diff --git a/internal/app/placement/monitor.go b/internal/app/placement/monitor.go
index e469f71eb..b83ac77f9 100644
--- a/internal/app/placement/monitor.go
+++ b/internal/app/placement/monitor.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func (s *service) GetMonitor(ctx context.Context, orgID, campaignID uuid.UUID) (
 }
 
 // PutMonitor creates or updates a campaign's monitor. A new or re-enabled
-// monitor runs its first test within the hour, not an interval from now.
+// monitor runs its first test within minutes, not an interval from now.
 func (s *service) PutMonitor(ctx context.Context, orgID, userID, campaignID uuid.UUID, in MonitorInput) (*models.PlacementMonitor, *errx.Error) {
 	if _, xerr := s.ownedCampaign(ctx, orgID, campaignID); xerr != nil {
 		return nil, xerr
@@ -59,10 +59,15 @@ func (s *service) PutMonitor(ctx context.Context, orgID, userID, campaignID uuid
 		errs.CaptureException(err)
 		return nil, errx.InternalError()
 	}
+	// An API key has no user behind it.
+	var createdBy *uuid.UUID
+	if userID != uuid.Nil {
+		createdBy = &userID
+	}
 	m := models.PlacementMonitor{
 		OrganizationID: orgID,
 		CampaignID:     campaignID,
-		CreatedBy:      &userID,
+		CreatedBy:      createdBy,
 		Enabled:        true,
 		IntervalDays:   config.PlacementMonitorIntervalDaysDef,
 		Panel:          models.PlacementPanelInstance,
diff --git a/internal/app/placement/service.go b/internal/app/placement/service.go
index c328d6707..22bb656d4 100644
--- a/internal/app/placement/service.go
+++ b/internal/app/placement/service.go
@@ -338,6 +338,17 @@ func (s *service) CreateTests(ctx context.Context, in CreateInput) ([]TestView,
 		if s.Cloud == nil {
 			return nil, placementErr(errx.Conflict, "placement_panel_unavailable", "Link this instance to Warmbly Cloud to test on its seed panel.")
 		}
+		// The cloud charges its allowance when it opens the test, so what can
+		// be refused here is refused before that.
+		if panel, xerr := s.Cloud.PlacementPanel(ctx); xerr == nil && panel != nil {
+			if lim := panel.Usage.Limit; lim != nil && panel.Usage.Used+len(variants) > *lim {
+				return nil, placementErr(errx.PaymentRequired, "placement_quota_exceeded",
+					"The linked Warmbly Cloud workspace has used its placement tests for the month.")
+			}
+			if xerr := s.checkBudget(ctx, sender, len(variants)*min(panel.Panel.Seeds, pol.SeedsPerTest)); xerr != nil {
+				return nil, xerr
+			}
+		}
 		start, xerr := s.Cloud.StartPlacement(ctx, models.PlacementCloudStartRequest{SenderDomain: senderDomain, Tests: len(variants)})
 		if xerr != nil {
 			return nil, xerr
@@ -356,18 +367,8 @@ func (s *service) CreateTests(ctx context.Context, in CreateInput) ([]TestView,
 	}
 
 	// Budget: every probe is a send from the sender's day.
-	probes := len(seeds) * len(variants)
-	if s.Tasks != nil {
-		sent, err := s.Tasks.CountCampaignEmailsSentToday(ctx, sender.ID)
-		if err != nil {
-			errs.CaptureException(err)
-			return nil, errx.InternalError()
-		}
-		if left := sender.CampaignLimit - sent; probes > left {
-			return nil, placementErr(errx.Conflict, "placement_daily_budget",
-				"This test sends "+strconv.Itoa(probes)+" emails from "+sender.Email+", which has "+strconv.Itoa(max(0, left))+
-					" left of its daily limit today.")
-		}
+	if xerr := s.checkBudget(ctx, sender, len(seeds)*len(variants)); xerr != nil {
+		return nil, xerr
 	}
 
 	// Build the tests, their probes and one task per probe.
@@ -451,6 +452,25 @@ func (s *service) CreateTests(ctx context.Context, in CreateInput) ([]TestView,
 	return views, nil
 }
 
+// checkBudget refuses a test whose copies do not fit in what is left of the
+// sender's daily campaign limit.
+func (s *service) checkBudget(ctx context.Context, sender *models.Email, probes int) *errx.Error {
+	if s.Tasks == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	sent, err := s.Tasks.CountCampaignEmailsSentToday(ctx, sender.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		errs.CaptureException(err)
+		return errx.InternalError()
+	}
+	if left := sender.CampaignLimit - sent; probes > left {
+		return placementErr(errx.Conflict, "placement_daily_budget",
+			"This test sends "+strconv.Itoa(probes)+" emails from "+sender.Email+", which has "+strconv.Itoa(max(0, left))+
+				" left of its daily limit today.")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // enqueue hands each probe's task to the scheduler. The local scheduler picks
 // due pending rows on its own; Cloud Tasks needs the handle stored.
 func (s *service) enqueue(ctx context.Context, tasks []repository.Task, results []models.PlacementResult) {