diff --git a/src/models/api.rs b/src/models/api.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f821fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/models/api.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+use super::mmdb::MmdbProxy;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct IpInfo {
+    pub ip: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub city: Option<CityInfo>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub continent: Option<ContinentInfo>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub country: Option<CountryInfo>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub location: Option<LocationInfo>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub postal: Option<PostalInfo>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub registered_country: Option<CountryInfo>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub subdivisions: Option<Vec<SubdivisionInfo>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub asn: Option<AsnInfo>,
+    pub proxy: ProxyInfo,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct Names {
+    #[serde(rename = "de", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub german: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "en", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub english: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "es", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub spanish: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "fr", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub french: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "ja", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub japanese: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "pt-BR", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub brazilian_portuguese: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "ru", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub russian: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "zh-CN", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub simplified_chinese: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct CityInfo {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub names: Option<Names>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct ContinentInfo {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub code: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub names: Option<Names>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct CountryInfo {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub iso_code: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub names: Option<Names>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct LocationInfo {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub accuracy_radius: Option<u16>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub latitude: Option<f64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub longitude: Option<f64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub metro_code: Option<u16>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub time_zone: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct PostalInfo {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub code: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct SubdivisionInfo {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub iso_code: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub names: Option<Names>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct AsnInfo {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub autonomous_system_number: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub autonomous_system_organization: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub as_domain: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct ProxyInfo {
+    pub is_proxy: bool,
+    pub is_vpn: bool,
+    pub is_tor: bool,
+    pub is_hosting: bool,
+    pub is_cdn: bool,
+    pub is_school: bool,
+    pub is_anonymous: bool,
+}
+
+impl From<MmdbProxy> for ProxyInfo {
+    fn from(p: MmdbProxy) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            is_proxy: p.is_proxy,
+            is_vpn: p.is_vpn,
+            is_tor: p.is_tor,
+            is_hosting: p.is_hosting,
+            is_cdn: p.is_cdn,
+            is_school: p.is_school,
+            is_anonymous: p.is_anonymous,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/models/mmdb.rs b/src/models/mmdb.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0aac74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/models/mmdb.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbRecord<'a> {
+    #[serde(borrow, default)]
+    pub city: MmdbCity<'a>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub continent: MmdbContinent<'a>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub country: MmdbCountry<'a>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub location: MmdbLocation<'a>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub postal: MmdbPostal<'a>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub registered_country: MmdbCountry<'a>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub subdivisions: Vec<MmdbSubdivision<'a>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub asn: MmdbAsn<'a>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub proxy: MmdbProxy,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbCity<'a> {
+    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(borrow, default)]
+    pub names: MmdbNames<'a>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbContinent<'a> {
+    pub code: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(borrow, default)]
+    pub names: MmdbNames<'a>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbCountry<'a> {
+    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
+    pub iso_code: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(borrow, default)]
+    pub names: MmdbNames<'a>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbLocation<'a> {
+    pub accuracy_radius: Option<u16>,
+    pub latitude: Option<f64>,
+    pub longitude: Option<f64>,
+    pub metro_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub time_zone: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbPostal<'a> {
+    pub code: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbSubdivision<'a> {
+    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
+    pub iso_code: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(borrow, default)]
+    pub names: MmdbNames<'a>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbAsn<'a> {
+    pub autonomous_system_number: Option<u32>,
+    pub autonomous_system_organization: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub as_domain: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct MmdbProxy {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_proxy: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_vpn: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_tor: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_hosting: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_cdn: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_school: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_anonymous: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MmdbNames<'a> {
+    #[serde(rename = "de", default)]
+    pub german: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(rename = "en", default)]
+    pub english: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(rename = "es", default)]
+    pub spanish: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(rename = "fr", default)]
+    pub french: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(rename = "ja", default)]
+    pub japanese: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(rename = "pt-BR", default)]
+    pub brazilian_portuguese: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(rename = "ru", default)]
+    pub russian: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[serde(rename = "zh-CN", default)]
+    pub simplified_chinese: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+impl MmdbNames<'_> {
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.english.is_none()
+            && self.german.is_none()
+            && self.spanish.is_none()
+            && self.french.is_none()
+            && self.japanese.is_none()
+            && self.brazilian_portuguese.is_none()
+            && self.russian.is_none()
+            && self.simplified_chinese.is_none()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/models.rs b/src/models/mod.rs
similarity index 69%
rename from src/models.rs
rename to src/models/mod.rs
index 8819f2b..10a057e 100644
--- a/src/models.rs
+++ b/src/models/mod.rs
@@ -1,257 +1,14 @@
+//! Data models for MMDB deserialization and JSON API serialization.
+
+pub mod api;
+pub mod mmdb;
+
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::net::IpAddr;
 
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-// --- Deserialization types (from MMDB) ---
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbRecord<'a> {
-    #[serde(borrow, default)]
-    pub city: MmdbCity<'a>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub continent: MmdbContinent<'a>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub country: MmdbCountry<'a>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub location: MmdbLocation<'a>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub postal: MmdbPostal<'a>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub registered_country: MmdbCountry<'a>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub subdivisions: Vec<MmdbSubdivision<'a>>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub asn: MmdbAsn<'a>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub proxy: MmdbProxy,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbCity<'a> {
-    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
-    #[serde(borrow, default)]
-    pub names: MmdbNames<'a>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbContinent<'a> {
-    pub code: Option<&'a str>,
-    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
-    #[serde(borrow, default)]
-    pub names: MmdbNames<'a>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbCountry<'a> {
-    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
-    pub iso_code: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(borrow, default)]
-    pub names: MmdbNames<'a>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbLocation<'a> {
-    pub accuracy_radius: Option<u16>,
-    pub latitude: Option<f64>,
-    pub longitude: Option<f64>,
-    pub metro_code: Option<u16>,
-    pub time_zone: Option<&'a str>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbPostal<'a> {
-    pub code: Option<&'a str>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbSubdivision<'a> {
-    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
-    pub iso_code: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(borrow, default)]
-    pub names: MmdbNames<'a>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbAsn<'a> {
-    pub autonomous_system_number: Option<u32>,
-    pub autonomous_system_organization: Option<&'a str>,
-    pub as_domain: Option<&'a str>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbProxy {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub is_proxy: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub is_vpn: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub is_tor: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub is_hosting: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub is_cdn: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub is_school: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub is_anonymous: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct MmdbNames<'a> {
-    #[serde(rename = "de", default)]
-    pub german: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(rename = "en", default)]
-    pub english: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(rename = "es", default)]
-    pub spanish: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(rename = "fr", default)]
-    pub french: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(rename = "ja", default)]
-    pub japanese: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(rename = "pt-BR", default)]
-    pub brazilian_portuguese: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(rename = "ru", default)]
-    pub russian: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[serde(rename = "zh-CN", default)]
-    pub simplified_chinese: Option<&'a str>,
-}
-
-impl MmdbNames<'_> {
-    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.english.is_none()
-            && self.german.is_none()
-            && self.spanish.is_none()
-            && self.french.is_none()
-            && self.japanese.is_none()
-            && self.brazilian_portuguese.is_none()
-            && self.russian.is_none()
-            && self.simplified_chinese.is_none()
-    }
-}
-
-// --- Serialization types (API output) ---
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct IpInfo {
-    pub ip: String,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub city: Option<CityInfo>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub continent: Option<ContinentInfo>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub country: Option<CountryInfo>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub location: Option<LocationInfo>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub postal: Option<PostalInfo>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub registered_country: Option<CountryInfo>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub subdivisions: Option<Vec<SubdivisionInfo>>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub asn: Option<AsnInfo>,
-    pub proxy: ProxyInfo,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct Names {
-    #[serde(rename = "de", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub german: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "en", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub english: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "es", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub spanish: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "fr", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub french: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "ja", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub japanese: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "pt-BR", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub brazilian_portuguese: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "ru", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub russian: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "zh-CN", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub simplified_chinese: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct CityInfo {
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub names: Option<Names>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct ContinentInfo {
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub code: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub names: Option<Names>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct CountryInfo {
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub iso_code: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub names: Option<Names>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct LocationInfo {
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub accuracy_radius: Option<u16>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub latitude: Option<f64>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub longitude: Option<f64>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub metro_code: Option<u16>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub time_zone: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct PostalInfo {
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub code: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct SubdivisionInfo {
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub geoname_id: Option<u32>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub iso_code: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub names: Option<Names>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct AsnInfo {
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub autonomous_system_number: Option<u32>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub autonomous_system_organization: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub as_domain: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct ProxyInfo {
-    pub is_proxy: bool,
-    pub is_vpn: bool,
-    pub is_tor: bool,
-    pub is_hosting: bool,
-    pub is_cdn: bool,
-    pub is_school: bool,
-    pub is_anonymous: bool,
-}
+pub use api::*;
+// Mmdb types are re-exported as pub(crate) since they are internal deserialization details.
+pub(crate) use mmdb::*;
 
 // --- Conversion from MMDB record to API output ---
 
@@ -390,15 +147,7 @@ pub fn from_mmdb_record(ip: IpAddr, record: &MmdbRecord<'_>) -> IpInfo {
         None
     };
 
-    let proxy = ProxyInfo {
-        is_proxy: record.proxy.is_proxy,
-        is_vpn: record.proxy.is_vpn,
-        is_tor: record.proxy.is_tor,
-        is_hosting: record.proxy.is_hosting,
-        is_cdn: record.proxy.is_cdn,
-        is_school: record.proxy.is_school,
-        is_anonymous: record.proxy.is_anonymous,
-    };
+    let proxy = ProxyInfo::from(record.proxy);
 
     let mut ip_str = String::with_capacity(45);
     write!(ip_str, "{ip}").expect("IP address formatting cannot fail");