diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/layout-serialization.ts b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/layout-serialization.ts
index bab1a94dd1d..2cc2cdf6409 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/layout-serialization.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/layout-serialization.ts
@@ -283,6 +283,43 @@ export function restoreScrollbackBuffers(
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Why: the snapshot stores leafIds as `pane:<N>` strings rewritten verbatim
+ * on restore. After replay we must advance PaneManager.nextPaneId past
+ * `max(N)` so the next user-triggered split does not mint a pane whose
+ * `paneLeafId` collides with a persisted leaf — a collision would collapse
+ * the determinism of sessionIds derived from `(worktreeId, tabId, leafId)`.
+ *
+ * Parser: `/^pane:(\d+)$/`. Non-matching entries (e.g. a legacy custom
+ * leafId shape, or a corrupted snapshot) are skipped rather than thrown
+ * on — the counter advance is a best-effort safety; if the highest
+ * numeric leaf is missed we fall back to the per-instance monotonic
+ * default, which at worst surfaces the original collision bug, not a
+ * new crash.
+ */
+function highestPaneNInSnapshot(node: TerminalPaneLayoutNode | null | undefined): number {
+  if (!node) {
+    return 0
+  }
+  let max = 0
+  const visit = (n: TerminalPaneLayoutNode): void => {
+    if (n.type === 'leaf') {
+      const match = /^pane:(\d+)$/.exec(n.leafId)
+      if (match) {
+        const parsed = Number(match[1])
+        if (Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > max) {
+          max = parsed
+        }
+      }
+      return
+    }
+    visit(n.first)
+    visit(n.second)
+  }
+  visit(node)
+  return max
+}
+
 export function replayTerminalLayout(
   manager: PaneManager,
   snapshot: TerminalLayoutSnapshot | null | undefined,
@@ -315,5 +352,11 @@ export function replayTerminalLayout(
   }
 
   restoreNode(snapshot.root, initialPane.id)
+
+  // Why: bump PaneManager's counter past the highest persisted `pane:N`
+  // before any user-triggered split runs. See highestPaneNInSnapshot.
+  const maxPersisted = highestPaneNInSnapshot(snapshot.root)
+  manager.advanceNextPaneIdTo(maxPersisted + 1)
+
   return paneByLeafId
 }
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/lib/pane-manager/pane-manager.ts b/src/renderer/src/lib/pane-manager/pane-manager.ts
index 9fe3c0fb7b5..e4802e48fc8 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/lib/pane-manager/pane-manager.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/lib/pane-manager/pane-manager.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+/* eslint-disable max-lines -- Why: PaneManager owns the DOM, WebGL,
+drag-reorder, and counter-advance state for the terminal-pane tree. Splitting
+further would scatter invariants (active pane focus, nextPaneId monotonicity,
+divider styles) across files with no cleaner ownership seam. */
 import type {
   PaneManagerOptions,
   PaneStyleOptions,
@@ -62,6 +66,15 @@ export class PaneManager {
     this.renderingSuspended = options.initialRenderingSuspended === true
   }
 
+  // Why: nextPaneId resets to 1 on restart; persisted pane:N leafIds are
+  // replayed verbatim. Bumping past max(N) prevents the next split from
+  // colliding — otherwise two panes derive the same deterministic history dir.
+  advanceNextPaneIdTo(minNextId: number): void {
+    if (minNextId > this.nextPaneId) {
+      this.nextPaneId = minNextId
+    }
+  }
+
   createInitialPane(opts?: { focus?: boolean }): ManagedPane {
     const pane = this.createPaneInternal()
     Object.assign(pane.container.style, {