)
+    this.coverage.set(key, {
+      kind: 'coverage',
+      host_kind: hostKind,
+      reason,
+      count: Math.min(1_000_000_000, (previous?.count ?? 0) + Math.max(0, Math.floor(amount)))
+    })
+    this.scheduleFlush()
+  }
+
+  scheduleFlush(delayMs = 300_000): void {
+    if (this.closed || !this.emit || this.timer) {
+      return
+    }
+    this.timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      this.timer = undefined
+      this.flush()
+    }, delayMs)
+    this.timer.unref?.()
+  }
+
+  flush(): void {
+    if (this.closed) {
+      return
+    }
+    const rows: TelemetryRow[] = [...this.aggregate.values()].map((row) => ({
+      kind: 'aggregate',
+      host_kind: row.hostKind,
+      launch_mode: row.launchMode,
+      attested_runs: row.attestedRuns,
+      no_evidence: row.noEvidence,
+      title_only: row.titleOnly,
+      identity_null: row.identityNull,
+      ambiguous_top_rank: row.ambiguousTopRank
+    }))
+    for (const coverage of this.coverage.values()) {
+      rows.push(coverage)
+    }
+    if (rows.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+    for (let offset = 0; offset < rows.length; offset += PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_BATCH_ROWS) {
+      this.emit?.(rows.slice(offset, offset + PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_BATCH_ROWS))
+    }
+    this.aggregate.clear()
+    this.coverage.clear()
+  }
+
+  shutdown(): void {
+    this.closed = true
+    if (this.timer) {
+      clearTimeout(this.timer)
+    }
+    this.timer = undefined
+    this.aggregate.clear()
+    this.coverage.clear()
+    this.relay.clear()
+  }
+
+  snapshot(): PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot {
+    return this.authoritySnapshot.snapshot()
+  }
+
+  hostKindsForObservation(
+    hostKinds: readonly PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[]
+  ): readonly PaneAgentIdentityHostKind[] {
+    return this.snapshotHostKind ? [this.snapshotHostKind] : hostKinds
+  }
+
+  private normalizeObservation(row: PaneAgentIdentityAvailability): PaneAgentIdentityAvailability {
+    return this.snapshotHostKind ? { ...row, hostKind: this.snapshotHostKind } : row
+  }
+}
+
+function defaultOptions(): PaneAgentIdentityCensusOptions {
+  return {
+    emit: (rows) => track('pane_agent_identity_availability', { rows: [...rows] })
+  }
+}
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityTelemetryRow = TelemetryRow
diff --git a/src/preload/index.ts b/src/preload/index.ts
index d36b385d10a..93edd52c13c 100644
--- a/src/preload/index.ts
+++ b/src/preload/index.ts
@@ -326,7 +326,10 @@ import type {
   LocalLogTailReadResult,
   LocalLogTailWatchArgs
 } from '../shared/local-log-tail-types'
-import { subscribeRuntimeEnvironmentFromPreload } from './runtime-environment-subscriptions'
+import {
+  observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse,
+  subscribeRuntimeEnvironmentFromPreload
+} from './runtime-environment-subscriptions'
 import type { RuntimeEnvironmentSubscriptionHandle } from './runtime-environment-subscriptions'
 import type { HostedReviewForBranchArgs } from '../shared/hosted-review'
 import type { ReadClipboardTextOptions } from '../shared/clipboard-text'
@@ -4700,14 +4703,20 @@ const api = {
       ipcRenderer.invoke('runtimeEnvironments:prepareBrowserClientHostPlacement', args),
     retryConnectionsNow: (): Promise<void> =>
       ipcRenderer.invoke('runtimeEnvironments:retryConnectionsNow'),
-    call: (args: {
+    call: async (args: {
       selector: string
       method: string
       params?: unknown
       timeoutMs?: number
       expectedEnvironmentPairingRevision?: number
-    }): Promise<RuntimeRpcResponse<unknown>> =>
-      ipcRenderer.invoke('runtimeEnvironments:call', args),
+    }): Promise<RuntimeRpcResponse<unknown>> => {
+      const response = (await ipcRenderer.invoke(
+        'runtimeEnvironments:call',
+        args
+      )) as RuntimeRpcResponse<unknown>
+      observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse(ipcRenderer, args, response)
+      return response
+    },
     subscribe: async (
       args: {
         selector: string
diff --git a/src/preload/runtime-environment-subscriptions.test.ts b/src/preload/runtime-environment-subscriptions.test.ts
index 585b0f75fa9..eb595344398 100644
--- a/src/preload/runtime-environment-subscriptions.test.ts
+++ b/src/preload/runtime-environment-subscriptions.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
-import { subscribeRuntimeEnvironmentFromPreload } from './runtime-environment-subscriptions'
+import {
+  observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse,
+  subscribeRuntimeEnvironmentFromPreload
+} from './runtime-environment-subscriptions'
 
 function deferred<T>(): {
   promise: Promise<T>
@@ -55,6 +58,96 @@ function dispatch(ipc: ReturnType<typeof createIpc>, event: SubscriptionEvent):
 }
 
 describe('subscribeRuntimeEnvironmentFromPreload', () => {
+  it('observes one-shot terminal lists at the preload boundary and skips old peers', () => {
+    const ipc = createIpc()
+    const snapshot = { epoch: 'epoch', revision: 1, rows: [] }
+
+    observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse(
+      ipc,
+      { selector: 'desk', method: 'terminal.list' },
+      {
+        id: 'rpc-list',
+        ok: true,
+        result: { terminals: [], agentIdentityAvailability: snapshot },
+        _meta: { runtimeId: 'rt' }
+      }
+    )
+
+    expect(ipc.invoke).toHaveBeenCalledWith('telemetry:ingestPaneAgentIdentityAvailability', {
+      environmentKey: 'desk',
+      snapshot
+    })
+
+    ipc.invoke.mockClear()
+    observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse(
+      ipc,
+      { selector: 'desk', method: 'terminal.list' },
+      {
+        id: 'rpc-old-peer',
+        ok: true,
+        result: { terminals: [] },
+        _meta: { runtimeId: 'rt' }
+      }
+    )
+    observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse(
+      ipc,
+      { selector: 'desk', method: 'terminal.show' },
+      {
+        id: 'rpc-other',
+        ok: true,
+        result: { agentIdentityAvailability: snapshot },
+        _meta: { runtimeId: 'rt' }
+      }
+    )
+    observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse(
+      ipc,
+      { selector: 'desk', method: 'terminal.list' },
+      {
+        id: 'rpc-private-extra',
+        ok: true,
+        result: { agentIdentityAvailability: { ...snapshot, rawTitle: 'private' } },
+        _meta: { runtimeId: 'rt' }
+      }
+    )
+    expect(ipc.invoke).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('observes each successful terminal-list subscription response once', async () => {
+    const ipc = createIpc()
+    ipc.invoke.mockImplementation((channel: string) =>
+      channel === 'runtimeEnvironments:subscribe'
+        ? Promise.resolve({ subscriptionId: 'sub-list', requestId: 'rpc-list' })
+        : (Promise.resolve({}) as Promise<unknown>)
+    )
+    const onResponse = vi.fn()
+    const cleanup = await subscribeRuntimeEnvironmentFromPreload(
+      ipc,
+      { selector: 'desk', method: 'terminal.list' },
+      { onResponse },
+      () => 'sub-list'
+    )
+    const snapshot = { epoch: 'epoch', revision: 1, rows: [] }
+
+    dispatch(ipc, {
+      subscriptionId: 'sub-list',
+      type: 'response',
+      response: {
+        id: 'rpc-list',
+        ok: true,
+        result: { terminals: [], agentIdentityAvailability: snapshot },
+        _meta: { runtimeId: 'rt' }
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(onResponse).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(ipc.invoke).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(ipc.invoke).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('telemetry:ingestPaneAgentIdentityAvailability', {
+      environmentKey: 'desk',
+      snapshot
+    })
+    cleanup.unsubscribe()
+  })
+
   it('registers the subscription event listener before invoking main', async () => {
     const subscription = deferred<{ subscriptionId: string; requestId: string }>()
     const ipc = createIpc()
diff --git a/src/preload/runtime-environment-subscriptions.ts b/src/preload/runtime-environment-subscriptions.ts
index f9d46b467aa..bc7bd5278f5 100644
--- a/src/preload/runtime-environment-subscriptions.ts
+++ b/src/preload/runtime-environment-subscriptions.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { RuntimeRpcResponse } from '../shared/runtime-rpc-envelope'
+import { isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot } from '../shared/pane-agent-identity-availability-validator'
 
 type RuntimeEnvironmentSubscribeArgs = {
   selector: string
@@ -38,6 +39,8 @@ type RuntimeEnvironmentSubscriptionIpc = {
   ) => void
 }
 
+type RuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListObserverIpc = Pick<RuntimeEnvironmentSubscriptionIpc, 'invoke'>
+
 const SUBSCRIPTION_EVENT_CHANNEL = 'runtimeEnvironments:subscriptionEvent'
 
 // Why: each subscribe() previously attached its own channel listener that the
@@ -55,6 +58,28 @@ const subscriptionDispatchers = new WeakMap<
   RuntimeEnvironmentSubscriptionDispatcher
 >()
 
+export function observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse(
+  ipc: RuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListObserverIpc,
+  args: Pick<RuntimeEnvironmentSubscribeArgs, 'selector' | 'method'>,
+  response: RuntimeRpcResponse<unknown>
+): void {
+  if (args.method !== 'terminal.list' || !response.ok || !response.result) {
+    return
+  }
+  if (typeof response.result !== 'object') {
+    return
+  }
+  const snapshot = (response.result as { agentIdentityAvailability?: unknown })
+    .agentIdentityAvailability
+  if (snapshot === undefined || !isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot(snapshot)) {
+    return
+  }
+  void ipc.invoke('telemetry:ingestPaneAgentIdentityAvailability', {
+    environmentKey: args.selector,
+    snapshot
+  })
+}
+
 function releaseIdleDispatcher(
   ipc: RuntimeEnvironmentSubscriptionIpc,
   callbacks: Map<string, RuntimeEnvironmentSubscriptionCallbacks>,
@@ -132,7 +157,17 @@ export async function subscribeRuntimeEnvironmentFromPreload(
   // Why: streaming RPCs can emit their first frame before ipcMain.handle()
   // resolves, so the dispatcher must be routing this id before invoking.
   const dispatcher = getOrCreateDispatcher(ipc)
-  dispatcher.callbacks.set(subscriptionId, callbacks)
+  const observedCallbacks =
+    args.method === 'terminal.list'
+      ? {
+          ...callbacks,
+          onResponse: (response: RuntimeRpcResponse<unknown>): void => {
+            observeRuntimeEnvironmentTerminalListResponse(ipc, args, response)
+            callbacks.onResponse(response)
+          }
+        }
+      : callbacks
+  dispatcher.callbacks.set(subscriptionId, observedCallbacks)
   const releaseCurrentSubscription = (): void => {
     releaseSubscription(ipc, dispatcher, subscriptionId)
   }
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/command-inferred-pane-agent.ts b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/command-inferred-pane-agent.ts
index 8ed19498c36..6a3691a85ff 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/command-inferred-pane-agent.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/command-inferred-pane-agent.ts
@@ -9,12 +9,10 @@ import { registerAgentHookTerminalLifecycleHandler } from '../agent-hook-termina
 import type { AgentCompletionStatusSnapshot } from '../agent-completion-coordinator-types'
 import { resolveCompatibleAgentTypeForOwner } from '../../../../../shared/agent-title-owner'
 import { resolveCommittedTitleAgentType } from '@/lib/pane-agent-evidence'
-import { recognizeAgentProcessFromCommandLine } from '../../../../../shared/agent-process-recognition'
+import { ManualAgentCommandTracker } from '../../../../../shared/manual-agent-command-tracker'
 import type { TuiAgent } from '../../../../../shared/tui-agent'
 import { isTuiAgent } from '../../../../../shared/tui-agent-config'
 
-import { MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS } from './pty-connect-limits'
-
 import type { ConnectPanePtySession } from './connect-pane-pty-session'
 
 export function installCommandInferredPaneAgent(session: ConnectPanePtySession): void {
@@ -22,22 +20,17 @@ export function installCommandInferredPaneAgent(session: ConnectPanePtySession):
   // shadowing the shell's current command line, for generic terminals where no
   // launch metadata exists. Consumed by getAuthoritativePaneAgent below.
   session.commandInferredPaneAgent = null
-  session.pendingShellCommandLine = ''
-  session.pendingShellCommandCursor = 0
+  session.manualAgentCommandTracker = new ManualAgentCommandTracker()
   session.commandInferredPaneAgentGeneration = 0
-  session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd = false
   session.startAcceptedInferredCommand = (_agent: TuiAgent): void => {}
   session.requestKnownWindowsShiftEnterReconfirmation = (): void => {}
   session.resetPendingShellCommandLine = (): void => {
-    session.pendingShellCommandLine = ''
-    session.pendingShellCommandCursor = 0
+    session.manualAgentCommandTracker.reset()
   }
-  session.rememberCommandInferredPaneAgent = (): void => {
-    const commandLine = session.pendingShellCommandLine.trim()
-    session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
-    const candidateAgent = commandLine
-      ? (recognizeAgentProcessFromCommandLine(commandLine)?.agent ?? null)
-      : null
+  session.cancelSuspendedShellCommandInference = (): void => {
+    session.manualAgentCommandTracker.cancelSuspendedInference()
+  }
+  session.rememberCommandInferredPaneAgent = (candidateAgent: TuiAgent): void => {
     const state = useAppStore.getState()
     const registeredLaunchAgent =
       state.agentLaunchConfigByPaneKey[session.cacheKey]?.identity.agentType
@@ -69,93 +62,6 @@ export function installCommandInferredPaneAgent(session: ConnectPanePtySession):
       }, 0)
     })
   }
-  session.appendPendingShellCommandInput = (text: string): void => {
-    const available = MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS - session.pendingShellCommandLine.length
-    if (available <= 0) {
-      session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd = true
-      return
-    }
-    const inserted = text.slice(0, available)
-    session.pendingShellCommandLine =
-      session.pendingShellCommandLine.slice(0, session.pendingShellCommandCursor) +
-      inserted +
-      session.pendingShellCommandLine.slice(session.pendingShellCommandCursor)
-    session.pendingShellCommandCursor += inserted.length
-    if (inserted.length < text.length) {
-      session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd = true
-    }
-  }
-  session.deletePendingShellCommandWord = (): void => {
-    const beforeCursor = session.pendingShellCommandLine.slice(0, session.pendingShellCommandCursor)
-    const afterCursor = session.pendingShellCommandLine.slice(session.pendingShellCommandCursor)
-    const nextBeforeCursor = beforeCursor.replace(/[^\S\r\n]*\S+[^\S\r\n]*$/, '')
-    session.pendingShellCommandLine = nextBeforeCursor + afterCursor
-    session.pendingShellCommandCursor = nextBeforeCursor.length
-  }
-  session.cancelSuspendedShellCommandInference = (): void => {
-    if (!session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd) {
-      return
-    }
-    session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd = false
-    session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
-  }
-  session.deletePendingShellCommandCharacter = (): void => {
-    if (session.pendingShellCommandCursor === 0) {
-      return
-    }
-    session.pendingShellCommandLine =
-      session.pendingShellCommandLine.slice(0, session.pendingShellCommandCursor - 1) +
-      session.pendingShellCommandLine.slice(session.pendingShellCommandCursor)
-    session.pendingShellCommandCursor -= 1
-  }
-  session.deletePendingShellCommandCharacterAtCursor = (): void => {
-    if (session.pendingShellCommandCursor >= session.pendingShellCommandLine.length) {
-      return
-    }
-    session.pendingShellCommandLine =
-      session.pendingShellCommandLine.slice(0, session.pendingShellCommandCursor) +
-      session.pendingShellCommandLine.slice(session.pendingShellCommandCursor + 1)
-  }
-  session.movePendingShellCommandCursor = (delta: number): void => {
-    session.pendingShellCommandCursor = Math.min(
-      session.pendingShellCommandLine.length,
-      Math.max(0, session.pendingShellCommandCursor + delta)
-    )
-  }
-  session.consumeShellCommandCsiSequence = (data: string, index: number): number | null => {
-    if (data.charCodeAt(index) !== 0x1b || data[index + 1] !== '[') {
-      return null
-    }
-    let cursor = index + 2
-    while (cursor < data.length && /[0-9;?]/.test(data[cursor]!)) {
-      cursor += 1
-    }
-    const final = data[cursor]
-    if (!final || !/[~A-Za-z]/.test(final)) {
-      return null
-    }
-    const params = data.slice(index + 2, cursor)
-    // Why: only emulate a bare one-column move. Parameterized/modified cursor keys
-    // (e.g. Ctrl+Left `\x1b[1;5D` = word-jump) move the real cursor by more than
-    // one, so tracking them as ±1 would desync the shadow line — fall through to
-    // reset instead of silently corrupting the sampled command.
-    if (final === 'D' && params === '') {
-      session.movePendingShellCommandCursor(-1)
-    } else if (final === 'C' && params === '') {
-      session.movePendingShellCommandCursor(1)
-    } else if (final === 'H' || (final === '~' && params === '1')) {
-      session.pendingShellCommandCursor = 0
-    } else if (final === 'F' || (final === '~' && params === '4')) {
-      session.pendingShellCommandCursor = session.pendingShellCommandLine.length
-    } else if (final === '~' && params === '3') {
-      session.deletePendingShellCommandCharacterAtCursor()
-    } else if (final === '~' && (params === '200' || params === '201')) {
-      // Bracketed paste wrappers are terminal framing, not shell command text.
-    } else {
-      session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
-    }
-    return cursor + 1
-  }
   session.getLivePaneAgentTitle = (): string | null => {
     const state = useAppStore.getState()
     const runtimeTitle = state.runtimePaneTitlesByTabId?.[session.deps.tabId]?.[session.pane.id]
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/shell-command-inference.ts b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/shell-command-inference.ts
index 83cc0a0301b..5f44df005a5 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/shell-command-inference.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/shell-command-inference.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import type { AgentType } from '../../../../../shared/agent-status-types'
 import { AGENT_INTERRUPT_SETTLE_MS } from '../../../../../shared/agent-interrupt-intent'
 import { resolvePaneAgentOwner } from '../../../../../shared/pane-agent-owner'
 
-import { MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS } from './pty-connect-limits'
 import {
   CURSOR_AGENT_REATTACH_HEADER,
   terminalOwnsDomFocus,
@@ -34,62 +33,10 @@ export function installShellCommandInference(session: ConnectPanePtySession): vo
       session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
       return
     }
-    if (session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd) {
-      if (data.includes('\x03') || data.includes('\x15')) {
-        session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd = false
-        session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
-      }
-      if (data.includes('\r') || data.includes('\n')) {
-        session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd = false
-      }
-      return
-    }
-    if (data.length > MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS) {
-      session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
-      session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd =
-        !data.includes('\r') && !data.includes('\n')
-      return
-    }
-    for (let index = 0; index < data.length; index += 1) {
-      const char = data[index]!
-      if (char === '\r' || char === '\n') {
-        session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd = false
-        session.rememberCommandInferredPaneAgent()
-        if (session.commandInferredPaneAgent) {
-          return
-        }
-        continue
-      }
-      if (char === '\x7f' || char === '\b') {
-        session.deletePendingShellCommandCharacter()
-        continue
-      }
-      if (char === '\x17') {
-        session.deletePendingShellCommandWord()
-        continue
-      }
-      if (char === '\x03' || char === '\x15') {
-        session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
-        continue
-      }
-      if (char === '\x1b') {
-        const nextIndex = session.consumeShellCommandCsiSequence(data, index)
-        if (nextIndex !== null) {
-          index = nextIndex - 1
-          continue
-        }
-        session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
-        continue
-      }
-      if (char < ' ') {
-        session.resetPendingShellCommandLine()
-        continue
-      }
-      if (char >= ' ') {
-        session.appendPendingShellCommandInput(char)
-        if (session.shellCommandInferenceSuspendedUntilCommandEnd) {
-          return
-        }
+    for (const candidate of session.manualAgentCommandTracker.ingest(data)) {
+      session.rememberCommandInferredPaneAgent(candidate)
+      if (session.commandInferredPaneAgent) {
+        return
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/shared/manual-agent-command-tracker.ts b/src/shared/manual-agent-command-tracker.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..217cc0b1397
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/manual-agent-command-tracker.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import { recognizeAgentProcessFromCommandLine } from './agent-process-recognition'
+import type { TuiAgent } from './tui-agent'
+
+export const MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS = 4_096
+
+/** Bounded shell-line shadow used by both UI ownership inference and execution authorities. */
+export class ManualAgentCommandTracker {
+  private line = ''
+  private cursor = 0
+  private suspended = false
+  private acceptedCount = 0
+
+  ingest(data: string): TuiAgent[] {
+    const accepted: TuiAgent[] = []
+    if (this.suspended) {
+      if (data.includes('\x03') || data.includes('\x15')) {
+        this.reset()
+      } else if (data.includes('\r') || data.includes('\n')) {
+        this.suspended = false
+      }
+      return accepted
+    }
+    if (data.length > MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS) {
+      this.reset()
+      this.suspended = !data.includes('\r') && !data.includes('\n')
+      return accepted
+    }
+    for (let index = 0; index < data.length; index += 1) {
+      const char = data[index]!
+      if (char === '\r' || char === '\n') {
+        if (!this.suspended) {
+          const recognized = recognizeAgentProcessFromCommandLine(this.line.trim())
+          if (recognized) {
+            accepted.push(recognized.agent)
+            this.acceptedCount += 1
+          }
+        }
+        this.reset()
+        continue
+      }
+      if (char === '\x7f' || char === '\b') {
+        this.backspace()
+        continue
+      }
+      if (char === '\x03' || char === '\x15') {
+        this.reset()
+        continue
+      }
+      if (char === '\x17') {
+        this.deleteWord()
+        continue
+      }
+      if (char === '\x1b' && data[index + 1] === '[') {
+        const nextIndex = this.consumeCsi(data, index)
+        if (nextIndex === null) {
+          this.reset()
+        } else {
+          index = nextIndex - 1
+        }
+        continue
+      }
+      if (char < ' ') {
+        this.reset()
+        continue
+      }
+      if (this.line.length >= MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS) {
+        this.suspended = true
+        return accepted
+      }
+      this.line = this.line.slice(0, this.cursor) + char + this.line.slice(this.cursor)
+      this.cursor += 1
+    }
+    return accepted
+  }
+
+  reset(): void {
+    this.line = ''
+    this.cursor = 0
+    this.suspended = false
+  }
+  cancelSuspendedInference(): void {
+    if (this.suspended) {
+      this.reset()
+    }
+  }
+  get acceptedCommandCount(): number {
+    return this.acceptedCount
+  }
+  private backspace(): void {
+    if (this.cursor > 0) {
+      this.line = this.line.slice(0, this.cursor - 1) + this.line.slice(this.cursor)
+      this.cursor -= 1
+    }
+  }
+  private deleteWord(): void {
+    const before = this.line.slice(0, this.cursor).replace(/[^\S\r\n]*\S+[^\S\r\n]*$/, '')
+    this.line = before + this.line.slice(this.cursor)
+    this.cursor = before.length
+  }
+  private consumeCsi(data: string, index: number): number | null {
+    let cursor = index + 2
+    while (cursor < data.length && /[0-9;?]/.test(data[cursor]!)) {
+      cursor += 1
+    }
+    const final = data[cursor]
+    if (!final || !/[~A-Za-z]/.test(final)) {
+      return null
+    }
+    const params = data.slice(index + 2, cursor)
+    if (final === 'D' && params === '') {
+      this.cursor = Math.max(0, this.cursor - 1)
+    } else if (final === 'C' && params === '') {
+      this.cursor = Math.min(this.line.length, this.cursor + 1)
+    } else if (final === 'H' || (final === '~' && params === '1')) {
+      this.cursor = 0
+    } else if (final === 'F' || (final === '~' && params === '4')) {
+      this.cursor = this.line.length
+    } else if (final === '~' && params === '3' && this.cursor < this.line.length) {
+      this.line = this.line.slice(0, this.cursor) + this.line.slice(this.cursor + 1)
+    } else if (final !== '~' || (params !== '200' && params !== '201')) {
+      this.reset()
+    }
+    return cursor + 1
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-availability-validator.ts b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-availability-validator.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..54a0f5f77fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-availability-validator.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import {
+  PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_COUNT,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot
+} from './pane-agent-identity-availability'
+
+export function isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot(
+  value: unknown
+): value is PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+  const candidate = value as Record<string, unknown>
+  const snapshotKeys = new Set(['epoch', 'revision', 'rows', 'candidateCoverage'])
+  if (Object.keys(candidate).some((key) => !snapshotKeys.has(key))) {
+    return false
+  }
+  if (
+    typeof candidate.epoch !== 'string' ||
+    candidate.epoch.length === 0 ||
+    candidate.epoch.length > 128
+  ) {
+    return false
+  }
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(candidate.revision) || (candidate.revision as number) < 0) {
+    return false
+  }
+  if (!Array.isArray(candidate.rows) || candidate.rows.length > 15) {
+    return false
+  }
+  const rowKeys = new Set<string>()
+  const rowsValid = candidate.rows.every((row) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(row) || row.length !== 7) {
+      return false
+    }
+    const [hostKind, launchMode, attestedRuns, ...counters] = row
+    if (
+      !['native', 'wsl-host', 'wsl-distro', 'ssh', 'relay'].includes(hostKind as string) ||
+      !['typed', 'orca-launch', 'resume'].includes(launchMode as string)
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    const key = `${hostKind as string}:${launchMode as string}`
+    if (rowKeys.has(key)) {
+      return false
+    }
+    rowKeys.add(key)
+    if (
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(attestedRuns) ||
+      (attestedRuns as number) < 1 ||
+      (attestedRuns as number) > PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_COUNT
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    return counters.every(
+      (count) =>
+        Number.isSafeInteger(count) &&
+        (count as number) >= 0 &&
+        (count as number) <= (attestedRuns as number)
+    )
+  })
+  if (!rowsValid) {
+    return false
+  }
+  if (candidate.candidateCoverage === undefined) {
+    return true
+  }
+  if (!Array.isArray(candidate.candidateCoverage) || candidate.candidateCoverage.length > 5) {
+    return false
+  }
+  const coverageHosts = new Set<string>()
+  return candidate.candidateCoverage.every((row) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(row) || row.length !== 2) {
+      return false
+    }
+    const [hostKind, exposures] = row
+    if (
+      !['native', 'wsl-host', 'wsl-distro', 'ssh', 'relay'].includes(hostKind as string) ||
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(exposures) ||
+      (exposures as number) < 1 ||
+      (exposures as number) > PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_COUNT ||
+      coverageHosts.has(hostKind as string)
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    coverageHosts.add(hostKind as string)
+    return true
+  })
+}
diff --git a/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-availability.ts b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-availability.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2f9f212c9af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-availability.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+import type {
+  PaneAgentIdentityAvailability,
+  PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode
+} from './pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+
+export const PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_COUNT = 1_000_000_000
+export const PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_BATCH_ROWS = 64
+export const PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_REMOTE_ENVIRONMENTS = 256
+export {
+  MAX_LIVE_FINALIZED_RUN_KEYS,
+  MAX_PENDING_IDENTITY_OBSERVATIONS,
+  PaneAgentIdentityObservationScheduler,
+  RUN_SETTLE_MS,
+  TITLE_CANDIDATE_WINDOW_MS,
+  type PaneAgentIdentityObservationSchedulerDeps
+} from './pane-agent-identity-observation-scheduler'
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityAggregate = {
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind
+  launchMode: PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode
+  attestedRuns: number
+  noEvidence: number
+  titleOnly: number
+  identityNull: number
+  ambiguousTopRank: number
+}
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityCandidateCoverage = {
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind
+  exposures: number
+}
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityAggregateWireRow = readonly [
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  launchMode: PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode,
+  attestedRuns: number,
+  noEvidence: number,
+  titleOnly: number,
+  identityNull: number,
+  ambiguousTopRank: number
+]
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityCandidateCoverageWireRow = readonly [
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  exposures: number
+]
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot = {
+  epoch: string
+  revision: number
+  /** Compact fixed tuples keep the cumulative field below the terminal-list wire budget. */
+  rows: readonly PaneAgentIdentityAggregateWireRow[]
+  candidateCoverage?: readonly PaneAgentIdentityCandidateCoverageWireRow[]
+}
+
+export function emptyPaneAgentIdentityAggregate(
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  launchMode: PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode
+): PaneAgentIdentityAggregate {
+  return {
+    hostKind,
+    launchMode,
+    attestedRuns: 0,
+    noEvidence: 0,
+    titleOnly: 0,
+    identityNull: 0,
+    ambiguousTopRank: 0
+  }
+}
+
+function addCount(value: number, amount: number): number {
+  return Math.min(PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_COUNT, value + Math.max(0, Math.floor(amount)))
+}
+
+export function aggregatePaneAgentIdentityAvailability(
+  row: PaneAgentIdentityAvailability,
+  aggregate = emptyPaneAgentIdentityAggregate(row.hostKind, row.launchMode)
+): PaneAgentIdentityAggregate {
+  const titleOnly = row.sourceMask === 64
+  return {
+    ...aggregate,
+    attestedRuns: addCount(aggregate.attestedRuns, 1),
+    noEvidence: addCount(aggregate.noEvidence, row.sourceMask === 0 ? 1 : 0),
+    titleOnly: addCount(aggregate.titleOnly, titleOnly ? 1 : 0),
+    identityNull: addCount(aggregate.identityNull, row.identityNull ? 1 : 0),
+    ambiguousTopRank: addCount(aggregate.ambiguousTopRank, row.ambiguousTopRank ? 1 : 0)
+  }
+}
+
+export type RelayMergeResult =
+  | { kind: 'baseline' }
+  | {
+      kind: 'delta'
+      rows: PaneAgentIdentityAggregate[]
+      candidateCoverage: PaneAgentIdentityCandidateCoverage[]
+    }
+  | { kind: 'stale' }
+  | {
+      kind: 'failed-closed'
+      reason: 'epoch-changed' | 'counter-regressed' | 'capacity'
+    }
+  | { kind: 'unavailable' }
+
+type RelayState = {
+  epoch: string
+  revision: number
+  rows: Map<string, PaneAgentIdentityAggregate>
+  candidates: Map<PaneAgentIdentityHostKind, number>
+  failedClosedReason: 'epoch-changed' | 'counter-regressed' | null
+}
+
+const rowKey = (row: PaneAgentIdentityAggregate): string => `${row.hostKind}:${row.launchMode}`
+const COUNTER_KEYS = [
+  'attestedRuns',
+  'noEvidence',
+  'titleOnly',
+  'identityNull',
+  'ambiguousTopRank'
+] as const
+
+const decodeAggregateRow = (
+  row: PaneAgentIdentityAggregateWireRow
+): PaneAgentIdentityAggregate => ({
+  hostKind: row[0],
+  launchMode: row[1],
+  attestedRuns: row[2],
+  noEvidence: row[3],
+  titleOnly: row[4],
+  identityNull: row[5],
+  ambiguousTopRank: row[6]
+})
+
+/** Session-scoped cumulative snapshot merger. State is intentionally not evicted. */
+export class PaneAgentIdentityRelaySnapshotMerger {
+  private readonly states = new Map<string, RelayState>()
+  private readonly maxEnvironments: number
+  constructor(maxEnvironments = PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_MAX_REMOTE_ENVIRONMENTS) {
+    this.maxEnvironments = maxEnvironments
+  }
+
+  merge(
+    environmentKey: string,
+    snapshot: PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot | undefined
+  ): RelayMergeResult {
+    if (
+      !snapshot ||
+      typeof snapshot.epoch !== 'string' ||
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(snapshot.revision) ||
+      snapshot.revision < 0
+    ) {
+      return { kind: 'unavailable' }
+    }
+    let state = this.states.get(environmentKey)
+    const decodedRows = snapshot.rows.map(decodeAggregateRow)
+    if (!state) {
+      if (this.states.size >= this.maxEnvironments) {
+        return { kind: 'failed-closed', reason: 'capacity' }
+      }
+      state = {
+        epoch: snapshot.epoch,
+        revision: snapshot.revision,
+        rows: new Map(decodedRows.map((row) => [rowKey(row), row])),
+        candidates: new Map((snapshot.candidateCoverage ?? []).map((row) => [row[0], row[1]])),
+        failedClosedReason: null
+      }
+      this.states.set(environmentKey, state)
+      return { kind: 'baseline' }
+    }
+    if (state.failedClosedReason) {
+      return { kind: 'failed-closed', reason: state.failedClosedReason }
+    }
+    if (state.epoch !== snapshot.epoch) {
+      state.failedClosedReason = 'epoch-changed'
+      return { kind: 'failed-closed', reason: 'epoch-changed' }
+    }
+    if (snapshot.revision <= state.revision) {
+      return { kind: 'stale' }
+    }
+    const incomingRows = new Map(decodedRows.map((row) => [rowKey(row), row]))
+    const incomingCandidates = new Map(
+      (snapshot.candidateCoverage ?? []).map((row) => [row[0], row[1]])
+    )
+    const counterRegressed =
+      [...state.rows].some(([key, previous]) => {
+        const incoming = incomingRows.get(key)
+        return !incoming || COUNTER_KEYS.some((counter) => incoming[counter] < previous[counter])
+      }) ||
+      [...state.candidates].some(
+        ([hostKind, previous]) => (incomingCandidates.get(hostKind) ?? -1) < previous
+      )
+    if (counterRegressed) {
+      state.failedClosedReason = 'counter-regressed'
+      return { kind: 'failed-closed', reason: 'counter-regressed' }
+    }
+    const deltas: PaneAgentIdentityAggregate[] = []
+    for (const incoming of decodedRows) {
+      const previous =
+        state.rows.get(rowKey(incoming)) ??
+        emptyPaneAgentIdentityAggregate(incoming.hostKind, incoming.launchMode)
+      const delta = {
+        ...incoming,
+        ...Object.fromEntries(
+          COUNTER_KEYS.map((key) => [key, Math.max(0, incoming[key] - previous[key])])
+        )
+      } as PaneAgentIdentityAggregate
+      if (COUNTER_KEYS.some((key) => delta[key] > 0)) {
+        deltas.push(delta)
+      }
+      state.rows.set(rowKey(incoming), { ...incoming })
+    }
+    const candidateCoverage: PaneAgentIdentityCandidateCoverage[] = []
+    for (const [hostKind, exposures] of incomingCandidates) {
+      const delta = exposures - (state.candidates.get(hostKind) ?? 0)
+      if (delta > 0) {
+        candidateCoverage.push({ hostKind, exposures: delta })
+      }
+      state.candidates.set(hostKind, exposures)
+    }
+    state.revision = snapshot.revision
+    return { kind: 'delta', rows: deltas, candidateCoverage }
+  }
+
+  clear(): void {
+    this.states.clear()
+  }
+  get size(): number {
+    return this.states.size
+  }
+}
+
+export class PaneAgentIdentityAuthoritySnapshot {
+  private readonly rows = new Map<string, PaneAgentIdentityAggregate>()
+  private readonly candidates = new Map<PaneAgentIdentityHostKind, number>()
+  private revision = 0
+  constructor(private readonly epoch: string) {}
+
+  record(observation: PaneAgentIdentityAvailability): void {
+    const key = `${observation.hostKind}:${observation.launchMode}`
+    this.rows.set(
+      key,
+      aggregatePaneAgentIdentityAvailability(
+        observation,
+        this.rows.get(key) ??
+          emptyPaneAgentIdentityAggregate(observation.hostKind, observation.launchMode)
+      )
+    )
+    this.revision += 1
+  }
+
+  recordCandidateCoverage(hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind, amount = 1): void {
+    this.candidates.set(hostKind, addCount(this.candidates.get(hostKind) ?? 0, amount))
+    this.revision += 1
+  }
+
+  snapshot(): PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot {
+    const candidateCoverage: PaneAgentIdentityCandidateCoverageWireRow[] = [...this.candidates]
+    return {
+      epoch: this.epoch,
+      revision: this.revision,
+      rows: [...this.rows.values()].map(
+        (row): PaneAgentIdentityAggregateWireRow => [
+          row.hostKind,
+          row.launchMode,
+          row.attestedRuns,
+          row.noEvidence,
+          row.titleOnly,
+          row.identityNull,
+          row.ambiguousTopRank
+        ]
+      ),
+      ...(candidateCoverage.length > 0 ? { candidateCoverage } : {})
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence.test.ts b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..32f627b32e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import {
+  assemblePaneAgentIdentityEvidence,
+  reducePaneAgentIdentityAvailability
+} from './pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+import {
+  aggregatePaneAgentIdentityAvailability,
+  PaneAgentIdentityRelaySnapshotMerger
+} from './pane-agent-identity-availability'
+import { isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot } from './pane-agent-identity-availability-validator'
+import {
+  MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS,
+  ManualAgentCommandTracker
+} from './manual-agent-command-tracker'
+import { eventSchemas } from './telemetry-events'
+
+describe('pane identity evidence census', () => {
+  it('returns eligible evidence in the canonical resolver order', () => {
+    expect(
+      assemblePaneAgentIdentityEvidence({
+        facts: [
+          { source: 'title', agent: 'codex' },
+          { source: 'completed-hook', agent: 'codex' },
+          {
+            source: 'process',
+            agent: 'codex',
+            executionHostProvenance: 'execution-host'
+          },
+          { source: 'live-hook', agent: 'codex' }
+        ]
+      }).evidence.map((fact) => fact.source)
+    ).toEqual(['live-hook', 'process', 'completed-hook', 'title'])
+  })
+
+  it('drops process facts without positive provenance and emits fixed source bits', () => {
+    const result = assemblePaneAgentIdentityEvidence({
+      facts: [
+        { source: 'process', agent: 'codex', executionHostProvenance: undefined } as never,
+        { source: 'title', agent: 'codex' }
+      ]
+    })
+    expect(result.sourceMask).toBe(64)
+    expect(result.identityNull).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('reduces no evidence and ambiguity without exposing the winning agent', () => {
+    expect(reducePaneAgentIdentityAvailability('native', 'typed', { facts: [] })).toMatchObject({
+      sourceMask: 0,
+      identityNull: true
+    })
+    const ambiguous = reducePaneAgentIdentityAvailability('native', 'orca-launch', {
+      facts: [
+        { source: 'live-hook', agent: 'codex' },
+        { source: 'live-hook', agent: 'claude' }
+      ]
+    })
+    expect(ambiguous.ambiguousTopRank).toBe(true)
+    expect(ambiguous).not.toHaveProperty('resolvedAgent')
+    expect(
+      aggregatePaneAgentIdentityAvailability({
+        hostKind: 'native',
+        launchMode: 'typed',
+        sourceMask: 64,
+        identityNull: false,
+        ambiguousTopRank: false
+      }).titleOnly
+    ).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('excludes superseded and pane-ineligible evidence from the availability mask', () => {
+    const currentRun = { authorityId: 'authority', incarnation: 2 }
+    const result = reducePaneAgentIdentityAvailability('native', 'orca-launch', {
+      currentRun,
+      facts: [
+        {
+          source: 'live-hook',
+          agent: 'claude',
+          run: { authorityId: 'authority', incarnation: 1 }
+        },
+        { source: 'sibling', agent: 'claude', run: currentRun },
+        { source: 'title', agent: 'codex', run: currentRun }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      hostKind: 'native',
+      launchMode: 'orca-launch',
+      sourceMask: 64,
+      identityNull: false,
+      ambiguousTopRank: false
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('uses same-run owner compatibility and preserves relay baselines', () => {
+    const key = { authorityId: 'a', incarnation: 1 }
+    expect(
+      assemblePaneAgentIdentityEvidence({
+        currentRun: key,
+        owner: { agent: 'omp', run: key },
+        facts: [{ source: 'launch', agent: 'pi', run: key }]
+      }).resolvedAgent
+    ).toBe('omp')
+    expect(
+      assemblePaneAgentIdentityEvidence({
+        currentRun: key,
+        owner: { agent: 'claude', run: key },
+        facts: [{ source: 'launch', agent: 'codex', run: key }]
+      }).resolvedAgent
+    ).toBe('codex')
+    const merger = new PaneAgentIdentityRelaySnapshotMerger()
+    const snapshot = {
+      epoch: 'e',
+      revision: 1,
+      rows: [['relay', 'typed', 1, 1, 0, 1, 0] as const]
+    }
+    expect(merger.merge('env', snapshot)).toEqual({ kind: 'baseline' })
+    expect(merger.merge('env', { ...snapshot, revision: 0 })).toEqual({ kind: 'stale' })
+    expect(
+      merger.merge('env', {
+        ...snapshot,
+        revision: 2,
+        rows: [['relay', 'typed', 2, 1, 0, 1, 0] as const]
+      })
+    ).toMatchObject({ kind: 'delta' })
+    expect(merger.merge('env', { ...snapshot, revision: 3, epoch: 'new' })).toEqual({
+      kind: 'failed-closed',
+      reason: 'epoch-changed'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('fail-closes cumulative counter regressions without moving the baseline backward', () => {
+    const merger = new PaneAgentIdentityRelaySnapshotMerger()
+    const row = ['relay', 'typed', 5, 1, 0, 1, 0] as const
+    expect(merger.merge('env', { epoch: 'e', revision: 1, rows: [row] })).toEqual({
+      kind: 'baseline'
+    })
+    expect(
+      merger.merge('env', {
+        epoch: 'e',
+        revision: 2,
+        rows: [['relay', 'typed', 4, 1, 0, 1, 0]]
+      })
+    ).toEqual({ kind: 'failed-closed', reason: 'counter-regressed' })
+    expect(
+      merger.merge('env', {
+        epoch: 'e',
+        revision: 3,
+        rows: [['relay', 'typed', 6, 1, 0, 1, 0]]
+      })
+    ).toEqual({ kind: 'failed-closed', reason: 'counter-regressed' })
+  })
+
+  it('merges candidate coverage as a cumulative delta and fail-closes regressions', () => {
+    const merger = new PaneAgentIdentityRelaySnapshotMerger()
+    const baseline = {
+      epoch: 'e',
+      revision: 1,
+      rows: [],
+      candidateCoverage: [['relay', 2] as const]
+    }
+    expect(merger.merge('env', baseline)).toEqual({ kind: 'baseline' })
+    expect(
+      merger.merge('env', {
+        ...baseline,
+        revision: 2,
+        candidateCoverage: [['relay', 5] as const]
+      })
+    ).toEqual({
+      kind: 'delta',
+      rows: [],
+      candidateCoverage: [{ hostKind: 'relay', exposures: 3 }]
+    })
+    expect(
+      merger.merge('env', {
+        ...baseline,
+        revision: 3,
+        candidateCoverage: [['relay', 4] as const]
+      })
+    ).toEqual({ kind: 'failed-closed', reason: 'counter-regressed' })
+  })
+
+  it('strictly validates privacy-reduced snapshots and optional candidate coverage', () => {
+    const snapshot = {
+      epoch: 'e',
+      revision: 1,
+      rows: [['relay', 'typed', 1, 0, 0, 0, 0] as const],
+      candidateCoverage: [['ssh', 1] as const]
+    }
+    expect(isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot(snapshot)).toBe(true)
+    expect(
+      isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot({ ...snapshot, rawTitle: 'private title' })
+    ).toBe(false)
+    expect(
+      isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot({
+        ...snapshot,
+        candidateCoverage: [['ssh', 1, '/private']]
+      })
+    ).toBe(false)
+    expect(
+      isPaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot({
+        ...snapshot,
+        rows: [['relay', 'typed', 1, 2, 0, 0, 0]]
+      })
+    ).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts only bounded enum-and-count telemetry rows', () => {
+    const valid = {
+      rows: [
+        {
+          kind: 'coverage' as const,
+          host_kind: 'relay' as const,
+          reason: 'counter_regressed' as const,
+          count: 1
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+    expect(eventSchemas.pane_agent_identity_availability.safeParse(valid).success).toBe(true)
+    expect(
+      eventSchemas.pane_agent_identity_availability.safeParse({
+        rows: [{ ...valid.rows[0], title: 'private' }]
+      }).success
+    ).toBe(false)
+    expect(
+      eventSchemas.pane_agent_identity_availability.safeParse({
+        rows: [{ ...valid.rows[0], count: '1' }]
+      }).success
+    ).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('retains bounded command edit semantics and discards input after classification', () => {
+    const tracker = new ManualAgentCommandTracker()
+    expect(tracker.ingest('codex\r')).toEqual(['codex'])
+    expect(tracker.ingest('cod\u0008dex\r')).toEqual(['codex'])
+    expect(tracker.ingest('claude\rcodex\r')).toEqual(['claude', 'codex'])
+
+    tracker.ingest('x'.repeat(MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS))
+    expect(tracker.ingest('y\rcodex\r')).toEqual([])
+    expect(tracker.ingest('\r')).toEqual([])
+    expect(tracker.ingest('codex\r')).toEqual([])
+    tracker.ingest('\x15')
+    expect(tracker.ingest('codex\r')).toEqual(['codex'])
+  })
+
+  it('only clears a pending command when cancelling suspended inference', () => {
+    const tracker = new ManualAgentCommandTracker()
+    tracker.ingest('co')
+    tracker.cancelSuspendedInference()
+    expect(tracker.ingest('dex\r')).toEqual(['codex'])
+
+    tracker.ingest('x'.repeat(MANUAL_AGENT_COMMAND_MAX_CHARS + 1))
+    tracker.cancelSuspendedInference()
+    expect(tracker.ingest('claude\r')).toEqual(['claude'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence.ts b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..34dea293aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-evidence.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import {
+  PANE_AGENT_EVIDENCE_SOURCES,
+  type PaneAgentEvidence,
+  type PaneAgentEvidenceSource,
+  type PaneAgentRunKey,
+  resolvePaneAgentIdentity
+} from './pane-agent-identity-resolver'
+import { resolveCompatibleAgentTypeForOwner } from './agent-title-owner'
+import type { TuiAgent } from './tui-agent'
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityHostKind = 'native' | 'wsl-host' | 'wsl-distro' | 'ssh' | 'relay'
+export type PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode = 'typed' | 'orca-launch' | 'resume'
+
+type PaneAgentIdentityNonProcessFact = Omit<PaneAgentEvidence<TuiAgent>, 'source'> & {
+  source: Exclude<PaneAgentEvidenceSource, 'process'>
+  executionHostProvenance?: never
+}
+type PaneAgentIdentityProcessFact = Omit<PaneAgentEvidence<TuiAgent>, 'source'> & {
+  source: 'process'
+  /** Process observations must identify the execution host that produced them. */
+  executionHostProvenance: 'execution-host' | 'distro-origin' | 'target-origin'
+}
+export type PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceFact =
+  | PaneAgentIdentityNonProcessFact
+  | PaneAgentIdentityProcessFact
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityOwnerFact = {
+  agent: TuiAgent
+  run: PaneAgentRunKey
+}
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceInput = {
+  facts: readonly PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceFact[]
+  currentRun?: PaneAgentRunKey
+  owner?: PaneAgentIdentityOwnerFact
+}
+
+/** Stable encoding. Do not derive telemetry bits from array indexes. */
+export const PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_SOURCE_BITS: Readonly<Record<PaneAgentEvidenceSource, number>> = {
+  'live-hook': 1,
+  process: 2,
+  launch: 4,
+  'completed-hook': 8,
+  'sleeping-session': 16,
+  sibling: 32,
+  title: 64
+}
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityEvidence = {
+  evidence: readonly PaneAgentEvidence<TuiAgent>[]
+  resolvedAgent: TuiAgent | null
+  sourceMask: number
+  identityNull: boolean
+  ambiguousTopRank: boolean
+}
+
+/** Assemble already-redacted authority facts; raw titles/commands never enter this layer. */
+export function assemblePaneAgentIdentityEvidence(
+  input: PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceInput
+): PaneAgentIdentityEvidence {
+  const evidence = input.facts
+    .filter((fact) => {
+      if (fact.source === 'process' && fact.executionHostProvenance === undefined) {
+        return false
+      }
+      if (fact.source === 'sibling') {
+        return false
+      }
+      if (
+        input.currentRun &&
+        fact.run?.authorityId === input.currentRun.authorityId &&
+        fact.run.incarnation !== input.currentRun.incarnation
+      ) {
+        return false
+      }
+      return true
+    })
+    .sort(
+      (left, right) =>
+        PANE_AGENT_EVIDENCE_SOURCES.indexOf(left.source) -
+        PANE_AGENT_EVIDENCE_SOURCES.indexOf(right.source)
+    )
+  const resolved = resolvePaneAgentIdentity({
+    evidence,
+    currentRun: input.currentRun
+  })
+  let resolvedAgent = resolved.agent
+  if (
+    resolvedAgent &&
+    input.owner &&
+    input.currentRun &&
+    input.owner.run.authorityId === input.currentRun.authorityId &&
+    input.owner.run.incarnation === input.currentRun.incarnation
+  ) {
+    // Owner compatibility is deliberately same-run only; incomparable owners do not rewrite.
+    if (
+      input.owner.agent !== resolvedAgent &&
+      resolveCompatibleAgentTypeForOwner(resolvedAgent, input.owner.agent) === input.owner.agent
+    ) {
+      resolvedAgent = input.owner.agent
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    evidence,
+    resolvedAgent,
+    sourceMask: evidence.reduce(
+      (mask, item) => mask | PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_SOURCE_BITS[item.source],
+      0
+    ),
+    identityNull: resolved.agent === null,
+    ambiguousTopRank: resolved.ambiguousAt !== undefined
+  }
+}
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityAvailability = {
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind
+  launchMode: PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode
+  sourceMask: number
+  identityNull: boolean
+  ambiguousTopRank: boolean
+}
+
+export function reducePaneAgentIdentityAvailability(
+  hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+  launchMode: PaneAgentIdentityLaunchMode,
+  input: PaneAgentIdentityEvidenceInput
+): PaneAgentIdentityAvailability {
+  const assembled = assemblePaneAgentIdentityEvidence(input)
+  return {
+    hostKind,
+    launchMode,
+    sourceMask: assembled.sourceMask,
+    identityNull: assembled.identityNull,
+    ambiguousTopRank: assembled.ambiguousTopRank
+  }
+}
+
+export const PANE_AGENT_TITLE_SOURCE_BIT = PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_SOURCE_BITS.title
+export const PANE_AGENT_IDENTITY_SOURCE_ORDER = PANE_AGENT_EVIDENCE_SOURCES
diff --git a/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-observation-scheduler.ts b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-observation-scheduler.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..80badd575c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/pane-agent-identity-observation-scheduler.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+import type { PaneAgentIdentityHostKind } from './pane-agent-identity-evidence'
+
+export const RUN_SETTLE_MS = 5_000
+export const TITLE_CANDIDATE_WINDOW_MS = 30_000
+export const MAX_PENDING_IDENTITY_OBSERVATIONS = 4_096
+export const MAX_LIVE_FINALIZED_RUN_KEYS = 4_096
+
+export type PaneAgentIdentityObservationSchedulerDeps = {
+  now?: () => number
+  onRunFreeze: (key: string) => void
+  onTitleCandidateFreeze: (hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind, key: string) => void
+  onFinalizedOverflow?: (
+    kind: 'run' | 'title-candidate',
+    hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind | undefined,
+    key: string
+  ) => void
+}
+
+/** Event-driven settle/deadline scheduler; it never probes or polls a host. */
+export class PaneAgentIdentityObservationScheduler {
+  private readonly pending = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>()
+  private readonly candidates = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>()
+  private readonly finalized = new Set<string>()
+  private readonly now: () => number
+  constructor(private readonly deps: PaneAgentIdentityObservationSchedulerDeps) {
+    this.now = deps.now ?? Date.now
+  }
+  scheduleRun(key: string, settleMs = RUN_SETTLE_MS): boolean {
+    if (
+      this.pending.size + this.candidates.size >= MAX_PENDING_IDENTITY_OBSERVATIONS &&
+      !this.pending.has(key)
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (this.finalized.has(key)) {
+      return false
+    }
+    this.cancelRun(key)
+    const timer = setTimeout(
+      () => {
+        if (!this.freezeRun(key)) {
+          this.deps.onFinalizedOverflow?.('run', undefined, key)
+        }
+      },
+      Math.max(0, settleMs)
+    )
+    timer.unref?.()
+    this.pending.set(key, timer)
+    return true
+  }
+  scheduleTitleCandidate(
+    key: string,
+    hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind,
+    windowMs = TITLE_CANDIDATE_WINDOW_MS
+  ): boolean {
+    if (
+      this.pending.size + this.candidates.size >= MAX_PENDING_IDENTITY_OBSERVATIONS &&
+      !this.candidates.has(key)
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (this.candidates.has(key)) {
+      return true
+    }
+    const timer = setTimeout(
+      () => {
+        if (!this.freezeTitleCandidate(key, hostKind)) {
+          this.deps.onFinalizedOverflow?.('title-candidate', hostKind, key)
+        }
+      },
+      Math.max(0, windowMs)
+    )
+    timer.unref?.()
+    this.candidates.set(key, timer)
+    return true
+  }
+  attestRun(key: string): boolean {
+    return this.scheduleRun(key)
+  }
+  freezeRun(key: string): boolean {
+    if (this.finalized.has(key)) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (this.finalized.size >= MAX_LIVE_FINALIZED_RUN_KEYS) {
+      this.cancelRun(key)
+      return false
+    }
+    this.cancelRun(key)
+    this.finalized.add(key)
+    this.deps.onRunFreeze(key)
+    return true
+  }
+  freezeTitleCandidate(key: string, hostKind: PaneAgentIdentityHostKind): boolean {
+    if (this.finalized.has(key)) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (this.finalized.size >= MAX_LIVE_FINALIZED_RUN_KEYS) {
+      this.cancelCandidate(key)
+      return false
+    }
+    this.cancelCandidate(key)
+    this.finalized.add(key)
+    this.deps.onTitleCandidateFreeze(hostKind, key)
+    return true
+  }
+  cancelCandidate(key: string): void {
+    const timer = this.candidates.get(key)
+    if (timer) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+    }
+    this.candidates.delete(key)
+  }
+  cancelRun(key: string): void {
+    const timer = this.pending.get(key)
+    if (timer) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+    }
+    this.pending.delete(key)
+  }
+  exitOrRebind(key: string): void {
+    this.cancelRun(key)
+    this.cancelCandidate(key)
+    this.finalized.delete(key)
+  }
+  shutdown(): void {
+    for (const timer of this.pending.values()) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+    }
+    for (const timer of this.candidates.values()) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+    }
+    this.pending.clear()
+    this.candidates.clear()
+    this.finalized.clear()
+  }
+  isPendingRun(key: string): boolean {
+    return this.pending.has(key)
+  }
+  isPendingCandidate(key: string): boolean {
+    return this.candidates.has(key)
+  }
+  get clock(): number {
+    return this.now()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/shared/runtime-terminal-contracts.ts b/src/shared/runtime-terminal-contracts.ts
index a1692e5f754..3f3404e1cf1 100644
--- a/src/shared/runtime-terminal-contracts.ts
+++ b/src/shared/runtime-terminal-contracts.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import type { TabGroupLayoutNode } from './tab-types'
 import type { TerminalExitCause } from './terminal-exit-cause'
 import type { TerminalPaneLayoutNode } from './terminal-tab-types'
 import type { TuiAgent } from './tui-agent'
+import type { PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot } from './pane-agent-identity-availability'
 
 export type RuntimeTerminalSummary = {
   handle: string
@@ -93,6 +94,8 @@ export type RuntimeTerminalListResult = {
   truncated: boolean
   /** Absent from hosts that predate the field; treat that scope as unverifiable. */
   hostScope?: RuntimeTerminalListHostScope
+  /** Optional cumulative, privacy-reduced pane identity census from the authority. */
+  agentIdentityAvailability?: PaneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySnapshot
 }
 
 export type RuntimeTerminalOrphanAdoptionClaim = {
diff --git a/src/shared/telemetry-events.ts b/src/shared/telemetry-events.ts
index 0466ca79430..9d3ad07c87f 100644
--- a/src/shared/telemetry-events.ts
+++ b/src/shared/telemetry-events.ts
@@ -1351,6 +1351,45 @@ const terminalPaneSplitSchema = z
   })
   .strict()
 
+const paneAgentIdentityHostKindSchema = z.enum(['native', 'wsl-host', 'wsl-distro', 'ssh', 'relay'])
+const paneAgentIdentityLaunchModeSchema = z.enum(['typed', 'orca-launch', 'resume'])
+const paneAgentIdentityAggregateRowSchema = z
+  .object({
+    kind: z.literal('aggregate'),
+    host_kind: paneAgentIdentityHostKindSchema,
+    launch_mode: paneAgentIdentityLaunchModeSchema,
+    attested_runs: z.number().int().min(1).max(1_000_000_000),
+    no_evidence: z.number().int().min(0).max(1_000_000_000),
+    title_only: z.number().int().min(0).max(1_000_000_000),
+    identity_null: z.number().int().min(0).max(1_000_000_000),
+    ambiguous_top_rank: z.number().int().min(0).max(1_000_000_000)
+  })
+  .strict()
+const paneAgentIdentityCoverageRowSchema = z
+  .object({
+    kind: z.literal('coverage'),
+    host_kind: paneAgentIdentityHostKindSchema,
+    reason: z.enum([
+      'snapshot',
+      'baseline',
+      'epoch_changed',
+      'counter_regressed',
+      'capacity',
+      'candidate',
+      'overflow',
+      'truncated'
+    ]),
+    count: z.number().int().min(1).max(1_000_000_000)
+  })
+  .strict()
+const paneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySchema = z
+  .object({
+    rows: z
+      .array(z.union([paneAgentIdentityAggregateRowSchema, paneAgentIdentityCoverageRowSchema]))
+      .max(64)
+  })
+  .strict()
+
 // Why: measures the changed-on-disk conflict flow (issue #7265) per transport; deliberately path-free.
 const editorExternalChangeConflictShownSchema = z
   .object({
@@ -1518,6 +1557,7 @@ export const eventSchemas = {
   editor_external_change_conflict_action: editorExternalChangeConflictActionSchema,
 
   direct_ssh_reconnect_operation: directSshReconnectOperationSchema,
+  pane_agent_identity_availability: paneAgentIdentityAvailabilitySchema,
 
   smart_sort_class_distribution: smartSortClassDistributionSchema,
   smart_sort_class_1_promotion: smartSortClass1PromotionSchema,