diff --git a/src/main/codex/codex-structured-owner-identity.test.ts b/src/main/codex/codex-structured-owner-identity.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c9a7b682218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/codex/codex-structured-owner-identity.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { codexProcessIdentity } from './codex-structured-owner-identity'
+
+const IDENTITY = {
+  sessionId: 'session-identity',
+  workspaceId: 'workspace-1',
+  hostId: 'local',
+  agent: 'codex' as const,
+  providerHandle: { kind: 'codex' as const, threadId: 'thread-1' }
+}
+
+describe('codex process identity', () => {
+  it('records the observed start time alongside the spawn token', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      codexProcessIdentity(
+        { identity: IDENTITY, spawnToken: 'spawn-a', pid: 4242 },
+        async () => 123
+      )
+    ).resolves.toEqual({
+      hostId: 'local',
+      pid: 4242,
+      processStartTimeMs: 123,
+      spawnToken: 'spawn-a'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('retries a failed start-time read before giving up', async () => {
+    const readStartTime = vi
+      .fn<(pid: number) => Promise<number | null>>()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(null)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(null)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(456)
+    await expect(
+      codexProcessIdentity({ identity: IDENTITY, spawnToken: 'spawn-a', pid: 4242 }, readStartTime)
+    ).resolves.toMatchObject({ processStartTimeMs: 456 })
+    expect(readStartTime).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+  })
+
+  it('refuses an owner whose start time is unreadable rather than record one no probe can verify', async () => {
+    // A null start time guarantees every later owner probe answers indeterminate, which is
+    // a durable latch; refusing here is a retryable failure instead.
+    const readStartTime = vi.fn(async () => null)
+    await expect(
+      codexProcessIdentity({ identity: IDENTITY, spawnToken: 'spawn-a', pid: 4242 }, readStartTime)
+    ).rejects.toThrow('start time')
+    expect(readStartTime).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/codex/codex-structured-owner-identity.ts b/src/main/codex/codex-structured-owner-identity.ts
index c27979cf8c5..5672c7dbd70 100644
--- a/src/main/codex/codex-structured-owner-identity.ts
+++ b/src/main/codex/codex-structured-owner-identity.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import { readProcessStartTimeMs } from '../runtime/agent-session-process-identit
  *  child of THIS reservation from a same-pid stranger. */
 export const CODEX_SPAWN_TOKEN_ENV = 'ORCA_AGENT_SESSION_SPAWN_TOKEN'
 
+const START_TIME_READ_ATTEMPTS = 3
+
 export async function codexProcessIdentity(
   input: {
     identity: AgentSessionJournalIdentity
@@ -23,10 +25,23 @@ export async function codexProcessIdentity(
   if (input.pid === undefined) {
     throw new Error('codex app-server started without a pid')
   }
+  let processStartTimeMs: number | null = null
+  for (
+    let attempt = 0;
+    attempt < START_TIME_READ_ATTEMPTS && processStartTimeMs === null;
+    attempt += 1
+  ) {
+    processStartTimeMs = await readStartTime(input.pid)
+  }
+  if (processStartTimeMs === null) {
+    // Why: recording null makes every later owner probe indeterminate — a durable latch.
+    // Failing here reaps the child and leaves a retryable refusal instead.
+    throw new Error(`codex app-server start time for pid ${input.pid} could not be read`)
+  }
   return {
     hostId: input.identity.hostId,
     pid: input.pid,
-    processStartTimeMs: await readStartTime(input.pid),
+    processStartTimeMs,
     spawnToken: input.spawnToken
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-runtime-state.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-runtime-state.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..80e4da5370b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-runtime-state.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import {
+  AGENT_SESSION_RECORD_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+  type AgentSessionRecord
+} from '../../../shared/agent-session-record'
+import type { AgentSessionRecordStore } from '../../runtime/agent-session-record-store'
+import { StructuredAgentSessionHostRuntimeState } from './structured-agent-session-host-runtime-state'
+import type { StructuredAgentSessionHostDeps } from './structured-agent-session-host'
+
+const NOW = 1_800_000_000_000
+
+function reservedRecord(): AgentSessionRecord {
+  return {
+    schemaVersion: AGENT_SESSION_RECORD_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+    sessionId: 'session-probe',
+    location: {
+      executionHostId: 'local',
+      wslDistro: null,
+      workspaceId: 'workspace-1',
+      workspaceKind: 'folder'
+    },
+    provider: 'codex',
+    providerHandleChain: [],
+    accountHome: { variable: 'CODEX_HOME', path: '/tmp/codex' },
+    lease: {
+      sessionId: 'session-probe',
+      runtimeKind: 'native',
+      runtimeFence: 3,
+      handoffStage: 'new-owner-proving',
+      provenHandleLinkId: null,
+      ownerProcess: null,
+      reservedSpawnToken: 'spawn-probe',
+      leaseDeadlineAt: NOW + 30_000,
+      lastRenewedAt: NOW,
+      handoffOperationId: 'op-1',
+      journalCheckpoint: null,
+      claimKeyId: 'key-1',
+      claimStatus: 'reserved',
+      unreconciled: false,
+      deathEvidence: null
+    },
+    createdAt: NOW,
+    updatedAt: NOW
+  }
+}
+
+function runtimeState(
+  record: AgentSessionRecord | null,
+  probeOwner: NonNullable<StructuredAgentSessionHostDeps['probeOwner']>
+) {
+  const deps = {
+    store: { getRecord: () => record } as unknown as AgentSessionRecordStore,
+    adapter: {},
+    journalRoot: '/tmp',
+    claimKeyId: 'key-1',
+    probeOwner
+  } as StructuredAgentSessionHostDeps
+  return new StructuredAgentSessionHostRuntimeState(deps)
+}
+
+describe('host runtime-state owner probe', () => {
+  it('routes an ownerless reservation through the strict probe instead of fabricating proof', async () => {
+    // Fabricating `reservation-unused` here skipped the processless-proof rule the runtime
+    // probe enforces — the exact answer that mints a second writer on one provider session.
+    const probeOwner = vi.fn(async () => ({
+      outcome: 'indeterminate' as const,
+      reason: 'reservation named no process'
+    }))
+    const state = runtimeState(reservedRecord(), probeOwner)
+
+    await expect(state.probeOwner('session-probe')).resolves.toEqual({
+      outcome: 'indeterminate',
+      reason: 'reservation named no process'
+    })
+    expect(probeOwner).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('skips the probe for a released ownerless record acquisition never consults it for', async () => {
+    const released = reservedRecord()
+    released.lease.claimStatus = 'released'
+    released.lease.handoffStage = null
+    released.lease.reservedSpawnToken = null
+    const probeOwner = vi.fn(async () => ({ outcome: 'indeterminate' as const, reason: 'x' }))
+    const state = runtimeState(released, probeOwner)
+
+    await expect(state.probeOwner('session-probe')).resolves.toEqual({
+      outcome: 'reservation-unused'
+    })
+    expect(probeOwner).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('treats a session with no record at all as an unused reservation', async () => {
+    const probeOwner = vi.fn(async () => ({ outcome: 'indeterminate' as const, reason: 'x' }))
+    const state = runtimeState(null, probeOwner)
+
+    await expect(state.probeOwner('session-probe')).resolves.toEqual({
+      outcome: 'reservation-unused'
+    })
+    expect(probeOwner).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-runtime-state.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-runtime-state.ts
index a2d7f574bd9..c555426502b 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-runtime-state.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-runtime-state.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
 } from './structured-agent-session-event-sink'
 import type { StructuredAgentSessionHostDeps } from './structured-agent-session-host'
 import { StructuredAgentSessionLeaseRenewer } from './structured-agent-session-lease-renewer'
+import { resolveStructuredSessionRecovery } from './structured-agent-session-recovery-resolution'
 
 export class StructuredAgentSessionHostRuntimeState {
   private readonly eventSinks = new Map<string, DeferredStructuredAgentSessionEventSink>()
@@ -58,11 +59,30 @@ export class StructuredAgentSessionHostRuntimeState {
     await Promise.all([...this.eventSinks.values()].map((sink) => sink.drained()))
   }
 
+  /** Exit from a latched recovery stage when present-time evidence permits one. */
+  resolveRecovery(sessionId: string): Promise<'resolved' | 'unresolved' | 'not-applicable'> {
+    return resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+      {
+        store: this.deps.store,
+        probeRecord: (record) => this.probeRecord(record),
+        now: () => this.deps.now?.() ?? Date.now(),
+        ...(this.deps.stopOwnerProcess ? { stopOwnerProcess: this.deps.stopOwnerProcess } : {})
+      },
+      sessionId
+    )
+  }
+
   probeOwner(sessionId: string): Promise<AgentSessionOwnerProbe> {
     const record = this.deps.store.getRecord(sessionId)
-    if (!record || record.lease.ownerProcess === null) {
+    if (
+      !record ||
+      (record.lease.ownerProcess === null && record.lease.claimStatus !== 'reserved')
+    ) {
+      // Acquisition only consults the probe against a recorded owner or a live reservation.
       return Promise.resolve({ outcome: 'reservation-unused' })
     }
+    // A live reservation goes through the strict probe: calling it unused without its
+    // processless proof is the answer that mints a second writer.
     return this.probeRecord(record)
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-types.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-types.ts
index ea215afbc05..4c90e5d647a 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-types.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host-types.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ export type StructuredAgentSessionHostDeps = {
   journalRoot: string
   claimKeyId: string
   probeOwner?: (record: AgentSessionRecord) => Promise<AgentSessionOwnerProbe>
+  /** Recovery-exit stop requests only; a lease moves only on a later proven-absent probe. */
+  stopOwnerProcess?: (pid: number, signal: 'SIGTERM' | 'SIGKILL') => void
   mintSpawnToken?: () => string
   resolveLaunchEnv?: (
     provider: AgentSessionRecord['provider']
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host.ts
index d549cdb563a..86c3fd1ea84 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-host.ts
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ export class StructuredAgentSessionHost {
       journalRoot: deps.journalRoot,
       supportsRecord: (record) => providerSupport.adapterSupportsRecord(deps.adapter, record),
       reconcile: this.reconcileLeases,
+      resolveRecovery: (sessionId) => this.runtimeState.resolveRecovery(sessionId),
       resume: (params) =>
         this.attach({ callerKey: 'trusted-local:host-restart' }, params).then(
           (result) => result.ok
@@ -149,6 +150,7 @@ export class StructuredAgentSessionHost {
       if (unreconciled) {
         return refuseAgentSessionMutation(unreconciled)
       }
+      await this.runtimeState.resolveRecovery(sessionId)
       const eventSink = this.runtimeState.eventSinkFor(sessionId)
       const attached = await performAttach({
         store: this.deps.store,
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-lease-renewer.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-lease-renewer.test.ts
index d9e3fec0cc0..5a66b422070 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-lease-renewer.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-lease-renewer.test.ts
@@ -133,6 +133,30 @@ describe('structured agent-session lease renewal', () => {
     })
   })
 
+  it('never extends the lease of a native record parked in recovery', async () => {
+    // The host cannot vouch for a native child it holds no transport to; renewing while
+    // recovering keeps an orphan pid's lease alive and reads as a healthy owner.
+    const store = await liveStore()
+    await store.transitionHandoff('session-renewal', (record) => ({
+      ...record,
+      lease: { ...record.lease, handoffStage: 'recovering' }
+    }))
+    const probe = vi.fn(async () => ({
+      outcome: 'identity-matched' as const,
+      matchedOn: ['process-start-time' as const]
+    }))
+    const renewer = new StructuredAgentSessionLeaseRenewer({
+      store,
+      probe,
+      now: () => NOW + 10_000
+    })
+
+    await renewer.renewNow()
+
+    expect(probe).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(store.getRecord('session-renewal')?.lease.lastRenewedAt).toBe(NOW)
+  })
+
   it('routes a proven dead TUI owner into handoff recovery', async () => {
     const store = await liveStore()
     await store.transitionHandoff('session-renewal', (record) => ({
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-lease-renewer.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-lease-renewer.ts
index 751fa065bf0..d4fdebc1ec4 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-lease-renewer.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-lease-renewer.ts
@@ -54,7 +54,14 @@ export class StructuredAgentSessionLeaseRenewer {
             (record) =>
               !record.lease.unreconciled &&
               record.lease.claimStatus === 'live' &&
-              record.lease.ownerProcess !== null
+              record.lease.ownerProcess !== null &&
+              // A native record parked in recovery has no transport the host can vouch
+              // for; renewing it keeps an orphan pid's lease reading as a healthy owner.
+              !(
+                record.lease.runtimeKind === 'native' &&
+                (record.lease.handoffStage === 'recovering' ||
+                  record.lease.handoffStage === 'manual-recovery')
+              )
           )
           .map((record) => this.renewRecord(record))
       )
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-legacy-restart.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-legacy-restart.test.ts
index c0f6ad964f0..3bacb960b13 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-legacy-restart.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-legacy-restart.test.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ describe('legacy structured session restart', () => {
       journalRoot: '/isolated/no-journal',
       records: [loaded.record],
       reconcile: async () => null,
+      resolveRecovery: async () => 'not-applicable',
       operationId: () => 'legacy-upgrade-operation',
       resume,
       serialize: async () => undefined as never,
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-processless-reservation.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-processless-reservation.test.ts
index a3451ff9037..d6ba5cd509c 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-processless-reservation.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-processless-reservation.test.ts
@@ -157,11 +157,14 @@ describe('processless structured session reservation', () => {
       probe: createStructuredAgentSessionOwnerProbe('local'),
       now: NOW + 1
     })
+    // The consumed proof cannot come back, but restart itself proves the reserving runtime
+    // died before any owner was proven — the reservation is released, never latched.
     expect(reopened.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
-      claimStatus: 'reserved',
-      handoffStage: 'recovering',
-      runtimeFence: 1,
-      processlessAt: null
+      claimStatus: 'released',
+      handoffStage: null,
+      runtimeFence: 2,
+      ownerProcess: null,
+      reservedSpawnToken: null
     })
   })
 })
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-readable-restorer.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-readable-restorer.ts
index ce90bf5d8c1..e6e934024dd 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-readable-restorer.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-readable-restorer.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ export class StructuredAgentSessionReadableRestorer {
       journalRoot: string
       supportsRecord: (record: AgentSessionRecord) => boolean
       reconcile: (sessionId: string) => Promise<AgentSessionWireRefusal | null>
+      resolveRecovery: (sessionId: string) => Promise<unknown>
       resume: (params: AgentSessionAttachParams) => Promise<boolean>
       serialize: <T>(sessionId: string, task: () => Promise<T>) => Promise<T>
       hasSession: (sessionId: string) => boolean
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-exits.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-exits.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..80c0d22db21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-exits.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// End-to-end exits from latched recovery states: no shape a user cannot get out of.
+
+import { mkdtemp, rm } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi, type Mock } from 'vitest'
+import { AgentSessionRecordStore } from '../../runtime/agent-session-record-store'
+import type { StructuredAgentSessionAdapter } from './structured-agent-session-adapter'
+import { StructuredAgentSessionHost } from './structured-agent-session-host'
+import type { StructuredAgentSessionHostDeps } from './structured-agent-session-host-types'
+import {
+  HOST_TEST_NOW as NOW,
+  HOST_TEST_SESSION as SESSION,
+  HOST_TEST_THREAD as THREAD,
+  hostTestAttachParams,
+  resetHostTestOperationIds
+} from './structured-agent-session-host-test-data'
+
+const CALLER = { callerKey: 'client-1' }
+
+let root: string
+let store: AgentSessionRecordStore
+let host: StructuredAgentSessionHost
+let acquire: Mock<StructuredAgentSessionAdapter['acquire']>
+
+function adapter(): StructuredAgentSessionAdapter {
+  return {
+    acquire,
+    releaseAcquisition: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    dispatch: vi.fn(),
+    cancelTurn: vi.fn(),
+    answerPrompt: vi.fn(),
+    setOption: vi.fn()
+  } as unknown as StructuredAgentSessionAdapter
+}
+
+function openHost(overrides: Partial<StructuredAgentSessionHostDeps> = {}): void {
+  host = new StructuredAgentSessionHost({
+    store,
+    adapter: adapter(),
+    journalRoot: root,
+    claimKeyId: 'key-1',
+    mintSpawnToken: () => 'spawn-a',
+    now: () => NOW,
+    ...overrides
+  })
+}
+
+async function reopenStore(): Promise<void> {
+  await host.flushAllStreamedEvents()
+  store = await AgentSessionRecordStore.open({ directory: join(root, 'store'), hostId: 'local' })
+}
+
+beforeEach(async () => {
+  root = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'orca-recovery-exits-'))
+  resetHostTestOperationIds()
+  acquire = vi.fn(async ({ fence }) => ({
+    process: {
+      hostId: 'local',
+      pid: 4242,
+      processStartTimeMs: 1_700_000_000_000,
+      spawnToken: store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease.reservedSpawnToken ?? 'spawn-a'
+    },
+    link: {
+      linkId: `link-${fence}`,
+      handle: { provider: 'codex', threadId: THREAD },
+      origin: store.getRecord(SESSION)?.providerHandleChain.length ? 'resumed' : 'created',
+      mintedAtFence: fence,
+      observedAt: NOW
+    }
+  }))
+  store = await AgentSessionRecordStore.open({ directory: join(root, 'store'), hostId: 'local' })
+  openHost()
+})
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await host.flushAllStreamedEvents()
+  await rm(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+})
+
+describe('recovery exits', () => {
+  it('frees a reservation stranded by a crash between reserve and identity commit', async () => {
+    acquire.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('simulated crash before identity commit'))
+    await expect(host.attach(CALLER, hostTestAttachParams(null))).rejects.toThrow('simulated crash')
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      claimStatus: 'reserved',
+      ownerProcess: null
+    })
+
+    await reopenStore()
+    openHost({ mintSpawnToken: () => 'spawn-b' })
+
+    // The abandoned reservation is released at reconcile, so the stale client fence gets
+    // a retryable refusal that names the current fence instead of a dead-end latch.
+    const stale = await host.attach(CALLER, hostTestAttachParams(1))
+    expect(stale).toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { code: 'agent_session_checkpoint_stale', currentFence: 2 }
+    })
+    const retried = await host.attach(CALLER, hostTestAttachParams(2))
+    expect(retried).toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      claimStatus: 'live',
+      handoffStage: null,
+      ownerProcess: { pid: 4242 }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('stops a surviving native child after restart instead of readopting its dead transport', async () => {
+    expect((await host.attach(CALLER, hostTestAttachParams(null))).ok).toBe(true)
+    await reopenStore()
+
+    let orphanAlive = true
+    const stopOwnerProcess = vi.fn((_pid: number, _signal: 'SIGTERM' | 'SIGKILL') => {
+      orphanAlive = false
+    })
+    openHost({
+      mintSpawnToken: () => 'spawn-b',
+      probeOwner: async () =>
+        orphanAlive
+          ? { outcome: 'identity-matched', matchedOn: ['process-start-time'] }
+          : { outcome: 'pid-absent' },
+      stopOwnerProcess
+    })
+
+    const stale = await host.attach(CALLER, hostTestAttachParams(1))
+    expect(stale).toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { code: 'agent_session_checkpoint_stale', currentFence: 2 }
+    })
+    expect(stopOwnerProcess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(4242, 'SIGTERM')
+    const retried = await host.attach(CALLER, hostTestAttachParams(2))
+    expect(retried).toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    // A fresh child was spawned; the orphan pid's lease did not survive as the owner.
+    expect(acquire).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      runtimeFence: 3,
+      claimStatus: 'live',
+      handoffStage: null
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('heals a stranded native owner during startup restore without waiting for a client', async () => {
+    expect((await host.attach(CALLER, hostTestAttachParams(null))).ok).toBe(true)
+    await reopenStore()
+
+    let orphanAlive = true
+    const stopOwnerProcess = vi.fn(() => {
+      orphanAlive = false
+    })
+    openHost({
+      mintSpawnToken: () => 'spawn-b',
+      probeOwner: async () =>
+        orphanAlive
+          ? { outcome: 'identity-matched', matchedOn: ['process-start-time'] }
+          : { outcome: 'pid-absent' },
+      stopOwnerProcess
+    })
+
+    await host.restoreReadableSessions()
+
+    expect(stopOwnerProcess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(4242, 'SIGTERM')
+    expect(acquire).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      runtimeFence: 3,
+      claimStatus: 'live',
+      handoffStage: null,
+      ownerProcess: { spawnToken: 'spawn-b' }
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-resolution.test.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-resolution.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..804e67f973d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-resolution.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+import { mkdtemp, rm } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import type { AgentSessionOwnerProbe } from '../../../shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication'
+import { AgentSessionRecordStore } from '../../runtime/agent-session-record-store'
+import {
+  resolveStructuredSessionRecovery,
+  type StructuredSessionRecoveryResolutionDeps
+} from './structured-agent-session-recovery-resolution'
+
+const NOW = 1_800_000_000_000
+const SESSION = 'session-recovery'
+const roots: string[] = []
+let operations = 0
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await Promise.all(roots.splice(0).map((root) => rm(root, { recursive: true, force: true })))
+})
+
+async function openStore(): Promise<AgentSessionRecordStore> {
+  const root = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'orca-recovery-resolution-'))
+  roots.push(root)
+  return AgentSessionRecordStore.open({ directory: root, hostId: 'local' })
+}
+
+async function reserve(store: AgentSessionRecordStore, runtimeKind: 'native' | 'tui' = 'native') {
+  operations += 1
+  return store.reserveOwner({
+    sessionId: SESSION,
+    location: {
+      executionHostId: 'local',
+      wslDistro: null,
+      workspaceId: 'workspace-1',
+      workspaceKind: 'folder'
+    },
+    provider: 'codex',
+    accountHome: { variable: 'CODEX_HOME', path: '/tmp/codex' },
+    runtimeKind,
+    expectedFence: null,
+    spawnToken: 'spawn-recovery',
+    claimKeyId: 'key-1',
+    handoffOperationId: null,
+    probe: { outcome: 'reservation-unused' },
+    operation: {
+      callerKey: 'test',
+      operationId: `${NOW}-${String(operations).padStart(32, '0')}`,
+      fingerprint: 'create'
+    },
+    now: NOW
+  })
+}
+
+async function liveOwner(store: AgentSessionRecordStore, runtimeKind: 'native' | 'tui' = 'native') {
+  const reserved = await reserve(store, runtimeKind)
+  const fence = reserved.record.lease.runtimeFence
+  await store.commitProcessIdentity({
+    sessionId: SESSION,
+    fence,
+    process: {
+      hostId: 'local',
+      pid: 4242,
+      processStartTimeMs: NOW - 1_000,
+      spawnToken: 'spawn-recovery'
+    },
+    now: NOW
+  })
+  return store.proveOwner({
+    sessionId: SESSION,
+    fence,
+    link: {
+      linkId: 'link-recovery',
+      handle: { provider: 'codex', threadId: 'thread-recovery' },
+      origin: 'created',
+      mintedAtFence: fence,
+      observedAt: NOW
+    },
+    now: NOW
+  })
+}
+
+async function latch(store: AgentSessionRecordStore, stage: 'recovering' | 'manual-recovery') {
+  return store.transitionHandoff(SESSION, (record) => ({
+    ...record,
+    lease: { ...record.lease, handoffStage: stage }
+  }))
+}
+
+function deps(
+  store: AgentSessionRecordStore,
+  probe: (calls: number) => AgentSessionOwnerProbe,
+  overrides: Partial<StructuredSessionRecoveryResolutionDeps> = {}
+): StructuredSessionRecoveryResolutionDeps & { probes: () => number } {
+  let calls = 0
+  return {
+    store,
+    probeRecord: async () => {
+      calls += 1
+      return probe(calls)
+    },
+    now: () => NOW + 10_000,
+    delay: async () => {},
+    probes: () => calls,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+describe('structured session recovery resolution', () => {
+  it('releases a latched ownerless native reservation', async () => {
+    const store = await openStore()
+    await reserve(store)
+    await latch(store, 'recovering')
+
+    const result = await resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+      deps(store, () => ({ outcome: 'indeterminate', reason: 'no scan' })),
+      SESSION
+    )
+
+    expect(result).toBe('resolved')
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      claimStatus: 'released',
+      handoffStage: null,
+      runtimeFence: 2,
+      reservedSpawnToken: null
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('evicts a latched owner the probe now proves dead, without a stop request', async () => {
+    const store = await openStore()
+    await liveOwner(store)
+    await latch(store, 'manual-recovery')
+    const stopOwnerProcess = vi.fn()
+
+    const result = await resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+      deps(store, () => ({ outcome: 'pid-absent' }), { stopOwnerProcess }),
+      SESSION
+    )
+
+    expect(result).toBe('resolved')
+    expect(stopOwnerProcess).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      claimStatus: 'released',
+      handoffStage: null,
+      runtimeFence: 2,
+      ownerProcess: null
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('stops a live identity-matched orphan and evicts only after absence is proven', async () => {
+    const store = await openStore()
+    await liveOwner(store)
+    await latch(store, 'recovering')
+    let alive = true
+    const stopOwnerProcess = vi.fn(() => {
+      alive = false
+    })
+
+    const result = await resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+      deps(
+        store,
+        () =>
+          alive
+            ? { outcome: 'identity-matched', matchedOn: ['process-start-time'] }
+            : { outcome: 'pid-absent' },
+        { stopOwnerProcess }
+      ),
+      SESSION
+    )
+
+    expect(result).toBe('resolved')
+    expect(stopOwnerProcess).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(stopOwnerProcess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(4242, 'SIGTERM')
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      claimStatus: 'released',
+      handoffStage: null,
+      runtimeFence: 2
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('escalates the stop request but never evicts an owner that stays alive', async () => {
+    const store = await openStore()
+    await liveOwner(store)
+    await latch(store, 'recovering')
+    const stopOwnerProcess = vi.fn()
+
+    const result = await resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+      deps(store, () => ({ outcome: 'identity-matched', matchedOn: ['process-start-time'] }), {
+        stopOwnerProcess
+      }),
+      SESSION
+    )
+
+    expect(result).toBe('unresolved')
+    expect(stopOwnerProcess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(4242, 'SIGTERM')
+    expect(stopOwnerProcess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(4242, 'SIGKILL')
+    // The latch is preserved verbatim: no fence move, no cleared owner, no lost state.
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      claimStatus: 'live',
+      handoffStage: 'recovering',
+      runtimeFence: 1,
+      ownerProcess: { pid: 4242 }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('leaves an unverifiable owner latched and requests no stop', async () => {
+    const store = await openStore()
+    await liveOwner(store)
+    await latch(store, 'recovering')
+    const stopOwnerProcess = vi.fn()
+
+    const result = await resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+      deps(store, () => ({ outcome: 'indeterminate', reason: 'probe timed out' }), {
+        stopOwnerProcess
+      }),
+      SESSION
+    )
+
+    expect(result).toBe('unresolved')
+    expect(stopOwnerProcess).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease).toMatchObject({
+      handoffStage: 'recovering',
+      runtimeFence: 1
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('never touches a TUI record or a conflicted claim', async () => {
+    const store = await openStore()
+    await liveOwner(store, 'tui')
+    await latch(store, 'recovering')
+    expect(
+      await resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+        deps(store, () => ({ outcome: 'pid-absent' })),
+        SESSION
+      )
+    ).toBe('not-applicable')
+
+    await store.transitionHandoff(SESSION, (record) => ({
+      ...record,
+      lease: { ...record.lease, runtimeKind: 'native', claimStatus: 'conflicted' }
+    }))
+    expect(
+      await resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+        deps(store, () => ({ outcome: 'pid-absent' })),
+        SESSION
+      )
+    ).toBe('not-applicable')
+    expect(store.getRecord(SESSION)?.lease.handoffStage).toBe('recovering')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-resolution.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-resolution.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..06c3eb5dce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-recovery-resolution.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/**
+ * Exits from latched recovery stages. A session lands in `recovering` / `manual-recovery`
+ * when evidence about its owner was UNAVAILABLE; this module re-asks with present-time
+ * evidence and releases the lease only on proof. A stop is a request — the lease moves only
+ * after a later probe proves the process absent, never on a timeout.
+ */
+
+import {
+  isProvenAliveProbe,
+  isProvenDeadProbe,
+  type AgentSessionOwnerProbe
+} from '../../../shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication'
+import type { AgentSessionRecord } from '../../../shared/agent-session-record'
+import type { AgentSessionRecordStore } from '../../runtime/agent-session-record-store'
+
+export type StructuredSessionRecoveryStopSignal = 'SIGTERM' | 'SIGKILL'
+
+export type StructuredSessionRecoveryResolutionDeps = {
+  store: AgentSessionRecordStore
+  probeRecord: (record: AgentSessionRecord) => Promise<AgentSessionOwnerProbe>
+  now: () => number
+  stopOwnerProcess?: (pid: number, signal: StructuredSessionRecoveryStopSignal) => void
+  delay?: (ms: number) => Promise<void>
+}
+
+const STOP_PROBES_PER_SIGNAL = 4
+const STOP_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS = 250
+
+const UNRESOLVED_REFUSALS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set([
+  'agent_session_ownership_unknown',
+  'agent_session_checkpoint_stale',
+  'execution_owner_reconciling',
+  'agent_session_identity_required'
+])
+
+/** Only native records resolve here: a TUI owner has its own recovery transport, and a
+ *  conflicted claim is a user decision, not missing evidence. */
+export function structuredSessionRecoveryIsResolvable(record: AgentSessionRecord): boolean {
+  return (
+    record.lease.runtimeKind === 'native' &&
+    record.lease.claimStatus !== 'conflicted' &&
+    (record.lease.handoffStage === 'recovering' || record.lease.handoffStage === 'manual-recovery')
+  )
+}
+
+export async function resolveStructuredSessionRecovery(
+  deps: StructuredSessionRecoveryResolutionDeps,
+  sessionId: string
+): Promise<'resolved' | 'unresolved' | 'not-applicable'> {
+  const record = deps.store.getRecord(sessionId)
+  if (!record || !structuredSessionRecoveryIsResolvable(record)) {
+    return 'not-applicable'
+  }
+  let probe = await deps.probeRecord(record)
+  const owner = record.lease.ownerProcess
+  if (owner && owner.hostId === deps.store.hostId && isProvenAliveProbe(probe)) {
+    // The owner is a live child of a runtime that no longer exists; its transport cannot be
+    // reconstructed, so the only way forward is to stop it and prove it gone.
+    probe = await stopOwnerAndReprobe(deps, record, owner.pid)
+  }
+  try {
+    await deps.store.evictProvenDeadOwner({
+      sessionId,
+      expectedFence: record.lease.runtimeFence,
+      probe,
+      now: deps.now()
+    })
+    return 'resolved'
+  } catch (error) {
+    const code = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    if (UNRESOLVED_REFUSALS.has(code)) {
+      // No proof yet; the record is preserved untouched and the next attempt re-asks.
+      return 'unresolved'
+    }
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+async function stopOwnerAndReprobe(
+  deps: StructuredSessionRecoveryResolutionDeps,
+  record: AgentSessionRecord,
+  pid: number
+): Promise<AgentSessionOwnerProbe> {
+  const stop = deps.stopOwnerProcess ?? defaultStopOwnerProcess
+  const delay = deps.delay ?? ((ms: number) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms)))
+  let probe: AgentSessionOwnerProbe = { outcome: 'indeterminate', reason: 'owner stop requested' }
+  for (const signal of ['SIGTERM', 'SIGKILL'] as const) {
+    stop(pid, signal)
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < STOP_PROBES_PER_SIGNAL; attempt += 1) {
+      probe = await deps.probeRecord(record)
+      if (isProvenDeadProbe(probe)) {
+        return probe
+      }
+      await delay(STOP_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS)
+    }
+  }
+  return probe
+}
+
+function defaultStopOwnerProcess(pid: number, signal: StructuredSessionRecoveryStopSignal): void {
+  try {
+    process.kill(pid, signal)
+  } catch {
+    // Already gone or not ours to signal; the next probe supplies the actual proof.
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-restart-restore.ts b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-restart-restore.ts
index 95fdaf11d1c..721fe187cc4 100644
--- a/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-restart-restore.ts
+++ b/src/main/native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-restart-restore.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ export async function restoreStructuredAgentSessionsOnRestart(input: {
   journalRoot: string
   records: AgentSessionRecord[]
   reconcile: (sessionId: string) => Promise<AgentSessionWireRefusal | null>
+  resolveRecovery: (sessionId: string) => Promise<unknown>
   operationId: () => string
   resume: (params: AgentSessionAttachParams) => Promise<boolean>
   serialize: <T>(sessionId: string, task: () => Promise<T>) => Promise<T>
@@ -23,6 +24,10 @@ export async function restoreStructuredAgentSessionsOnRestart(input: {
   await Promise.all(
     input.records.map(async ({ sessionId }) => {
       const unreconciled = await input.reconcile(sessionId)
+      if (!unreconciled) {
+        // A session latched in recovery exits here at startup, without waiting for a client.
+        await input.resolveRecovery(sessionId)
+      }
       const current = input.store.getRecord(sessionId)
       if (
         !unreconciled &&
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-restart-handoff-adjudication.test.ts b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-restart-handoff-adjudication.test.ts
index 51e665a8036..1f913216e73 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-restart-handoff-adjudication.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-restart-handoff-adjudication.test.ts
@@ -65,6 +65,29 @@ describe('restarted handoff adjudication', () => {
     })
   })
 
+  it('fully releases an abandoned native reservation instead of resuming it as a handoff', () => {
+    // A native attach reservation also parks at new-owner-proving; rolling it into the
+    // handoff-retry machinery would strand journal-less sessions behind a stale operation.
+    const abandoned = record('new-owner-proving')
+    abandoned.lease.runtimeKind = 'native'
+    abandoned.lease.ownerProcess = null
+    expect(
+      adjudicateRestartedAgentSessionHandoff(
+        abandoned,
+        { outcome: 'indeterminate', reason: 'no spawn-token scan' },
+        NOW + 1_000
+      ).lease
+    ).toMatchObject({
+      runtimeKind: 'native',
+      runtimeFence: 5,
+      handoffStage: null,
+      handoffOperationId: null,
+      claimStatus: 'released',
+      ownerProcess: null,
+      reservedSpawnToken: null
+    })
+  })
+
   it('rolls a dead proving target back to the source kind before retry', () => {
     expect(
       adjudicateRestartedAgentSessionHandoff(
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-restart-handoff-adjudication.ts b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-restart-handoff-adjudication.ts
index 86a42d7dbc2..a80a0ddba17 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-restart-handoff-adjudication.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-restart-handoff-adjudication.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,27 @@ export function adjudicateRestartedAgentSessionHandoff(
       lastRenewedAt: now
     })
   }
+  if (
+    record.lease.ownerProcess === null &&
+    record.lease.runtimeKind === 'native' &&
+    record.lease.claimStatus === 'reserved'
+  ) {
+    // Why: an abandoned native reservation has no stoppable owner to hand back; parking it
+    // at old-owner-stopped would strand journal-less sessions behind a stale operation id.
+    return updateLease(record, {
+      ...record.lease,
+      runtimeFence: adjudication.nextFence,
+      handoffStage: null,
+      handoffOperationId: null,
+      ownerProcess: null,
+      reservedSpawnToken: null,
+      processlessAt: null,
+      claimStatus: 'released',
+      unreconciled: false,
+      lastRenewedAt: now,
+      deathEvidence: adjudication.evidence
+    })
+  }
   const provingTarget = record.lease.handoffStage === 'new-owner-proving'
   return updateLease(record, {
     ...record.lease,
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-spawn-token-readback.test.ts b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-spawn-token-readback.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d86eb0d1658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-spawn-token-readback.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import {
+  readEchoedAgentSessionSpawnToken,
+  spawnTokenFromEnvironBlock
+} from './agent-session-spawn-token-readback'
+
+const IDENTITY = {
+  hostId: 'local',
+  pid: process.pid,
+  processStartTimeMs: null,
+  spawnToken: 'spawn-a'
+}
+
+describe('spawn token read-back', () => {
+  it('finds the token in a NUL-separated environ block', () => {
+    const block = [
+      'PATH=/usr/bin',
+      'ORCA_AGENT_SESSION_SPAWN_TOKEN=tok-123',
+      'HOME=/home/dev'
+    ].join('\0')
+    expect(spawnTokenFromEnvironBlock(block)).toBe('tok-123')
+  })
+
+  it('answers null for an absent or empty token instead of guessing', () => {
+    expect(spawnTokenFromEnvironBlock(['PATH=/usr/bin', 'HOME=/home/dev'].join('\0'))).toBeNull()
+    expect(spawnTokenFromEnvironBlock('ORCA_AGENT_SESSION_SPAWN_TOKEN=')).toBeNull()
+    // A prefix collision is not a match.
+    expect(spawnTokenFromEnvironBlock('ORCA_AGENT_SESSION_SPAWN_TOKEN_EXTRA=x')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('answers null on platforms that hide process environments', async () => {
+    await expect(readEchoedAgentSessionSpawnToken(IDENTITY, 'darwin')).resolves.toBeNull()
+    await expect(readEchoedAgentSessionSpawnToken(IDENTITY, 'win32')).resolves.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('answers null when the environ file is unreadable', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      readEchoedAgentSessionSpawnToken({ ...IDENTITY, pid: 2 ** 30 }, 'linux')
+    ).resolves.toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/agent-session-spawn-token-readback.ts b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-spawn-token-readback.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..23f435fec89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/runtime/agent-session-spawn-token-readback.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/**
+ * Reads the spawn token a live child carries in its environment, giving the owner probe a
+ * PID-reuse-safe identity element even when no start time was recorded. Only Linux exposes
+ * another process's environment (/proc/<pid>/environ); macOS and Windows answer null, which
+ * the probe treats as "no answer" — never as proof in either direction.
+ */
+
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import type { AgentSessionProcessIdentity } from '../../shared/agent-session-record'
+import { CODEX_SPAWN_TOKEN_ENV } from '../codex/codex-structured-owner-identity'
+
+export function spawnTokenFromEnvironBlock(
+  block: string,
+  variable: string = CODEX_SPAWN_TOKEN_ENV
+): string | null {
+  for (const entry of block.split('\0')) {
+    if (entry.startsWith(`${variable}=`)) {
+      const value = entry.slice(variable.length + 1)
+      return value.length > 0 ? value : null
+    }
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+export async function readEchoedAgentSessionSpawnToken(
+  identity: AgentSessionProcessIdentity,
+  platform: NodeJS.Platform = process.platform
+): Promise<string | null> {
+  if (platform !== 'linux') {
+    return null
+  }
+  try {
+    return spawnTokenFromEnvironBlock(await readFile(`/proc/${identity.pid}/environ`, 'utf-8'))
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-integration.test.ts b/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-integration.test.ts
index eb200020d0f..0da5fd15a5a 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-integration.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-integration.test.ts
@@ -313,7 +313,8 @@ beforeEach(async () => {
           EXAMPLE_GATEWAY_TOKEN: 'shell-exported',
           CODEX_HOME: '/shell/home'
         }),
-        openCodexConnection: codex.openConnection
+        openCodexConnection: codex.openConnection,
+        readProcessStartTime: async () => 1_700_000_000_000
       }).then(() => undefined),
     registerSubscriptionCleanup: vi.fn((id: string, dispose: () => void) =>
       cleanups.set(id, dispose)
@@ -779,7 +780,8 @@ describe('a structured codex session over agentSession.*', () => {
       claimKeyId: 'key-1',
       resolveWorkspacePath: async (workspaceId) => `/repos/${workspaceId}`,
       resolveCodexCommand: () => '/usr/local/bin/codex',
-      openCodexConnection: codex.openConnection
+      openCodexConnection: codex.openConnection,
+      readProcessStartTime: async () => 1_700_000_000_000
     })
     const adapter = (host as unknown as { deps: { adapter: CodexStructuredSessionAdapter } }).deps
       .adapter
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-runtime.test.ts b/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-runtime.test.ts
index 516259a6c7c..2650011e953 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-runtime.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-runtime.test.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,10 @@ describe('structured agent-session owner probe', () => {
     const probe = vi.fn(async () => ({ outcome: 'pid-absent' }) as const)
     const result = await createStructuredAgentSessionOwnerProbe(HOST_ID, probe)(record(OWNER))
 
-    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ identity: OWNER })
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      identity: OWNER,
+      deps: { readEchoedSpawnToken: expect.any(Function) }
+    })
     expect(result).toEqual({ outcome: 'pid-absent' })
   })
 
diff --git a/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-runtime.ts b/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-runtime.ts
index 91ef86b9471..cbe4b810022 100644
--- a/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-runtime.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/structured-agent-session-runtime.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import type { StructuredAgentSessionHandoffTransport } from '../native-chat/agen
 import { setStructuredAgentSessionHost } from '../native-chat/agent-session-wire/structured-agent-session-registry'
 import { AgentSessionRecordStore } from './agent-session-record-store'
 import { probeAgentSessionProcessIdentity } from './agent-session-process-identity-probe'
+import { readEchoedAgentSessionSpawnToken } from './agent-session-spawn-token-readback'
 import { agentSessionPtyWriteGate } from './agent-session-pty-write-gate'
 import { resolveLoginShellEnvironment } from '../startup/login-shell-environment'
 
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@ export type StructuredAgentSessionRuntimeDeps = {
   /** Transport for the Codex child. Overridden only to drive the whole runtime
    *  against a scripted app-server; production spawns the real one. */
   openCodexConnection?: CodexStructuredSessionAdapterDeps['openConnection']
+  /** Scripted app-servers carry fake pids the real start-time read cannot answer for. */
+  readProcessStartTime?: CodexStructuredSessionAdapterDeps['readProcessStartTime']
   resolveLaunchEnv?: () => Promise<NodeJS.ProcessEnv>
   onError?: (input: { scope: string; error: unknown }) => void
   handoffTransport?: StructuredAgentSessionHandoffTransport
@@ -97,7 +100,8 @@ async function install(deps: StructuredAgentSessionRuntimeDeps): Promise<Install
         resolveWorkspacePath: deps.resolveWorkspacePath,
         ...(deps.resolveCodexCommand ? { resolveCommand: deps.resolveCodexCommand } : {})
       }),
-      ...(deps.openCodexConnection ? { openConnection: deps.openCodexConnection } : {})
+      ...(deps.openCodexConnection ? { openConnection: deps.openCodexConnection } : {}),
+      ...(deps.readProcessStartTime ? { readProcessStartTime: deps.readProcessStartTime } : {})
     })
     const host = new StructuredAgentSessionHost({
       store,
@@ -149,6 +153,11 @@ export function createStructuredAgentSessionOwnerProbe(
         reason: `owner runs on ${owner.hostId}, which this host cannot probe`
       }
     }
-    return probe({ identity: owner })
+    // The env read-back answers on hosts that expose it and null elsewhere, giving the
+    // probe a PID-reuse-safe element even when no start time was recorded.
+    return probe({
+      identity: owner,
+      deps: { readEchoedSpawnToken: readEchoedAgentSessionSpawnToken }
+    })
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication.test.ts b/src/shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication.test.ts
index 782701e71c6..e3523e00470 100644
--- a/src/shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication.test.ts
+++ b/src/shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication.test.ts
@@ -183,10 +183,22 @@ describe('acquisition compare-and-swap', () => {
 })
 
 describe('restart reconciliation', () => {
-  it('re-adopts a proven-live owner without moving the fence', () => {
+  it('re-adopts a proven-live TUI owner without moving the fence', () => {
+    expect(
+      adjudicateAgentSessionRestart({
+        lease: lease({ runtimeKind: 'tui' }),
+        probe: MATCHED,
+        observedAt: 9_000
+      })
+    ).toEqual({ disposition: 'readopt' })
+  })
+
+  it('routes a surviving native owner to recovery instead of readopting a dead transport', () => {
+    // The native child's stdio belonged to the runtime that died; readoption would extend
+    // a lease no process can drive. Recovery stops the orphan and respawns at fence + 1.
     expect(
       adjudicateAgentSessionRestart({ lease: lease(), probe: MATCHED, observedAt: 9_000 })
-    ).toEqual({ disposition: 'readopt' })
+    ).toMatchObject({ disposition: 'recovering', stage: 'recovering' })
   })
 
   it('bumps the fence exactly once for a proven-dead owner and records the evidence', () => {
@@ -226,8 +238,18 @@ describe('restart reconciliation', () => {
     ).toEqual({ disposition: 'conflicted', reason: 'claim conflicted before restart' })
   })
 
-  it('frees a reservation only when nothing ever spawned', () => {
+  it('frees an abandoned native reservation even without a spawn-token scan', () => {
+    // Restart proves the reserving runtime is gone, and a never-proven native child lost
+    // its only request channel with it — nothing under this token can write again.
     const reserved = lease({ ownerProcess: null, claimStatus: 'reserved' })
+    expect(
+      adjudicateAgentSessionRestart({ lease: reserved, probe: INDETERMINATE, observedAt: 9_000 })
+    ).toMatchObject({ disposition: 'evicted', nextFence: 8 })
+  })
+
+  it('frees a TUI reservation only when a probe proves nothing ever spawned', () => {
+    // A TUI child lives in a terminal that outlives the runtime, so absence needs proof.
+    const reserved = lease({ ownerProcess: null, claimStatus: 'reserved', runtimeKind: 'tui' })
     expect(
       adjudicateAgentSessionRestart({
         lease: reserved,
diff --git a/src/shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication.ts b/src/shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication.ts
index 9c2e33b00c4..e81fc0e6190 100644
--- a/src/shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication.ts
+++ b/src/shared/agent-session-lease-adjudication.ts
@@ -191,6 +191,21 @@ export function adjudicateAgentSessionRestart(args: {
         evidence: { kind: 'pid-absent', detail: 'reservation never spawned', observedAt }
       }
     }
+    if (lease.runtimeKind === 'native' && lease.claimStatus === 'reserved') {
+      // Why: adjudication itself proves the reserving runtime died before an owner was
+      // proven, and a never-proven native child lost its only request channel with that
+      // runtime — nothing under this token can reach the provider session again. A TUI
+      // child outlives the runtime inside its terminal, so it stays latched below.
+      return {
+        disposition: 'evicted',
+        nextFence: lease.runtimeFence + 1,
+        evidence: {
+          kind: 'pid-absent',
+          detail: 'native reservation abandoned before an owner was proven',
+          observedAt
+        }
+      }
+    }
     return {
       disposition: 'recovering',
       stage: 'recovering',
@@ -198,6 +213,15 @@ export function adjudicateAgentSessionRestart(args: {
     }
   }
   if (isProvenAliveProbe(probe)) {
+    if (lease.runtimeKind === 'native') {
+      // Why: the surviving child's stdio died with the previous runtime, so readoption
+      // would renew a lease no host can drive. Recovery stops it and respawns at fence + 1.
+      return {
+        disposition: 'recovering',
+        stage: 'recovering',
+        reason: 'native owner outlived the runtime that held its transport'
+      }
+    }
     // Why: re-adoption is not a new generation, so the fence does not move.
     return { disposition: 'readopt' }
   }