diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-mutation-admission.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-mutation-admission.ts
index 5bb072f2594..316df7a5ef9 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-mutation-admission.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-mutation-admission.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 // Admission is two-phase for a call that brings a `prepareSession`. The ledger's
 // answer comes first and places nothing; a call it will admit may then give the
 // session an owner, and only after that are the row placed and the lease
-// checked — against the lease as it stands once the owner is there.
+// checked — against the lease as it stands once the owner is there. An id the
+// ledger already refused for good is answered from its row before any of that,
+// so a resend never meets a refusal its first run did not make.
 
 import {
   admitAgentSessionMutation,
@@ -103,6 +105,17 @@ export async function admitAndRunAgentSessionMutation<TValue>(
     if (!ledger) {
       return refuseAgentSessionMutation(AGENT_SESSION_NOT_ATTACHED)
     }
+    const recorded = ledger.decision.decision === 'replay' ? ledger.decision.row : null
+    if (recorded?.outcome.status === 'failed') {
+      const replay = resolveAgentSessionReplayOutcome({
+        operationId: envelope.clientOperationId,
+        outcome: recorded.outcome,
+        reconstruct: () => null
+      })
+      if (replay.decision === 'refuse') {
+        return refuseAgentSessionMutation(replay.refusal)
+      }
+    }
     if (ledger.decision.decision !== 'refused') {
       const prepared = await request.prepareSession(ledger.decision.decision, ledger.record)
       if (!prepared.ok) {
@@ -120,7 +133,8 @@ export async function admitAndRunAgentSessionMutation<TValue>(
     hostFingerprint,
     now: request.now(),
     ...(plan.operationIdScope ? { operationIdScope: plan.operationIdScope } : {}),
-    ...(plan.conversationWrite ? { conversationWrite: true } : {})
+    ...(plan.conversationWrite ? { conversationWrite: true } : {}),
+    journalEpoch: journal.cursor().epoch
   }
   let admitted: AgentSessionMutationOperationDecision
   let ledgerRowWritten = true
@@ -155,7 +169,7 @@ export async function admitAndRunAgentSessionMutation<TValue>(
       operationId: envelope.clientOperationId,
       outcome: admission.row.outcome,
       reconstruct: () => plan.replay(context, admission.row.outcome),
-      rerunWhenReplayMissing: plan.rerunWhenReplayMissing?.(context),
+      rerunWhenReplayMissing: plan.rerunWhenReplayMissing?.(context, admission.row),
       recoverUnknownFromDurableState: plan.recoverUnknownFromDurableState
     })
     if (replay.decision === 'refuse') {
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-mutation-plans.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-mutation-plans.ts
index a81ea5270c8..2fe72e23a4a 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-mutation-plans.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-mutation-plans.ts
@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@
 //
 // The replay half matters more than it looks. The ledger records only that an
 // operation happened, so the durable answer usually comes back out of the
-// journal. Send is fail-closed: admission alone cannot prove non-delivery.
+// journal. Send is fail-closed: admission alone cannot prove non-delivery, so a
+// send runs again only when the journal it wrote to proves it wrote nothing.
 
 import type { AgentJournalMessageItem } from '../../../shared/agent-session-journal-types'
 import type { AgentChildWorkView } from '../../../shared/agent-status-child-work-view'
-import type { AgentSessionOperationOutcome } from '../../../shared/agent-session-operation-ledger'
+import type {
+  AgentSessionOperationOutcome,
+  AgentSessionOperationRow
+} from '../../../shared/agent-session-operation-ledger'
 import type {
   AgentSessionCancelResult,
   AgentSessionMutationEnvelope,
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ export type MutationPlan<TValue> = {
   markUnknownBeforeRun?: boolean
   run: (ctx: AgentSessionTurnContext) => Promise<TurnOutcome<TValue>>
   replay: (ctx: AgentSessionTurnContext, outcome: AgentSessionOperationOutcome) => TValue | null
-  rerunWhenReplayMissing?: (ctx: AgentSessionTurnContext) => boolean
+  rerunWhenReplayMissing?: (ctx: AgentSessionTurnContext, row: AgentSessionOperationRow) => boolean
   recoverUnknownFromDurableState?: boolean
   settledOutcome?: (value: TValue) => AgentSessionOperationOutcome
 }
@@ -104,7 +108,9 @@ export function sendPlan(params: {
       if (submission) {
         return { clientMessageId, submission }
       }
-      if (outcome.status === 'failed') {
+      // Only an accepted send whose row a later epoch dropped is answered without one; an
+      // unsettled one with nothing written is decided by `rerunWhenReplayMissing`.
+      if (outcome.status !== 'succeeded') {
         return null
       }
       const resolvedAt = ctx.now()
@@ -122,7 +128,13 @@ export function sendPlan(params: {
           recovered: true
         }
       }
-    }
+    },
+    // A send writes its submission, draft or hand-off before anything can deliver it, and only a
+    // new epoch removes one. So in the epoch it was admitted into, finding none proves it never
+    // wrote: running it now is its first run. Under any other epoch, or a row with none recorded,
+    // that proof is gone and the answer is unknown.
+    rerunWhenReplayMissing: (ctx, row) =>
+      row.journalEpoch !== undefined && row.journalEpoch === ctx.journal.cursor().epoch
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-replay-outcome.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-replay-outcome.ts
index 00fa33a30fb..902a40f872f 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-replay-outcome.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-replay-outcome.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,22 @@ export type AgentSessionReplayOutcomeDecision<TValue> =
   | { decision: 'rerun' }
   | { decision: 'refuse'; refusal: AgentSessionWireRefusal }
 
+/** A recorded id this host cannot answer from what it holds, so it neither ran it again nor
+ *  refused it: the caller resends under the same id. */
+export function agentSessionOperationOutcomeUnknown(operationId: string): AgentSessionWireRefusal {
+  return refuse(
+    'agent_session_operation_unknown',
+    { reason: 'outcomeUnknown' },
+    `The outcome of operation ${operationId} is unknown; it was not run again.`
+  )
+}
+
 export function resolveAgentSessionReplayOutcome<TValue>(input: {
   operationId: string
   outcome: AgentSessionOperationOutcome
   reconstruct: () => TValue | null
+  /** Whether a row with nothing to reconstruct may run for the first time. Undefined leaves an
+   *  unsettled row to the default (rerun); false refuses it as unknown. */
   rerunWhenReplayMissing?: boolean
   recoverUnknownFromDurableState?: boolean
 }): AgentSessionReplayOutcomeDecision<TValue> {
@@ -41,14 +53,7 @@ export function resolveAgentSessionReplayOutcome<TValue>(input: {
     if (input.rerunWhenReplayMissing) {
       return { decision: 'rerun' }
     }
-    return {
-      decision: 'refuse',
-      refusal: refuse(
-        'agent_session_operation_unknown',
-        { reason: 'outcomeUnknown' },
-        `The outcome of operation ${operationId} is unknown; it was not run again.`
-      )
-    }
+    return { decision: 'refuse', refusal: agentSessionOperationOutcomeUnknown(operationId) }
   }
   const recorded = input.reconstruct()
   if (recorded) {
@@ -57,15 +62,18 @@ export function resolveAgentSessionReplayOutcome<TValue>(input: {
   if (input.rerunWhenReplayMissing) {
     return { decision: 'rerun' }
   }
-  return outcome.status === 'succeeded'
-    ? {
-        decision: 'refuse',
-        refusal: refuse(
-          'agent_session_operation_unknown',
-          { reason: 'resultLost' },
-          `Operation ${operationId} succeeded, but its result is no longer reconstructable.`
-        )
-      }
+  if (outcome.status === 'succeeded') {
+    return {
+      decision: 'refuse',
+      refusal: refuse(
+        'agent_session_operation_unknown',
+        { reason: 'resultLost' },
+        `Operation ${operationId} succeeded, but its result is no longer reconstructable.`
+      )
+    }
+  }
+  return input.rerunWhenReplayMissing === false
+    ? { decision: 'refuse', refusal: agentSessionOperationOutcomeUnknown(operationId) }
     : { decision: 'rerun' }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-resend-answer.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-resend-answer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..713889afa3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-resend-answer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+// What a resend of a send id gets: the answer its record holds, never a refusal made before the
+// host looked the id up, and never a made-up record.
+
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi, type Mock } from 'vitest'
+import type { AgentSessionRecordStore } from '../../runtime/agent-session-record-store'
+import type { AgentSessionJournal } from '../agent-session-journal/journal-store'
+import { openTestJournalHostDatabase } from '../agent-session-journal/journal-host-database-test-support'
+import { DISPATCH_DOUBT_SUBMISSION_MISSING } from '../agent-session-journal/journal-dispatch-doubt-reasons'
+import type { StructuredAgentSessionAdapter } from './structured-agent-session-adapter'
+import type { StructuredAgentSessionHost } from './structured-agent-session-host'
+import {
+  attach,
+  CALLER,
+  envelope,
+  hostTestState
+} from './structured-agent-session-host-test-harness'
+import {
+  HOST_TEST_SESSION as SESSION,
+  hostTestMessage
+} from './structured-agent-session-host-test-data'
+
+let root: string
+let store: AgentSessionRecordStore
+let host: StructuredAgentSessionHost
+let dispatch: Mock<StructuredAgentSessionAdapter['dispatch']>
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  ;({ root, store, host, dispatch } = hostTestState())
+})
+
+afterEach(() => vi.restoreAllMocks())
+
+function hostJournal(): AgentSessionJournal {
+  return (
+    host as unknown as { sessions: Map<string, { journal: AgentSessionJournal }> }
+  ).sessions.get(SESSION)!.journal
+}
+
+function sendParams(text: string) {
+  const body = hostTestMessage(text)
+  return { envelope: envelope('agentSession.send', { body }), body }
+}
+
+async function deliveredOnce(): Promise<void> {
+  await vi.waitFor(() => expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+}
+
+describe('a resent send id', () => {
+  it('is answered from a refused row without opening the chat again', async () => {
+    await attach()
+    vi.spyOn(hostJournal(), 'appendSubmission').mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('disk full'))
+    const params = sendParams('refused once')
+    const first = await host.send(CALLER, params)
+    expect(first).toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { code: 'agent_session_operation_invalid' }
+    })
+    await host.close(SESSION, 'evict')
+    expect(host.hasSession(SESSION)).toBe(false)
+
+    const resent = await host.send(CALLER, params)
+
+    expect(resent).toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        code: 'agent_session_operation_invalid',
+        details: { reason: 'journalWriteFailed' }
+      }
+    })
+    // The answer came from the ledger alone: the closed chat was not opened to give it.
+    expect(host.hasSession(SESSION)).toBe(false)
+    expect(dispatch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('answers unknown, never a refusal, when the chat holding its answer cannot be opened', async () => {
+    await attach()
+    const params = sendParams('recorded, then the chat would not open')
+    await host.send(CALLER, params)
+    await deliveredOnce()
+    await host.close(SESSION, 'evict')
+    const connection = openTestJournalHostDatabase(root).db
+    const prepare = connection.prepare.bind(connection)
+    vi.spyOn(connection, 'prepare').mockImplementation((sql: string) => {
+      if (sql.includes('journal_')) {
+        throw Object.assign(new Error('database disk image is malformed'), {
+          code: 'ERR_SQLITE_ERROR',
+          errcode: 11
+        })
+      }
+      return prepare(sql)
+    })
+    vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    await expect(host.send(CALLER, params)).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { code: 'agent_session_operation_unknown', details: { reason: 'outcomeUnknown' } }
+    })
+    // A new id meets the same chat as a first run, and is refused for what it is.
+    await expect(host.send(CALLER, sendParams('a new message'))).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { code: 'agent_session_journal_unreadable' }
+    })
+    expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('is answered from its record while a /clear is in flight; a new id is refused', async () => {
+    await attach()
+    const params = sendParams('sent before the clear')
+    expect(await host.send(CALLER, params)).toMatchObject({ ok: true, replayed: false })
+
+    const clearing = host.conversationCommand(CALLER, {
+      command: 'clear',
+      envelope: envelope('agentSession.conversationCommand', { command: 'clear' })
+    })
+    const resent = host.send(CALLER, params)
+    const fresh = host.send(CALLER, sendParams('typed during the clear'))
+    await clearing
+
+    await expect(resent).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      ok: true,
+      replayed: true,
+      value: { submission: { clientMessageId: params.envelope.clientOperationId } }
+    })
+    await expect(fresh).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { details: { reason: 'conversationCommandInFlight' } }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('waits for an original still being accepted and answers with its submission', async () => {
+    await attach()
+    const journal = hostJournal()
+    const append = journal.appendSubmission.bind(journal)
+    let release!: () => void
+    const held = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+      release = resolve
+    })
+    vi.spyOn(journal, 'appendSubmission').mockImplementationOnce(async (...args) => {
+      await held
+      return append(...args)
+    })
+    const params = sendParams('resent while the first is mid-write')
+
+    const original = host.send(CALLER, params)
+    const resent = host.send(CALLER, params)
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(journal.appendSubmission).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+    release()
+
+    const [first, second] = await Promise.all([original, resent])
+    expect(first).toMatchObject({ ok: true, replayed: false })
+    expect(second).toMatchObject({
+      ok: true,
+      replayed: true,
+      value: { submission: { clientMessageId: params.envelope.clientOperationId } }
+    })
+    if (!second.ok || !('submission' in second.value)) {
+      throw new Error('expected the submission arm')
+    }
+    expect(second.value.submission.reason).not.toBe(DISPATCH_DOUBT_SUBMISSION_MISSING)
+    await deliveredOnce()
+    expect(journal.submissions()).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(
+      store
+        .listOperationRows()
+        .filter((row) => row.operationId === params.envelope.clientOperationId)
+    ).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send-preparation.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send-preparation.test.ts
index cf746e29b74..647f0a1d86d 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send-preparation.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send-preparation.test.ts
@@ -274,16 +274,16 @@ describe('a send with no live owner', () => {
     expect(acquire).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
   })
 
-  it('restarts nothing for a send the ledger holds but the journal never saw', async () => {
-    const params = sendParams('claimed, then the host died')
-    // The row was claimed and the host went down before the journal write: on replay, admission
-    // reconstructs an unknown-outcome submission and never needs an owner.
+  /** A row claimed for this send, then the host died before the journal write; `journalEpoch`
+   *  is what this build stamps, and an older build's row carries none. */
+  async function claimedThenHostDied(params: ReturnType<typeof sendParams>, journalEpoch?: string) {
     await store.admitMutationOperation({
       callerKey: CALLER.callerKey,
       envelope: params.envelope,
       hostFingerprint: params.envelope.payloadFingerprint,
       now: NOW,
-      operationIdScope: 'global'
+      operationIdScope: 'global',
+      ...(journalEpoch ? { journalEpoch } : {})
     })
     await store.recordOperationOutcome({
       callerKey: CALLER.callerKey,
@@ -300,24 +300,39 @@ describe('a send with no live owner', () => {
     })
     expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease.claimStatus).toBe('released')
     acquire.mockClear()
-
-    const result = await host.send(CALLER, {
+    return {
       ...params,
       envelope: {
         ...params.envelope,
         expectedRuntimeFence: store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease.runtimeFence ?? 0
       }
-    })
+    }
+  }
 
-    expect(result).toMatchObject({
-      ok: true,
-      replayed: true,
-      value: { submission: { dispatchState: 'unknown', recovered: true } }
+  it('restarts nothing, and answers unknown, for a row with no epoch the journal never saw', async () => {
+    const resent = await claimedThenHostDied(sendParams('claimed, then the host died'))
+
+    await expect(host.send(CALLER, resent)).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { code: 'agent_session_operation_unknown', details: { reason: 'outcomeUnknown' } }
     })
     expect(acquire).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
     expect(dispatch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })
 
+  it('runs a send its own epoch never saw for the first time, restarting the owner once', async () => {
+    const epoch = (await host.journalSnapshot(SESSION)).cursor.epoch
+    const resent = await claimedThenHostDied(sendParams('claimed in this epoch'), epoch)
+
+    await expect(host.send(CALLER, resent)).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      ok: true,
+      replayed: false,
+      value: { submission: { dispatchState: 'pending' } }
+    })
+    await eventually(async () => expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledOnce())
+    expect(acquire).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
   it('accepts a send that arrives while a restart holds the queue, and hands both over in order', async () => {
     await loseOwner()
     const lostFence = store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease.runtimeFence ?? 0
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send-preparation.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send-preparation.ts
index 77413f45634..edbc4f809d4 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send-preparation.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send-preparation.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
   AGENT_SESSION_NOT_ATTACHED,
   type AgentSessionMutationSessionPreparation
 } from './structured-agent-session-mutation-admission'
+import { agentSessionOperationOutcomeUnknown } from './structured-agent-session-replay-outcome'
 import { rewindRefusal } from './structured-rewind-refusal'
 import type { StructuredAgentSessionMutationContext } from './structured-agent-session-host-mutations'
 import type { StructuredAgentSessionLogger } from './structured-agent-session-logger'
@@ -132,21 +133,27 @@ export function openWithAgent(
 }
 
 /** A rewind still in doubt once the conversation is open is one only its provider can settle —
- *  the open settles every other — so a send starts the agent, whose attach recovers it. */
+ *  the open settles every other — so a send starts the agent, whose attach recovers it. For a
+ *  resend of a recorded id the answer is in the conversation: one that cannot be made ready leaves
+ *  that answer unknown, never refused. */
 export function sendPreparation(
   context: Pick<StructuredAgentSessionMutationContext, 'openConversation' | 'ensureAgent' | 'deps'>,
   envelope: AgentSessionMutationEnvelope
-): () => Promise<AgentSessionMutationSessionPreparation> {
-  return async () => {
+): (ledger: 'admit' | 'replay') => Promise<AgentSessionMutationSessionPreparation> {
+  return async (ledger) => {
     const opened = await openConversationForWrite(
       context.openConversation,
       envelope,
       context.deps.logger
     )
     const phase = context.deps.store.getRecord(envelope.sessionId)?.rewind?.phase
-    return opened.ok && (phase === 'prepared' || phase === 'provider-succeeded')
-      ? context.ensureAgent(envelope.sessionId)
-      : opened
+    const prepared =
+      opened.ok && (phase === 'prepared' || phase === 'provider-succeeded')
+        ? await context.ensureAgent(envelope.sessionId)
+        : opened
+    return ledger === 'replay' && !prepared.ok
+      ? { ok: false, refusal: agentSessionOperationOutcomeUnknown(envelope.clientOperationId) }
+      : prepared
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send.test.ts
index f0163b22791..1eaaea9bf1f 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-send.test.ts
@@ -328,32 +328,32 @@ describe('send', () => {
     expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
   })
 
-  it('never reruns an admission-only send after the caller changes', async () => {
+  it('runs an admission-only send for the first time when it is resent, once', async () => {
     await attach()
     const settlement = vi
       .spyOn(store, 'recordOperationOutcome')
       .mockRejectedValue(new Error('operation settlement failed'))
     const body = hostTestMessage('first delivery after caller recovery')
     const params = { envelope: envelope('agentSession.send', { body }), body }
+    const clientMessageId = params.envelope.clientOperationId
 
     await expect(host.send(CALLER, params)).rejects.toThrow('operation settlement failed')
     expect(dispatch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(hostJournal().submissions()).toHaveLength(0)
     settlement.mockRestore()
 
+    // The row was placed and nothing was written in the epoch it names: this is its first run.
     await expect(host.send({ callerKey: 'client-after-recovery' }, params)).resolves.toMatchObject({
       ok: true,
-      replayed: true,
-      value: {
-        submission: {
-          dispatchState: 'unknown',
-          reason: DISPATCH_DOUBT_SUBMISSION_MISSING
-        }
-      }
+      replayed: false,
+      value: { submission: { clientMessageId, dispatchState: 'pending' } }
     })
-    expect(dispatch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    await delivered(clientMessageId)
     expect(
-      store.listOperationRows().find((row) => row.operationId === params.envelope.clientOperationId)
-    ).toMatchObject({ callerKey: CALLER.callerKey, outcome: { status: 'pending' } })
+      store.listOperationRows().find((row) => row.operationId === clientMessageId)
+    ).toMatchObject({ callerKey: CALLER.callerKey, outcome: { status: 'succeeded' } })
+    await expect(host.send(CALLER, params)).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true, replayed: true })
+    expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
   })
 
   it('never redelivers after admission survives without its journal submission', async () => {
@@ -377,23 +377,38 @@ describe('send', () => {
     await journal.rollEpoch('schema_unreadable', store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease.runtimeFence ?? 1)
     expect(journal.submissions()).toHaveLength(0)
 
+    // A new epoch may have dropped what the send wrote, so nothing proves it never ran.
     await expect(
       host.send({ callerKey: 'client-after-recovery' }, { ...params, retryUnknown: true })
     ).resolves.toMatchObject({
-      ok: true,
-      replayed: true,
-      value: {
-        submission: {
-          dispatchState: 'unknown',
-          reason: DISPATCH_DOUBT_SUBMISSION_MISSING,
-          recovered: true
-        }
-      }
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { code: 'agent_session_operation_unknown', details: { reason: 'outcomeUnknown' } }
     })
     expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
     expect(journal.submissions()).toHaveLength(0)
   })
 
+  it('answers an accepted send a new epoch dropped as recorded, never by running it again', async () => {
+    await attach()
+    const body = hostTestMessage('accepted, then the epoch was replaced')
+    const params = { envelope: envelope('agentSession.send', { body }), body }
+    await host.send(CALLER, params)
+    await delivered(params.envelope.clientOperationId)
+    await hostJournal().rollEpoch(
+      'schema_unreadable',
+      store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease.runtimeFence ?? 1
+    )
+
+    await expect(host.send(CALLER, params)).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      ok: true,
+      replayed: true,
+      value: {
+        submission: { dispatchState: 'unknown', reason: DISPATCH_DOUBT_SUBMISSION_MISSING }
+      }
+    })
+    expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
   it('fails closed when a legacy pending row survives without its submission', async () => {
     await attach()
     const body = hostTestMessage('legacy pending send after caller recovery')
@@ -414,14 +429,8 @@ describe('send', () => {
     await journal.rollEpoch('schema_unreadable', store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease.runtimeFence ?? 1)
 
     await expect(host.send({ callerKey: 'client-after-recovery' }, params)).resolves.toMatchObject({
-      ok: true,
-      replayed: true,
-      value: {
-        submission: {
-          dispatchState: 'unknown',
-          reason: DISPATCH_DOUBT_SUBMISSION_MISSING
-        }
-      }
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { code: 'agent_session_operation_unknown', details: { reason: 'outcomeUnknown' } }
     })
     expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
   })
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-conversation-command-controller.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-conversation-command-controller.ts
index 3c7f71dbe1f..15e562fb04f 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-conversation-command-controller.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-conversation-command-controller.ts
@@ -17,13 +17,18 @@ export class StructuredConversationCommandController {
     private readonly context: () => StructuredAgentSessionMutationContext,
     private readonly host: Pick<StructuredAgentSessionHost, 'waitForSendSettlement'>
   ) {}
+  /** A clear in flight refuses only a send it would be the first run of: a resent id the ledger
+   *  holds is answered from its record, behind the clear. */
   send = (
     caller: StructuredAgentSessionCaller,
     params: Parameters<typeof sendStructuredAgentSessionTurn>[2]
-  ): ReturnType<typeof sendStructuredAgentSessionTurn> =>
-    this.pending.has(params.envelope.sessionId)
+  ): ReturnType<typeof sendStructuredAgentSessionTurn> => {
+    const context = this.context()
+    return this.pending.has(params.envelope.sessionId) &&
+      !context.deps.store.holdsGlobalOperation(params.envelope.clientOperationId, context.now())
       ? Promise.resolve({ ok: false, refusal: conversationCommandInFlight() })
-      : sendStructuredAgentSessionTurn(this.context(), caller, params)
+      : sendStructuredAgentSessionTurn(context, caller, params)
+  }
 
   run = (caller: StructuredAgentSessionCaller, params: ConversationCommandParams) => {
     if (params.command === 'compact') {
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-operation-admission.ts b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-operation-admission.ts
index f16d48efb9d..79fa72d4a31 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-operation-admission.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-operation-admission.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ export type AgentSessionOperationAdmission = {
   operationId: string
   fingerprint: string
   now: number
+  /** Stamped on a row this admission places: see `AgentSessionOperationRow.journalEpoch`. */
+  journalEpoch?: string
 }
 
 type OperationRows = Map<string, AgentSessionOperationRow>
@@ -37,6 +39,8 @@ export type AgentSessionMutationOperationAdmission = {
   now: number
   operationIdScope?: 'global'
   conversationWrite?: true
+  /** The journal epoch the mutation writes to. */
+  journalEpoch?: string
 }
 
 export type AgentSessionMutationOperationDecision = {
@@ -129,7 +133,8 @@ function mutationOperation(
     callerKey: args.callerKey,
     operationId: args.envelope.clientOperationId,
     fingerprint: args.hostFingerprint,
-    now: args.now
+    now: args.now,
+    ...(args.journalEpoch !== undefined ? { journalEpoch: args.journalEpoch } : {})
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-record-store.ts b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-record-store.ts
index cd87b024c0f..0ab692e047f 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-record-store.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-record-store.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { setAgentSessionRecordConversationName } from './agent-session-record-co
 
 import {
   agentSessionOperationKey,
+  findAgentSessionGlobalOperationRow,
   type AgentSessionOperationClaim,
   type AgentSessionOperationDecision,
   type AgentSessionOperationOutcome,
@@ -181,6 +182,10 @@ export class AgentSessionRecordStore {
   getOperationRow = (callerKey: string, operationId: string): AgentSessionOperationRow | null =>
     this.state.operations.get(agentSessionOperationKey(callerKey, operationId)) ?? null
 
+  /** Whether any caller's unexpired row holds this id, as a send's global admission reads it. */
+  holdsGlobalOperation = (operationId: string, now: number): boolean =>
+    findAgentSessionGlobalOperationRow(this.state.operations, operationId, now) !== undefined
+
   isClaimKeyVerifiable = (keyId: string, now: number): boolean =>
     isAgentSessionClaimKeyVerifiable(this.state, keyId, now)
 
diff --git a/src/shared/agent-session-operation-ledger.ts b/src/shared/agent-session-operation-ledger.ts
index 136b86af2b7..ea56287ad77 100644
--- a/src/shared/agent-session-operation-ledger.ts
+++ b/src/shared/agent-session-operation-ledger.ts
@@ -76,6 +76,14 @@ export type AgentSessionOperationRow = {
   recordedAt: number
   expiresAt: number
   outcome: AgentSessionOperationOutcome
+  /**
+   * The chat journal epoch live when the row was placed, for an operation that writes to that
+   * journal. While the same epoch is live, a row the operation never wrote is one it never wrote;
+   * an epoch replaced since (a rewind, an import, a rebuild) may have dropped it. Absent on rows
+   * no journal backs and on rows older builds wrote. Not checked by `isAgentSessionOperationRow`,
+   * for the reason `launch` is not: a load drops a row it rejects.
+   */
+  journalEpoch?: string
 }
 
 export type AgentSessionOperationRefusalCode =
@@ -235,6 +243,7 @@ export function evaluateAgentSessionOperation(args: {
   now: number
   perClientLimit?: number
   globalLimit?: number
+  journalEpoch?: string
 }): AgentSessionOperationDecision {
   const { rows, callerKey, operationId, fingerprint, now } = args
   const operationTimestamp = parseAgentSessionOperationTimestamp(operationId)
@@ -288,7 +297,13 @@ export function evaluateAgentSessionOperation(args: {
   }
   return {
     decision: 'admit',
-    row: pendingAgentSessionOperationRow({ callerKey, operationId, fingerprint, now })
+    row: pendingAgentSessionOperationRow({
+      callerKey,
+      operationId,
+      fingerprint,
+      now,
+      ...(args.journalEpoch !== undefined ? { journalEpoch: args.journalEpoch } : {})
+    })
   }
 }
 
@@ -298,6 +313,7 @@ export function pendingAgentSessionOperationRow(args: {
   operationId: string
   fingerprint: string
   now: number
+  journalEpoch?: string
 }): AgentSessionOperationRow {
   const operationTimestamp = parseAgentSessionOperationTimestamp(args.operationId)
   if (operationTimestamp === null) {
@@ -310,7 +326,8 @@ export function pendingAgentSessionOperationRow(args: {
     operationTimestamp,
     recordedAt: args.now,
     expiresAt: agentSessionOperationExpiry(operationTimestamp, args.now),
-    outcome: { status: 'pending' }
+    outcome: { status: 'pending' },
+    ...(args.journalEpoch !== undefined ? { journalEpoch: args.journalEpoch } : {})
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/shared/protocol-version.ts b/src/shared/protocol-version.ts
index 47deda80d81..76a8a94e7a2 100644
--- a/src/shared/protocol-version.ts
+++ b/src/shared/protocol-version.ts
@@ -196,6 +196,14 @@ export const AGENT_SESSION_PENDING_SEND_RESULT_RUNTIME_CAPABILITY =
 // mobile client lacks the capability; mobile must first show a rejected message in place.
 export const AGENT_SESSION_ACCEPTED_SEND_RUNTIME_CAPABILITY =
   'agent-session.accepted-send.v1' as const
+// Why: a host advertising this answers a resent send id from its ledger before anything else may
+// refuse it, so its answers to `agentSession.send` are proof. `agent_session_operation_unknown`
+// means it cannot tell yet: resend under the same id. `agent_session_operation_expired` means the
+// id outlived the window the host answers for: only the transcript can say. Any other refusal
+// means nothing under that id was recorded. An older host may refuse an id it recorded, so a
+// client must not read that host's refusal of a resend as proof.
+export const AGENT_SESSION_SEND_ANSWERS_PROOF_RUNTIME_CAPABILITY =
+  'agent-session.send-answers-proof.v1' as const
 // Why: `agentSession.send`'s params are strict, so an older host rejects `delivery`; and only a
 // capable client can render the `queued` result arm, the draft list, and returned cards. DARK ON
 // PURPOSE — not in RUNTIME_CAPABILITIES: advertising still requires the integrated Codex steer
@@ -400,6 +408,7 @@ export const RUNTIME_CAPABILITIES = [
   // The host side: it accepts a send before any agent has it, and a Stop with no writer before a
   // turn starts, so a client may gate on either.
   AGENT_SESSION_ACCEPTED_SEND_RUNTIME_CAPABILITY,
+  AGENT_SESSION_SEND_ANSWERS_PROOF_RUNTIME_CAPABILITY,
   STRUCTURED_AGENT_SESSION_HOLD_RUNTIME_CAPABILITY,
   STRUCTURED_AGENT_SESSION_REVEAL_RUNTIME_CAPABILITY,
   STRUCTURED_AGENT_SESSION_RESUME_HISTORY_RUNTIME_CAPABILITY,