diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/direct-ssh-hidden-output-restore-unavailable-banner.test.ts b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/direct-ssh-hidden-output-restore-unavailable-banner.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..432b6fb9692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/direct-ssh-hidden-output-restore-unavailable-banner.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { createDeferred, flushAsyncTicks } from './pty-connection-test-async'
+import {
+  createManager,
+  createMockTransport,
+  createPane,
+  type ConnectCallbacks,
+  type MockTransport
+} from './pty-connection-test-pane-fixtures'
+import { buildPaneConnectionDeps } from './pty-connection-test-deps'
+import { createInitialStoreState } from './pty-connection-test-store-fixtures'
+import type { StoreState } from './pty-connection-test-store-state'
+import {
+  installTerminalTestGlobals,
+  restoreTerminalTestGlobals
+} from './pty-connection-test-environment'
+
+// Direct-SSH sibling of remote-hidden-output-restore-unavailable-banner.repro.test.ts.
+//
+// Reported by a WSL2 user driving remote Coder workspaces over direct SSH:
+//   "[Orca skipped hidden terminal output because main recovery was unavailable.]"
+//   multiple times a day (v1.4.190).
+//
+// Topology modeled: a direct-SSH PTY carries an "ssh:<target>@@<relayPtyId>" id,
+// so isRemoteRuntimePtyId() is FALSE and canUseHiddenOutputSnapshot() routes
+// recovery through window.api.pty.getMainBufferSnapshot. That handler serializes
+// main's model of a stream whose bytes crossed the relay, and it answers null
+// whenever the snapshot cannot be produced in time (ownership settle deadline,
+// provider acquisition timeout, post-gap provider snapshot requirement).
+//
+// Per docs/reference/ssh-execution-boundary.md a null from a remote execution
+// host is `unverifiable`, never proof the bytes are gone — the same rule the
+// "remote:" path already honours via the retry/re-arm budget.
+//
+// Repro command:
+//   pnpm exec vitest run --config config/vitest.config.ts \
+//     src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/direct-ssh-hidden-output-restore-unavailable-banner.test.ts
+
+const scheduleRuntimeGraphSync = vi.fn()
+const shouldSeedCacheTimerOnInitialTitle = vi.fn(() => false)
+const toastInfo = vi.fn()
+const notifyCodexPaneBoundForStaleSweep = vi.fn()
+
+let mockStoreState: StoreState
+let transportFactoryQueue: MockTransport[] = []
+let createdTransportOptions: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+let storeSubscribers: ((state: StoreState) => void)[] = []
+
+vi.mock('@/runtime/sync-runtime-graph', () => ({
+  scheduleRuntimeGraphSync
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store', () => ({
+  useAppStore: {
+    getState: () => mockStoreState,
+    subscribe: (listener: (state: StoreState) => void) => {
+      storeSubscribers.push(listener)
+      return () => {
+        storeSubscribers = storeSubscribers.filter((candidate) => candidate !== listener)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/agent-status', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const { buildAgentStatusModuleMock } = await import('./pty-connection-test-environment')
+  return buildAgentStatusModuleMock(await importOriginal<Record<string, unknown>>())
+})
+
+vi.mock('./cache-timer-seeding', () => ({
+  shouldSeedCacheTimerOnInitialTitle
+}))
+
+vi.mock('sonner', () => ({
+  toast: {
+    info: toastInfo
+  }
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/codex-stale-pane-sweep', () => ({
+  notifyCodexPaneBoundForStaleSweep
+}))
+
+vi.mock('react', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof React>()
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    useCallback: <T extends (...args: unknown[]) => unknown>(fn: T): T => fn
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('./pty-transport', () => ({
+  createIpcPtyTransport: vi.fn((options: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+    createdTransportOptions.push(options)
+    const nextTransport = transportFactoryQueue.shift()
+    if (!nextTransport) {
+      throw new Error('No mock transport queued')
+    }
+    return nextTransport
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./remote-runtime-pty-transport', () => ({
+  createRemoteRuntimePtyTransport: vi.fn(
+    (_environmentId: string, options: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      createdTransportOptions.push(options)
+      const nextTransport = transportFactoryQueue.shift()
+      if (!nextTransport) {
+        throw new Error('No mock transport queued')
+      }
+      return nextTransport
+    }
+  )
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./pty-dispatcher', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<Record<string, unknown>>()
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    getEagerPtyBufferHandle: vi.fn(() => undefined)
+  }
+})
+
+// ── Scenario identities ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Real direct-SSH app PTY id shape (shared/ssh-pty-id.ts).
+const SSH_PTY_ID = 'ssh:coder-ws@@pty-1'
+// Overflows the renderer's hidden background queue (2MB lossy cap), dropping the
+// backlog and latching main-model restore.
+const HIDDEN_BYTES = 'x'.repeat(2 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)
+const LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK = 'LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK\r\n'
+const HOST_SNAPSHOT_MARKER = 'HOST_SNAPSHOT_HIDDEN_AGENT_CONTENT'
+const HOST_SNAPSHOT = {
+  data: `${HOST_SNAPSHOT_MARKER}\r\n`,
+  cols: 120,
+  rows: 40,
+  seq: HIDDEN_BYTES.length + LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK.length,
+  source: 'headless'
+}
+const BANNER_FRAGMENT = 'main recovery was unavailable'
+
+type HostSnapshot = typeof HOST_SNAPSHOT
+
+type SshPaneDrive = {
+  transport: MockTransport
+  pane: ReturnType<typeof createPane>
+  deps: ReturnType<typeof buildPaneConnectionDeps>
+  disposable: { dispose: () => void }
+  deliver: (data: string, seq: number) => void
+  writtenChunks: () => string[]
+}
+
+function stubMainBufferSnapshot(
+  impl: () => Promise<HostSnapshot | null>
+): ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> {
+  const getMainBufferSnapshot = vi.fn(impl)
+  ;(window.api.pty as unknown as Record<string, unknown>).getMainBufferSnapshot =
+    getMainBufferSnapshot
+  return getMainBufferSnapshot
+}
+
+async function connectHiddenDirectSshPane(): Promise<SshPaneDrive> {
+  const { connectPanePty } = await import('./pty-connection')
+  const transport = createMockTransport(SSH_PTY_ID)
+  const capturedDataCallback: {
+    current: ((data: string, meta?: { seq?: number; rawLength?: number }) => void) | null
+  } = { current: null }
+  transport.connect.mockImplementation(async ({ callbacks }: { callbacks?: ConnectCallbacks }) => {
+    capturedDataCallback.current = callbacks?.onData ?? null
+    return SSH_PTY_ID
+  })
+  transportFactoryQueue.push(transport)
+  const pane = createPane(1)
+  const manager = createManager(1)
+  const deps = buildPaneConnectionDeps(() => mockStoreState, {
+    isVisibleRef: { current: false }
+  })
+  const disposable = connectPanePty(pane as never, manager as never, deps as never)
+  await flushAsyncTicks(6)
+  expect(capturedDataCallback.current).not.toBeNull()
+  return {
+    transport,
+    pane,
+    deps,
+    disposable,
+    deliver: (data, seq) => capturedDataCallback.current?.(data, { seq, rawLength: data.length }),
+    writtenChunks: () => pane.terminal.write.mock.calls.map(([data]) => String(data))
+  }
+}
+
+function driveHiddenBacklogThenReveal(drive: SshPaneDrive): void {
+  drive.deliver(HIDDEN_BYTES, HIDDEN_BYTES.length)
+  ;(drive.deps.isVisibleRef as { current: boolean }).current = true
+  drive.deliver(LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK, HIDDEN_BYTES.length + LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK.length)
+}
+
+async function advanceThroughNullRetryBudget(): Promise<void> {
+  for (let retry = 0; retry < 3; retry++) {
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(50)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(0)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(10)
+  }
+}
+
+async function allowSelfHealWindow(): Promise<void> {
+  for (let step = 0; step < 10; step += 1) {
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(500)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+  }
+}
+
+function observeFinalPaneState(drive: SshPaneDrive): {
+  rawHiddenBacklogWritten: boolean
+  liveAgentChunkWritten: boolean
+  unavailableBannerWritten: boolean
+  hiddenOutputRecoveredFromHostSnapshot: boolean
+} {
+  const joined = drive.writtenChunks().join('')
+  return {
+    rawHiddenBacklogWritten: joined.includes('x'.repeat(1024)),
+    liveAgentChunkWritten: joined.includes('LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK'),
+    unavailableBannerWritten: joined.includes(BANNER_FRAGMENT),
+    hiddenOutputRecoveredFromHostSnapshot: joined.includes(HOST_SNAPSHOT_MARKER)
+  }
+}
+
+describe('direct-SSH hidden-output restore abandonment', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    transportFactoryQueue = []
+    createdTransportOptions = []
+    storeSubscribers = []
+    mockStoreState = createInitialStoreState(() => mockStoreState)
+    installTerminalTestGlobals()
+    // The reporter's client is WSL2, but the banner path is platform-independent;
+    // pin darwin so the Windows synchronized-output scan stays out of the writes.
+    ;(window.api.platform as unknown as Record<string, unknown>).get = vi.fn(() => ({
+      platform: 'darwin',
+      osRelease: '25.0.0'
+    }))
+  })
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await restoreTerminalTestGlobals()
+  })
+
+  it('[invariant] must not declare recovery unavailable when the SSH host snapshot is one retry tick away', async () => {
+    const getMainBufferSnapshot: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = stubMainBufferSnapshot(async () =>
+      getMainBufferSnapshot.mock.calls.length <= 4 ? null : HOST_SNAPSHOT
+    )
+    const drive = await connectHiddenDirectSshPane()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    driveHiddenBacklogThenReveal(drive)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    expect(getMainBufferSnapshot).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    await advanceThroughNullRetryBudget()
+    await allowSelfHealWindow()
+
+    expect(observeFinalPaneState(drive)).toEqual({
+      rawHiddenBacklogWritten: false,
+      liveAgentChunkWritten: true,
+      unavailableBannerWritten: false,
+      hiddenOutputRecoveredFromHostSnapshot: true
+    })
+    drive.disposable.dispose()
+  })
+
+  it('[invariant] must not turn a merely-slow SSH host snapshot into a loss banner and a permanent scrollback gap', async () => {
+    const slowSnapshot = createDeferred<HostSnapshot>()
+    const getMainBufferSnapshot = stubMainBufferSnapshot(async () => HOST_SNAPSHOT)
+    getMainBufferSnapshot.mockReturnValueOnce(slowSnapshot.promise)
+    const drive = await connectHiddenDirectSshPane()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    driveHiddenBacklogThenReveal(drive)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+
+    // The 750ms foreground deadline elapses while main is still serializing.
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(750)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(0)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(10)
+    slowSnapshot.resolve(HOST_SNAPSHOT)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    await allowSelfHealWindow()
+
+    expect(observeFinalPaneState(drive)).toEqual({
+      rawHiddenBacklogWritten: false,
+      liveAgentChunkWritten: true,
+      unavailableBannerWritten: false,
+      hiddenOutputRecoveredFromHostSnapshot: true
+    })
+    drive.disposable.dispose()
+  })
+
+  it('[invariant] a permanently silent SSH host banners once after a bounded number of re-arms and then stops requesting', async () => {
+    const getMainBufferSnapshot = stubMainBufferSnapshot(async () => null)
+    const drive = await connectHiddenDirectSshPane()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    driveHiddenBacklogThenReveal(drive)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    await advanceThroughNullRetryBudget()
+
+    expect(drive.writtenChunks().join('')).toContain('LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK')
+
+    for (let step = 0; step < 6; step += 1) {
+      await allowSelfHealWindow()
+    }
+    const bannerCount = drive
+      .writtenChunks()
+      .filter((data) => data.includes(BANNER_FRAGMENT)).length
+    expect(bannerCount).toBe(1)
+    const settledRequests = getMainBufferSnapshot.mock.calls.length
+    expect(settledRequests).toBeGreaterThan(4)
+    expect(settledRequests).toBeLessThan(40)
+
+    for (let step = 0; step < 4; step += 1) {
+      await allowSelfHealWindow()
+    }
+    expect(getMainBufferSnapshot.mock.calls.length).toBe(settledRequests)
+    expect(drive.writtenChunks().filter((data) => data.includes(BANNER_FRAGMENT)).length).toBe(1)
+    drive.disposable.dispose()
+  })
+
+  // The re-arm budget bounds one stall; live bytes are not evidence the host can
+  // answer again. Continuous output on the SAME ssh: id must not re-open recovery
+  // or refresh the budget, or the bounded re-arm becomes a permanent ~2s repaint loop.
+  it('[invariant] continuous live output on a silent SSH host cannot refresh the re-arm budget into a repaint loop', async () => {
+    const getMainBufferSnapshot = stubMainBufferSnapshot(async () => null)
+    const drive = await connectHiddenDirectSshPane()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    driveHiddenBacklogThenReveal(drive)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    await advanceThroughNullRetryBudget()
+
+    let seq = HIDDEN_BYTES.length + LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK.length
+    for (let step = 0; step < 60; step += 1) {
+      const chunk = `LIVE_TICK_${step}\r\n`
+      seq += chunk.length
+      drive.deliver(chunk, seq)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(300)
+      await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    }
+
+    const joined = drive.writtenChunks().join('')
+    expect(joined).toContain('LIVE_TICK_0')
+    expect(joined).toContain('LIVE_TICK_59')
+    expect(joined.split(BANNER_FRAGMENT).length - 1).toBe(1)
+    const settledRequests = getMainBufferSnapshot.mock.calls.length
+    expect(settledRequests).toBeLessThan(40)
+
+    for (let step = 0; step < 30; step += 1) {
+      const chunk = `LIVE_TAIL_${step}\r\n`
+      seq += chunk.length
+      drive.deliver(chunk, seq)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(300)
+      await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    }
+    expect(getMainBufferSnapshot.mock.calls.length).toBe(settledRequests)
+    expect(drive.writtenChunks().join('').split(BANNER_FRAGMENT).length - 1).toBe(1)
+    drive.disposable.dispose()
+  })
+
+  // The re-arm budget bounds ONE stall. It only clears on a successful snapshot or
+  // a PTY change, so without an explicit reset at the banner a single long outage
+  // leaves a long-lived SSH pane permanently at zero tolerance.
+  it('[invariant] a spent re-arm budget must not leave the SSH pane at zero tolerance for its next hidden episode', async () => {
+    const revivedSnapshot = createDeferred<HostSnapshot>()
+    let hostIsSilent = true
+    stubMainBufferSnapshot(async () => (hostIsSilent ? null : revivedSnapshot.promise))
+    const drive = await connectHiddenDirectSshPane()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    driveHiddenBacklogThenReveal(drive)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    await advanceThroughNullRetryBudget()
+    for (let step = 0; step < 6; step += 1) {
+      await allowSelfHealWindow()
+    }
+    expect(drive.writtenChunks().filter((data) => data.includes(BANNER_FRAGMENT))).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    // Second episode on the SAME ssh: id: the host is alive again but its snapshot
+    // lands just past the 750ms foreground deadline.
+    hostIsSilent = false
+    let seq = HIDDEN_BYTES.length + LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK.length
+    ;(drive.deps.isVisibleRef as { current: boolean }).current = false
+    seq += HIDDEN_BYTES.length
+    drive.deliver(HIDDEN_BYTES, seq)
+    ;(drive.deps.isVisibleRef as { current: boolean }).current = true
+    seq += LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK.length
+    drive.deliver(LIVE_AGENT_CHUNK, seq)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(750)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(0)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(10)
+    revivedSnapshot.resolve(HOST_SNAPSHOT)
+    await flushAsyncTicks(20)
+    await allowSelfHealWindow()
+
+    const joined = drive.writtenChunks().join('')
+    expect(joined.split(BANNER_FRAGMENT).length - 1).toBe(1)
+    expect(joined).toContain(HOST_SNAPSHOT_MARKER)
+    drive.disposable.dispose()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/hidden-output-restore-drain.ts b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/hidden-output-restore-drain.ts
index 81e26731783..2ee5bf2550b 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/hidden-output-restore-drain.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/hidden-output-restore-drain.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
 } from './hidden-output-restore-limits'
 import { shouldWritePtyOutputForeground } from './foreground-output-scan'
 import { isRemoteRuntimePtyId } from './paired-parked-terminal-restore'
+import { isRemoteExecutionHostPtyId } from './remote-execution-host-pty'
 
 import type { ConnectPanePtySession } from './connect-pane-pty-session'
 
@@ -132,17 +133,24 @@ export function bindHiddenOutputRestoreDrain(session: ConnectPanePtySession): vo
     }, HIDDEN_OUTPUT_RESTORE_FOREGROUND_TIMEOUT_MS)
   }
 
-  // Trades the loss banner for one bounded post-suppression repaint from the
-  // host's authoritative buffer. Ordered before the state reset so the repaint
-  // timer arms against the live ptyId (mirrors the flood-abandon call sites).
+  // Trades the loss banner for one bounded post-suppression repaint from whatever
+  // answers for this PTY — the paired runtime's own buffer, or main's model of the
+  // direct-SSH stream. Ordered before the state reset so the repaint timer arms
+  // against the live ptyId (mirrors the flood-abandon call sites).
   session.rearmRemoteHiddenOutputRestoreInsteadOfWarning = function (
     ptyId: string,
     reason: string
   ): boolean {
-    if (
-      !isRemoteRuntimePtyId(ptyId) ||
-      session.hiddenOutputRestoreRemoteAbandonCycles >= HIDDEN_OUTPUT_RESTORE_REMOTE_REARM_MAX
-    ) {
+    if (!isRemoteExecutionHostPtyId(ptyId)) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (session.hiddenOutputRestoreRemoteAbandonCycles >= HIDDEN_OUTPUT_RESTORE_REMOTE_REARM_MAX) {
+      // Why the reset: the budget bounds ONE stall, and returning false ends that
+      // stall with the loss banner. Without this, the counter only ever clears on a
+      // successful snapshot or a PTY change, so a single ~10s outage leaves a
+      // long-lived SSH pane at zero tolerance — every later hidden episode banners
+      // on the first null even though that null is still only `unverifiable`.
+      session.hiddenOutputRestoreRemoteAbandonCycles = 0
       return false
     }
     session.hiddenOutputRestoreRemoteAbandonCycles += 1
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/remote-execution-host-pty.ts b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/remote-execution-host-pty.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cab98833914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/terminal-pane/pty-connection/remote-execution-host-pty.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import { parseAppSshPtyId } from '../../../../../shared/ssh-pty-id'
+
+import { isRemoteRuntimePtyId } from './paired-parked-terminal-restore'
+
+// Why: hidden-output recovery for both remote shapes is answered across a link —
+// paired runtimes ("remote:", host-owned buffer) and direct SSH
+// ("ssh:<target>@@<id>", main's relay-fed model, whose serialize can block on
+// host RPCs). A null/late snapshot from either is `unverifiable`, never proof
+// the bytes are gone (docs/reference/ssh-execution-boundary.md).
+export function isRemoteExecutionHostPtyId(ptyId: string | null | undefined): boolean {
+  if (typeof ptyId !== 'string') {
+    return false
+  }
+  return isRemoteRuntimePtyId(ptyId) || parseAppSshPtyId(ptyId) !== null
+}