From f8ea8f89c941eec96dbbab36cc2adbb16af864e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Orca Worker <orca-worker@localhost>
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2026 00:43:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] fix(computer-use): recover the runtime host instead of
 latching it off
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Review follow-up on the persistent Windows computer-use helper.

A helper that died before producing a line set an unavailable flag nothing ever
cleared, and the client then dropped the host for the life of the session. One
transient bad spawn — a Defender scan, a locked CSC temp directory — silently
restored the per-click powershell.exe burst and per-operation MSIL emission this
work exists to remove, with computer use still working so nothing looked wrong.
Start failures are now retried, then cool down for 60s, then re-probed; the
client keeps the host so it can come back. Repeated post-answer crashes cool
down too, and a single reply no longer clears the failure count.

The one-shot bridge decided its execution-policy retry from a message that fell
back to stdout, so a window title containing "SecurityError" could replay a
non-idempotent operation — a double click, keystroke or paste — and stick the
session on Bypass. The retry now requires empty stdout and a matching stderr.

Serve-mode replies carry an echoed request id. Without one a single stray stdout
line would make every later response answer the previous request, acting on
stale element indexes with no error raised; a mismatch now kills the child.
Non-JSON noise is ignored rather than counted as the helper having answered.

Also: warnings reach the main process over the sidecar's IPC channel rather than
its piped, unread stdio; the child is watched on close rather than exit; dispose
latches so a queued request cannot respawn during teardown; and the host is
split into a serve channel and an availability policy to stay under max-lines.
---
 native/computer-use-windows/runtime.ps1       |  17 +-
 .../computer-sidecar-diagnostics.test.ts      |  45 +++
 .../computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.ts  |  38 +++
 .../desktop-script-provider-bridge.ts         |  69 +++-
 .../desktop-script-provider-client.ts         |   9 +-
 ...ript-provider-runtime-host-routing.test.ts |  50 ++-
 .../desktop-script-provider-test-harness.ts   |   5 +-
 .../computer/desktop-script-provider-types.ts |   4 +
 .../desktop-script-runtime-availability.ts    | 109 ++++++
 .../desktop-script-runtime-host.test.ts       | 201 +++++++++--
 .../computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.ts   | 320 +++++++++---------
 .../computer/desktop-script-serve-channel.ts  | 138 ++++++++
 src/main/computer/sidecar-client.ts           |   6 +
 src/main/computer/sidecar-entry.ts            |   5 +
 .../windows-powershell-execution-policy.ts    |  13 +-
 15 files changed, 817 insertions(+), 212 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/main/computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.test.ts
 create mode 100644 src/main/computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.ts
 create mode 100644 src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-availability.ts
 create mode 100644 src/main/computer/desktop-script-serve-channel.ts

diff --git a/native/computer-use-windows/runtime.ps1 b/native/computer-use-windows/runtime.ps1
index 93875053c18..a5f6aeb69af 100644
--- a/native/computer-use-windows/runtime.ps1
+++ b/native/computer-use-windows/runtime.ps1
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ param(
 )
 
 $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
+# Progress records render to the host, which in serve mode is a pipe carrying
+# one JSON response per line; a stray record would desynchronise the stream.
+$ProgressPreference = "SilentlyContinue"
 $utf8NoBom = New-Object System.Text.UTF8Encoding $false
 [Console]::InputEncoding = $utf8NoBom
 [Console]::OutputEncoding = $utf8NoBom
@@ -1324,12 +1327,20 @@ function Invoke-OrcaServeLoop {
         $line = [Console]::In.ReadLine()
         if ($null -eq $line) { break }
         if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($line)) { continue }
+        $requestId = $null
         try {
-            $json = ConvertTo-Json (Invoke-OrcaOperation ($line | ConvertFrom-Json)) -Depth 100 -Compress
+            $operation = $line | ConvertFrom-Json
+            $requestId = $operation.requestId
+            $response = Invoke-OrcaOperation $operation
         } catch {
-            $json = ConvertTo-Json ([pscustomobject]@{ ok = $false; error = [string]$_.Exception.Message }) -Depth 100 -Compress
+            $response = [pscustomobject]@{ ok = $false; error = [string]$_.Exception.Message }
         }
-        [Console]::Out.WriteLine($json)
+        # Echoed so the caller can prove which request a line answers; a reply it
+        # cannot match is a desynchronised stream, not a usable response.
+        if ($null -ne $requestId) {
+            $response | Add-Member -NotePropertyName requestId -NotePropertyValue $requestId -Force
+        }
+        [Console]::Out.WriteLine((ConvertTo-Json $response -Depth 100 -Compress))
         [Console]::Out.Flush()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.test.ts b/src/main/computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..06d1b1cfa02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import {
+  isComputerSidecarDiagnostic,
+  reportComputerDiagnostic
+} from './computer-sidecar-diagnostics'
+
+describe('computer sidecar diagnostics', () => {
+  const originalSend = process.send
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    process.send = originalSend
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('sends over IPC when running inside the sidecar', () => {
+    const send = vi.fn((_message: unknown) => true)
+    process.send = send as unknown as typeof process.send
+    const console_ = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+    reportComputerDiagnostic('fell back to Bypass')
+
+    // The sidecar's stdout is piped and never read, so this must not go there.
+    expect(console_).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      kind: 'computer-sidecar-diagnostic',
+      message: 'fell back to Bypass'
+    })
+    expect(isComputerSidecarDiagnostic(send.mock.calls[0][0])).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('logs directly when there is no IPC channel', () => {
+    process.send = undefined
+    const console_ = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+    reportComputerDiagnostic('fell back to Bypass')
+
+    expect(console_).toHaveBeenCalledWith('[computer-use] fell back to Bypass')
+  })
+
+  it('does not mistake a sidecar response for a diagnostic', () => {
+    expect(isComputerSidecarDiagnostic({ id: 1, ok: true, result: {} })).toBe(false)
+    expect(isComputerSidecarDiagnostic({ kind: 'computer-sidecar-diagnostic' })).toBe(false)
+    expect(isComputerSidecarDiagnostic(null)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/main/computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.ts b/src/main/computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2b23418940d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/computer/computer-sidecar-diagnostics.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/**
+ * Warnings from the computer-use provider, routed to somewhere a human sees.
+ *
+ * Why not `console.warn`: the provider runs inside the forked sidecar, which
+ * `sidecar-client.ts` starts with piped stdio that nothing ever reads. Anything
+ * written there is discarded — including the only signal that a machine has
+ * fallen back to `-ExecutionPolicy Bypass`, a state that persists for the
+ * session. The sidecar has an IPC channel already, so the warning takes it.
+ */
+export type ComputerSidecarDiagnostic = {
+  kind: 'computer-sidecar-diagnostic'
+  message: string
+}
+
+const DIAGNOSTIC_KIND = 'computer-sidecar-diagnostic'
+
+export function isComputerSidecarDiagnostic(
+  message: unknown
+): message is ComputerSidecarDiagnostic {
+  if (!message || typeof message !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+  const record = message as Record<string, unknown>
+  return record.kind === DIAGNOSTIC_KIND && typeof record.message === 'string'
+}
+
+export function reportComputerDiagnostic(message: string): void {
+  if (process.send) {
+    process.send({ kind: DIAGNOSTIC_KIND, message } satisfies ComputerSidecarDiagnostic)
+    return
+  }
+  logComputerDiagnostic(message)
+}
+
+/** The main-process end: how a sidecar's forwarded diagnostic is printed. */
+export function logComputerDiagnostic(message: string): void {
+  console.warn(`[computer-use] ${message}`)
+}
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-bridge.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-bridge.ts
index 3148a6d521e..9fcf002e94d 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-bridge.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-bridge.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { execFile } from 'node:child_process'
 import { windowsPowerShellPath } from '../../shared/child-process/windows-system-binary'
+import { reportComputerDiagnostic } from './computer-sidecar-diagnostics'
 import { RuntimeClientError } from './runtime-client-error'
 import type { DesktopScriptPlatform } from './desktop-script-provider-paths'
 import {
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ export async function execBridge(
   operationPath: string
 ): Promise<{ stdout: string; stderr: string }> {
   if (platform !== 'windows') {
-    return await runBridgeProcess('python3', [scriptPath, operationPath])
+    return await mapped(runBridgeProcess('python3', [scriptPath, operationPath]))
   }
   const command = windowsPowerShellPath()
   try {
@@ -27,20 +28,61 @@ export async function execBridge(
       windowsPowerShellRuntimeArgs(scriptPath, PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY, [operationPath])
     )
   } catch (error) {
-    // The script never loaded under a blocking policy, so re-running is safe.
-    if (!isExecutionPolicyBlocked(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))) {
-      throw error
+    if (!isPolicyBlockedStart(error)) {
+      throw error instanceof BridgeProcessFailure ? error.mapped : error
     }
-    console.warn(
-      `[computer-use] bridge start blocked at ${PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY}; retrying once with ${FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY}`
+    reportComputerDiagnostic(
+      `bridge start blocked at ${PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY}; retrying once with ${FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY}`
     )
-    return await runBridgeProcess(
-      command,
-      windowsPowerShellRuntimeArgs(scriptPath, FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY, [operationPath])
+    return await mapped(
+      runBridgeProcess(
+        command,
+        windowsPowerShellRuntimeArgs(scriptPath, FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY, [operationPath])
+      )
     )
   }
 }
 
+/** Unwrap the raw-stream carrier back into the error callers expect. */
+async function mapped(
+  run: Promise<{ stdout: string; stderr: string }>
+): Promise<{ stdout: string; stderr: string }> {
+  try {
+    return await run
+  } catch (error) {
+    throw error instanceof BridgeProcessFailure ? error.mapped : error
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Only a run that produced no stdout at all may be replayed.
+ *
+ * Why the stdout guard: operations are not idempotent, and the response embeds
+ * window titles and element names. Matching the policy pattern against a
+ * snapshot that merely contains the word "SecurityError" would replay the
+ * operation — a second click, a second keystroke, a second paste. A helper
+ * blocked by the execution policy never reaches its first line of output.
+ */
+function isPolicyBlockedStart(error: unknown): error is BridgeProcessFailure {
+  return (
+    error instanceof BridgeProcessFailure &&
+    !error.stdout.trim() &&
+    isExecutionPolicyBlocked(error.stderr)
+  )
+}
+
+/** Carries the raw streams so the retry decision does not read a mapped message. */
+class BridgeProcessFailure extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    readonly stdout: string,
+    readonly stderr: string,
+    readonly mapped: RuntimeClientError
+  ) {
+    super(mapped.message)
+    this.name = 'BridgeProcessFailure'
+  }
+}
+
 function runBridgeProcess(
   command: string,
   args: readonly string[]
@@ -108,11 +150,10 @@ function runBridgeProcess(
         (error, stdout, stderr) => {
           if (error) {
             const message = stderr.trim() || stdout.trim() || error.message
-            finish(
-              error.killed
-                ? new RuntimeClientError('action_timeout', message)
-                : mapBridgeError(message)
-            )
+            const mapped = error.killed
+              ? new RuntimeClientError('action_timeout', message)
+              : mapBridgeError(message)
+            finish(new BridgeProcessFailure(stdout, stderr, mapped))
             return
           }
           finish(null, { stdout, stderr })
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-client.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-client.ts
index 4a3e31d0c16..a655eeddb07 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-client.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-client.ts
@@ -53,7 +53,10 @@ export class DesktopScriptProviderClient {
   constructor(
     private readonly platform: DesktopScriptPlatform = requiredPlatform(),
     private readonly scriptPath: string = requiredScriptPath(),
-    private runtimeHost: DesktopScriptRuntimeHost | null = defaultRuntimeHost(platform, scriptPath)
+    private readonly runtimeHost: DesktopScriptRuntimeHost | null = defaultRuntimeHost(
+      platform,
+      scriptPath
+    )
   ) {}
 
   shutdown(): void {
@@ -212,11 +215,11 @@ export class DesktopScriptProviderClient {
         return checkedBridgeResponse(await host.request(request), '')
       } catch (error) {
         // Only a helper that cannot start falls back; operation errors surface.
+        // The host is kept: it re-probes after its cooldown, so a transient bad
+        // spawn cannot strand the session on one powershell.exe per operation.
         if (!isRuntimeHostUnavailable(error)) {
           throw error
         }
-        this.runtimeHost = null
-        host.dispose()
       }
     }
     return await this.callOneShotBridge(request)
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-runtime-host-routing.test.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-runtime-host-routing.test.ts
index 83cf3b7e791..e50a3878a11 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-runtime-host-routing.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-runtime-host-routing.test.ts
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('desktop script provider runtime host routing', () => {
     expectDesktopProviderSubprocessStartCount(0)
   })
 
-  it('degrades to the one-shot bridge when the runtime host cannot start', async () => {
+  it('degrades to the one-shot bridge for the operations a host cannot serve', async () => {
     const request = vi.fn(async () => {
       throw new RuntimeClientError('runtime_host_unavailable', 'could not start')
     })
@@ -58,14 +58,36 @@ describe('desktop script provider runtime host routing', () => {
     const client = await createDesktopScriptProviderClient('windows', 'C:\\runtime.ps1', host)
 
     await expect(client.listApps()).resolves.toMatchObject({ apps: [{ pid: 42 }] })
-    expect(dispose).toHaveBeenCalled()
-
-    // The host is dropped for the session rather than re-probed per operation.
     await client.listApps()
-    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    // The host is kept and asked again: it owns its own cooldown, so one bad
+    // spawn must not stand the session down to a powershell.exe per click.
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(dispose).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
     expectDesktopProviderSubprocessStartCount(2)
   })
 
+  it('returns to the runtime host once it recovers', async () => {
+    let healthy = false
+    const request = vi.fn(async () => {
+      if (!healthy) {
+        throw new RuntimeClientError('runtime_host_unavailable', 'could not start')
+      }
+      return { ok: true, apps: [] } as BridgeResponse
+    })
+    const { host } = fakeRuntimeHost(request)
+    mockBridgeResponse({ ok: true, apps: [] })
+
+    const client = await createDesktopScriptProviderClient('windows', 'C:\\runtime.ps1', host)
+
+    await client.listApps()
+    expectDesktopProviderSubprocessStartCount(1)
+
+    healthy = true
+    await expect(client.listApps()).resolves.toEqual({ apps: [] })
+    expectDesktopProviderSubprocessStartCount(1)
+  })
+
   it('runs the one-shot bridge under RemoteSigned and falls back to Bypass once', async () => {
     mockBridgeProcessFailure(POLICY_STDERR)
     mockBridgeResponse({ ok: true, apps: [] })
@@ -74,6 +96,7 @@ describe('desktop script provider runtime host routing', () => {
 
     await expect(client.listApps()).resolves.toEqual({ apps: [] })
     expectDesktopProviderSubprocessStartCount(2)
+    expect(bridgeProcessArgs(0)).toContain('-NoLogo')
     expect(bridgeProcessArgs(0)).toContain('RemoteSigned')
     expect(bridgeProcessArgs(0)).not.toContain('Bypass')
     expect(bridgeProcessArgs(1)).toContain('Bypass')
@@ -88,6 +111,23 @@ describe('desktop script provider runtime host routing', () => {
     expectDesktopProviderSubprocessStartCount(1)
   })
 
+  it('never replays an operation whose own output merely mentions a policy error', async () => {
+    // Window titles and element names are user-controlled text that lands in
+    // stdout; matching them would double a click, a keystroke or a paste.
+    mockBridgeProcessFailure({
+      stdout: JSON.stringify({
+        ok: true,
+        snapshot: { windowTitle: 'SecurityError - UnauthorizedAccess.log - Notepad' }
+      }),
+      stderr: ''
+    })
+
+    const client = await createDesktopScriptProviderClient('windows', 'C:\\runtime.ps1')
+
+    await expect(client.listApps()).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(Error)
+    expectDesktopProviderSubprocessStartCount(1)
+  })
+
   it('keeps Linux on the one-shot python bridge with no execution policy flags', async () => {
     mockBridgeResponse({ ok: true, apps: [] })
 
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-test-harness.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-test-harness.ts
index e44563c3a65..bcb0a4b0118 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-test-harness.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-test-harness.ts
@@ -80,10 +80,11 @@ export function mockBridgeResponse(
   })
 }
 
-export function mockBridgeProcessFailure(stderr: string): void {
+export function mockBridgeProcessFailure(streams: string | { stdout?: string; stderr?: string }) {
+  const { stdout = '', stderr = '' } = typeof streams === 'string' ? { stderr: streams } : streams
   execFileMock.mockImplementationOnce((_command, _args, _options, callback) => {
     const done = callback as (error: Error | null, stdout: string, stderr: string) => void
-    done(new Error('Command failed'), '', stderr)
+    done(new Error('Command failed'), stdout, stderr)
     return null as never
   })
 }
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-types.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-types.ts
index 0ff48e80b4f..6e474fdcf29 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-types.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-provider-types.ts
@@ -101,6 +101,8 @@ export type BridgeWindow = {
 
 export type BridgeResponse = {
   ok: boolean
+  /** Echo of BridgeRequest.requestId; set only on the persistent serve path. */
+  requestId?: number
   error?: string
   capabilities?: ComputerProviderCapabilities
   apps?: {
@@ -122,6 +124,8 @@ export type BridgeResponse = {
 
 export type BridgeRequest = {
   tool: string
+  /** Correlates a serve-mode reply with its request; the one-shot path omits it. */
+  requestId?: number
   app?: string
   element?: BridgeElement
   fromElement?: BridgeElement
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-availability.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-availability.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..434823d9518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-availability.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import {
+  FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY,
+  PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY,
+  type WindowsExecutionPolicy
+} from './windows-powershell-execution-policy'
+
+/**
+ * Consecutive child failures before the helper is believed dead, and how long
+ * the one-shot bridge covers for it afterwards.
+ *
+ * Why not a latch: every plausible cause is transient — a Defender scan touching
+ * the script mid-launch, a locked CSC temp directory failing one `Add-Type`,
+ * momentary memory pressure. Giving up permanently silently restores the
+ * per-click process burst the host exists to remove, and computer use keeps
+ * working throughout, so nothing looks wrong while the MDE signature returns.
+ */
+export const MAX_START_ATTEMPTS = 3
+export const START_FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS = 60_000
+
+/**
+ * Whether the persistent helper is currently believed usable, and the execution
+ * policy it should be started under.
+ *
+ * Split from the host so the recovery rules are readable on their own: they are
+ * what stands between a transient bad spawn and a session that silently spends
+ * the rest of its life on one powershell.exe per click.
+ */
+export class RuntimeHostAvailability {
+  private policy: WindowsExecutionPolicy = PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY
+  private retryUnderFallbackPolicy = false
+  private consecutiveFailures = 0
+  private consecutiveSuccesses = 0
+  private cooldownUntil = 0
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly cooldownMs: number,
+    private readonly now: () => number,
+    /** Public so the host can report its own start attempts to the same sink. */
+    readonly warn: (message: string) => void
+  ) {}
+
+  get executionPolicy(): WindowsExecutionPolicy {
+    return this.policy
+  }
+
+  get policyRetryPending(): boolean {
+    return this.retryUnderFallbackPolicy
+  }
+
+  get atPreferredPolicy(): boolean {
+    return this.policy === PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY
+  }
+
+  /** Milliseconds left before the host may try a helper again; 0 when it may. */
+  remainingCooldown(): number {
+    return Math.max(0, this.cooldownUntil - this.now())
+  }
+
+  requestPolicyRetry(): void {
+    this.retryUnderFallbackPolicy = true
+  }
+
+  escalateExecutionPolicy(): void {
+    this.retryUnderFallbackPolicy = false
+    this.policy = FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY
+    // Sticky for the session: a genuinely Restricted machine would otherwise pay
+    // a guaranteed failed spawn per operation. Only a helper that produced no
+    // output at all can reach here, so a snapshot cannot talk the host into it.
+    this.warn(
+      `runtime host start blocked at ${PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY}; using ${FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY} for the rest of this session`
+    )
+  }
+
+  recordFailure(): void {
+    this.consecutiveSuccesses = 0
+    this.consecutiveFailures++
+  }
+
+  /** True once a helper has died often enough that respawning is just thrash. */
+  get exhausted(): boolean {
+    return this.consecutiveFailures >= MAX_START_ATTEMPTS
+  }
+
+  recordSuccess(): void {
+    this.consecutiveSuccesses++
+    // Why a clean run and not a single reply: a helper that answers one
+    // operation and dies on the next would otherwise reset the count forever,
+    // and respawn once per operation — the exact burst the host removes.
+    if (this.consecutiveSuccesses >= MAX_START_ATTEMPTS) {
+      this.consecutiveFailures = 0
+    }
+    if (this.cooldownUntil === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+    this.cooldownUntil = 0
+    this.warn('runtime host recovered; operations are served by the persistent helper again')
+  }
+
+  enterCooldown(): void {
+    this.cooldownUntil = this.now() + this.cooldownMs
+    this.warn(
+      `runtime host unavailable after ${this.consecutiveFailures} consecutive failures; falling back to one powershell.exe per operation for ${this.cooldownMs}ms`
+    )
+  }
+
+  clearCooldown(): void {
+    this.cooldownUntil = 0
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.test.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.test.ts
index 65dab32f8d9..1306c05a248 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.test.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events'
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
 import type { ProcessSpec } from '../../shared/child-process/process-spec'
-import type { spawnProcess } from '../../shared/child-process/run-process'
+import type { RuntimeChildProcess } from './desktop-script-serve-channel'
 import { DesktopScriptRuntimeHost, isRuntimeHostUnavailable } from './desktop-script-runtime-host'
 
 const POLICY_ERROR =
-  'File runtime.ps1 cannot be loaded because running scripts is disabled on this system.\n    + CategoryInfo : SecurityError'
+  'File runtime.ps1 cannot be loaded because running scripts\nis disabled on this system.\n    + CategoryInfo : SecurityError'
 
 class FakeRuntimeChild extends EventEmitter {
   readonly stdout = new EventEmitter()
@@ -35,33 +35,50 @@ class FakeRuntimeChild extends EventEmitter {
     return this.writes.map((line) => JSON.parse(line) as Record<string, unknown>)
   }
 
-  respond(response: unknown): void {
-    this.stdout.emit('data', Buffer.from(`${JSON.stringify(response)}\n`, 'utf8'))
+  /** The id the host is currently waiting on, so replies can echo it. */
+  pendingId(): number {
+    return this.requests().at(-1)?.requestId as number
+  }
+
+  respond(response: Record<string, unknown>, requestId = this.pendingId()): void {
+    this.write(`${JSON.stringify({ ...response, requestId })}\n`)
+  }
+
+  write(raw: string): void {
+    this.stdout.emit('data', Buffer.from(raw, 'utf8'))
   }
 
   exit(code: number | null, stderr = ''): void {
     if (stderr) {
       this.stderr.emit('data', Buffer.from(stderr, 'utf8'))
     }
-    this.emit('exit', code, null)
+    this.emit('close', code, null)
   }
 }
 
-function createHost(options: { idleShutdownMs?: number; requestTimeoutMs?: number } = {}) {
+function createHost(
+  options: {
+    idleShutdownMs?: number
+    requestTimeoutMs?: number
+    cooldownMs?: number
+    now?: () => number
+  } = {}
+) {
   const children: FakeRuntimeChild[] = []
   const specs: ProcessSpec[] = []
+  const warnings: string[] = []
   const host = new DesktopScriptRuntimeHost('C:\\orca\\runtime.ps1', {
     ...options,
     powerShellPath: () => 'C:\\Windows\\System32\\powershell.exe',
-    warn: () => {},
+    warn: (message) => warnings.push(message),
     spawn: (spec) => {
       specs.push(spec)
       const child = new FakeRuntimeChild()
       children.push(child)
-      return child as unknown as ReturnType<typeof spawnProcess>
+      return child as unknown as RuntimeChildProcess
     }
   })
-  return { host, children, specs }
+  return { host, children, specs, warnings }
 }
 
 /** Let the host's queue microtasks drain so the next request reaches its child. */
@@ -71,6 +88,17 @@ async function settle(): Promise<void> {
   }
 }
 
+/** Kill each helper the host starts, until it stops starting them. */
+async function failEveryStart(children: FakeRuntimeChild[], stderr: string): Promise<void> {
+  for (let index = 0; index < 8; index++) {
+    if (index >= children.length) {
+      return
+    }
+    children[index].exit(1, stderr)
+    await settle()
+  }
+}
+
 describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
   afterEach(() => {
     vi.useRealTimers()
@@ -94,6 +122,7 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
     expect(children).toHaveLength(1)
     expect(children[0].requests()).toHaveLength(6)
     expect(specs[0].args).toEqual([
+      '-NoLogo',
       '-NoProfile',
       '-NonInteractive',
       '-ExecutionPolicy',
@@ -112,7 +141,7 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
     const second = host.request({ tool: 'click', app: 'B' })
     await settle()
 
-    expect(children[0].requests()).toEqual([{ tool: 'click', app: 'A' }])
+    expect(children[0].requests()).toEqual([{ tool: 'click', app: 'A', requestId: 1 }])
 
     children[0].respond({ ok: true, action: { path: 'synthetic' } })
     await expect(first).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
@@ -124,13 +153,23 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
     host.dispose()
   })
 
+  it('strips the echoed id from the response it hands back', async () => {
+    const { host, children } = createHost()
+    const promise = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+    await settle()
+    children[0].respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
+
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
+    host.dispose()
+  })
+
   it('reassembles a response split across chunks, including a split code point', async () => {
     const { host, children } = createHost()
     const promise = host.request({ tool: 'get_app_state', app: 'Editor' })
     await settle()
 
     const payload = Buffer.from(
-      `${JSON.stringify({ ok: true, snapshot: { app: 'né' } })}\n`,
+      `${JSON.stringify({ ok: true, snapshot: { app: 'né' }, requestId: 1 })}\r\n`,
       'utf8'
     )
     const split = payload.indexOf(Buffer.from('é', 'utf8')) + 1
@@ -141,6 +180,32 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
     host.dispose()
   })
 
+  it('kills the helper rather than answering a request with another reply', async () => {
+    const { host, children } = createHost()
+
+    const first = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+    await settle()
+    // A stray line would otherwise shift every later response by one.
+    children[0].respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} }, 999)
+
+    await expect(first).rejects.toThrow(/did not match the pending request/)
+    expect(children[0].killed).toBe(true)
+    host.dispose()
+  })
+
+  it('kills the helper when an unsolicited line arrives with nothing pending', async () => {
+    const { host, children } = createHost()
+
+    const first = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+    await settle()
+    children[0].respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
+    await first
+
+    children[0].write(`${JSON.stringify({ ok: true, requestId: 77 })}\n`)
+    expect(children[0].killed).toBe(true)
+    host.dispose()
+  })
+
   it('times out a wedged operation and starts a fresh helper for the next one', async () => {
     vi.useFakeTimers()
     const { host, children } = createHost({ requestTimeoutMs: 30_000 })
@@ -183,6 +248,56 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
     host.dispose()
   })
 
+  it('stops respawning a helper that dies on every second operation', async () => {
+    let clock = 1_000
+    const { host, children } = createHost({ cooldownMs: 60_000, now: () => clock })
+
+    // One good answer per helper is exactly the pattern that used to respawn
+    // forever: the success reset the failure count before it could ever trip.
+    for (let round = 0; round < 3; round++) {
+      const good = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+      await settle()
+      children.at(-1)?.respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
+      await expect(good).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+      await settle()
+
+      const crash = host.request({ tool: 'click', app: 'Crashy' })
+      await settle()
+      children.at(-1)?.exit(1, 'boom')
+      await expect(crash).rejects.toThrow(/runtime host exited/)
+      await settle()
+    }
+
+    const spawned = children.length
+    await expect(host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })).rejects.toSatisfy(isRuntimeHostUnavailable)
+    expect(children).toHaveLength(spawned)
+    host.dispose()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps serving a healthy helper after an isolated crash', async () => {
+    const { host, children } = createHost({ cooldownMs: 60_000 })
+
+    const crashed = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+    await settle()
+    children[0].respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
+    await crashed
+    const second = host.request({ tool: 'click', app: 'Notepad' })
+    await settle()
+    children[0].exit(1, 'boom')
+    await expect(second).rejects.toThrow(/runtime host exited/)
+
+    for (let index = 0; index < 4; index++) {
+      const next = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+      await settle()
+      children.at(-1)?.respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
+      await expect(next).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    }
+
+    // A clean run clears the count, so one bad helper cannot degrade a good one.
+    expect(children).toHaveLength(2)
+    host.dispose()
+  })
+
   it('shuts the helper down when idle and starts a new one on the next operation', async () => {
     vi.useFakeTimers()
     const { host, children } = createHost({ idleShutdownMs: 60_000 })
@@ -218,8 +333,22 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
     await expect(promise).rejects.toThrow(/shut down/)
   })
 
+  it('never respawns for a request queued behind dispose', async () => {
+    const { host, children } = createHost()
+    const first = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+    const queued = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+    await settle()
+
+    host.dispose()
+    await expect(first).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(Error)
+    await expect(queued).rejects.toSatisfy(isRuntimeHostUnavailable)
+    await settle()
+
+    expect(children).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
   it('falls back to Bypass once when the execution policy blocks the start', async () => {
-    const { host, children, specs } = createHost()
+    const { host, children, specs, warnings } = createHost()
 
     const promise = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
     await settle()
@@ -230,6 +359,7 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
     expect(specs[1].args).toContain('Bypass')
     children[1].respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
     await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect(warnings.some((line) => /Bypass for the rest of this session/.test(line))).toBe(true)
 
     // The fallback is remembered for the session rather than re-probed per call.
     const next = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
@@ -245,12 +375,10 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
 
     const promise = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
     await settle()
-    children[0].exit(1, POLICY_ERROR)
-    await settle()
-    children[1].exit(1, POLICY_ERROR)
+    await failEveryStart(children, POLICY_ERROR)
 
     await expect(promise).rejects.toSatisfy(isRuntimeHostUnavailable)
-    await expect(host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })).rejects.toSatisfy(isRuntimeHostUnavailable)
+    host.dispose()
   })
 
   it('reports itself unavailable when the helper cannot be spawned at all', async () => {
@@ -263,15 +391,50 @@ describe('DesktopScriptRuntimeHost', () => {
     })
 
     await expect(host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })).rejects.toSatisfy(isRuntimeHostUnavailable)
+    host.dispose()
   })
 
-  it('reports itself unavailable when a fresh helper dies before answering', async () => {
+  it('retries a transient pre-answer death without the caller ever seeing it', async () => {
     const { host, children } = createHost()
 
     const promise = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
     await settle()
-    children[0].exit(1, 'The term is not recognized')
+    children[0].exit(1, 'Add-Type : Cannot access the temporary directory')
+    await settle()
 
-    await expect(promise).rejects.toSatisfy(isRuntimeHostUnavailable)
+    expect(children).toHaveLength(2)
+    children[1].respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
+
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    host.dispose()
+  })
+
+  it('gives up only after repeated start failures, then serves from the host again after the cooldown', async () => {
+    let clock = 1_000
+    const { host, children, warnings } = createHost({ cooldownMs: 60_000, now: () => clock })
+
+    const failed = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+    await settle()
+    await failEveryStart(children, 'The term is not recognized')
+    await expect(failed).rejects.toSatisfy(isRuntimeHostUnavailable)
+
+    const attempts = children.length
+    expect(attempts).toBe(3)
+
+    // Inside the cooldown the host stays out of the way without respawning.
+    clock += 30_000
+    await expect(host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })).rejects.toSatisfy(isRuntimeHostUnavailable)
+    expect(children).toHaveLength(attempts)
+
+    // Past it, the next operation re-probes rather than staying degraded forever.
+    clock += 31_000
+    const recovered = host.request({ tool: 'handshake' })
+    await settle()
+    expect(children).toHaveLength(attempts + 1)
+    children[attempts].respond({ ok: true, capabilities: {} })
+    await expect(recovered).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+
+    expect(warnings.at(-1)).toMatch(/recovered/)
+    host.dispose()
   })
 })
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.ts
index 440e671f1b6..60c9b66ab70 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-runtime-host.ts
@@ -1,36 +1,41 @@
-import { StringDecoder } from 'node:string_decoder'
-import type { ProcessSpec } from '../../shared/child-process/process-spec'
 import { spawnProcess } from '../../shared/child-process/run-process'
 import { windowsPowerShellPath } from '../../shared/child-process/windows-system-binary'
+import { reportComputerDiagnostic } from './computer-sidecar-diagnostics'
 import type { BridgeRequest, BridgeResponse } from './desktop-script-provider-types'
+import {
+  startServeChannel,
+  type DesktopScriptServeChannel,
+  type RuntimeProcessSpawn
+} from './desktop-script-serve-channel'
+import {
+  MAX_START_ATTEMPTS,
+  RuntimeHostAvailability,
+  START_FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS
+} from './desktop-script-runtime-availability'
 import { RuntimeClientError } from './runtime-client-error'
 import {
-  FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY,
-  PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY,
   isExecutionPolicyBlocked,
-  windowsPowerShellRuntimeArgs,
-  type WindowsExecutionPolicy
+  windowsPowerShellRuntimeArgs
 } from './windows-powershell-execution-policy'
 
-/** The all-pipes child `spawnProcess` returns; avoids a node:child_process import. */
-type RuntimeChildProcess = ReturnType<typeof spawnProcess>
-
 const REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000
 const IDLE_SHUTDOWN_MS = 120_000
-const MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES = 20 * 1024 * 1024
 
-/** Code the client keys on to fall back to the one-shot bridge for the session. */
+/** Code the client keys on to serve this one operation from the one-shot bridge. */
 export const RUNTIME_HOST_UNAVAILABLE = 'runtime_host_unavailable'
 
 export type DesktopScriptRuntimeHostOptions = {
-  spawn?: (spec: ProcessSpec) => RuntimeChildProcess
+  spawn?: RuntimeProcessSpawn
   powerShellPath?: () => string
   requestTimeoutMs?: number
   idleShutdownMs?: number
+  cooldownMs?: number
+  now?: () => number
   warn?: (message: string) => void
 }
 
 type PendingRequest = {
+  id: number
   resolve: (response: BridgeResponse) => void
   reject: (error: Error) => void
   timer: NodeJS.Timeout
@@ -50,23 +55,21 @@ export function isRuntimeHostUnavailable(error: unknown): boolean {
  * screen capture. Compiling once per session collapses a burst of short-lived
  * PIDs into a single process.
  *
- * Requests are strictly serialized: the protocol carries no request id because
- * only one operation is ever in flight, and native automation is not safe to
- * interleave anyway.
+ * Requests are strictly serialized, and each carries an id the helper echoes.
+ * Serialization alone would leave a single stray line answering every later
+ * request with the previous response — silently acting on stale element
+ * indexes, with no error raised — so the id is checked and a mismatch is fatal
+ * to the child rather than merely logged.
  */
 export class DesktopScriptRuntimeHost {
-  private child: RuntimeChildProcess | null = null
-  private detachChild: (() => void) | null = null
-  private decoder = new StringDecoder('utf8')
-  private stdoutBuffer = ''
-  private stderrText = ''
+  private channel: DesktopScriptServeChannel | null = null
   private pending: PendingRequest | null = null
   private queueTail: Promise<void> | null = null
   private idleTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null
-  private policy: WindowsExecutionPolicy = PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY
-  private policyRetryPending = false
   private childAnswered = false
-  private unavailable = false
+  private disposed = false
+  private nextRequestId = 1
+  private readonly availability: RuntimeHostAvailability
   private readonly requestTimeoutMs: number
   private readonly idleShutdownMs: number
 
@@ -76,6 +79,11 @@ export class DesktopScriptRuntimeHost {
   ) {
     this.requestTimeoutMs = options.requestTimeoutMs ?? REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
     this.idleShutdownMs = options.idleShutdownMs ?? IDLE_SHUTDOWN_MS
+    this.availability = new RuntimeHostAvailability(
+      options.cooldownMs ?? START_FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS,
+      options.now ?? Date.now,
+      (message) => (options.warn ?? reportComputerDiagnostic)(message)
+    )
   }
 
   request(request: BridgeRequest): Promise<BridgeResponse> {
@@ -96,10 +104,12 @@ export class DesktopScriptRuntimeHost {
     return result
   }
 
-  /** Stop the helper. A later request starts a fresh one. */
+  /** Permanently stop this host. Callers build a new one for a new session. */
   dispose(): void {
+    this.disposed = true
     this.clearIdleTimer()
-    this.stopChild()
+    this.availability.clearCooldown()
+    this.stopChannel()
     this.rejectPending(
       new RuntimeClientError('accessibility_error', 'desktop provider runtime host was shut down')
     )
@@ -107,39 +117,59 @@ export class DesktopScriptRuntimeHost {
 
   private async send(request: BridgeRequest): Promise<BridgeResponse> {
     this.clearIdleTimer()
-    try {
-      return await this.sendOnce(request)
-    } catch (error) {
-      if (!this.policyRetryPending) {
-        throw error
-      }
-      this.policyRetryPending = false
-      this.policy = FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY
-      this.warn(
-        `runtime host start blocked at ${PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY}; retrying once with ${FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY}`
-      )
-      return await this.sendOnce(request)
+    // Why checked here and not only on entry: requests queue, and dispose can
+    // land while one waits its turn. Without this a teardown respawns a helper.
+    if (this.disposed) {
+      throw this.unavailableError('runtime host was disposed')
     }
+    const cooldown = this.availability.remainingCooldown()
+    if (cooldown > 0) {
+      throw this.unavailableError(`retrying the runtime host in ${cooldown}ms`)
+    }
+    let lastError: unknown
+    for (let attempt = 1; attempt <= MAX_START_ATTEMPTS; attempt++) {
+      try {
+        const response = await this.sendOnce(request)
+        this.availability.recordSuccess()
+        return response
+      } catch (error) {
+        lastError = error
+        if (this.availability.policyRetryPending) {
+          this.availability.escalateExecutionPolicy()
+          continue
+        }
+        // A helper that answered and then died is a crash, not a bad start: the
+        // caller sees it and the next operation gets a fresh process — unless it
+        // keeps happening, which is thrash the one-shot bridge should absorb.
+        if (!isRuntimeHostUnavailable(error)) {
+          if (this.availability.exhausted) {
+            this.availability.enterCooldown()
+          }
+          throw error
+        }
+        this.availability.warn(
+          `runtime host failed to start (attempt ${attempt}/${MAX_START_ATTEMPTS}): ${errorText(error)}`
+        )
+      }
+    }
+    this.availability.enterCooldown()
+    throw lastError
   }
 
   private sendOnce(request: BridgeRequest): Promise<BridgeResponse> {
-    if (this.unavailable) {
-      return Promise.reject(this.unavailableError('runtime host is unavailable'))
-    }
-    let child: RuntimeChildProcess
+    let channel: DesktopScriptServeChannel
     try {
-      child = this.ensureChild()
+      channel = this.ensureChannel()
     } catch (error) {
-      this.unavailable = true
-      return Promise.reject(
-        this.unavailableError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
-      )
+      this.availability.recordFailure()
+      return Promise.reject(this.unavailableError(errorText(error)))
     }
+    const id = this.nextRequestId++
     return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
       // Why kill rather than wait: a hung UI Automation call cannot be
       // cancelled, so the process itself is the only thing left to reclaim.
       const timer = setTimeout(() => {
-        this.abortChild(
+        this.abortChannel(
           new RuntimeClientError(
             'action_timeout',
             `desktop provider timed out after ${this.requestTimeoutMs}ms`
@@ -147,145 +177,107 @@ export class DesktopScriptRuntimeHost {
         )
       }, this.requestTimeoutMs)
       timer.unref?.()
-      this.pending = { resolve, reject, timer }
-      child.stdin.write(`${JSON.stringify(request)}\n`, (error) => {
-        if (error) {
-          this.abortChild(new RuntimeClientError('accessibility_error', error.message))
-        }
-      })
-    })
-  }
-
-  private ensureChild(): RuntimeChildProcess {
-    if (this.child) {
-      return this.child
-    }
-    const spawn = this.options.spawn ?? spawnProcess
-    const child = spawn({
-      program: (this.options.powerShellPath ?? windowsPowerShellPath)(),
-      args: windowsPowerShellRuntimeArgs(this.scriptPath, this.policy, ['-Serve']),
-      env: process.env
-    })
-    this.decoder = new StringDecoder('utf8')
-    this.stdoutBuffer = ''
-    this.stderrText = ''
-    this.childAnswered = false
-
-    const onStdout = (chunk: Buffer | string): void => this.readStdout(chunk)
-    const onStderr = (chunk: Buffer | string): void => {
-      this.stderrText = `${this.stderrText}${chunk.toString()}`.slice(-4096)
-    }
-    const onExit = (code: number | null, signal: NodeJS.Signals | null): void =>
-      this.handleGone(child, signal ? `signal ${signal}` : `code ${code ?? 'unknown'}`)
-    const onError = (error: Error): void => this.handleGone(child, error.message)
-    child.stdout.on('data', onStdout)
-    child.stderr.on('data', onStderr)
-    child.once('exit', onExit)
-    child.once('error', onError)
-    // An unhandled stream error is an uncaught exception in the main process.
-    child.stdin.on('error', () => {})
-    this.detachChild = (): void => {
-      child.stdout.off('data', onStdout)
-      child.stderr.off('data', onStderr)
-      child.off('exit', onExit)
-      child.off('error', onError)
-      child.on('error', () => {})
-    }
-    this.child = child
-    return child
-  }
-
-  private readStdout(chunk: Buffer | string): void {
-    this.stdoutBuffer += typeof chunk === 'string' ? chunk : this.decoder.write(chunk)
-    if (this.stdoutBuffer.length > MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES) {
-      this.abortChild(
-        new RuntimeClientError(
-          'accessibility_error',
-          'desktop provider response exceeded the runtime host buffer'
-        )
+      this.pending = { id, resolve, reject, timer }
+      channel.write(`${JSON.stringify({ ...request, requestId: id })}\n`, (error) =>
+        this.abortChannel(new RuntimeClientError('accessibility_error', error.message))
       )
-      return
+    })
+  }
+
+  private ensureChannel(): DesktopScriptServeChannel {
+    if (this.channel) {
+      return this.channel
     }
-    for (let newline = this.stdoutBuffer.indexOf('\n'); newline >= 0;) {
-      const line = this.stdoutBuffer.slice(0, newline).trim()
-      this.stdoutBuffer = this.stdoutBuffer.slice(newline + 1)
-      if (line) {
-        this.deliver(line)
+    this.childAnswered = false
+    const channel: DesktopScriptServeChannel = startServeChannel(
+      {
+        program: (this.options.powerShellPath ?? windowsPowerShellPath)(),
+        args: windowsPowerShellRuntimeArgs(this.scriptPath, this.availability.executionPolicy, [
+          '-Serve'
+        ]),
+        env: process.env
+      },
+      this.options.spawn ?? spawnProcess,
+      {
+        onLine: (line) => this.deliver(line),
+        // A replaced channel can still report; that must not fail the live one.
+        onGone: (detail) => {
+          if (this.channel === channel) {
+            this.handleGone(detail)
+          }
+        },
+        onOverflow: () =>
+          this.abortChannel(
+            new RuntimeClientError(
+              'accessibility_error',
+              'desktop provider response exceeded the runtime host buffer'
+            )
+          )
       }
-      newline = this.stdoutBuffer.indexOf('\n')
-    }
+    )
+    this.channel = channel
+    return channel
   }
 
   private deliver(line: string): void {
-    this.childAnswered = true
-    const pending = this.takePending()
-    if (!pending) {
+    let parsed: BridgeResponse
+    try {
+      parsed = JSON.parse(line) as BridgeResponse
+    } catch {
+      // Not a response at all — a PowerShell banner, a stray write. Dropping it
+      // is safe now that the id below is what decides which request is answered,
+      // and it keeps a chatty console from making the helper unusable.
       return
     }
-    try {
-      pending.resolve(JSON.parse(line) as BridgeResponse)
-    } catch (error) {
-      pending.reject(
+    const pending = this.pending
+    if (!pending || parsed.requestId !== pending.id) {
+      // One unmatched reply would otherwise shift every later response by one.
+      this.abortChannel(
         new RuntimeClientError(
           'accessibility_error',
-          `desktop provider returned invalid JSON: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
+          'desktop provider response did not match the pending request'
         )
       )
-    }
-  }
-
-  private handleGone(child: RuntimeChildProcess, detail: string): void {
-    // A replaced child can still report; that must not fail the live one.
-    if (this.child !== child) {
       return
     }
-    const text = [detail, this.stderrText.trim()].filter(Boolean).join(': ')
+    // Only a reply this host can prove is its own counts as the helper working.
+    this.childAnswered = true
+    this.pending = null
+    clearTimeout(pending.timer)
+    const { requestId: _echoed, ...response } = parsed
+    pending.resolve(response)
+  }
+
+  private handleGone(detail: string): void {
     const answered = this.childAnswered
-    this.releaseChild()
-    if (
-      !answered &&
-      this.policy === PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY &&
-      isExecutionPolicyBlocked(text)
-    ) {
-      this.policyRetryPending = true
-      this.rejectPending(new RuntimeClientError('accessibility_error', text))
+    this.channel = null
+    this.availability.recordFailure()
+    if (!answered && this.availability.atPreferredPolicy && isExecutionPolicyBlocked(detail)) {
+      this.availability.requestPolicyRetry()
+      this.rejectPending(new RuntimeClientError('accessibility_error', detail))
       return
     }
     if (!answered) {
-      this.unavailable = true
-      this.rejectPending(this.unavailableError(text))
+      this.rejectPending(this.unavailableError(detail))
       return
     }
     this.rejectPending(
-      new RuntimeClientError('accessibility_error', `desktop provider runtime host exited: ${text}`)
+      new RuntimeClientError(
+        'accessibility_error',
+        `desktop provider runtime host exited: ${detail}`
+      )
     )
   }
 
-  private abortChild(error: Error): void {
-    this.stopChild()
+  private abortChannel(error: Error): void {
+    this.stopChannel()
     this.rejectPending(error)
   }
 
-  private stopChild(): void {
-    const child = this.child
-    this.releaseChild()
-    if (!child) {
-      return
-    }
-    // Closing stdin ends the serve loop; the kill covers a wedged helper.
-    try {
-      child.stdin.end()
-    } catch {
-      /* already closed */
-    }
-    child.kill()
-  }
-
-  private releaseChild(): void {
-    const detach = this.detachChild
-    this.detachChild = null
-    detach?.()
-    this.child = null
+  private stopChannel(): void {
+    const channel = this.channel
+    this.channel = null
+    channel?.stop()
   }
 
   private takePending(): PendingRequest | null {
@@ -303,12 +295,12 @@ export class DesktopScriptRuntimeHost {
 
   private armIdleTimer(): void {
     this.clearIdleTimer()
-    if (!this.child) {
+    if (!this.channel) {
       return
     }
     this.idleTimer = setTimeout(() => {
       this.idleTimer = null
-      this.stopChild()
+      this.stopChannel()
     }, this.idleShutdownMs)
     this.idleTimer.unref?.()
   }
@@ -326,8 +318,8 @@ export class DesktopScriptRuntimeHost {
       `desktop provider runtime host could not start: ${message}`
     )
   }
+}
 
-  private warn(message: string): void {
-    ;(this.options.warn ?? ((text: string) => console.warn(`[computer-use] ${text}`)))(message)
-  }
+function errorText(error: unknown): string {
+  return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
 }
diff --git a/src/main/computer/desktop-script-serve-channel.ts b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-serve-channel.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9bdd1e9a3e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/computer/desktop-script-serve-channel.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import { StringDecoder } from 'node:string_decoder'
+import type { ProcessSpec } from '../../shared/child-process/process-spec'
+import type { spawnProcess } from '../../shared/child-process/run-process'
+
+/** The all-pipes child `spawnProcess` returns; avoids a node:child_process import. */
+export type RuntimeChildProcess = ReturnType<typeof spawnProcess>
+
+export type RuntimeProcessSpawn = (spec: ProcessSpec) => RuntimeChildProcess
+
+/** UTF-16 units, not bytes — this bounds the buffer, it is not a payload contract. */
+const MAX_RESPONSE_CHARS = 20 * 1024 * 1024
+const MAX_STDERR_CHARS = 4096
+
+export type ServeChannelHandlers = {
+  /** One complete line from the helper, without its terminator. */
+  onLine: (line: string) => void
+  /** The helper is gone; detail carries the exit reason and its stderr tail. */
+  onGone: (detail: string) => void
+  /** The helper produced more than one buffer's worth without a line break. */
+  onOverflow: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * One `runtime.ps1 -Serve` child, framed as NDJSON lines.
+ *
+ * Split from the host so the host reads as what it is — a queue, a retry policy
+ * and a correlation check — rather than that plus stream plumbing. Responses
+ * carry base64 screenshots and routinely exceed a megabyte, so lines are
+ * reassembled across chunks with a decoder that survives a code point split
+ * across a chunk boundary.
+ */
+export class DesktopScriptServeChannel {
+  private readonly decoder = new StringDecoder('utf8')
+  private buffer = ''
+  private stderrTail = ''
+  private detach: (() => void) | null = null
+  private closed = false
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly child: RuntimeChildProcess,
+    private readonly handlers: ServeChannelHandlers
+  ) {
+    const onStdout = (chunk: Buffer | string): void => this.readStdout(chunk)
+    const onStderr = (chunk: Buffer | string): void => {
+      this.stderrTail = `${this.stderrTail}${chunk.toString()}`.slice(-MAX_STDERR_CHARS)
+    }
+    // Why close and not exit: the caller classifies the failure from stderr, and
+    // only close guarantees the stdio streams were drained first.
+    const onClose = (code: number | null, signal: NodeJS.Signals | null): void =>
+      this.reportGone(signal ? `signal ${signal}` : `code ${code ?? 'unknown'}`)
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => this.reportGone(error.message)
+    child.stdout.on('data', onStdout)
+    child.stderr.on('data', onStderr)
+    child.once('close', onClose)
+    child.once('error', onError)
+    // An unhandled stream error is an uncaught exception in the main process.
+    child.stdin.on('error', () => {})
+    this.detach = (): void => {
+      child.stdout.off('data', onStdout)
+      child.stderr.off('data', onStderr)
+      child.off('close', onClose)
+      child.off('error', onError)
+      child.on('error', () => {})
+    }
+  }
+
+  write(payload: string, onError: (error: Error) => void): void {
+    this.child.stdin.write(payload, (error) => {
+      if (error) {
+        onError(error)
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  /** Stop the helper and go silent; handlers are not called afterwards. */
+  stop(): void {
+    if (this.closed) {
+      return
+    }
+    this.closed = true
+    this.detach?.()
+    this.detach = null
+    this.buffer = ''
+    // Closing stdin ends the serve loop; the kill covers a wedged helper.
+    try {
+      this.child.stdin.end()
+    } catch {
+      /* already closed */
+    }
+    this.child.kill()
+  }
+
+  private reportGone(detail: string): void {
+    if (this.closed) {
+      return
+    }
+    const text = [detail, this.stderrTail.trim()].filter(Boolean).join(': ')
+    this.closed = true
+    this.detach?.()
+    this.detach = null
+    this.handlers.onGone(text)
+  }
+
+  private readStdout(chunk: Buffer | string): void {
+    if (this.closed) {
+      return
+    }
+    this.buffer += typeof chunk === 'string' ? chunk : this.decoder.write(chunk)
+    if (this.buffer.length > MAX_RESPONSE_CHARS) {
+      this.buffer = ''
+      this.handlers.onOverflow()
+      return
+    }
+    for (let newline = this.buffer.indexOf('\n'); newline >= 0;) {
+      // Slice a trailing CR off by index; trimming copies the whole payload.
+      const end = newline > 0 && this.buffer.charCodeAt(newline - 1) === 13 ? newline - 1 : newline
+      const line = this.buffer.slice(0, end)
+      this.buffer = this.buffer.slice(newline + 1)
+      if (line.length > 0) {
+        this.handlers.onLine(line)
+        // A handler may have stopped this channel; stop reading its backlog.
+        if (this.closed) {
+          this.buffer = ''
+          return
+        }
+      }
+      newline = this.buffer.indexOf('\n')
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function startServeChannel(
+  spec: ProcessSpec,
+  spawn: RuntimeProcessSpawn,
+  handlers: ServeChannelHandlers
+): DesktopScriptServeChannel {
+  return new DesktopScriptServeChannel(spawn(spec), handlers)
+}
diff --git a/src/main/computer/sidecar-client.ts b/src/main/computer/sidecar-client.ts
index 489c463dd93..23af1aa603b 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/sidecar-client.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/sidecar-client.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import type {
   ComputerSnapshotResult
 } from '../../shared/runtime-types'
 import { normalizeComputerActionResult } from './computer-action-verification-normalization'
+import { isComputerSidecarDiagnostic, logComputerDiagnostic } from './computer-sidecar-diagnostics'
 import { validateComputerSidecarPasteText } from './computer-sidecar-paste-validation'
 import { RuntimeClientError } from './runtime-client-error'
 
@@ -245,6 +246,11 @@ class ComputerSidecarProcess {
   }
 
   private handleMessage(message: unknown): void {
+    // The sidecar's stdio is piped and unread, so its warnings arrive here.
+    if (isComputerSidecarDiagnostic(message)) {
+      logComputerDiagnostic(message.message)
+      return
+    }
     if (!isSidecarResponse(message)) {
       return
     }
diff --git a/src/main/computer/sidecar-entry.ts b/src/main/computer/sidecar-entry.ts
index 8489f71e7f3..961d2261ede 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/sidecar-entry.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/sidecar-entry.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ type SidecarRequest = {
   params?: Record<string, unknown>
 }
 
+// Why disconnect carries the weight on Windows: the parent stops the sidecar
+// with kill('SIGTERM'), which is TerminateProcess there, so the SIGTERM handler
+// below never runs and teardown rides on the IPC channel closing instead. A
+// helper wedged inside a UI Automation call can still outlive that and deliver
+// input after teardown; only a real signal would preempt it.
 process.once('disconnect', shutdownProviders)
 process.once('SIGTERM', () => {
   shutdownProviders()
diff --git a/src/main/computer/windows-powershell-execution-policy.ts b/src/main/computer/windows-powershell-execution-policy.ts
index 07d2752dcf8..583e3f6bf51 100644
--- a/src/main/computer/windows-powershell-execution-policy.ts
+++ b/src/main/computer/windows-powershell-execution-policy.ts
@@ -13,9 +13,16 @@ export type WindowsExecutionPolicy = 'RemoteSigned' | 'Bypass'
 export const PREFERRED_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY: WindowsExecutionPolicy = 'RemoteSigned'
 export const FALLBACK_WINDOWS_EXECUTION_POLICY: WindowsExecutionPolicy = 'Bypass'
 
-// Matches the SecurityError PowerShell emits for `-File` under a blocking policy.
+/**
+ * Matches the SecurityError PowerShell emits for `-File` under a blocking policy.
+ *
+ * The prose alternative is whitespace-tolerant because PowerShell hard-wraps
+ * error text at the console width, so the sentence arrives split across lines.
+ * The single-token alternatives survive that wrapping unaided and are what
+ * actually carries the match in practice.
+ */
 const EXECUTION_POLICY_BLOCKED =
-  /running scripts is disabled on this system|UnauthorizedAccess|PSSecurityException|SecurityError|about_Execution_Policies/i
+  /running\s+scripts\s+is\s+disabled|UnauthorizedAccess|PSSecurityException|about_Execution_Policies/i
 
 export function isExecutionPolicyBlocked(text: string): boolean {
   return EXECUTION_POLICY_BLOCKED.test(text)
@@ -27,6 +34,8 @@ export function windowsPowerShellRuntimeArgs(
   scriptArgs: readonly string[] = []
 ): string[] {
   return [
+    // -NoLogo: a banner on stdout would be read as a malformed response line.
+    '-NoLogo',
     '-NoProfile',
     '-NonInteractive',
     '-ExecutionPolicy',