diff --git a/app/(main)/[locale]/layout.tsx b/app/(main)/[locale]/layout.tsx
index 31c983c1d..59481960e 100644
--- a/app/(main)/[locale]/layout.tsx
+++ b/app/(main)/[locale]/layout.tsx
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { ProtocolLaunchHandlerProvider } from "@/components/protocol/protocol-la
 import { ProInterfaceRedirect } from "@/components/pro/pro-interface-redirect";
 import { ImpersonationReconciler } from "@/components/impersonation/impersonation-reconciler";
 import { PluginDialogHost } from "@/components/plugins/plugin-dialog-host";
+import { ExternalRecipientConfirmHost } from "@/components/email/external-recipient-confirm";
 import { CommandPaletteHost } from "@/components/command-palette/command-palette";
 import { PluginConnectDialog } from "@/components/plugins/plugin-connect-dialog";
 import { QuickRuleHost } from "@/components/filters/quick-rule-host";
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ export default async function LocaleLayout({
                   <SessionTimeoutGuard />
                   {children}
                   <PluginDialogHost />
+                  <ExternalRecipientConfirmHost />
                   <CommandPaletteHost />
                   <PluginConnectDialog />
                   <QuickRuleHost />
diff --git a/components/admin/org/__tests__/external-mail-section.test.tsx b/components/admin/org/__tests__/external-mail-section.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29a1ff1b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/admin/org/__tests__/external-mail-section.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { act, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
+
+// Organisation > Security > External mail: the switches and the domain list
+// go into the draft at the chosen scope, and the External Mail Warning
+// plugin's safe domains can be copied in as an unsaved change.
+
+const puts: Array<Record<string, unknown>> = [];
+let stored: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+let plugins: Array<Record<string, unknown>> = [];
+let pluginConfig: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+vi.mock('@/lib/browser-navigation', () => ({
+  apiFetch: vi.fn(async (url: string, init?: RequestInit) => {
+    if (url === '/api/admin/plugins') return new Response(JSON.stringify(plugins));
+    if (url === '/api/admin/plugins/external-mail-warning/config') return new Response(JSON.stringify(pluginConfig));
+    if (init?.method === 'PUT') {
+      const body = JSON.parse(String(init.body));
+      puts.push(body);
+      stored = body;
+      return new Response('{"ok":true}');
+    }
+    return new Response(JSON.stringify(stored));
+  }),
+  withBasePath: (p: string) => p,
+  getPathPrefix: () => '',
+}));
+
+import { ExternalMailSection } from '../sections/external-mail-section';
+import { useOrgPolicyDraft, useOrgScopeStore, EVERYONE } from '../use-org-policy-draft';
+
+const POLICY = {
+  restrictions: {}, features: {}, defaults: {}, themePolicy: {},
+  forceEnabledPlugins: [], approvedPlugins: [], forceEnabledThemes: [],
+  organisation: { externalMail: { domains: ['partner.com'] } },
+  scopes: [{ id: 'two', label: 'Org two', match: { domains: ['org-two.test'] }, policy: {} }],
+};
+
+let latest: ReturnType<typeof useOrgPolicyDraft> | null = null;
+function Harness() {
+  const draft = useOrgPolicyDraft('test');
+  latest = draft;
+  if (draft.loading) return null;
+  return <ExternalMailSection draft={draft} />;
+}
+
+async function renderSection() {
+  render(<Harness />);
+  await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label')).toBeInTheDocument());
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  puts.length = 0;
+  stored = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(POLICY));
+  plugins = [];
+  pluginConfig = {};
+  latest = null;
+  useOrgScopeStore.setState({ scopeId: EVERYONE });
+});
+
+describe('External mail section', () => {
+  it('starts with both switches off and saves what the admin turns on', async () => {
+    await renderSection();
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label').getAttribute('aria-checked')).toBe('false');
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('org-external-recipient-warning').getAttribute('aria-checked')).toBe('false');
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label'));
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('org-external-recipient-warning'));
+    await act(async () => { await latest!.save(); });
+    expect((puts[0].organisation as { externalMail: unknown }).externalMail).toMatchObject({ senderLabel: true, recipientWarning: true, domains: ['partner.com'] });
+  });
+
+  it('writes a scope override only into that scope', async () => {
+    await renderSection();
+    act(() => latest!.setScopeId('two'));
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label'));
+    expect(latest!.policy?.scopes?.[0].policy.organisation).toEqual({ externalMail: { senderLabel: true } });
+    expect(latest!.policy?.organisation?.externalMail.senderLabel).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('takes the typed domain list apart when the field is left', async () => {
+    await renderSection();
+    const field = screen.getByTestId('org-external-domains');
+    fireEvent.change(field, { target: { value: 'partner.com, Sister.example\n@third.test' } });
+    fireEvent.blur(field);
+    expect(latest!.orgValue('externalMail', 'domains').value).toEqual(['partner.com', 'sister.example', 'third.test']);
+    expect(screen.queryByTestId('org-external-domains-rejected')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('stores an IDN in ASCII, shows it in Unicode and names entries that are not domains', async () => {
+    await renderSection();
+    const field = screen.getByTestId('org-external-domains') as HTMLTextAreaElement;
+    fireEvent.change(field, { target: { value: 'bücher.de\nnot_a_domain, x' } });
+    fireEvent.blur(field);
+    expect(latest!.orgValue('externalMail', 'domains').value).toEqual(['xn--bcher-kva.de']);
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('org-external-domains-rejected').textContent).toContain('not_a_domain, x');
+    await waitFor(() => expect(field.value).toBe('bücher.de'), { timeout: 5000 });
+  });
+
+  it('offers no import and no note without the plugin', async () => {
+    await renderSection();
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label'));
+    expect(screen.queryByTestId('org-external-import-plugin')).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.queryByTestId('org-external-plugin-note')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('asks to update an old plugin while the warnings are on and imports its safe domains as a draft change', async () => {
+    plugins = [{ id: 'external-mail-warning', version: '1.5.1' }];
+    pluginConfig = { safeDomains: 'partner.com, acme.example\nsub.acme.example' };
+    await renderSection();
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('org-external-import-plugin')).toBeInTheDocument());
+    expect(screen.queryByTestId('org-external-plugin-note')).toBeNull();
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('org-external-recipient-warning'));
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('org-external-plugin-note').textContent).toContain('Update or remove the External Mail Warning plugin');
+
+    await act(async () => { fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('org-external-import-plugin')); });
+    await waitFor(() => expect(latest!.orgValue('externalMail', 'domains').value).toEqual(['partner.com', 'acme.example', 'sub.acme.example']));
+    expect(latest!.dirty).toBe(true);
+    expect(puts).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it('only suggests removing a plugin that steps back by itself', async () => {
+    plugins = [{ id: 'external-mail-warning', version: '1.6.0' }];
+    await renderSection();
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('org-external-import-plugin')).toBeInTheDocument());
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label'));
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('org-external-plugin-note').textContent).toContain('You can remove the External Mail Warning plugin');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/components/admin/org/sections/external-mail-section.tsx b/components/admin/org/sections/external-mail-section.tsx
index 44c7a8a5a..e77c38efc 100644
--- a/components/admin/org/sections/external-mail-section.tsx
+++ b/components/admin/org/sections/external-mail-section.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,184 @@
 'use client';
 
-import { SettingsSection } from '@/components/settings/settings-section';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { Download, Info } from '@/components/icons';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { SettingItem, SettingsSection, ToggleSwitch } from '@/components/settings/settings-section';
+import { AdminLink } from '@/components/admin/admin-link';
+import { parseDomainList } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { toUnicodeDomain } from '@/lib/idn';
+import { apiFetch } from '@/lib/browser-navigation';
+import { EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID } from '@/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-features';
+import { InheritNote } from '../org-page';
 import type { OrgPolicyDraft } from '../use-org-policy-draft';
 
-/** Organisation feature 2; filled in by its own step (local-data/org-features-plan.md). */
+/** The first release of the plugin core took over from that steps back on its own. */
+export const PLUGIN_STEPS_BACK_FROM = '1.6.0';
+
+function older(version: string, than: string): boolean {
+  const a = version.split(/[-+]/)[0].split('.').map(Number);
+  const b = than.split(/[-+]/)[0].split('.').map(Number);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) if ((a[i] || 0) !== (b[i] || 0)) return (a[i] || 0) < (b[i] || 0);
+  return false;
+}
+
+type InstalledPlugin = { version: string };
+
+/** The External Mail Warning plugin when the admin installed it, else null. */
+function useInstalledPlugin(): InstalledPlugin | null {
+  const [plugin, setPlugin] = useState<InstalledPlugin | null>(null);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    void (async () => {
+      try {
+        const res = await apiFetch('/api/admin/plugins');
+        const list = res.ok ? ((await res.json()) as Array<{ id: string; version?: string }>) : [];
+        const found = Array.isArray(list) ? list.find((p) => p.id === EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID) : undefined;
+        if (!cancelled) setPlugin(found ? { version: found.version ?? '' } : null);
+      } catch {
+        if (!cancelled) setPlugin(null);
+      }
+    })();
+    return () => { cancelled = true; };
+  }, []);
+  return plugin;
+}
+
+const onOff = (v: boolean) => (v ? 'on' : 'off');
+
+/**
+ * Organisation > Security > External mail: the "External" sender label,
+ * the confirm before sending outside, which domains are internal, and the
+ * hand-over from the External Mail Warning plugin.
+ */
 export function ExternalMailSection({ draft }: { draft: OrgPolicyDraft }) {
-  void draft;
+  const senderLabel = draft.orgValue('externalMail', 'senderLabel');
+  const recipientWarning = draft.orgValue('externalMail', 'recipientWarning');
+  const domains = draft.orgValue('externalMail', 'domains');
+  const trustContacts = draft.orgValue('externalMail', 'trustContacts');
+  const plugin = useInstalledPlugin();
+  const anyOn = senderLabel.value || recipientWarning.value;
+
+  // The list is typed as text and taken apart when the field is left, so a
+  // half-typed domain isn't thrown away on every key. It is stored in ASCII
+  // (xn--) form and shown in Unicode; entries that aren't domains are named.
+  const stored = domains.value.join('\n');
+  const joined = domains.value.map(toUnicodeDomain).join('\n');
+  const [text, setText] = useState(joined);
+  const [rejected, setRejected] = useState<string[]>([]);
+  useEffect(() => { setText(joined); }, [joined]);
+  const commitDomains = (raw: string) => {
+    const parsed = parseDomainList(raw) ?? { domains: [], rejected: [] };
+    setRejected(parsed.rejected);
+    if (parsed.domains.join('\n') !== stored) draft.setOrgValue('externalMail', 'domains', parsed.domains);
+    else setText(joined);
+  };
+
+  const [importing, setImporting] = useState(false);
+  const importFromPlugin = async () => {
+    setImporting(true);
+    try {
+      const res = await apiFetch(`/api/admin/plugins/${EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID}/config`);
+      if (!res.ok) throw new Error(String(res.status));
+      const config = (await res.json()) as Record<string, unknown>;
+      const parsed = parseDomainList(config.safeDomains) ?? { domains: [], rejected: [] };
+      const fromPlugin = parsed.domains;
+      setRejected(parsed.rejected);
+      const added = fromPlugin.filter((d) => !domains.value.includes(d));
+      if (added.length > 0) draft.setOrgValue('externalMail', 'domains', [...domains.value, ...added]);
+      draft.setMessage({
+        type: 'success',
+        text: added.length > 0
+          ? `Added ${added.length} ${added.length === 1 ? 'domain' : 'domains'} from the plugin. Save to apply them.`
+          : fromPlugin.length > 0 ? 'The list already has every domain the plugin had.' : 'The plugin has no safe domains set.',
+      });
+    } catch {
+      draft.setMessage({ type: 'error', text: 'Could not read the plugin settings' });
+    } finally {
+      setImporting(false);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const outdated = !!plugin && older(plugin.version, PLUGIN_STEPS_BACK_FROM);
+
   return (
-    <SettingsSection id="external" title="External mail" description="Label mail from senders outside the organisation and confirm before sending outside it.">
-      <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Nothing to set here yet.</p>
+    <SettingsSection
+      id="external"
+      title="External mail"
+      description="Label mail from senders outside the organisation and confirm before sending outside it. Both are off until you turn them on."
+    >
+      <SettingItem label="Label external senders" description="Shows an “External” chip next to the sender of mail from outside the organisation.">
+        <div className="flex flex-col items-start gap-1 sm:items-end">
+          <ToggleSwitch checked={senderLabel.value} onChange={(v) => draft.setOrgValue('externalMail', 'senderLabel', v)} testId="org-external-sender-label" />
+          <InheritNote draft={draft} own={senderLabel.own} everyone={onOff(senderLabel.everyone)} onReset={() => draft.clearOrgValue('externalMail', 'senderLabel')} />
+        </div>
+      </SettingItem>
+
+      <SettingItem label="Confirm external recipients" description="Before a message goes out, lists the recipients outside the organisation and asks “Send anyway” or “Back”. Quick replies too.">
+        <div className="flex flex-col items-start gap-1 sm:items-end">
+          <ToggleSwitch checked={recipientWarning.value} onChange={(v) => draft.setOrgValue('externalMail', 'recipientWarning', v)} testId="org-external-recipient-warning" />
+          <InheritNote draft={draft} own={recipientWarning.own} everyone={onOff(recipientWarning.everyone)} onReset={() => draft.clearOrgValue('externalMail', 'recipientWarning')} />
+        </div>
+      </SettingItem>
+
+      <SettingItem label="Trust contacts" description="Recipients in the user's contacts are sent to without asking.">
+        <div className="flex flex-col items-start gap-1 sm:items-end">
+          <ToggleSwitch checked={trustContacts.value} onChange={(v) => draft.setOrgValue('externalMail', 'trustContacts', v)} testId="org-external-trust-contacts" />
+          <InheritNote draft={draft} own={trustContacts.own} everyone={onOff(trustContacts.everyone)} onReset={() => draft.clearOrgValue('externalMail', 'trustContacts')} />
+        </div>
+      </SettingItem>
+
+      <div className="space-y-2 py-3">
+        <label htmlFor="org-external-domains" className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">More organisation domains</label>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          Your users&apos; own domains always count as internal. Add partner or sister-company domains here, one per line or separated by commas. A domain covers its subdomains: example.com also covers eu.example.com.
+        </p>
+        <textarea
+          id="org-external-domains"
+          data-testid="org-external-domains"
+          rows={4}
+          value={text}
+          onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)}
+          onBlur={(e) => commitDomains(e.target.value)}
+          placeholder="partner.com"
+          spellCheck={false}
+          className="w-full rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 py-2 font-mono text-sm text-foreground placeholder:text-muted-foreground focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring"
+        />
+        {rejected.length > 0 && (
+          <p className="text-xs text-destructive" role="status" data-testid="org-external-domains-rejected">
+            Left out, not a domain: {rejected.join(', ')}
+          </p>
+        )}
+        <InheritNote
+          draft={draft}
+          own={domains.own}
+          everyone={domains.everyone.length ? domains.everyone.map(toUnicodeDomain).join(', ') : 'none'}
+          onReset={() => draft.clearOrgValue('externalMail', 'domains')}
+        />
+        {plugin && (
+          <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => void importFromPlugin()} disabled={importing} className="gap-1.5" data-testid="org-external-import-plugin">
+            <Download className="h-4 w-4" /> Import from the plugin
+          </Button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {plugin && anyOn && (
+        <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/40 p-3 text-sm" data-testid="org-external-plugin-note">
+          <Info className="mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 flex-shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+          <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1">
+            <p className="font-medium text-foreground">
+              {outdated ? 'Update or remove the External Mail Warning plugin' : 'You can remove the External Mail Warning plugin'}
+            </p>
+            <p className="text-muted-foreground">
+              {outdated
+                ? `Version ${plugin.version || 'unknown'} is installed. For each switch that is on, Bulwark skips the matching part of the plugin (its send confirm, or its banner and new-mail toast) so nobody is warned twice; version ${PLUGIN_STEPS_BACK_FROM} and later step back by themselves.`
+                : 'It turns off its own send confirm, banner and toast for each switch that is on here.'}{' '}
+              &ldquo;Import from the plugin&rdquo; copies its safe domains into the list above.{' '}
+              <AdminLink href={`/admin/plugins/${EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID}`} className="underline underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground">Open the plugin</AdminLink>
+            </p>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
     </SettingsSection>
   );
 }
diff --git a/components/calendar/__tests__/event-modal-external-invitees.test.tsx b/components/calendar/__tests__/event-modal-external-invitees.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c3108d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/calendar/__tests__/event-modal-external-invitees.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import { render, screen, fireEvent, waitFor, cleanup, act } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import { EventModal } from '../event-modal';
+import { ExternalRecipientConfirmHost } from '@/components/email/external-recipient-confirm';
+import type { Calendar, CalendarEvent, Identity } from '@/lib/jmap/types';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+import { useContactStore } from '@/stores/contact-store';
+import { useExternalRecipientConfirmStore } from '@/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store';
+import { resetSendPipeline } from '@/lib/outgoing/send-pipeline';
+
+// Saving a meeting sends its invitations (the server does, on save), so a
+// newly invited person outside the organisation gets the same confirm as a
+// message. People already invited aren't asked about again.
+
+vi.mock('../participant-availability', () => ({ ParticipantAvailability: () => null }));
+
+const calendars = [{
+  id: 'cal', name: 'Personal', color: '#123456', isDefault: true,
+  myRights: {
+    mayReadFreeBusy: true, mayReadItems: true, mayWriteAll: true, mayWriteOwn: true,
+    mayUpdatePrivate: true, mayRSVP: true, mayShare: true, mayDelete: true,
+  },
+}] as unknown as Calendar[];
+
+const party = (address: string, owner: boolean) => ({
+  '@type': 'Participant', calendarAddress: `mailto:${address}`, email: address,
+  roles: owner ? { owner: true } : { attendee: true },
+  participationStatus: owner ? 'accepted' : 'needs-action', scheduleAgent: 'server', expectReply: !owner, kind: 'individual',
+});
+
+// The user's meeting, already sent to a partner outside.
+const meeting = {
+  id: 'e1', uid: 'u1', '@type': 'Event', title: 'Planning', description: '', start: '2026-10-12T10:00:00',
+  duration: 'PT1H', timeZone: 'Europe/Berlin', showWithoutTime: false, calendarIds: { cal: true },
+  organizerCalendarAddress: 'mailto:me@example.com', alerts: null, recurrenceRules: null,
+  participants: { org: party('me@example.com', true), partner: party('partner@partner.example', false) },
+} as unknown as CalendarEvent;
+
+function setWarning(on: boolean) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, recipientWarning: on } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  setWarning(true);
+  useAuthStore.setState({ identities: [{ id: 'i1', name: 'Me', email: 'me@example.com' } as unknown as Identity] });
+  useContactStore.setState({ contacts: [], contactsLoaded: true });
+  useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.setState({ pending: null, queue: [] });
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  resetSendPipeline();
+});
+
+function editWithNewInvitee(onSave: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>, invitee: string) {
+  render(
+    <>
+      <EventModal event={meeting} calendars={calendars} onSave={onSave as never} onClose={vi.fn()} currentUserEmails={["me@example.com"]} />
+      <ExternalRecipientConfirmHost />
+    </>,
+  );
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('events.edit'));
+  fireEvent.change(screen.getByPlaceholderText('email_placeholder'), { target: { value: invitee } });
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('form.save'));
+}
+
+describe('invitations to people outside the organisation', () => {
+  it('asks about the new external invitee only, and Back saves nothing', async () => {
+    const onSave = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    editWithNewInvitee(onSave, 'org-dave@org-two.test');
+    await waitFor(() => expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending).not.toBeNull());
+    expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending?.recipients.map((r) => r.address)).toEqual(['org-dave@org-two.test']);
+    act(() => useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().answer(false));
+    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 20));
+    expect(onSave).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('saves and sends after Send anyway', async () => {
+    const onSave = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    editWithNewInvitee(onSave, 'org-dave@org-two.test');
+    await waitFor(() => expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending).not.toBeNull());
+    act(() => useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().answer(true));
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSave).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1));
+    expect(onSave.mock.calls[0][1]).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('saves without asking for an internal invitee or with the warning off', async () => {
+    const onSave = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    editWithNewInvitee(onSave, 'colleague@example.com');
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSave).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1));
+    cleanup();
+    setWarning(false);
+    const second = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    editWithNewInvitee(second, 'org-dave@org-two.test');
+    await waitFor(() => expect(second).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1));
+    expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/components/calendar/event-modal.tsx b/components/calendar/event-modal.tsx
index 3f45cc010..9a1a5096a 100644
--- a/components/calendar/event-modal.tsx
+++ b/components/calendar/event-modal.tsx
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import { buildDuplicateEventData } from "@/lib/calendar-duplicate";
 import { useFormatEventDate } from "@/hooks/use-format-event-date";
 import { useIsPaneScoped } from "@/hooks/use-pane-context";
 import { useContactNameResolver } from "@/hooks/use-contact-name-resolver";
+import { confirmInvitationRecipients } from "@/lib/outgoing/external-recipients";
 import {
   calendarFormHooks,
   calendarHooks,
@@ -836,6 +837,14 @@ export function EventModal({
       }
 
       const shouldSendScheduling = userIsOrganizer && effectiveAttendees.length > 0 && sendInvitations;
+      // Invitations are mail too: newly invited people outside the
+      // organisation get the same confirm as a message (Back keeps the
+      // editor open, nothing saved).
+      if (shouldSendScheduling) {
+        const known = new Set(initialAttendees.map((a) => a.email.trim().toLowerCase()));
+        const invited = effectiveAttendees.map((a) => a.email).filter((email) => email && !known.has(email.trim().toLowerCase()));
+        if (!(await confirmInvitationRecipients(invited))) return;
+      }
       await onSave(data, shouldSendScheduling, {
         initialAttendees,
         attendees: effectiveAttendees,
diff --git a/components/email/__tests__/composer-external-recipients.test.tsx b/components/email/__tests__/composer-external-recipients.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2a9ddd76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/email/__tests__/composer-external-recipients.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+import { render, screen, fireEvent, waitFor, cleanup } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import React from 'react';
+import { EmailComposer } from '../email-composer';
+import { resetSendPipeline } from '@/lib/outgoing/send-pipeline';
+import { ExternalRecipientConfirmHost } from '../external-recipient-confirm';
+import { useExternalRecipientConfirmStore } from '@/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+import { useIdentityStore } from '@/stores/identity-store';
+
+// ─── Heavy component mocks (mirrors composer-reopened-draft-signature.test.tsx) ─
+
+vi.mock('@/components/email/rich-text-editor', () => ({
+  RichTextEditor: () => React.createElement('div', { 'data-testid': 'rich-text-editor' }),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/components/plugins/plugin-slot', () => ({ PluginSlot: () => null }));
+vi.mock('@/components/identity/sub-address-helper', () => ({ SubAddressHelper: () => null }));
+vi.mock('@/components/templates/template-picker', () => ({ TemplatePicker: () => null }));
+vi.mock('@/components/templates/template-form', () => ({ TemplateForm: () => null }));
+vi.mock('@/components/files/file-preview-modal', () => ({ FilePreviewModal: () => null }));
+vi.mock('@/hooks/use-focus-trap', () => ({
+  useFocusTrap: () => ({ current: null }),
+}));
+vi.mock('@/hooks/use-pro-multi-account-identities', () => ({
+  useProMultiAccountIdentities: () => ({ enabled: false, groups: [], allIdentities: [] }),
+  stripCrossAccountIdentityPrefix: (id: string) => ({ localAccountId: null, rawId: id }),
+}));
+
+// ─── Store mocks ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/auth-store', () => {
+  const state = {
+    client: null,
+    identities: [],
+    primaryIdentity: null,
+    isAuthenticated: false,
+    isDemoMode: false,
+    activeAccountId: null,
+    connectionLost: false,
+    getClientForAccount: () => undefined,
+    getAllConnectedClients: () => new Map(),
+    syncIdentities: () => {},
+    refreshIdentities: async () => {},
+  };
+  const hook = (sel?: (s: typeof state) => unknown) =>
+    typeof sel === 'function' ? sel(state) : state;
+  hook.getState = () => state;
+  hook.setState = (p: Partial<typeof state>) => Object.assign(state, p);
+  return { useAuthStore: hook };
+});
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/identity-store', () => {
+  const state = {
+    identities: [
+      { id: 'id-me', email: 'me@example.com', name: 'Me' },
+      { id: 'id-sales', email: 'sales@example.com', name: 'Sales' },
+    ] as Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
+    defaultIdentityId: 'id-me',
+  };
+  const hook = (sel?: (s: typeof state) => unknown) =>
+    typeof sel === 'function' ? sel(state) : state;
+  hook.getState = () => state;
+  hook.setState = (p: Partial<typeof state>) => Object.assign(state, p);
+  return { useIdentityStore: hook };
+});
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/account-store', () => {
+  const state = { accounts: [], getAccountById: () => undefined };
+  const hook = (sel?: (s: typeof state) => unknown) =>
+    typeof sel === 'function' ? sel(state) : state;
+  hook.getState = () => state;
+  hook.setState = (p: Partial<typeof state>) => Object.assign(state, p);
+  return { useAccountStore: hook };
+});
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/email-store', () => {
+  const state = {
+    draftSaveEnabled: false,
+    sendRawEmail: async () => ({ sent: true }),
+  };
+  const hook = (sel?: (s: typeof state) => unknown) =>
+    typeof sel === 'function' ? sel(state) : state;
+  hook.getState = () => state;
+  hook.setState = (p: Partial<typeof state>) => Object.assign(state, p);
+  return { useEmailStore: hook };
+});
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/settings-store', () => {
+  const state = {
+    timeFormat: '24h',
+    plainTextMode: false,
+    subAddressDelimiter: '+',
+    autoSelectReplyIdentity: true,
+    attachmentReminderEnabled: false,
+    attachmentReminderKeywords: [],
+    emptySubjectWarningEnabled: true,
+    sendDelaySeconds: 0,
+    // The default position: replies/forwards get the signature appended at
+    // send time rather than embedded above the quote.
+    signaturePosition: 'below_quote',
+    signatureSeparatorEnabled: true,
+    requestReadReceiptDefault: false,
+    addTrustedSender: () => {},
+    trustedSendersAddressBook: null,
+    updateSetting: () => {},
+  };
+  const hook = (sel?: (s: typeof state) => unknown) =>
+    typeof sel === 'function' ? sel(state) : state;
+  hook.getState = () => state;
+  hook.setState = (p: Partial<typeof state>) => Object.assign(state, p);
+  return { useSettingsStore: hook };
+});
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/contact-store', () => {
+  const state = {
+    contacts: [],
+    addressBooks: [],
+    trustedSendersBookId: null,
+    getAutocomplete: async () => [],
+    addToTrustedSendersBook: async () => {},
+  };
+  const hook = (sel?: (s: typeof state) => unknown) =>
+    typeof sel === 'function' ? sel(state) : state;
+  hook.getState = () => state;
+  hook.setState = (p: Partial<typeof state>) => Object.assign(state, p);
+  return { useContactStore: hook };
+});
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/template-store', () => {
+  const state = { templates: [], addTemplate: async () => {} };
+  const hook = (sel?: (s: typeof state) => unknown) =>
+    typeof sel === 'function' ? sel(state) : state;
+  hook.getState = () => state;
+  hook.setState = (p: Partial<typeof state>) => Object.assign(state, p);
+  return { useTemplateStore: hook };
+});
+
+// ─── Misc dependency mocks ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/toast-store', () => ({
+  toast: { info: () => {}, error: () => {}, success: () => {} },
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/plugin-hooks', () => ({
+  identityHooks: {
+    onSignatureRender: { size: 0, transform: async (value: unknown) => value },
+    onIdentitySelect: { size: 0, emit: async () => {} },
+  },
+  templateHooks: {
+    onTemplateRender: { size: 0, transform: async (value: unknown) => value },
+    onTemplateApply: { size: 0, emit: async () => {} },
+  },
+  emailHooks: {
+    onComposerOpen: { call: async () => [] },
+    onRecipientChange: { call: async () => [] },
+    getRecipientSuggestions: { call: async () => [] },
+    onRecipientChipsChange: { transform: async (chips: unknown) => chips },
+    onDraftChange: { emit: () => {} },
+    onBeforeDraftAutoSave: { transform: async (draft: unknown) => draft },
+    onBeforeEmailSend: { intercept: async () => true, interceptOutcome: async () => 'allowed' },
+    onComposeSend: { takeOver: async () => 'default' },
+    onTransformOutgoingEmail: { transform: async (email: unknown) => email },
+  },
+  contactHooks: {
+    search: { call: async () => [] },
+    onProvideRecipientSuggestions: { transform: async (initial: unknown) => initial },
+  },
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/email-sanitization', () => ({
+  sanitizeSignatureHtml: (v: string) => v,
+  sanitizeSignatureHtmlForDisplay: (v: string) => v,
+  sanitizeEmailHtml: (v: string) => v,
+  sanitizePluginBodyHtml: (v: string) => v,
+  escapeHtml: (v: string) => v,
+  parseHtmlSafely: (html: string) => new DOMParser().parseFromString(html, 'text/html'),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/email-threading', () => ({
+  computeReplyThreadingHeaders: () => ({ inReplyTo: [], references: [] }),
+}));
+vi.mock('@/lib/sub-addressing', () => ({ generateSubAddress: () => '' }));
+vi.mock('@/lib/debug', () => ({ debug: { log: () => {}, warn: () => {}, error: () => {} } }));
+vi.mock('@/components/email/quoted-html', () => ({
+  buildQuotedHtmlBlock: () => '',
+  serializeEditorContent: () => '',
+}));
+vi.mock('@/lib/template-utils', () => ({ substitutePlaceholders: (s: string) => s }));
+
+// ─── Tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// The external-recipient confirm in the real composer: the check is
+// registered by the dialog host, asks only about the recipients outside the
+// organisation, and the composer sends or not by the user's answer.
+
+const DRAFT = {
+  to: 'bob@example.com, dave@org-two.test',
+  cc: 'carol@example.com',
+  bcc: '',
+  subject: 'Hello',
+  body: '<p>Hi</p>',
+  showCc: true,
+  showBcc: false,
+  selectedIdentityId: 'id-me',
+  subAddressTag: '',
+  mode: 'compose' as const,
+  draftId: null,
+};
+
+function setExternalMail(patch: Partial<typeof DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail>) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, ...patch } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+function clickSend() {
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getAllByTestId('composer-send')[0]);
+}
+
+function renderComposer(onSend: () => void) {
+  return render(
+    <>
+      <EmailComposer initialData={DRAFT} onSend={onSend} />
+      <ExternalRecipientConfirmHost />
+    </>,
+  );
+}
+
+describe('composer: confirm before sending outside the organisation', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    resetSendPipeline();
+    useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.setState({ pending: null, queue: [] });
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true });
+    // The user's identities, as the auth store holds them after sign-in:
+    // example.com is internal because of them.
+    const identities = [
+      { id: 'id-me', email: 'me@example.com', name: 'Me' },
+      { id: 'id-sales', email: 'sales@example.com', name: 'Sales' },
+    ];
+    useAuthStore.setState({ identities } as never);
+    useIdentityStore.setState({ identities } as never);
+  });
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup();
+    resetSendPipeline();
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  it('lists only the external recipient and sends nothing on Back', async () => {
+    const onSend = vi.fn();
+    const { container } = renderComposer(onSend);
+    clickSend();
+    const list = await waitFor(() => {
+      const el = container.querySelector('[data-external-recipients]');
+      expect(el).not.toBeNull();
+      return el!;
+    });
+    expect(list.textContent).toContain('dave@org-two.test');
+    expect(list.textContent).not.toContain('bob@example.com');
+    expect(list.textContent).not.toContain('carol@example.com');
+    fireEvent.click(container.querySelector('[data-external-recipient-back]')!);
+    await waitFor(() => expect(container.querySelector('[data-external-recipient-confirm]')).toBeNull());
+    expect(onSend).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('sends after Send anyway', async () => {
+    const onSend = vi.fn();
+    const { container } = renderComposer(onSend);
+    clickSend();
+    await waitFor(() => expect(container.querySelector('[data-external-recipient-send]')).not.toBeNull());
+    fireEvent.click(container.querySelector('[data-external-recipient-send]')!);
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSend).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1));
+  });
+
+  it('leaves the identity\'s automatic Bcc out of the question', async () => {
+    useIdentityStore.setState({
+      identities: [
+        { id: 'id-me', email: 'me@example.com', name: 'Me', bcc: [{ name: '', email: 'archive@archive-service.example' }] },
+        { id: 'id-sales', email: 'sales@example.com', name: 'Sales' },
+      ],
+    } as never);
+    const { container } = renderComposer(vi.fn());
+    clickSend();
+    const list = await waitFor(() => {
+      const el = container.querySelector('[data-external-recipients]');
+      expect(el).not.toBeNull();
+      return el!;
+    });
+    expect(list.textContent).toContain('dave@org-two.test');
+    expect(list.textContent).not.toContain('archive@archive-service.example');
+  });
+
+  it('sends without asking while the warning is off', async () => {
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: false, senderLabel: true });
+    const onSend = vi.fn();
+    const { container } = renderComposer(onSend);
+    clickSend();
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSend).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1));
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-external-recipient-confirm]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/components/email/__tests__/external-recipient-confirm-keys.test.tsx b/components/email/__tests__/external-recipient-confirm-keys.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fd546120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/email/__tests__/external-recipient-confirm-keys.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import { render, act, fireEvent, cleanup } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import { ExternalRecipientConfirmHost } from '../external-recipient-confirm';
+import { useExternalRecipientConfirmStore } from '@/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store';
+import { resetSendPipeline } from '@/lib/outgoing/send-pipeline';
+
+// The confirm dialog keeps its keys: the mail view's shortcuts listen on the
+// window, and must not see Escape (close the message), j/k (move the list)
+// or Enter (open a message) while the question is open. Real focus trap.
+
+const RECIPIENTS = [{ address: 'org-dave@org-two.test', domain: 'org-two.test', field: 'to' as const }];
+const pageKeys = vi.fn();
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.setState({ pending: null, queue: [] });
+  window.addEventListener('keydown', pageKeys);
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  window.removeEventListener('keydown', pageKeys);
+  pageKeys.mockReset();
+  cleanup();
+  resetSendPipeline();
+});
+
+function open() {
+  const view = render(<ExternalRecipientConfirmHost />);
+  let answer!: Promise<boolean>;
+  act(() => { answer = useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().ask(RECIPIENTS); });
+  const back = view.container.querySelector('[data-external-recipient-back]') as HTMLButtonElement;
+  const send = view.container.querySelector('[data-external-recipient-send]') as HTMLButtonElement;
+  return { answer, back, send };
+}
+
+describe('keys in the external recipient confirm', () => {
+  it('puts the focus on Back and keeps shortcut keys from the page', () => {
+    const { back } = open();
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(back);
+    for (const key of ['j', 'k', 'Enter', 'Escape']) {
+      act(() => { fireEvent.keyDown(document.activeElement!, { key }); });
+      // Re-open after Escape and Enter answered it.
+      if (!useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending) act(() => { void useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().ask(RECIPIENTS); });
+    }
+    expect(pageKeys).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('answers Back on Escape', async () => {
+    const { answer } = open();
+    act(() => { fireEvent.keyDown(document.activeElement!, { key: 'Escape' }); });
+    expect(await answer).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('presses the focused button on Enter and on Space', async () => {
+    const first = open();
+    first.send.focus();
+    act(() => { fireEvent.keyDown(first.send, { key: 'Enter' }); });
+    expect(await first.answer).toBe(true);
+
+    let second!: Promise<boolean>;
+    act(() => { second = useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().ask(RECIPIENTS); });
+    act(() => { fireEvent.keyDown(document.activeElement!, { key: ' ' }); });
+    // The focus went back to the first button, Back.
+    expect(await second).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/components/email/__tests__/external-sender-chip-detail.test.tsx b/components/email/__tests__/external-sender-chip-detail.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fefccd89a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/email/__tests__/external-sender-chip-detail.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import { render, fireEvent, cleanup, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import type { Identity } from '@/lib/jmap/types';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+
+// Strings with their values, so the domain can be seen in names and text.
+vi.mock('next-intl', () => ({
+  useTranslations: () => (key: string, vars?: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+    vars ? `${key}(${Object.values(vars).join(',')})` : key,
+  useLocale: () => 'en',
+}));
+
+const { ExternalSenderChip } = await import('../external-sender-chip');
+
+function setLabel(on: boolean) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, senderLabel: on } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  setLabel(true);
+  useAuthStore.setState({ identities: [{ id: 'i1', name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.org' } as unknown as Identity] });
+});
+afterEach(() => cleanup());
+
+describe('External chip on phones and keyboards', () => {
+  it('is a button whose name says the domain, and a tap shows it', () => {
+    render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: 'dave@org-two.test' }]} />);
+    const chip = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /org-two\.test/ });
+    expect(chip.getAttribute('aria-expanded')).toBe('false');
+    fireEvent.click(chip);
+    expect(chip.getAttribute('aria-expanded')).toBe('true');
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-external-sender-detail]')?.textContent).toBe('sender_tooltip(org-two.test)');
+    // Escape and a tap elsewhere close it.
+    fireEvent.keyDown(chip, { key: 'Escape' });
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-external-sender-detail]')).toBeNull();
+    fireEvent.click(chip);
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(document.body);
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-external-sender-detail]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('shows for any external one of several From addresses', () => {
+    render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: 'bob@example.org' }, { email: 'eve@evil.example' }]} />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /evil\.example/ })).toBeTruthy();
+  });
+
+  it('shows for a From without a domain', () => {
+    render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: 'ceo' }]} />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sender_tooltip_no_domain/ })).toBeTruthy();
+  });
+
+  it('stays a plain label inside another button', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<button type="button"><ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: 'dave@org-two.test' }]} interactive={false} /></button>);
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')?.getAttribute('title')).toBe('sender_tooltip(org-two.test)');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('a message of another signed-in account (unified inbox)', () => {
+  function signInDave(daveScope: Record<string, unknown> | null) {
+    usePolicyStore.setState({
+      rawPolicy: {
+        ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+        organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, senderLabel: true } },
+        scopes: daveScope ? [{ id: 'two', label: 'Two', match: { domains: ['org-two.test'] }, policy: { organisation: { externalMail: daveScope } } }] : [],
+      },
+    });
+    const daveClient = {
+      getUsername: () => 'org-dave@org-two.test',
+      getSharedAccounts: () => [],
+      getAccountInfo: () => null,
+      getPrincipalTypes: async () => ({}),
+      getIdentities: async () => [{ id: 'd1', name: 'Dave', email: 'org-dave@org-two.test' }],
+    };
+    useAuthStore.setState({
+      activeAccountId: 'acc-alice',
+      getClientForAccount: (id: string) => (id === 'acc-dave' ? daveClient : undefined),
+    } as never);
+  }
+
+  it("is judged with that account's identities", async () => {
+    signInDave(null);
+    // For dave, a colleague at org-two.test is internal and alice is not.
+    const colleague = render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: 'colleague@org-two.test' }]} accountId="acc-dave" />);
+    const alice = render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: 'alice@example.org' }]} accountId="acc-dave" />);
+    await waitFor(() => expect(alice.container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')).not.toBeNull());
+    expect(colleague.container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("follows that account's scope, not the active one's", async () => {
+    signInDave({ senderLabel: false });
+    const { container } = render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: 'someone@elsewhere.example' }]} accountId="acc-dave" />);
+    // The active account has the label on; dave's scope turns it off.
+    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 20));
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')).toBeNull();
+    const active = render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: 'someone@elsewhere.example' }]} />);
+    expect(active.container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')).not.toBeNull();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/components/email/__tests__/external-sender-chip.test.tsx b/components/email/__tests__/external-sender-chip.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00e271fe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/email/__tests__/external-sender-chip.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { render, act } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import type { Email, Identity, Mailbox } from '@/lib/jmap/types';
+import { clearAllHooks } from '@/lib/plugin-hooks';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+
+vi.mock('@/hooks/use-media-query', () => ({
+  useDeviceDetection: () => ({ isMobile: false, isTablet: false, isDesktop: true }),
+  useMediaQuery: () => false,
+}));
+vi.mock('@/components/tour/tour-provider', () => ({
+  useTour: () => ({ activeTour: null, startTour: vi.fn(), endTour: vi.fn(), registerStep: vi.fn() }),
+}));
+vi.mock('@/components/plugins/plugin-slot', () => ({ PluginSlot: () => null }));
+vi.mock('@/hooks/use-plugin-slot-offers', () => ({ usePluginSlotOffers: () => [] }));
+
+class NoopResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', NoopResizeObserver);
+
+const { EmailViewer } = await import('../email-viewer');
+const { ExternalSenderChip } = await import('../external-sender-chip');
+
+const mailboxes = [
+  { id: 'inbox', name: 'Inbox', role: 'inbox', parentId: null, myRights: { mayAddItems: true } },
+] as unknown as Mailbox[];
+
+const message = (from: string) => ({
+  id: 'm1', blobId: 'b1', threadId: 't1', mailboxIds: { inbox: true }, keywords: { $seen: true },
+  from: [{ name: 'Sender', email: from }], to: [{ name: 'Org Alice', email: 'org-alice@example.org' }],
+  subject: 'Hello', receivedAt: '2026-01-01T00:00:00Z', preview: 'Hello', hasAttachment: false, size: 100,
+  textBody: [{ partId: '1', type: 'text/html' }], htmlBody: [{ partId: '1', type: 'text/html' }], attachments: [],
+  bodyValues: { '1': { value: '<p>Body</p>' } },
+}) as unknown as Email;
+
+function setExternalMail(patch: Partial<typeof DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail>) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, ...patch } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+async function openMessage(from: string) {
+  const view = render(<EmailViewer email={message(from)} isLoading={false} mailboxes={mailboxes} selectedMailbox="inbox" currentMailboxRole="inbox" />);
+  await act(async () => { await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 10)); });
+  return view;
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  clearAllHooks();
+  setExternalMail({});
+  useAuthStore.setState({ identities: [{ id: 'i1', name: 'Org Alice', email: 'org-alice@example.org' } as unknown as Identity] });
+});
+
+describe('External sender chip', () => {
+  it('names the sender domain in its tooltip when the label is on', () => {
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    const { container } = render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: "org-dave@org-two.test" }]} />);
+    const chip = container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]');
+    expect(chip?.textContent).toContain('sender_label');
+    expect(chip?.getAttribute('title')).toBe('sender_tooltip');
+  });
+
+  it('shows in the reader header for a sender outside the organisation', async () => {
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    const { container } = await openMessage('org-dave@org-two.test');
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-external-sender-chip]').length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+  });
+
+  it('stays away for a sender in an identity domain or its subdomain', async () => {
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    const { container } = await openMessage('org-bob@example.org');
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')).toBeNull();
+    const sub = render(<ExternalSenderChip from={[{ email: "someone@eu.example.org" }]} />);
+    expect(sub.container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('stays away for a domain the admin listed', async () => {
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true, domains: ['org-two.test'] });
+    const { container } = await openMessage('org-dave@org-two.test');
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('stays away while the label is off, even with the recipient warning on', async () => {
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: false, recipientWarning: true });
+    const { container } = await openMessage('org-dave@org-two.test');
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-external-sender-chip]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/components/email/__tests__/viewer-quick-reply-back.test.tsx b/components/email/__tests__/viewer-quick-reply-back.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39fae9a39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/email/__tests__/viewer-quick-reply-back.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import { render, act, fireEvent, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import type { Email, Mailbox } from '@/lib/jmap/types';
+import { clearAllHooks } from '@/lib/plugin-hooks';
+
+// A quick reply that a pre-send question stopped (Back on the external
+// recipient confirm) must keep the typed text; one that went out clears it.
+
+vi.mock('@/hooks/use-media-query', () => ({
+  useDeviceDetection: () => ({ isMobile: false, isTablet: false, isDesktop: true }),
+  useMediaQuery: () => false,
+}));
+vi.mock('@/components/tour/tour-provider', () => ({
+  useTour: () => ({ activeTour: null, startTour: vi.fn(), endTour: vi.fn(), registerStep: vi.fn() }),
+}));
+vi.mock('@/components/plugins/plugin-slot', () => ({ PluginSlot: () => null }));
+vi.mock('@/hooks/use-plugin-slot-offers', () => ({ usePluginSlotOffers: () => [] }));
+
+class NoopResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', NoopResizeObserver);
+
+const { EmailViewer } = await import('../email-viewer');
+
+const mailboxes = [
+  { id: 'inbox', name: 'Inbox', role: 'inbox', parentId: null, myRights: { mayAddItems: true } },
+] as unknown as Mailbox[];
+
+const message = {
+  id: 'm1', blobId: 'b1', threadId: 't1', mailboxIds: { inbox: true }, keywords: { $seen: true },
+  from: [{ name: 'Dave', email: 'org-dave@org-two.test' }], to: [{ name: 'Alice', email: 'org-alice@example.org' }],
+  subject: 'Hello', receivedAt: '2026-01-01T00:00:00Z', preview: 'Hello', hasAttachment: false, size: 100,
+  textBody: [{ partId: '1', type: 'text/plain' }], htmlBody: [{ partId: '1', type: 'text/plain' }], attachments: [],
+  bodyValues: { '1': { value: 'Plain body' } },
+} as unknown as Email;
+
+beforeEach(() => clearAllHooks());
+
+async function typeAndSend(onQuickReply: (body: string) => Promise<boolean | void>) {
+  render(<EmailViewer email={message} isLoading={false} mailboxes={mailboxes} selectedMailbox="inbox" currentMailboxRole="inbox" onQuickReply={onQuickReply} />);
+  await act(async () => { await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 10)); });
+  const box = screen.getByPlaceholderText('quick_reply_placeholder') as HTMLTextAreaElement;
+  fireEvent.focus(box);
+  fireEvent.change(box, { target: { value: 'My answer' } });
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'send' }));
+  await waitFor(() => expect(onQuickReply).toHaveBeenCalledWith('My answer'));
+  await act(async () => { await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 10)); });
+  return box;
+}
+
+describe('quick reply', () => {
+  it('keeps the text when nothing was sent', async () => {
+    const box = await typeAndSend(vi.fn(async () => false));
+    expect(box.value).toBe('My answer');
+  });
+
+  it('clears the text after a send', async () => {
+    const box = await typeAndSend(vi.fn(async () => true));
+    expect(box.value).toBe('');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('automatic sign-out while the external recipient question is open', () => {
+  it('answers Back and keeps the typed reply as a draft, without asking again', async () => {
+    const { useExternalRecipientConfirmStore } = await import('@/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store');
+    const { flushComposers, resetComposeFlushRegistry } = await import('@/lib/compose-flush-registry');
+    resetComposeFlushRegistry();
+    useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.setState({ pending: null, queue: [] });
+    const onQuickReply = vi.fn((body: string) => {
+      void body;
+      return useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().ask([{ address: 'org-dave@org-two.test', domain: 'org-two.test', field: 'to' }]);
+    });
+    const onSaveQuickReplyDraft = vi.fn(async () => {});
+    render(<EmailViewer email={message} isLoading={false} mailboxes={mailboxes} selectedMailbox="inbox" currentMailboxRole="inbox"
+      onQuickReply={onQuickReply} onSaveQuickReplyDraft={onSaveQuickReplyDraft} />);
+    await act(async () => { await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 10)); });
+    const box = screen.getByPlaceholderText('quick_reply_placeholder') as HTMLTextAreaElement;
+    fireEvent.focus(box);
+    fireEvent.change(box, { target: { value: 'My answer' } });
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'send' }));
+    await waitFor(() => expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending).not.toBeNull());
+
+    await act(async () => { await flushComposers(2000); });
+    expect(onSaveQuickReplyDraft).toHaveBeenCalledWith('My answer');
+    expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending).toBeNull();
+    expect(box.value).toBe('My answer');
+    expect(onQuickReply).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/components/email/email-composer.tsx b/components/email/email-composer.tsx
index fb0199f47..8d381c3ab 100644
--- a/components/email/email-composer.tsx
+++ b/components/email/email-composer.tsx
@@ -3348,9 +3348,13 @@ export function EmailComposer({
       surface: 'composer',
       to: toAddresses.map(r => r.email),
       cc: ccAddresses.map(r => r.email),
-      bcc: bccAddresses.map(r => r.email),
+      // The identity's automatic Bcc (Identity.bcc) is the user's own setup,
+      // not a recipient they picked: checks see only the typed Bcc.
+      bcc: expandRecipients(withInput(bcc, bccInput)).map(r => r.email),
       fromEmail: (fromOverrideEnabled && fromOverrideEmail.trim()) || currentIdentity?.email || undefined,
       identityId: currentIdentity?.id,
+      identityEmail: currentIdentity?.email || undefined,
+      localAccountId: currentIdentityParts.localAccountId ?? undefined,
       mode,
       plainText: plainTextMode,
       forwardedSeparator: tQuote('forwarded_separator'),
diff --git a/components/email/email-viewer.tsx b/components/email/email-viewer.tsx
index 7ab8f5dac..d0f6099ab 100644
--- a/components/email/email-viewer.tsx
+++ b/components/email/email-viewer.tsx
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ import { useSettingsStore } from "@/stores/settings-store";
 import { useShallow } from "zustand/react/shallow";
 import { useEffectiveMailLayout } from "@/hooks/use-effective-mail-layout";
 import { registerComposeFlush } from "@/lib/compose-flush-registry";
+import { useExternalRecipientConfirmStore } from "@/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store";
 import { useUIStore } from "@/stores/ui-store";
 import { useContactStore, getContactDisplayName, getContactPrimaryEmail } from "@/stores/contact-store";
 import { toast } from "@/stores/toast-store";
@@ -115,6 +116,7 @@ import { useAccountStore } from "@/stores/account-store";
 import { useEmailStore, resolveEmailBlobContext, emailWriteSource, emailLinkSource, type EmailBlobContext } from "@/stores/email-store";
 import { useThemeStore } from "@/stores/theme-store";
 import { EmailIdentityBadge } from "./email-identity-badge";
+import { ExternalSenderChip } from "./external-sender-chip";
 import { UnsubscribeBanner } from "./unsubscribe-banner";
 import { CalendarInvitationBanner } from "./calendar-invitation-banner";
 import { ReadReceiptBanner } from "./read-receipt-banner";
@@ -175,7 +177,8 @@ interface EmailViewerProps {
   onMarkAsRead?: (emailId: string, read: boolean, opts?: { automatic?: boolean }) => void;
   onSetTag?: (emailId: string, tagId: string | null) => void;
   onDownloadAttachment?: (blobId: string, name: string, type?: string, forceDownload?: boolean, source?: EmailBlobContext) => void;
-  onQuickReply?: (body: string) => Promise<void>;
+  /** Resolves false when nothing was sent (the user went back), so the text stays. */
+  onQuickReply?: (body: string) => Promise<boolean | void>;
   /** Keeps the typed quick reply as a draft before an automatic sign-out (lib/compose-flush-registry.ts). */
   onSaveQuickReplyDraft?: (body: string) => Promise<void>;
   onMarkAsSpam?: () => void;
@@ -857,6 +860,7 @@ export function MvExpandedConversationCard({
             {!compact && sender?.name && sender.email && (
               <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground truncate">&lt;{sender.email}&gt;</span>
             )}
+            <ExternalSenderChip from={email.from} accountId={email.sourceClientAccountId} className="self-center" />
             <span className="ms-auto ps-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground whitespace-nowrap">
               {compact ? formatDate(emailDisplayDate(email)) : mvSenderDate(emailDisplayDate(email), timeFormat)}
             </span>
@@ -1374,7 +1378,9 @@ export function EmailViewer({
   const [isQuickReplyFocused, setIsQuickReplyFocused] = useState(false);
   const [isSendingQuickReply, setIsSendingQuickReply] = useState(false);
   // An automatic sign-out keeps typed quick-reply text as a draft; text on
-  // its way out as a reply needs none.
+  // its way out as a reply needs none. A reply still waiting on the
+  // "Send outside your organisation?" question hasn't gone out: the question
+  // is answered with Back and the text kept as a draft.
   const quickReplyDraftRef = useRef({ text: quickReplyText, sending: isSendingQuickReply, save: onSaveQuickReplyDraft });
   quickReplyDraftRef.current = { text: quickReplyText, sending: isSendingQuickReply, save: onSaveQuickReplyDraft };
   const hasQuickReplyDraft = quickReplyText.trim().length > 0 && !!onSaveQuickReplyDraft;
@@ -1382,7 +1388,12 @@ export function EmailViewer({
     if (!hasQuickReplyDraft) return;
     return registerComposeFlush(async () => {
       const { text, sending, save } = quickReplyDraftRef.current;
-      if (sending || !text.trim() || !save) return;
+      if (!text.trim() || !save) return;
+      if (sending) {
+        const confirm = useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState();
+        if (!confirm.pending) return;
+        confirm.cancelAll();
+      }
       await save(text);
     });
   }, [hasQuickReplyDraft]);
@@ -1390,9 +1401,12 @@ export function EmailViewer({
     if (!quickReplyText.trim() || !onQuickReply || isSendingQuickReply) return;
     setIsSendingQuickReply(true);
     try {
-      await onQuickReply(quickReplyText);
-      setQuickReplyText("");
-      setIsQuickReplyFocused(false);
+      const sent = await onQuickReply(quickReplyText);
+      // Back on a pre-send question keeps what the user typed.
+      if (sent !== false) {
+        setQuickReplyText("");
+        setIsQuickReplyFocused(false);
+      }
     } catch (error) {
       console.error("Failed to send quick reply:", error);
       // The text stays in the box, so say why it did not go out.
@@ -5062,6 +5076,7 @@ export function EmailViewer({
                     {mvViewer && sender?.email && sender?.name && (
                       <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground truncate">&lt;{sender.email}&gt;</span>
                     )}
+                    <ExternalSenderChip from={email.from} accountId={email.sourceClientAccountId} />
                     <EmailIdentityBadge email={email} identities={identities} />
                     {shouldShowUnsubBanner && listHeaders?.listUnsubscribe && (
                       <UnsubscribeBanner
@@ -5351,6 +5366,7 @@ export function EmailViewer({
                 ) : (
                   <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{t('unknown_sender')}</span>
                 )}
+                <ExternalSenderChip from={email.from} accountId={email.sourceClientAccountId} />
                 <EmailIdentityBadge email={email} identities={identities} />
                 {shouldShowUnsubBanner && listHeaders?.listUnsubscribe && (
                   <UnsubscribeBanner
@@ -5538,6 +5554,7 @@ export function EmailViewer({
                           onViewContact={handleViewContactSidebar}
                           className="text-sm text-start"
                         />
+                        <ExternalSenderChip from={email.from} accountId={email.sourceClientAccountId} />
                         {senderVerification && (
                           <span
                             className={cn(
diff --git a/components/email/external-recipient-confirm.tsx b/components/email/external-recipient-confirm.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a3130a28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/email/external-recipient-confirm.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'use client';
+
+import { useEffect, useId, type KeyboardEvent } from 'react';
+import { useTranslations } from 'next-intl';
+import { Building } from '@/components/icons';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { useFocusTrap } from '@/hooks/use-focus-trap';
+import { registerExternalRecipientCheck } from '@/lib/outgoing/external-recipients';
+import { useExternalRecipientConfirmStore } from '@/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store';
+
+/**
+ * "Send outside your organisation?", asked once per send with every
+ * external recipient listed. Mounted once in the app layout; while it is
+ * mounted the pre-send check is registered, so the composer and quick reply
+ * both ask through it. Sits above the composer like the plugin dialogs.
+ */
+export function ExternalRecipientConfirmHost() {
+  const t = useTranslations('external_mail');
+  const pending = useExternalRecipientConfirmStore((s) => s.pending);
+  const answer = useExternalRecipientConfirmStore((s) => s.answer);
+  const id = useId();
+
+  useEffect(() => registerExternalRecipientCheck(), []);
+
+  // A send can't be waiting on a dialog that is gone.
+  useEffect(() => () => useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().cancelAll(), []);
+
+  // Escape is handled below with the other keys, not by the trap: one key, one answer.
+  const dialogRef = useFocusTrap({ isActive: !!pending, restoreFocus: true });
+
+  // Keys stay in the dialog: Escape must not also close the message behind
+  // it, j/k must not move the list, Enter must not open a message. Enter and
+  // Space press the focused button here, whatever a page listener did.
+  const onKeyDown = (e: KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    e.stopPropagation();
+    if (e.key === 'Escape') {
+      e.preventDefault();
+      answer(false);
+      return;
+    }
+    if ((e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') && e.target instanceof HTMLButtonElement) {
+      e.preventDefault();
+      e.target.click();
+    }
+  };
+
+  if (!pending) return null;
+  const { recipients } = pending;
+  const field = { to: t('field_to'), cc: t('field_cc'), bcc: t('field_bcc') };
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="fixed inset-0 z-[100000] flex items-center justify-center bg-black/50 p-4 backdrop-blur-[1px] animate-in fade-in duration-150"
+      onMouseDown={(e) => {
+        if (e.target === e.currentTarget) answer(false);
+      }}
+      onKeyDown={onKeyDown}
+    >
+      <div
+        ref={dialogRef}
+        role="alertdialog"
+        aria-modal="true"
+        aria-labelledby={`${id}-title`}
+        aria-describedby={`${id}-message`}
+        data-external-recipient-confirm=""
+        className="flex max-h-[90vh] w-full max-w-md flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-border bg-background text-foreground shadow-xl animate-in zoom-in-95 duration-200"
+      >
+        <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col px-5 pt-5 sm:px-6 sm:pt-6">
+          <div className="flex items-start gap-3">
+            <div className="flex h-10 w-10 flex-shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-warning/15 text-warning">
+              <Building className="h-5 w-5" aria-hidden="true" />
+            </div>
+            <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+              <h2 id={`${id}-title`} className="text-lg font-semibold text-foreground">{t('confirm_title')}</h2>
+              <p id={`${id}-message`} className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+                {t('confirm_message', { count: recipients.length })}
+              </p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <ul className="mt-3 min-h-0 flex-1 space-y-1 overflow-y-auto rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/30 p-2 text-sm" data-external-recipients="">
+            {recipients.map((recipient) => (
+              <li key={recipient.address} className="flex items-baseline gap-2">
+                <span className="w-8 flex-shrink-0 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{field[recipient.field]}</span>
+                <span className="min-w-0 [overflow-wrap:anywhere]">{recipient.address}</span>
+              </li>
+            ))}
+          </ul>
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-end gap-2 px-5 py-4 sm:px-6">
+          {/* Back comes first, so the focus trap puts the focus on it: sending outside takes a deliberate click. */}
+          <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => answer(false)} data-external-recipient-back="">
+            {t('back')}
+          </Button>
+          <Button onClick={() => answer(true)} data-external-recipient-send="">
+            {t('send_anyway')}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/components/email/external-sender-chip.tsx b/components/email/external-sender-chip.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f82d9dd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/email/external-sender-chip.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+'use client';
+
+import { useEffect, useId, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { useTranslations } from 'next-intl';
+import { Building } from '@/components/icons';
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
+import {
+  externalMailContextFor,
+  externalSenders,
+  internalDomains,
+  isOtherAccount,
+  type ExternalMailContext,
+  type ExternalSender,
+} from '@/lib/external-mail';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+
+type FromList = readonly { email?: string | null }[] | null | undefined;
+
+/**
+ * The context of the account a message belongs to: the active one from the
+ * stores, another signed-in one (the unified inbox) resolved for that
+ * account, so its own scopes and identities decide.
+ */
+function useAccountContext(accountId: string | null | undefined): ExternalMailContext | null {
+  const externalMail = usePolicyStore((s) => s.policy.organisation?.externalMail);
+  const rawPolicy = usePolicyStore((s) => s.rawPolicy);
+  const identities = useAuthStore((s) => s.identities);
+  const other = useAuthStore(() => isOtherAccount(accountId));
+  const [otherContext, setOtherContext] = useState<{ accountId: string; context: ExternalMailContext } | null>(null);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!other || !accountId) return;
+    let cancelled = false;
+    void externalMailContextFor(accountId).then((context) => {
+      if (!cancelled) setOtherContext({ accountId, context });
+    });
+    return () => { cancelled = true; };
+  }, [other, accountId, rawPolicy]);
+  return useMemo(() => {
+    if (other) return otherContext && otherContext.accountId === accountId ? otherContext.context : null;
+    if (!externalMail) return null;
+    return { policy: externalMail, identityEmails: (identities ?? []).map((identity) => identity.email) };
+  }, [other, otherContext, accountId, externalMail, identities]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The From addresses outside the organisation when the admin turned the
+ * "External" label on for the message's account (lib/external-mail.ts);
+ * empty otherwise.
+ */
+export function useExternalSenders(from: FromList, accountId?: string | null): ExternalSender[] {
+  const context = useAccountContext(accountId);
+  return useMemo(() => {
+    if (!context?.policy.senderLabel) return [];
+    return externalSenders(from, internalDomains(context.identityEmails, context.policy.domains));
+  }, [context, from]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * "External" next to the sender's name. A chip and not a banner, so it sits
+ * beside the unverified-sender warning without adding a second banner, and
+ * it keeps to one short word so the narrow phone header doesn't wrap more.
+ *
+ * It is a button: a tap (phones have no hover) or Enter opens a line naming
+ * the domain. Inside another button (a conversation card's header) it can't
+ * be one, so `interactive={false}` keeps it a label with a tooltip.
+ */
+export function ExternalSenderChip({ from, accountId, className, interactive = true }: {
+  from: FromList;
+  /** The signed-in account the message belongs to (Email.sourceClientAccountId); the active one when not set. */
+  accountId?: string | null;
+  className?: string;
+  interactive?: boolean;
+}) {
+  const t = useTranslations('external_mail');
+  const senders = useExternalSenders(from, accountId);
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
+  const wrapRef = useRef<HTMLSpanElement>(null);
+  const popoverId = useId();
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) return;
+    const close = (e: Event) => {
+      if (wrapRef.current && !wrapRef.current.contains(e.target as Node)) setOpen(false);
+    };
+    document.addEventListener('pointerdown', close);
+    document.addEventListener('focusin', close);
+    return () => {
+      document.removeEventListener('pointerdown', close);
+      document.removeEventListener('focusin', close);
+    };
+  }, [open]);
+
+  if (senders.length === 0) return null;
+  const domains = [...new Set(senders.map((s) => s.domain))];
+  const named = domains.filter(Boolean).join(', ');
+  const description = named
+    ? t('sender_tooltip', { domain: named })
+    : t('sender_tooltip_no_domain');
+
+  const chipClass = cn(
+    'inline-flex flex-shrink-0 items-center gap-1 whitespace-nowrap rounded-md border px-1.5 py-0.5 text-xs font-medium leading-none',
+    'border-warning/30 bg-warning/10 text-warning',
+  );
+  const content = (
+    <>
+      <Building className="h-3 w-3 flex-shrink-0" aria-hidden="true" />
+      {t('sender_label')}
+    </>
+  );
+
+  if (!interactive) {
+    return (
+      <span data-external-sender-chip="" title={description} className={cn(chipClass, 'cursor-help', className)}>
+        {content}
+        <span className="sr-only">{` (${description})`}</span>
+      </span>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span ref={wrapRef} className={cn('relative inline-flex flex-shrink-0', className)}>
+      <button
+        type="button"
+        data-external-sender-chip=""
+        title={description}
+        aria-label={`${t('sender_label')}: ${description}`}
+        aria-expanded={open}
+        aria-controls={open ? popoverId : undefined}
+        onClick={(e) => {
+          // The header around it folds or opens things on a click.
+          e.stopPropagation();
+          setOpen((v) => !v);
+        }}
+        onKeyDown={(e) => {
+          if (e.key === 'Escape' && open) {
+            e.stopPropagation();
+            setOpen(false);
+          }
+        }}
+        className={cn(chipClass, 'cursor-pointer hover:bg-warning/20 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring')}
+      >
+        {content}
+      </button>
+      {open && (
+        <span
+          id={popoverId}
+          role="status"
+          data-external-sender-detail=""
+          className="absolute start-0 top-full z-30 mt-1 w-max max-w-[16rem] whitespace-normal rounded-md border border-border bg-popover px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-popover-foreground shadow-md"
+        >
+          {description}
+        </span>
+      )}
+    </span>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/components/email/thread-conversation-view.tsx b/components/email/thread-conversation-view.tsx
index 4cde880b6..7c5dbc5df 100644
--- a/components/email/thread-conversation-view.tsx
+++ b/components/email/thread-conversation-view.tsx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { emailDisplayDate } from "@/lib/email-date";
 import { getRenderableHtmlBody } from "@/lib/email-body-selection";
 import { findVerificationCode, verificationCodeBodyText } from "@/lib/verification-code";
 import { VerificationCodeChip } from "./verification-code-chip";
+import { ExternalSenderChip } from "./external-sender-chip";
 import { collectReferencedCids, isEmbeddedInBody, normalizeCid, rewriteCidReferences } from "@/lib/attachment-visibility";
 import { collapsePlainTextQuotes, setupQuoteCollapse } from "@/lib/quote-collapse";
 import { fitEmailBodyWidth } from "@/lib/email-fit-width";
@@ -396,6 +397,7 @@ function EmailCard({
             )}>
               {sender?.name || (sender?.email && formatAddress(sender.email)) || "Unknown"}
             </span>
+            <ExternalSenderChip from={email.from} accountId={email.sourceClientAccountId} interactive={false} />
             {isStarred && (
               <Star className="w-4 h-4 fill-amber-400 text-amber-400 flex-shrink-0" />
             )}
diff --git a/components/mail/mail-app.tsx b/components/mail/mail-app.tsx
index 9d608cdcf..46d7d0201 100644
--- a/components/mail/mail-app.tsx
+++ b/components/mail/mail-app.tsx
@@ -3858,8 +3858,10 @@ export function MailApp({ linkSegments: routeSegments }: MailAppProps = {}) {
     await saveQuickReplyDraft({ client, email: selectedEmail, identities, body, replyPrefix: t('email_composer.prefix.reply') });
   };
 
-  const handleQuickReply = async (body: string) => {
-    if (!client || !selectedEmail) return;
+  // Resolves true once the reply went out (or was scheduled), false when it
+  // stopped before sending, so the quick-reply box keeps the text.
+  const handleQuickReply = async (body: string): Promise<boolean> => {
+    if (!client || !selectedEmail) return false;
 
     // Quick reply follows the composer's addressing rules and sends from the
     // address the message was delivered to (lib/outgoing/quick-reply-envelope.ts).
@@ -3888,7 +3890,7 @@ export function MailApp({ linkSegments: routeSegments }: MailAppProps = {}) {
       fromEmail: headerFromEmail,
       identityId: sendingIdentity?.id,
     });
-    if (!prepared) return;
+    if (!prepared) return false;
     const { html: finalHtmlBody, text: finalBody } = prepared;
 
     const originalEmailId = selectedEmail.id;
@@ -3898,7 +3900,7 @@ export function MailApp({ linkSegments: routeSegments }: MailAppProps = {}) {
     if (sendDelaySeconds > 0) {
       if (!client.hasDelayedSend()) {
         const confirmed = window.confirm(t('email_composer.send_delay_unsupported_confirm'));
-        if (!confirmed) return;
+        if (!confirmed) return false;
       } else {
         delayedUntil = new Date(Date.now() + sendDelaySeconds * 1000).toISOString();
       }
@@ -3948,7 +3950,7 @@ export function MailApp({ linkSegments: routeSegments }: MailAppProps = {}) {
 
     if (result.scheduled) {
       await refreshScheduledMetadata(client);
-      return;
+      return true;
     }
 
     if (!refused) toast.success(t('notifications.email_sent'));
@@ -3990,6 +3992,7 @@ export function MailApp({ linkSegments: routeSegments }: MailAppProps = {}) {
     } catch (error) {
       console.error('Quick reply sent, but refreshing the view failed:', error);
     }
+    return true;
   };
 
   // Mountain View reads a message inside its conversation, as Gmail does: load
diff --git a/components/plugins/__tests__/plugin-slot-handover.test.tsx b/components/plugins/__tests__/plugin-slot-handover.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c01ee5447
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/plugins/__tests__/plugin-slot-handover.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import { render, renderHook, act, cleanup } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, afterEach, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { clearSlotOffers, offerSlots } from './fake-slot-offer';
+
+vi.mock('@/components/plugins/plugin-iframe-slot', () => import('@/components/plugins/__tests__/fake-slot-offer'));
+
+const { PluginSlot } = await import('../plugin-slot');
+
+// The retired external-mail-warning plugin's banner stays away while the
+// organisation's own External label or recipient warning is on, so the
+// reader doesn't show both; other plugins' banners stay.
+
+function setExternalMail(patch: Partial<typeof DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail>) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, ...patch } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+const frames = (container: HTMLElement) =>
+  [...container.querySelectorAll('[data-testid="plugin-frame-email-banner"]')].map((el) => el.getAttribute('data-plugin-id'));
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  setExternalMail({});
+  offerSlots('external-mail-warning', ['email-banner']);
+  offerSlots('spam-score', ['email-banner']);
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  clearSlotOffers();
+});
+
+describe('email-banner slot while core external warnings are on', () => {
+  it('shows the plugin banner until the sender label is on, whatever the recipient warning', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<PluginSlot name="email-banner" />);
+    expect(frames(container).sort()).toEqual(['external-mail-warning', 'spam-score']);
+    act(() => setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true }));
+    expect(frames(container).sort()).toEqual(['external-mail-warning', 'spam-score']);
+    act(() => setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true }));
+    expect(frames(container)).toEqual(['spam-score']);
+    act(() => setExternalMail({}));
+    expect(frames(container).sort()).toEqual(['external-mail-warning', 'spam-score']);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('usePluginSlotOffers', () => {
+  // The reader and the conversation view build the plugin's view of a message
+  // only when some offer is left, so a hidden banner costs nothing.
+  it('leaves out the hidden banner offer, so nothing is built for it', async () => {
+    const { usePluginSlotOffers } = await import('@/hooks/use-plugin-slot-offers');
+    clearSlotOffers();
+    offerSlots('external-mail-warning', ['email-banner']);
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => usePluginSlotOffers('email-banner'));
+    expect(result.current.map((o) => o.pluginId)).toEqual(['external-mail-warning']);
+    act(() => setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true }));
+    expect(result.current).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/components/plugins/plugin-slot.tsx b/components/plugins/plugin-slot.tsx
index ad7e96dbd..d46b9640d 100644
--- a/components/plugins/plugin-slot.tsx
+++ b/components/plugins/plugin-slot.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 'use client';
 
-import React, { useSyncExternalStore } from 'react';
+import React from 'react';
 import type { SlotName } from '@/lib/plugin-types';
-import { offersForSlot, subscribe } from '@/lib/plugin-sandbox/registry';
 import { PluginIframeSlot } from './plugin-iframe-slot';
 import { isInlineSlot } from '@/lib/plugin-sandbox/slot-layout';
+import { usePluginSlotOffers } from '@/hooks/use-plugin-slot-offers';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 
 interface PluginSlotProps {
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ interface PluginSlotProps {
 }
 
 export function PluginSlot({ name, className, extraProps }: PluginSlotProps) {
-  const getSnapshot = () => offersForSlot(name);
-  const offers = useSyncExternalStore(subscribe, getSnapshot, getSnapshot);
+  // Without a retired plugin's offer while Bulwark does its job (host-features.ts).
+  const offers = usePluginSlotOffers(name);
 
   if (offers.length === 0) return null;
 
diff --git a/hooks/use-plugin-slot-offers.ts b/hooks/use-plugin-slot-offers.ts
index 8a2358124..76f6fc0cd 100644
--- a/hooks/use-plugin-slot-offers.ts
+++ b/hooks/use-plugin-slot-offers.ts
@@ -3,12 +3,24 @@
 // Reactive accessor for sandboxed plugin slot offers. Components that gate
 // layout on the *presence* of a plugin-supplied slot (e.g. a detail
 // sidebar) read from here instead of the legacy `usePluginStore.slots` map.
+//
+// These are the offers the host shows: a retired plugin's offer is left out
+// while Bulwark does its job itself (lib/plugin-sandbox/host-features.ts), so
+// nothing is built for a slot nobody will see.
 
-import { useSyncExternalStore } from 'react';
+import { useMemo, useSyncExternalStore } from 'react';
 import type { SlotName } from '@/lib/plugin-types';
 import { offersForSlot, subscribe } from '@/lib/plugin-sandbox/registry';
+import { hostFeaturesFor, isSlotHandedOver } from '@/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-features';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
 
 export function usePluginSlotOffers(slotName: SlotName) {
   const getSnapshot = () => offersForSlot(slotName);
-  return useSyncExternalStore(subscribe, getSnapshot, getSnapshot);
+  const offers = useSyncExternalStore(subscribe, getSnapshot, getSnapshot);
+  const externalMail = usePolicyStore((s) => s.policy.organisation?.externalMail);
+  return useMemo(() => {
+    const features = hostFeaturesFor(externalMail);
+    const shown = offers.filter((offer) => !isSlotHandedOver(offer.pluginId, slotName, features));
+    return shown.length === offers.length ? offers : shown;
+  }, [offers, slotName, externalMail]);
 }
diff --git a/hooks/use-pro-multi-account-identities.ts b/hooks/use-pro-multi-account-identities.ts
index a714af72f..364b33cdb 100644
--- a/hooks/use-pro-multi-account-identities.ts
+++ b/hooks/use-pro-multi-account-identities.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ const CROSS_ACCOUNT_IDENTITY_DELIMITER = '::';
 // still refetches.
 const remoteIdentityCache = new Map<string, Identity[]>();
 
+/** One non-active account's identities, if fetched already (raw ids). */
+export function cachedIdentitiesForAccount(localAccountId: string): Identity[] | undefined {
+  return remoteIdentityCache.get(localAccountId);
+}
+
 /** Every non-active account's identities fetched so far (raw ids). */
 export function cachedRemoteIdentities(): Identity[] {
   return [...remoteIdentityCache.values()].flat();
diff --git a/integration/tests/19-org-external.spec.ts b/integration/tests/19-org-external.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ac21961b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration/tests/19-org-external.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+import { test, expect, type Page } from '@playwright/test';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { JmapClient } from './helpers/jmap';
+import { addRecipient, emailItem, openComposer, setSubject } from './helpers/app';
+import {
+  ORG,
+  ORG_PASSWORD,
+  adminContext,
+  getPolicy,
+  putPolicy,
+  requireOrgEnv,
+  shot,
+  userPage,
+} from './helpers/org';
+
+/**
+ * External sender label and external recipient warning (organisation
+ * feature 2), through the real UI on a VM 106 test server. Test mail is
+ * delivered over JMAP between the org-* accounts (SMTP on the VM doesn't
+ * work). The admin's policy is put back afterwards.
+ */
+
+test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' });
+
+const RUN = Date.now().toString(36);
+const FROM_DAVE = `External check from dave ${RUN}`;
+const FROM_BOB = `Internal check from bob ${RUN}`;
+// The quick reply turns FROM_DAVE into a thread whose latest message is
+// alice's own; the later checks read this one.
+const FROM_DAVE_2 = `Second external check from dave ${RUN}`;
+
+let original: Record<string, unknown>;
+
+/** Sends a plain message from one org account to another, the way a mail app would. */
+async function deliver(from: string, to: string, subject: string): Promise<void> {
+  const client = await JmapClient.connect(from, ORG_PASSWORD);
+  const [drafts, sent] = await Promise.all([client.mailboxByRole('drafts'), client.mailboxByRole('sent')]);
+  const identity = (await client.identities()).find((i) => i.email === from);
+  if (!drafts || !sent || !identity) throw new Error(`${from}: no drafts, sent or identity`);
+  const r = await client.request([
+    ['Email/set', {
+      accountId: client.accountId,
+      create: {
+        m: {
+          mailboxIds: { [drafts.id]: true },
+          keywords: { $draft: true, $seen: true },
+          from: [{ email: from }],
+          to: [{ email: to }],
+          subject,
+          bodyValues: { b: { value: `Test message for the external mail spec (${RUN}).` } },
+          textBody: [{ partId: 'b', type: 'text/plain' }],
+        },
+      },
+    }, '0'],
+    ['EmailSubmission/set', {
+      accountId: client.accountId,
+      create: { s: { identityId: identity.id, emailId: '#m' } },
+      onSuccessUpdateEmail: { '#s': { [`mailboxIds/${drafts.id}`]: null, [`mailboxIds/${sent.id}`]: true, 'keywords/$draft': null } },
+    }, '1'],
+  ]);
+  const submission = r.methodResponses[1][1];
+  if (!submission.created?.s) throw new Error(`${from}: submission failed ${JSON.stringify(r.methodResponses)}`);
+  const receiver = await JmapClient.connect(to, ORG_PASSWORD);
+  await receiver.waitForEmail(subject, { timeoutMs: 30000 });
+}
+
+/** Polls until the account has a message with exactly this subject (the subject filter doesn't find "Re:" subjects). */
+async function waitForSubject(account: string, subject: string, timeoutMs = 60000): Promise<void> {
+  const client = await JmapClient.connect(account, ORG_PASSWORD);
+  const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs;
+  for (;;) {
+    const r = await client.request([
+      ['Email/query', { accountId: client.accountId, filter: { text: RUN }, limit: 50 }, '0'],
+      ['Email/get', { accountId: client.accountId, '#ids': { resultOf: '0', name: 'Email/query', path: '/ids' }, properties: ['subject'] }, '1'],
+    ]);
+    const subjects = (r.methodResponses[1][1].list as Array<{ subject: string }>).map((e) => e.subject);
+    if (subjects.includes(subject)) return;
+    if (Date.now() > deadline) throw new Error(`${account} has no "${subject}" (has: ${subjects.join(' | ')})`);
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000));
+  }
+}
+
+async function openMessage(page: Page, subject: string): Promise<void> {
+  const row = emailItem(page, subject).first();
+  await expect(row).toBeVisible({ timeout: 30000 });
+  await row.click();
+  await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: subject }).first()).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15000 });
+}
+
+const chip = (page: Page) => page.locator('[data-external-sender-chip]:visible');
+const confirm = (page: Page) => page.locator('[data-external-recipient-confirm]');
+
+async function composeTo(page: Page, to: string, subject: string): Promise<void> {
+  await openComposer(page);
+  await addRecipient(page, to);
+  await setSubject(page, subject);
+  // An empty body keeps Send disabled.
+  await page.locator('[data-testid="email-composer"] [contenteditable="true"]').first().click();
+  await page.keyboard.type('Hello');
+  // Send with the shortcut: the recipient autocomplete can cover the button.
+  await page.locator('[data-testid="composer-subject"]').first().focus();
+  await page.keyboard.press('Control+Enter');
+}
+
+test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
+  requireOrgEnv();
+  const admin = await adminContext(browser);
+  original = await getPolicy(admin);
+  // Start from defaults: no scopes, both switches off.
+  await putPolicy(admin, { ...original, scopes: [], organisation: {} });
+  await admin.close();
+  await deliver(ORG.dave, ORG.alice, FROM_DAVE);
+  await deliver(ORG.bob, ORG.alice, FROM_BOB);
+  await deliver(ORG.dave, ORG.alice, FROM_DAVE_2);
+});
+
+test.afterAll(async ({ browser }) => {
+  const admin = await adminContext(browser);
+  await putPolicy(admin, original);
+  await admin.close();
+});
+
+test('with both switches off nothing is labelled or asked', async ({ browser }) => {
+  const alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice);
+  await openMessage(alice, FROM_DAVE);
+  await expect(chip(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await composeTo(alice, ORG.dave, `Off ${RUN}`);
+  await expect(alice.locator('[data-testid="email-composer"]')).toBeHidden({ timeout: 30000 });
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await alice.context().close();
+});
+
+test('the admin turns both on in Organisation > Security', async ({ browser }) => {
+  const admin = await adminContext(browser);
+  const page = await admin.newPage();
+  await page.goto('/admin/org-security');
+  await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'External mail' })).toBeVisible();
+  await page.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label').click();
+  await page.getByTestId('org-external-recipient-warning').click();
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save', exact: true }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByText('Saved.')).toBeVisible();
+  await page.locator('[data-settings-section="external"]').scrollIntoViewIfNeeded();
+  await shot(page, 'external-admin-section');
+  const policy = await getPolicy(admin);
+  expect((policy.organisation as { externalMail: unknown }).externalMail).toMatchObject({ senderLabel: true, recipientWarning: true, trustContacts: true });
+  await admin.close();
+});
+
+test('mail from org-dave is labelled External, mail from org-bob is not', async ({ browser }) => {
+  const alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice);
+  await openMessage(alice, FROM_DAVE);
+  await expect(chip(alice).first()).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(chip(alice).first()).toHaveAttribute('title', /org-two\.test/);
+  await shot(alice, 'external-sender-chip');
+  // A click (a tap on phones) names the domain.
+  await chip(alice).first().click();
+  await expect(alice.locator('[data-external-sender-detail]')).toContainText('org-two.test');
+
+  await openMessage(alice, FROM_BOB);
+  await expect(chip(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await alice.context().close();
+});
+
+test('sending to org-dave asks first, sending to org-bob does not', async ({ browser }) => {
+  const alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice);
+  await composeTo(alice, ORG.dave, `Asks ${RUN}`);
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(confirm(alice).locator('[data-external-recipients]')).toHaveText(/org-dave@org-two\.test/);
+  await shot(alice, 'external-recipient-confirm');
+  // Back keeps the message open and unsent.
+  await confirm(alice).locator('[data-external-recipient-back]').click();
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await expect(alice.locator('[data-testid="email-composer"]')).toBeVisible();
+  await alice.keyboard.press('Escape');
+  await alice.getByRole('button', { name: 'Discard', exact: true }).last().click();
+  await expect(alice.locator('[data-testid="email-composer"]')).toBeHidden();
+
+  await composeTo(alice, ORG.bob, `Internal ${RUN}`);
+  await expect(alice.locator('[data-testid="email-composer"]')).toBeHidden({ timeout: 30000 });
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await alice.context().close();
+});
+
+test('a quick reply to org-dave asks too: Back keeps the text, Send anyway sends it', async ({ browser }) => {
+  const alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice);
+  await openMessage(alice, FROM_DAVE);
+  const box = alice.getByPlaceholder('Write a quick reply...');
+  await box.fill(`Quick reply ${RUN}`);
+  await box.press('Control+Enter');
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toBeVisible();
+  await confirm(alice).locator('[data-external-recipient-back]').click();
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await expect(box).toHaveValue(`Quick reply ${RUN}`);
+  await box.press('Control+Enter');
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toBeVisible();
+  // Keys stay in the dialog: Escape answers Back and leaves the message open.
+  await alice.keyboard.press('Escape');
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await expect(box).toHaveValue(`Quick reply ${RUN}`);
+  await box.press('Control+Enter');
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toBeVisible();
+  await confirm(alice).locator('[data-external-recipient-send]').click();
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await waitForSubject(ORG.dave, `Re: ${FROM_DAVE}`);
+  await alice.context().close();
+});
+
+test('a scope for org-two.test with the label off applies to org-dave only', async ({ browser }) => {
+  const admin = await adminContext(browser);
+  const policy = await getPolicy(admin);
+  await putPolicy(admin, {
+    ...policy,
+    scopes: [{ id: 'org-two', label: 'Org two', match: { domains: ['org-two.test'] }, policy: { organisation: { externalMail: { senderLabel: false } } } }],
+  });
+
+  // The scope shows on the admin page as an override.
+  const page = await admin.newPage();
+  await page.goto('/admin/org-security');
+  await page.getByTestId('org-scope-bar').getByRole('button', { name: 'Org two' }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label')).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'false');
+  await expect(page.getByText('Everyone: on').first()).toBeVisible();
+  await shot(page, 'external-admin-scope');
+  await admin.close();
+
+  // org-dave reads mail from outside org-two.test: no label for that domain.
+  await deliver(ORG.alice, ORG.dave, `From alice ${RUN}`);
+  const dave = await userPage(browser, ORG.dave);
+  await openMessage(dave, `From alice ${RUN}`);
+  await expect(chip(dave)).toHaveCount(0);
+  await dave.context().close();
+
+  // org-alice keeps it.
+  const alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice);
+  await openMessage(alice, FROM_DAVE_2);
+  await expect(chip(alice).first()).toBeVisible();
+  await alice.context().close();
+});
+
+test('the label and the confirm fit a phone', async ({ browser }) => {
+  const alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice, true);
+  await openMessage(alice, FROM_DAVE_2);
+  await expect(chip(alice).first()).toBeVisible();
+  const overflow = await alice.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.scrollWidth - window.innerWidth);
+  expect(overflow).toBeLessThanOrEqual(0);
+  const box = await chip(alice).first().boundingBox();
+  expect(box && box.x + box.width).toBeLessThanOrEqual(390);
+  await shot(alice, 'external-sender-chip-phone');
+
+  await alice.goBack().catch(() => {});
+  await composeTo(alice, ORG.dave, `Phone ${RUN}`);
+  await expect(confirm(alice)).toBeVisible();
+  const dialog = await confirm(alice).boundingBox();
+  expect(dialog && dialog.x).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+  expect(dialog && dialog.x + dialog.width).toBeLessThanOrEqual(390);
+  await shot(alice, 'external-recipient-confirm-phone');
+  await confirm(alice).locator('[data-external-recipient-back]').click();
+  await alice.context().close();
+});
+
+test('Organisation > Security fits a phone', async ({ browser }) => {
+  const admin = await adminContext(browser, true);
+  const page = await admin.newPage();
+  await page.goto('/admin/org-security');
+  await expect(page.getByTestId('org-external-sender-label')).toBeVisible();
+  const overflow = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.scrollWidth - window.innerWidth);
+  expect(overflow).toBeLessThanOrEqual(0);
+  await page.getByTestId('org-external-domains').scrollIntoViewIfNeeded();
+  await shot(page, 'external-admin-section-phone');
+  await admin.close();
+});
+
+// ─── The retired External Mail Warning plugin ─────────────────────────────
+// Needs the 1.5.1 package (from before the plugin knew api.host): set
+// IT_EMW_ZIP to its path. It is installed for this test and removed again.
+
+test.describe('an installed External Mail Warning 1.5.1', () => {
+  const zip = process.env.IT_EMW_ZIP;
+  test.skip(!zip, 'set IT_EMW_ZIP to the external-mail-warning 1.5.1 zip');
+
+  test.afterAll(async ({ browser }) => {
+    const admin = await adminContext(browser);
+    await admin.request.delete('/api/admin/plugins', { data: { id: 'external-mail-warning' } });
+    await admin.close();
+  });
+
+  test('steps back one switch at a time, and its safe domains import', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const admin = await adminContext(browser);
+    // next dev compiles the sandbox page on first use, which can outlast the plugin's init timeout.
+    await admin.request.get('/plugin-sandbox', { timeout: 120000 });
+    const installed = await admin.request.post('/api/admin/plugins', {
+      multipart: { file: { name: 'external-mail-warning.zip', mimeType: 'application/zip', buffer: readFileSync(zip!) } },
+    });
+    expect(installed.ok(), await installed.text()).toBe(true);
+    const config = await admin.request.put('/api/admin/plugins/external-mail-warning/config', { data: { key: 'safeDomains', value: 'partner.example, other-partner.example' } });
+    expect(config.ok(), await config.text()).toBe(true);
+
+    // Core off, plugin on for everyone: the plugin asks, which shows it runs.
+    const policy = await getPolicy(admin);
+    const features = { ...(policy.features as Record<string, unknown>), pluginsEnabled: true };
+    await putPolicy(admin, {
+      ...policy, features, forceEnabledPlugins: ['external-mail-warning'], scopes: [],
+      organisation: { externalMail: { senderLabel: false, recipientWarning: false } },
+    });
+    let alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice);
+    // The plugin starts after the sign-in; its frame is the sign that it runs.
+    await expect(alice.locator('iframe[src*="/plugin-sandbox"]').first()).toBeAttached({ timeout: 30000 });
+    await composeTo(alice, ORG.dave, `Plugin asks ${RUN}`);
+    const pluginDialog = alice.locator('[data-plugin-dialog="external-mail-warning"]');
+    await expect(pluginDialog).toBeVisible({ timeout: 30000 });
+    await expect(confirm(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+    await pluginDialog.getByRole('button', { name: 'Cancel' }).click();
+    await alice.context().close();
+
+    // The admin page asks to update the plugin and imports its list.
+    await putPolicy(admin, { ...(await getPolicy(admin)), organisation: { externalMail: { senderLabel: true, recipientWarning: true } } });
+    const page = await admin.newPage();
+    await page.goto('/admin/org-security');
+    await expect(page.getByTestId('org-external-plugin-note')).toContainText('Update or remove the External Mail Warning plugin');
+    await page.getByTestId('org-external-import-plugin').click();
+    await expect(page.getByTestId('org-external-domains')).toHaveValue('partner.example\nother-partner.example');
+    await page.getByTestId('org-external-plugin-note').scrollIntoViewIfNeeded();
+    await shot(page, 'external-admin-plugin-note');
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save', exact: true }).click();
+    await expect(page.getByText('Saved.')).toBeVisible();
+    expect(((await getPolicy(admin)).organisation as { externalMail: { domains: string[] } }).externalMail.domains)
+      .toEqual(['partner.example', 'other-partner.example']);
+    await page.close();
+
+    // Only the recipient warning on: one question on send, Bulwark's own;
+    // the plugin keeps its banner.
+    await putPolicy(admin, { ...(await getPolicy(admin)), organisation: { externalMail: { senderLabel: false, recipientWarning: true } } });
+    alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice);
+    await expect(alice.locator('iframe[src*="/plugin-sandbox"]').first()).toBeAttached({ timeout: 30000 });
+    await openMessage(alice, FROM_DAVE_2);
+    await expect(chip(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+    await expect(alice.locator('[data-plugin-slot="email-banner"]')).toHaveCount(1);
+    await composeTo(alice, ORG.dave, `Core asks ${RUN}`);
+    await expect(confirm(alice)).toBeVisible();
+    await confirm(alice).locator('[data-external-recipient-send]').click();
+    await expect(alice.locator('[data-testid="email-composer"]')).toBeHidden({ timeout: 30000 });
+    await expect(alice.locator('[data-plugin-dialog="external-mail-warning"]')).toHaveCount(0);
+    await waitForSubject(ORG.dave, `Core asks ${RUN}`);
+    await alice.context().close();
+
+    // Only the label on: Bulwark's chip instead of the plugin's banner; the
+    // plugin still asks on send, Bulwark doesn't.
+    await putPolicy(admin, { ...(await getPolicy(admin)), organisation: { externalMail: { senderLabel: true, recipientWarning: false } } });
+    alice = await userPage(browser, ORG.alice);
+    await expect(alice.locator('iframe[src*="/plugin-sandbox"]').first()).toBeAttached({ timeout: 30000 });
+    await openMessage(alice, FROM_DAVE_2);
+    await expect(chip(alice).first()).toBeVisible();
+    await expect(alice.locator('[data-plugin-slot="email-banner"]')).toHaveCount(0);
+    await composeTo(alice, ORG.dave, `Plugin still asks ${RUN}`);
+    await expect(alice.locator('[data-plugin-dialog="external-mail-warning"]')).toBeVisible({ timeout: 30000 });
+    await expect(confirm(alice)).toHaveCount(0);
+    await alice.locator('[data-plugin-dialog="external-mail-warning"]').getByRole('button', { name: 'Cancel' }).click();
+    await alice.context().close();
+    await admin.close();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/lib/__tests__/external-mail.test.ts b/lib/__tests__/external-mail.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6062c9a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/__tests__/external-mail.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import {
+  addressDomain,
+  addressKey,
+  contactAddresses,
+  activeExternalMailContext,
+  contextInternalDomains,
+  externalMailContextFor,
+  domainMatches,
+  externalRecipients,
+  externalSenders,
+  internalDomains,
+  isExternalAddress,
+} from '../external-mail';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+import { useContactStore } from '@/stores/contact-store';
+import type { ContactCard, Identity } from '@/lib/jmap/types';
+
+const identity = (email: string) => ({ id: email, name: '', email }) as unknown as Identity;
+
+function setExternalMail(patch: Partial<typeof DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail>) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, ...patch } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+describe('addressDomain', () => {
+  it('takes the domain of bare and named addresses, lowercased', () => {
+    expect(addressDomain('Bob@Example.COM')).toBe('example.com');
+    expect(addressDomain('Bob <bob@eu.example.com>')).toBe('eu.example.com');
+    expect(addressDomain('no-at-sign')).toBe('');
+    expect(addressDomain(undefined)).toBe('');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('domainMatches', () => {
+  it('matches the domain itself and its subdomains, nothing else', () => {
+    expect(domainMatches('example.com', ['example.com'])).toBe(true);
+    expect(domainMatches('eu.example.com', ['example.com'])).toBe(true);
+    expect(domainMatches('a.b.example.com', ['example.com'])).toBe(true);
+    // A suffix that isn't a subdomain doesn't count.
+    expect(domainMatches('badexample.com', ['example.com'])).toBe(false);
+    expect(domainMatches('example.com.evil.net', ['example.com'])).toBe(false);
+    // A subdomain in the list doesn't cover its parent.
+    expect(domainMatches('example.com', ['eu.example.com'])).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('internalDomains', () => {
+  it('always counts the identity domains and adds the admin list', () => {
+    expect(internalDomains(['me@example.org'], [])).toEqual(['example.org']);
+    expect(internalDomains(['me@example.org', 'alias@Example.org'], ['partner.com'])).toEqual(['example.org', 'partner.com']);
+  });
+
+  it('keeps the identity domains when the admin list fills the cap', () => {
+    const full = Array.from({ length: 500 }, (_, i) => `partner${i}.example`);
+    const internal = internalDomains(['me@own.example'], full);
+    expect(internal).toHaveLength(500);
+    expect(internal[0]).toBe('own.example');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('IDN domains', () => {
+  it('compares Unicode and xn-- forms as the same domain, on both sides', () => {
+    // The admin typed it in Unicode, the server delivers xn--.
+    const internal = internalDomains([], ['bücher.de']);
+    expect(internal).toEqual(['xn--bcher-kva.de']);
+    expect(isExternalAddress('anna@xn--bcher-kva.de', internal)).toBe(false);
+    expect(isExternalAddress('anna@bücher.de', internal)).toBe(false);
+    expect(isExternalAddress('anna@eu.bücher.de', internal)).toBe(false);
+    expect(isExternalAddress('anna@buecher.de', internal)).toBe(true);
+    // An identity on an IDN domain counts in whichever form the address has.
+    expect(isExternalAddress('x@münchen.example', internalDomains(['me@xn--mnchen-3ya.example'], []))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('matches a contact written in Unicode against an xn-- recipient', () => {
+    expect(addressKey('Anna@Bücher.de')).toBe(addressKey('anna@xn--bcher-kva.de'));
+  });
+});
+
+describe('isExternalAddress', () => {
+  const internal = internalDomains(['me@example.org'], ['partner.com']);
+  it('is external only outside the identity domains and the list, subdomains included', () => {
+    expect(isExternalAddress('bob@example.org', internal)).toBe(false);
+    expect(isExternalAddress('x@eu.partner.com', internal)).toBe(false);
+    expect(isExternalAddress('dave@org-two.test', internal)).toBe(true);
+  });
+  it('calls nobody external when no internal domain is known', () => {
+    expect(isExternalAddress('dave@org-two.test', [])).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('externalRecipients', () => {
+  const internal = ['example.org'];
+  it('lists only the external recipients, each once, with the field it is in', () => {
+    const result = externalRecipients(
+      { to: ['bob@example.org', 'dave@org-two.test'], cc: ['DAVE@org-two.test', 'eve@other.net'], bcc: ['x@sub.example.org'] },
+      internal,
+    );
+    expect(result).toEqual([
+      { address: 'dave@org-two.test', domain: 'org-two.test', field: 'to' },
+      { address: 'eve@other.net', domain: 'other.net', field: 'cc' },
+    ]);
+  });
+  it('leaves out trusted addresses (contacts)', () => {
+    const trusted = new Set(['dave@org-two.test']);
+    const result = externalRecipients({ to: ['Dave@org-two.test', 'eve@other.net'], cc: [], bcc: [] }, internal, (a) => trusted.has(a));
+    expect(result.map((r) => r.address)).toEqual(['eve@other.net']);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('externalSenders', () => {
+  const internal = ['example.org'];
+  it('names the external senders and nothing for internal ones', () => {
+    expect(externalSenders([{ email: 'dave@org-two.test' }], internal)).toEqual([{ address: 'dave@org-two.test', domain: 'org-two.test' }]);
+    expect(externalSenders([{ email: 'bob@example.org' }], internal)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(externalSenders(undefined, internal)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('counts a message as external when any of several From addresses is', () => {
+    expect(externalSenders([{ email: 'bob@example.org' }, { email: 'eve@evil.example' }], internal))
+      .toEqual([{ address: 'eve@evil.example', domain: 'evil.example' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('counts a From without a domain as external', () => {
+    expect(externalSenders([{ email: 'ceo' }], internal)).toEqual([{ address: 'ceo', domain: '' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('calls nobody external when no internal domain is known', () => {
+    expect(externalSenders([{ email: 'ceo' }, { email: 'dave@org-two.test' }], [])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('the active account', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setExternalMail({});
+    useAuthStore.setState({ identities: [], activeAccountId: 'acc-alice' });
+    useContactStore.setState({ contacts: [], addressBooks: [], trustedSendersBookId: null });
+  });
+
+  it('reads the switches from the effective policy', () => {
+    expect(activeExternalMailContext().policy.senderLabel).toBe(false);
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    expect(activeExternalMailContext().policy.senderLabel).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('combines the policy domains with the identity domains', () => {
+    setExternalMail({ domains: ['partner.com'] });
+    useAuthStore.setState({ identities: [identity('org-alice@example.org')] });
+    expect(contextInternalDomains(activeExternalMailContext())).toEqual(['example.org', 'partner.com']);
+  });
+
+  it('resolves another signed-in account with its own scopes and identities', async () => {
+    // The raw policy: the label on for everyone, off for org-two.test.
+    usePolicyStore.setState({
+      rawPolicy: {
+        ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+        organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, senderLabel: true } },
+        scopes: [{ id: 'two', label: 'Two', match: { domains: ['org-two.test'] }, policy: { organisation: { externalMail: { senderLabel: false } } } }],
+      },
+    });
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    const daveClient = {
+      getUsername: () => 'org-dave@org-two.test',
+      getSharedAccounts: () => [],
+      getAccountInfo: () => null,
+      getPrincipalTypes: async () => ({}),
+      getIdentities: async () => [identity('org-dave@org-two.test')],
+    };
+    useAuthStore.setState({
+      identities: [identity('org-alice@example.org')],
+      getClientForAccount: (id: string) => (id === 'acc-dave' ? daveClient : undefined),
+    } as never);
+    const dave = await externalMailContextFor('acc-dave');
+    expect(dave.policy.senderLabel).toBe(false);
+    expect(dave.identityEmails).toEqual(['org-dave@org-two.test']);
+    // The active account, and an unknown one, read the stores.
+    expect((await externalMailContextFor('acc-alice')).identityEmails).toEqual(['org-alice@example.org']);
+    expect((await externalMailContextFor(undefined)).policy.senderLabel).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('collects the addresses of every contact', () => {
+    useContactStore.setState({
+      contacts: [
+        { id: 'c1', emails: { e1: { address: 'Dave@org-two.test' }, e2: { address: 'second@x.test' } } },
+        { id: 'c2' },
+      ] as unknown as ContactCard[],
+    });
+    expect([...contactAddresses()].sort()).toEqual(['dave@org-two.test', 'second@x.test']);
+  });
+
+  it('leaves out cards that are only in the Trusted Senders book', () => {
+    useContactStore.setState({
+      addressBooks: [
+        { id: 'book-main', name: 'Contacts' },
+        { id: 'acc1::book-trusted', name: 'Trusted Senders' },
+      ] as never,
+      trustedSendersBookId: 'book-trusted-raw',
+      contacts: [
+        // Only "always load images" for this sender: not a contact.
+        { id: 'c1', addressBookIds: { 'acc1::book-trusted': true }, emails: { e: { address: 'newsletter@shop.example' } } },
+        { id: 'c2', addressBookIds: { 'book-trusted-raw': true }, emails: { e: { address: 'promo@shop.example' } } },
+        // In a real book too: a contact.
+        { id: 'c3', addressBookIds: { 'book-main': true, 'acc1::book-trusted': true }, emails: { e: { address: 'dave@org-two.test' } } },
+        { id: 'c4', addressBookIds: { 'book-main': true }, emails: { e: { address: 'carol@partner.example' } } },
+      ] as unknown as ContactCard[],
+    });
+    expect([...contactAddresses()].sort()).toEqual(['carol@partner.example', 'dave@org-two.test']);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/lib/__tests__/plugin-external-mail-handover.test.ts b/lib/__tests__/plugin-external-mail-handover.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fead53d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/__tests__/plugin-external-mail-handover.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
+import type { InstalledPlugin } from '../plugin-types';
+
+// Copies of the external-mail-warning plugin older than the release that
+// steps back on its own keep their send check. While the organisation's
+// own warnings are on, the host skips that plugin's hooks by id, so the
+// user isn't asked twice; other plugins keep theirs.
+
+const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  hooks: [] as string[],
+  invokeHook: null as null | ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>,
+}));
+
+const CODE = 'export default { activate() {} }';
+const HASH = createHash('sha256').update(CODE, 'utf-8').digest('hex');
+
+vi.mock('../plugin-storage', () => ({
+  pluginStorage: { getCode: async () => CODE, saveCode: async () => {}, deleteCode: vi.fn() },
+}));
+vi.mock('../plugin-sandbox/bundle-fetch', () => ({ downloadManagedBundle: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock('../plugin-sandbox/host-bridge', () => ({
+  createBackgroundInstance: () => {
+    // The old plugin's check: "Send to external recipients?" answered with Cancel.
+    const invokeHook = vi.fn(async () => false);
+    mocks.invokeHook = invokeHook;
+    return {
+      initPromise: Promise.resolve({ hooks: mocks.hooks, slots: [], shortcuts: [] }),
+      invokeHook,
+      destroy: vi.fn(),
+    };
+  },
+  snapshotRegionalSettings: vi.fn((locale: string) => ({ locale, dateLocale: locale, hour12: false, timeZone: 'UTC', firstDayOfWeek: 1 })),
+  forEachInstance: vi.fn(),
+  SandboxInstance: class {},
+}));
+vi.mock('../plugin-sandbox/host-api', () => ({ cancelPluginDialogs: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock('../plugin-sandbox/shortcuts', () => ({ registerShortcuts: () => () => {} }));
+
+import { loadSandboxedPlugin, unloadSandboxedPlugin, setSandboxStoreAccessor } from '../plugin-sandbox/loader';
+import { emailHooks } from '../plugin-hooks';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+
+function plugin(id: string): InstalledPlugin {
+  return {
+    id, name: id, version: '1.5.1', author: 'someone', description: '', type: 'hook',
+    permissions: ['email:send', 'email:read'], entrypoint: 'index.js', enabled: true, status: 'enabled',
+    settings: {}, managed: true, adminApproved: true, bundleHash: HASH,
+  };
+}
+
+function setExternalMail(patch: Partial<typeof DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail>) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, ...patch } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+const OUTGOING = { to: ['dave@org-two.test'], cc: [], bcc: [], subject: 'Hi' };
+let loaded: string | null = null;
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  setSandboxStoreAccessor({ setPluginStatus: () => {} });
+  mocks.hooks = ['onBeforeEmailSend', 'onNewEmailReceived'];
+  setExternalMail({});
+  vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
+  vi.spyOn(console, 'info').mockImplementation(() => {});
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  if (loaded) unloadSandboxedPlugin(loaded);
+  loaded = null;
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+});
+
+describe('the retired external-mail-warning plugin', () => {
+  it('asks as before while the core warnings are off', async () => {
+    loaded = 'external-mail-warning';
+    await loadSandboxedPlugin(plugin(loaded));
+    expect(await emailHooks.onBeforeEmailSend.interceptOutcome(OUTGOING as never)).toBe('vetoed');
+    expect(mocks.invokeHook).toHaveBeenCalledWith('onBeforeEmailSend', [OUTGOING]);
+  });
+
+  it('loses its send check to the recipient warning, and gets it back once that is off', async () => {
+    loaded = 'external-mail-warning';
+    await loadSandboxedPlugin(plugin(loaded));
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true });
+    expect(await emailHooks.onBeforeEmailSend.interceptOutcome(OUTGOING as never)).toBe('allowed');
+    expect(mocks.invokeHook).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    // The toast is about incoming mail: it stays while only the warning is on.
+    await emailHooks.onNewEmailReceived.emit({ from: [{ email: 'dave@org-two.test' }] } as never);
+    expect(mocks.invokeHook).toHaveBeenCalledWith('onNewEmailReceived', expect.anything());
+
+    setExternalMail({});
+    expect(await emailHooks.onBeforeEmailSend.interceptOutcome(OUTGOING as never)).toBe('vetoed');
+  });
+
+  it('loses its new-mail toast to the sender label but keeps its send check', async () => {
+    loaded = 'external-mail-warning';
+    await loadSandboxedPlugin(plugin(loaded));
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    await emailHooks.onNewEmailReceived.emit({ from: [{ email: 'dave@org-two.test' }] } as never);
+    expect(mocks.invokeHook).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(await emailHooks.onBeforeEmailSend.interceptOutcome(OUTGOING as never)).toBe('vetoed');
+  });
+
+  it('leaves the send checks of other plugins alone', async () => {
+    loaded = 'reply-all-guardrail';
+    await loadSandboxedPlugin(plugin(loaded));
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true });
+    expect(await emailHooks.onBeforeEmailSend.interceptOutcome(OUTGOING as never)).toBe('vetoed');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/lib/__tests__/plugin-host-features.test.ts b/lib/__tests__/plugin-host-features.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ed2adae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/__tests__/plugin-host-features.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/**
+ * api.host.features tells plugins which of Bulwark's own features replace
+ * them (externalSenderLabel and externalRecipientWarning: the
+ * organisation's External label and recipient warning). The host sends it with init and again on every
+ * change; the runtime keeps one object up to date.
+ */
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import React from 'react';
+import { render, cleanup, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import {
+  EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID,
+  isHookHandedOver,
+  isSlotHandedOver,
+  snapshotHostFeatures,
+} from '@/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-features';
+
+function setExternalMail(patch: Partial<typeof DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail>) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, ...patch } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => setExternalMail({}));
+
+describe('snapshotHostFeatures', () => {
+  it('has one flag per switch', () => {
+    expect(snapshotHostFeatures()).toEqual({ externalSenderLabel: false, externalRecipientWarning: false });
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    expect(snapshotHostFeatures()).toEqual({ externalSenderLabel: true, externalRecipientWarning: false });
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true });
+    expect(snapshotHostFeatures()).toEqual({ externalSenderLabel: false, externalRecipientWarning: true });
+  });
+});
+
+describe('hand-over of the external-mail-warning plugin', () => {
+  it('skips its send check with the recipient warning and its toast and banner with the label', () => {
+    const id = EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID;
+    expect(isHookHandedOver(id, 'onBeforeEmailSend')).toBe(false);
+    expect(isSlotHandedOver(id, 'email-banner')).toBe(false);
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true });
+    expect(isHookHandedOver(id, 'onBeforeEmailSend')).toBe(true);
+    expect(isHookHandedOver(id, 'onNewEmailReceived')).toBe(false);
+    expect(isSlotHandedOver(id, 'email-banner')).toBe(false);
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    expect(isHookHandedOver(id, 'onBeforeEmailSend')).toBe(false);
+    expect(isHookHandedOver(id, 'onNewEmailReceived')).toBe(true);
+    expect(isSlotHandedOver(id, 'email-banner')).toBe(true);
+    // Its other hooks, and every other plugin, keep running.
+    expect(isHookHandedOver(id, 'onIdentitiesLoaded')).toBe(false);
+    expect(isHookHandedOver('reply-all-guardrail', 'onBeforeEmailSend')).toBe(false);
+    expect(isSlotHandedOver('spam-score', 'email-banner')).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+// ─── Host bridge: init payload and pushes ────────────────────
+
+describe('host bridge', () => {
+  afterEach(() => { document.body.innerHTML = ''; });
+
+  it('puts the features into the init payload and pushes changes to running frames', async () => {
+    const { createBackgroundInstance } = await import('@/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-bridge');
+    setExternalMail({ senderLabel: true });
+    const plugin = { id: 'p', name: 'P', version: '1.0.0', permissions: [], settings: {}, settingsSchema: {} } as never;
+    const instance = createBackgroundInstance({ plugin, tier: 'privileged', code: '', locale: 'en' });
+    const pending = (instance as unknown as { pendingInit: { hostFeatures?: unknown } | null }).pendingInit;
+    expect(pending?.hostFeatures).toEqual({ externalSenderLabel: true, externalRecipientWarning: false });
+
+    // Before init has gone out a change lands in the payload ...
+    setExternalMail({});
+    expect(pending?.hostFeatures).toEqual({ externalSenderLabel: false, externalRecipientWarning: false });
+
+    // ... after it, as a host-change message.
+    const sent: unknown[] = [];
+    (instance as unknown as { pendingInit: unknown }).pendingInit = null;
+    (instance as unknown as { send: (m: unknown) => void }).send = (m) => sent.push(m);
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true });
+    expect(sent).toEqual([{ type: 'host-change', features: { externalSenderLabel: false, externalRecipientWarning: true } }]);
+    instance.destroy();
+  }, 30_000);
+});
+
+// ─── Sandbox runtime: api.host.features ──────────────────────
+
+const HOST_ORIGIN = window.location.origin;
+
+function post(source: unknown, origin: string, data: unknown): void {
+  const ev = new MessageEvent('message', { data, origin });
+  Object.defineProperty(ev, 'source', { value: source });
+  window.dispatchEvent(ev);
+}
+
+describe('api.host in the sandbox runtime', () => {
+  let hostWindow: { postMessage: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> };
+  const realParent = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(window, 'parent');
+  const g = globalThis as {
+    __pluginApi?: { host: { features: { externalSenderLabel: boolean; externalRecipientWarning: boolean }; onFeaturesChange(fn: (f: unknown) => void): () => void } };
+    __seenAtActivate?: boolean;
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules();
+    hostWindow = { postMessage: vi.fn() };
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'parent', { configurable: true, get: () => hostWindow as unknown as Window });
+    vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', class { observe() {} disconnect() {} });
+  });
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup();
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+    delete g.__pluginApi;
+    delete g.__seenAtActivate;
+    if (realParent) Object.defineProperty(window, 'parent', realParent);
+  });
+
+  it('has the value from init in activate and follows host-change', async () => {
+    const bundle = `module.exports = { activate: function (api) {
+      globalThis.__seenAtActivate = api.host.features.externalRecipientWarning;
+      globalThis.__pluginApi = api;
+    } };`;
+    const { SandboxRuntime } = await import('@/lib/plugin-sandbox/runtime');
+    render(React.createElement(SandboxRuntime));
+    post(hostWindow, HOST_ORIGIN, {
+      type: 'init',
+      payload: {
+        mode: 'background', pluginId: 'x', tier: 'privileged', locale: 'en',
+        manifest: { id: 'x', version: '1.0.0', permissions: [], settings: {} },
+        code: bundle,
+        hostFeatures: { externalSenderLabel: false, externalRecipientWarning: true },
+      },
+    });
+    await waitFor(() => expect(g.__pluginApi).toBeDefined());
+    expect(g.__seenAtActivate).toBe(true);
+
+    const api = g.__pluginApi!;
+    const kept = api.host.features;
+    const changes: unknown[] = [];
+    api.host.onFeaturesChange((f) => changes.push({ ...(f as object) }));
+    post(hostWindow, HOST_ORIGIN, { type: 'host-change', features: { externalSenderLabel: true, externalRecipientWarning: false } });
+    expect(kept.externalRecipientWarning).toBe(false);
+    expect(kept.externalSenderLabel).toBe(true);
+    expect(changes).toEqual([{ externalSenderLabel: true, externalRecipientWarning: false }]);
+  }, 30_000);
+});
diff --git a/lib/admin/__tests__/organisation-policy.test.ts b/lib/admin/__tests__/organisation-policy.test.ts
index 7d6b8ce25..58afdeb4d 100644
--- a/lib/admin/__tests__/organisation-policy.test.ts
+++ b/lib/admin/__tests__/organisation-policy.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 import {
   DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY,
   normalizeDomainList,
+  parseDomainList,
   sanitizeOrganisationPolicy,
 } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
 import { applyLitePolicy } from '@/lib/lite-config';
@@ -32,6 +33,14 @@ describe('sanitizeOrganisationPolicy', () => {
     expect(normalizeDomainList(['A.org', 'a.org', 'x'])).toEqual(['a.org']);
     expect(normalizeDomainList(42)).toBeUndefined();
   });
+
+  it('takes IDN domains in ASCII form and names what it left out', () => {
+    expect(parseDomainList('Bücher.de, xn--bcher-kva.de, @partner.example, *.sub.example\nnot a domain, x')).toEqual({
+      domains: ['xn--bcher-kva.de', 'partner.example', 'sub.example'],
+      rejected: ['not', 'a', 'domain', 'x'],
+    });
+    expect(parseDomainList(['bad_domain.example', 'ok.example'])).toEqual({ domains: ['ok.example'], rejected: ['bad_domain.example'] });
+  });
 });
 
 describe('applyLitePolicy', () => {
diff --git a/lib/admin/organisation-policy.ts b/lib/admin/organisation-policy.ts
index 55769a4e3..c61bcc89c 100644
--- a/lib/admin/organisation-policy.ts
+++ b/lib/admin/organisation-policy.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { EmailTemplate } from '@/lib/template-types';
+import { toAsciiDomain } from '@/lib/idn';
 
 /** Details a user fills in once for the organisation signature. */
 export const SIGNATURE_FIELDS = ['title', 'department', 'phone', 'mobile'] as const;
@@ -25,7 +26,11 @@ export interface OrganisationPolicy {
     senderLabel: boolean;
     /** Confirm before sending to recipients outside the organisation domains. */
     recipientWarning: boolean;
-    /** Organisation domains; empty means the domains of the user's identities. Subdomains match. */
+    /**
+     * More organisation domains. The domains of the user's own identities
+     * always count as internal; these are added to them. A domain covers its
+     * subdomains (example.com covers eu.example.com). See lib/external-mail.ts.
+     */
     domains: string[];
     /** Recipients in the user's contacts don't trigger the warning. */
     trustContacts: boolean;
@@ -97,18 +102,36 @@ function count(value: unknown, max: number): number | undefined {
   return Math.min(max, Math.max(0, Math.round(value)));
 }
 
-/** Lowercased, trimmed, deduplicated domains; "@example.com" and "*.example.com" are taken as example.com. */
-export function normalizeDomainList(value: unknown): string[] | undefined {
+/**
+ * A domain list taken apart: the usable domains, lowercased, deduplicated
+ * and in ASCII form (an IDN like bücher.de becomes xn--bcher-kva.de, the
+ * form mail servers use), and the entries that aren't domains.
+ * "@example.com" and "*.example.com" are taken as example.com. Undefined for
+ * anything that isn't a string or an array.
+ */
+export function parseDomainList(value: unknown): { domains: string[]; rejected: string[] } | undefined {
   const raw = typeof value === 'string' ? value.split(/[\s,;]+/) : Array.isArray(value) ? value : undefined;
   if (!raw) return undefined;
   const out = new Set<string>();
+  const rejected: string[] = [];
   for (const item of raw) {
     if (typeof item !== 'string') continue;
-    const domain = item.trim().toLowerCase().replace(/^\*\./, '').replace(/^@/, '').replace(/\.+$/, '');
-    if (domain && DOMAIN_RE.test(domain)) out.add(domain);
-    if (out.size >= MAX_DOMAINS) break;
+    const entry = item.trim();
+    if (!entry) continue;
+    const bare = entry.toLowerCase().replace(/^\*\./, '').replace(/^@/, '').replace(/\.+$/, '');
+    const domain = bare ? toAsciiDomain(bare) : null;
+    if (domain && DOMAIN_RE.test(domain)) {
+      if (out.size < MAX_DOMAINS) out.add(domain);
+    } else {
+      rejected.push(entry);
+    }
   }
-  return [...out];
+  return { domains: [...out], rejected };
+}
+
+/** The usable domains of a list (see parseDomainList). */
+export function normalizeDomainList(value: unknown): string[] | undefined {
+  return parseDomainList(value)?.domains;
 }
 
 function sanitizeLibrary(value: unknown): OrgTemplate[] | undefined {
diff --git a/lib/external-mail.ts b/lib/external-mail.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..341fa59d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/external-mail.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+/**
+ * Who is outside the organisation, for the "External" sender chip and the
+ * confirm before sending outside it (policy.json organisation.externalMail).
+ *
+ * Internal are the domains of the user's own identities plus the domains
+ * the admin lists; a listed domain covers its subdomains (example.com
+ * covers eu.example.com). With no internal domain known at all nobody can
+ * be told apart, so nothing counts as external.
+ *
+ * Domains are compared in ASCII (punycode) form on both sides, so an IDN
+ * the admin typed in Unicode matches the xn-- form a server delivers.
+ *
+ * The pure functions take everything as arguments; the context helpers
+ * read one signed-in account's effective policy and identities.
+ */
+
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, normalizeDomainList, type OrganisationPolicy } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { toAsciiDomain, toAsciiEmail } from '@/lib/idn';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+import { TRUSTED_SENDERS_BOOK_NAME, useContactStore } from '@/stores/contact-store';
+import { policySubjectForClient } from '@/lib/admin/policy-subject';
+import type { PolicySubject } from '@/lib/admin/policy-scopes';
+import { cachedIdentitiesForAccount } from '@/hooks/use-pro-multi-account-identities';
+
+export type ExternalMailPolicy = OrganisationPolicy['externalMail'];
+
+/** The bare address of "Name <a@b>" or "a@b". */
+function bareAddress(address: string | null | undefined): string {
+  const raw = String(address ?? '').trim();
+  const bracket = raw.match(/<([^<>]*)>\s*$/);
+  return (bracket ? bracket[1] : raw).trim();
+}
+
+/** The domain of an address in lowercased ASCII form; '' without a usable one. */
+export function addressDomain(address: string | null | undefined): string {
+  const bare = bareAddress(address);
+  const at = bare.lastIndexOf('@');
+  if (at < 0) return '';
+  const domain = bare.slice(at + 1).trim().replace(/\.+$/, '');
+  return (domain && toAsciiDomain(domain)) || '';
+}
+
+/** The address as a lookup key: the domain in ASCII form, all lowercased. */
+export function addressKey(address: string): string {
+  return toAsciiEmail(bareAddress(address)).toLowerCase();
+}
+
+/** True when `domain` (ASCII) is one of `internal` or a subdomain of one. */
+export function domainMatches(domain: string, internal: readonly string[]): boolean {
+  if (!domain) return false;
+  const d = domain.toLowerCase();
+  return internal.some((entry) => d === entry || d.endsWith(`.${entry}`));
+}
+
+/**
+ * The domains of the user's identities, then the admin's, in ASCII form and
+ * deduplicated. The identity domains come first so the list's size cap never
+ * cuts them.
+ */
+export function internalDomains(identityEmails: readonly string[], policyDomains: readonly string[]): string[] {
+  const own = identityEmails.map(addressDomain).filter(Boolean);
+  return normalizeDomainList([...own, ...policyDomains]) ?? [];
+}
+
+/** Whether mail to this address leaves the organisation. An address without a domain isn't sendable and isn't counted. */
+export function isExternalAddress(address: string, internal: readonly string[]): boolean {
+  if (internal.length === 0) return false;
+  const domain = addressDomain(address);
+  return !!domain && !domainMatches(domain, internal);
+}
+
+export type RecipientField = 'to' | 'cc' | 'bcc';
+
+export interface ExternalRecipient {
+  address: string;
+  domain: string;
+  field: RecipientField;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The recipients outside the organisation, each address once (in the first
+ * field it appears in). `trusted` is asked for the rest, with the address as
+ * addressKey makes it: with "trust contacts" on, a contact doesn't count.
+ */
+export function externalRecipients(
+  recipients: { to: readonly string[]; cc: readonly string[]; bcc: readonly string[] },
+  internal: readonly string[],
+  trusted?: (key: string) => boolean,
+): ExternalRecipient[] {
+  const out: ExternalRecipient[] = [];
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  for (const field of ['to', 'cc', 'bcc'] as const) {
+    for (const raw of recipients[field]) {
+      const address = String(raw ?? '').trim();
+      const key = addressKey(address);
+      if (!address || seen.has(key)) continue;
+      seen.add(key);
+      if (!isExternalAddress(address, internal)) continue;
+      if (trusted?.(key)) continue;
+      out.push({ address, domain: addressDomain(address), field });
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export interface ExternalSender {
+  address: string;
+  /** ASCII domain; '' for an address without one. */
+  domain: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The From addresses that are outside the organisation. A message counts as
+ * external when any of them is, and an address without a domain
+ * ("CEO <ceo>") counts too: no organisation sends like that. A forged
+ * internal From is not caught here; the sender check warns about that.
+ */
+export function externalSenders(
+  from: readonly { email?: string | null }[] | null | undefined,
+  internal: readonly string[],
+): ExternalSender[] {
+  if (!from || internal.length === 0) return [];
+  const out: ExternalSender[] = [];
+  for (const sender of from) {
+    const address = String(sender?.email ?? '').trim();
+    const domain = addressDomain(address);
+    if (domain && domainMatches(domain, internal)) continue;
+    out.push({ address, domain });
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+// ─── Per account ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** What decides who is external for one signed-in account. */
+export interface ExternalMailContext {
+  /** That account's effective externalMail policy (its domain and group scopes applied). */
+  policy: ExternalMailPolicy;
+  /** That account's identities' addresses. */
+  identityEmails: string[];
+}
+
+/** The active account: the effective policy and the identities in the stores. */
+export function activeExternalMailContext(): ExternalMailContext {
+  return {
+    policy: usePolicyStore.getState().getOrganisation().externalMail ?? DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail,
+    identityEmails: (useAuthStore.getState().identities ?? []).map((identity) => identity.email),
+  };
+}
+
+/** The internal domains of a context. */
+export function contextInternalDomains(context: ExternalMailContext): string[] {
+  return internalDomains(context.identityEmails, context.policy.domains);
+}
+
+type AccountClient = NonNullable<ReturnType<ReturnType<typeof useAuthStore.getState>['getClientForAccount']>>;
+const subjects = new WeakMap<AccountClient, Promise<PolicySubject | null>>();
+const identityLists = new WeakMap<AccountClient, Promise<string[]>>();
+
+/** Whether `localAccountId` names another signed-in account than the active one. */
+export function isOtherAccount(localAccountId: string | null | undefined): localAccountId is string {
+  const auth = useAuthStore.getState();
+  return !!localAccountId && localAccountId !== auth.activeAccountId && !!auth.getClientForAccount(localAccountId);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The context of a signed-in account by its login id (AccountEntry id): a
+ * message's own account in the unified inbox, or the account a message is
+ * sent from. Its policy is resolved for its own subject, so a domain or
+ * group scope of that account applies, and its own identities count. The
+ * active account (or none given) reads the stores directly.
+ */
+export async function externalMailContextFor(localAccountId?: string | null): Promise<ExternalMailContext> {
+  if (!isOtherAccount(localAccountId)) return activeExternalMailContext();
+  const client = useAuthStore.getState().getClientForAccount(localAccountId)!;
+  let subject = subjects.get(client);
+  if (!subject) {
+    subject = policySubjectForClient(client).catch(() => null);
+    subjects.set(client, subject);
+  }
+  let identities = identityLists.get(client);
+  if (!identities) {
+    const cached = cachedIdentitiesForAccount(localAccountId);
+    identities = cached
+      ? Promise.resolve(cached.map((identity) => identity.email))
+      : client.getIdentities().then((list) => list.map((identity) => identity.email)).catch(() => []);
+    identityLists.set(client, identities);
+  }
+  const [resolvedSubject, identityEmails] = await Promise.all([subject, identities]);
+  const policy = usePolicyStore.getState().resolveFor(resolvedSubject).organisation?.externalMail
+    ?? DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail;
+  return { policy, identityEmails };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The addresses of the loaded contacts, as addressKey makes them. A card
+ * that sits only in the "Trusted Senders" book is left out: that book is
+ * the list of senders whose images load, not people the user writes to.
+ */
+export function contactAddresses(): Set<string> {
+  const { contacts, addressBooks, trustedSendersBookId } = useContactStore.getState();
+  const trustedBooks = new Set(addressBooks.filter((book) => book.name === TRUSTED_SENDERS_BOOK_NAME).map((book) => book.id));
+  if (trustedSendersBookId) trustedBooks.add(trustedSendersBookId);
+  const out = new Set<string>();
+  for (const contact of contacts) {
+    const books = Object.keys(contact.addressBookIds ?? {}).filter((id) => contact.addressBookIds?.[id]);
+    if (books.length > 0 && books.every((id) => trustedBooks.has(id))) continue;
+    for (const entry of Object.values(contact.emails ?? {})) {
+      const address = entry?.address?.trim();
+      if (address) out.add(addressKey(address));
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
diff --git a/lib/outgoing/__tests__/external-recipients.test.ts b/lib/outgoing/__tests__/external-recipients.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f9e7ed08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/outgoing/__tests__/external-recipients.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { externalRecipientCheck, recipientsToConfirm, registerExternalRecipientCheck } from '../external-recipients';
+import { resetSendPipeline, type OutgoingContext } from '../send-pipeline';
+import { prepareQuickReply } from '../quick-reply';
+import { DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+import { DEFAULT_POLICY } from '@/lib/admin/types';
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+import { useContactStore } from '@/stores/contact-store';
+import { useExternalRecipientConfirmStore } from '@/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store';
+import type { ContactCard, Identity } from '@/lib/jmap/types';
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/debug', () => ({ debug: { log: () => {}, warn: () => {}, error: () => {} } }));
+
+function setExternalMail(patch: Partial<typeof DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail>) {
+  usePolicyStore.setState({
+    policy: {
+      ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+      organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, ...patch } },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+const context = (to: string[], cc: string[] = [], bcc: string[] = []): OutgoingContext => ({
+  surface: 'composer', to, cc, bcc, fromEmail: 'org-alice@example.org', identityId: 'i1', mode: 'compose', plainText: false,
+});
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true });
+  useAuthStore.setState({ client: null, identities: [{ id: 'i1', name: 'Org Alice', email: 'org-alice@example.org' } as unknown as Identity] });
+  useContactStore.setState({ contacts: [], contactsLoaded: true });
+  useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.setState({ pending: null, queue: [] });
+});
+afterEach(() => resetSendPipeline());
+
+describe('externalRecipientCheck', () => {
+  it('does not ask while the warning is off', async () => {
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: false, senderLabel: true });
+    const ask = vi.fn(async () => false);
+    expect(await externalRecipientCheck(context(['org-dave@org-two.test']), ask)).toBe(true);
+    expect(ask).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('does not ask when every recipient is internal, subdomains included', async () => {
+    const ask = vi.fn(async () => false);
+    expect(await externalRecipientCheck(context(['org-bob@example.org'], ['x@eu.example.org']), ask)).toBe(true);
+    expect(ask).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('asks about the external recipients only and returns the answer', async () => {
+    const ask = vi.fn(async () => false);
+    const recipients = context(['org-bob@example.org', 'org-dave@org-two.test'], [], ['eve@other.net']);
+    expect(await externalRecipientCheck(recipients, ask)).toBe(false);
+    expect(ask).toHaveBeenCalledWith([
+      { address: 'org-dave@org-two.test', domain: 'org-two.test', field: 'to' },
+      { address: 'eve@other.net', domain: 'other.net', field: 'bcc' },
+    ]);
+    ask.mockResolvedValueOnce(true);
+    expect(await externalRecipientCheck(recipients, ask)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('counts the admin domains as internal', async () => {
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true, domains: ['org-two.test'] });
+    const ask = vi.fn(async () => false);
+    expect(await externalRecipientCheck(context(['org-dave@org-two.test']), ask)).toBe(true);
+    expect(ask).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('trusts contacts only while trustContacts is on', async () => {
+    useContactStore.setState({
+      contacts: [{ id: 'c1', emails: { e: { address: 'Org-Dave@org-two.test' } } }] as unknown as ContactCard[],
+    });
+    const ask = vi.fn(async () => false);
+    expect(await externalRecipientCheck(context(['org-dave@org-two.test']), ask)).toBe(true);
+    expect(ask).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    setExternalMail({ recipientWarning: true, trustContacts: false });
+    expect(await externalRecipientCheck(context(['org-dave@org-two.test']), ask)).toBe(false);
+    expect(ask).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('quick reply goes through the same confirm', () => {
+  const input = { body: 'Thanks', signatureIdentity: null, separator: true, to: ['org-dave@org-two.test'], fromEmail: 'org-alice@example.org', identityId: 'i1' };
+
+  async function answerWhenAsked(send: boolean) {
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending).not.toBeNull());
+    expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending?.recipients.map((r) => r.address)).toEqual(['org-dave@org-two.test']);
+    useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().answer(send);
+  }
+
+  it('sends nothing on Back', async () => {
+    registerExternalRecipientCheck();
+    const result = prepareQuickReply(input);
+    await answerWhenAsked(false);
+    expect(await result).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('returns the bodies on Send anyway', async () => {
+    registerExternalRecipientCheck();
+    const result = prepareQuickReply(input);
+    await answerWhenAsked(true);
+    expect((await result)?.text).toContain('Thanks');
+  });
+
+  it('does not ask for a reply to an internal sender', async () => {
+    registerExternalRecipientCheck();
+    const result = await prepareQuickReply({ ...input, to: ['org-bob@example.org'] });
+    expect(result?.text).toContain('Thanks');
+    expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('the From address', () => {
+  it('counts the chosen identity as internal, but not a From typed over it', async () => {
+    useAuthStore.setState({ identities: [] });
+    const toPartner = { ...context(['bob@partner.example']), fromEmail: 'me@partner.example', identityEmail: 'org-alice@example.org' };
+    // The typed From is on partner.example, the identity on example.org:
+    // partner.example stays external.
+    expect((await recipientsToConfirm(toPartner)).map((r) => r.address)).toEqual(['bob@partner.example']);
+    // The identity's own domain is internal even before identities load.
+    const toColleague = { ...context(['bob@example.org']), identityEmail: 'org-alice@example.org' };
+    expect(await recipientsToConfirm(toColleague)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('several questions at once', () => {
+  it('asks the second after the first is answered, each with its own answer', async () => {
+    const store = useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState();
+    const first = store.ask([{ address: 'a@x.example', domain: 'x.example', field: 'to' }]);
+    const second = store.ask([{ address: 'b@y.example', domain: 'y.example', field: 'to' }]);
+    expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending?.recipients[0].address).toBe('a@x.example');
+    useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().answer(false);
+    expect(await first).toBe(false);
+    expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending?.recipients[0].address).toBe('b@y.example');
+    useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().answer(true);
+    expect(await second).toBe(true);
+    expect(useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().pending).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('answers every waiting question with Back when the dialog goes away', async () => {
+    const store = useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState();
+    const first = store.ask([{ address: 'a@x.example', domain: 'x.example', field: 'to' }]);
+    const second = store.ask([{ address: 'b@y.example', domain: 'y.example', field: 'to' }]);
+    useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().cancelAll();
+    expect(await first).toBe(false);
+    expect(await second).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('contacts that are not loaded yet', () => {
+  const dave = [{ id: 'c1', emails: { e: { address: 'org-dave@org-two.test' } } }] as unknown as ContactCard[];
+
+  afterEach(() => { vi.useRealTimers(); });
+
+  it('waits for them, so a contact loaded within the wait is trusted', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    // Timers pending once the contacts are in: the wait's own and whatever the store started.
+    let pendingAtLoad = -1;
+    const fetchContacts = vi.fn(() => new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+      setTimeout(() => { useContactStore.setState({ contacts: dave, contactsLoaded: true }); pendingAtLoad = vi.getTimerCount(); resolve(); }, 1000);
+    }));
+    useContactStore.setState({ contacts: [], contactsLoaded: false, fetchContacts } as never);
+    useAuthStore.setState({ client: {} as never });
+    const result = recipientsToConfirm(context(['org-dave@org-two.test']));
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000);
+    expect(await result).toEqual([]);
+    expect(fetchContacts).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    // The wait's own timer is gone once the contacts are in.
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(pendingAtLoad - 1);
+  });
+
+  it('gives up after three seconds and asks about the recipient', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const fetchContacts = vi.fn(() => new Promise<void>(() => {}));
+    useContactStore.setState({ contacts: [], contactsLoaded: false, fetchContacts } as never);
+    useAuthStore.setState({ client: {} as never });
+    let done = false;
+    const result = recipientsToConfirm(context(['org-dave@org-two.test'])).then((r) => { done = true; return r; });
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(2900);
+    expect(done).toBe(false);
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200);
+    expect((await result).map((r) => r.address)).toEqual(['org-dave@org-two.test']);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('sending through another signed-in account', () => {
+  function signInDave(daveScope: Record<string, unknown> | null) {
+    usePolicyStore.setState({
+      rawPolicy: {
+        ...DEFAULT_POLICY,
+        organisation: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY, externalMail: { ...DEFAULT_ORGANISATION_POLICY.externalMail, recipientWarning: true } },
+        scopes: daveScope ? [{ id: 'two', label: 'Two', match: { domains: ['org-two.test'] }, policy: { organisation: { externalMail: daveScope } } }] : [],
+      },
+    });
+    const daveClient = {
+      getUsername: () => 'org-dave@org-two.test',
+      getSharedAccounts: () => [],
+      getAccountInfo: () => null,
+      getPrincipalTypes: async () => ({}),
+      getIdentities: async () => [{ id: 'd1', name: 'Dave', email: 'org-dave@org-two.test' }],
+    };
+    useAuthStore.setState({
+      activeAccountId: 'acc-alice',
+      getClientForAccount: (id: string) => (id === 'acc-dave' ? daveClient : undefined),
+    } as never);
+  }
+  const asDave = (to: string[]): OutgoingContext => ({
+    ...context(to), fromEmail: 'org-dave@org-two.test', identityEmail: 'org-dave@org-two.test', localAccountId: 'acc-dave',
+  });
+
+  it("uses that account's identities: its domain is internal, the active account's is not", async () => {
+    signInDave(null);
+    expect(await recipientsToConfirm(asDave(['colleague@org-two.test']))).toEqual([]);
+    expect((await recipientsToConfirm(asDave(['org-bob@example.org']))).map((r) => r.address)).toEqual(['org-bob@example.org']);
+  });
+
+  it("uses that account's policy: a scope that turns the warning off for it applies", async () => {
+    signInDave({ recipientWarning: false });
+    expect(await recipientsToConfirm(asDave(['someone@elsewhere.example']))).toEqual([]);
+    // The active account still asks.
+    expect((await recipientsToConfirm(context(['someone@elsewhere.example']))).map((r) => r.address)).toEqual(['someone@elsewhere.example']);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/lib/outgoing/external-recipients.ts b/lib/outgoing/external-recipients.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac64d68e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/outgoing/external-recipients.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/**
+ * The pre-send check behind "Send outside your organisation?": when the
+ * admin turned the recipient warning on, recipients outside the
+ * organisation (and, with trustContacts, not in the user's contacts) are
+ * listed in one confirm. Runs for every surface that sends through the
+ * pipeline: the composer and quick reply.
+ */
+
+import {
+  addressDomain,
+  contactAddresses,
+  contextInternalDomains,
+  externalMailContextFor,
+  externalRecipients,
+  type ExternalRecipient,
+} from '@/lib/external-mail';
+import { useAuthStore } from '@/stores/auth-store';
+import { useContactStore } from '@/stores/contact-store';
+import { useExternalRecipientConfirmStore } from '@/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store';
+import { registerPreSendCheck, type OutgoingContext } from './send-pipeline';
+import { debug } from '@/lib/debug';
+
+export const EXTERNAL_RECIPIENT_CHECK_ID = 'external-recipients';
+/** After the composer's own checks (attachment, subject, placeholders), before anything later. */
+const ORDER = 40;
+/** Longest the send waits for the contacts to load the first time. */
+const CONTACTS_WAIT_MS = 3000;
+
+/**
+ * Waits for the contacts the first time, at most CONTACTS_WAIT_MS: a send
+ * right after signing in shouldn't ask about every contact, nor hang on a
+ * slow address book.
+ */
+export async function ensureContactsLoaded(waitMs = CONTACTS_WAIT_MS): Promise<void> {
+  const contacts = useContactStore.getState();
+  if (contacts.contactsLoaded) return;
+  const client = useAuthStore.getState().client;
+  if (!client) return;
+  let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
+  try {
+    await Promise.race([
+      contacts.fetchContacts(client),
+      new Promise((resolve) => { timer = setTimeout(resolve, waitMs); }),
+    ]);
+  } catch (error) {
+    debug.error('Could not load contacts for the external-recipient check:', error);
+  } finally {
+    clearTimeout(timer);
+  }
+}
+
+/** The recipients the user is asked about; empty when the check doesn't apply. */
+export async function recipientsToConfirm(context: OutgoingContext): Promise<ExternalRecipient[]> {
+  // The sending account's policy and identities: an identity of another
+  // signed-in account sends under that account's domain or group scopes.
+  const account = await externalMailContextFor(context.localAccountId);
+  const { policy } = account;
+  if (!policy.recipientWarning) return [];
+  // The chosen identity's own address is internal. A From typed over it in
+  // the composer is not: anyone can type any domain there.
+  const identityDomain = addressDomain(context.identityEmail);
+  const internal = contextInternalDomains(account);
+  if (identityDomain && !internal.includes(identityDomain)) internal.push(identityDomain);
+  let trusted: ((address: string) => boolean) | undefined;
+  if (policy.trustContacts) {
+    await ensureContactsLoaded();
+    const known = contactAddresses();
+    trusted = (address) => known.has(address);
+  }
+  return externalRecipients(context, internal, trusted);
+}
+
+/** True to send: nobody external, or the user chose "Send anyway". */
+export async function externalRecipientCheck(
+  context: OutgoingContext,
+  ask: (recipients: ExternalRecipient[]) => Promise<boolean> = (recipients) => useExternalRecipientConfirmStore.getState().ask(recipients),
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  const recipients = await recipientsToConfirm(context);
+  if (recipients.length === 0) return true;
+  return ask(recipients);
+}
+
+/** Dialog hosts mounted now; without one nobody could answer, so nothing asks. */
+let hosts = 0;
+
+/** Called by the dialog host once it is mounted; returns the unregister function. */
+export function registerExternalRecipientCheck(): () => void {
+  hosts += 1;
+  const unregister = registerPreSendCheck(EXTERNAL_RECIPIENT_CHECK_ID, ORDER, (context) => externalRecipientCheck(context));
+  let done = false;
+  return () => {
+    if (done) return;
+    done = true;
+    hosts -= 1;
+    unregister();
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The same question for calendar invitations, which the server sends when an
+ * event is saved: true to save and send, false to go back to the event.
+ * Only the newly invited attendees are asked about; people already invited
+ * know of the event.
+ */
+export async function confirmInvitationRecipients(invited: string[]): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (hosts === 0 || invited.length === 0) return true;
+  return externalRecipientCheck({
+    surface: 'calendar-invitation',
+    to: invited,
+    cc: [],
+    bcc: [],
+    mode: 'compose',
+    plainText: false,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/lib/outgoing/quick-reply.ts b/lib/outgoing/quick-reply.ts
index 1d8f3e15a..16145b6a0 100644
--- a/lib/outgoing/quick-reply.ts
+++ b/lib/outgoing/quick-reply.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ export async function prepareQuickReply(input: {
     sender: input.sendingIdentity
       ? { name: input.sendingIdentity.name, email: input.sendingIdentity.email }
       : undefined,
+    // Quick reply never rewrites From: it is the identity's own address.
+    identityEmail: input.fromEmail,
     mode: 'reply' as const,
     plainText: !html,
   };
diff --git a/lib/outgoing/send-pipeline.ts b/lib/outgoing/send-pipeline.ts
index c28554200..f1e2f1359 100644
--- a/lib/outgoing/send-pipeline.ts
+++ b/lib/outgoing/send-pipeline.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 import { debug } from '@/lib/debug';
 
-export type SendSurface = 'composer' | 'quick-reply';
+export type SendSurface = 'composer' | 'quick-reply' | 'calendar-invitation';
 
 export interface OutgoingContext {
   surface: SendSurface;
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ export interface OutgoingContext {
   to: string[];
   cc: string[];
   bcc: string[];
+  /** The From address: the identity's, or one typed over it in the composer. */
   fromEmail?: string;
   identityId?: string;
   /**
@@ -34,6 +35,14 @@ export interface OutgoingContext {
    * identityId can name an identity of another account ("<account>::<id>").
    */
   sender?: { name: string; email: string; accountId?: string | null };
+  /** The chosen identity's own address (never a typed From override). */
+  identityEmail?: string;
+  /**
+   * The signed-in account (AccountEntry id) the message goes out through,
+   * when it isn't the active one: an identity of another account picked in
+   * the composer. Checks use that account's policy and identities.
+   */
+  localAccountId?: string;
   /** compose, reply, replyAll or forward; quick reply is a reply. */
   mode: 'compose' | 'reply' | 'replyAll' | 'forward';
   /** Plain-text-only message (no HTML part). */
diff --git a/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-bridge.ts b/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-bridge.ts
index db5a39018..1d0e7d67c 100644
--- a/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-bridge.ts
+++ b/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-bridge.ts
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@
 // `event.source === iframe.contentWindow`. The iframe's runtime pins the
 // parent on the first inbound message.
 
-import type { InstalledPlugin, SlotName, PluginTier } from '../plugin-types';
+import type { HostFeaturesView, InstalledPlugin, SlotName, PluginTier } from '../plugin-types';
 import { dispatchApiCall } from './host-api';
 import { SANDBOX_PATH, SANDBOX_PRIVILEGED_PATH, type RegionalSnapshot } from './protocol';
 export type { RegionalSnapshot };
 import { withBasePath } from '../browser-navigation';
 import { snapshotHostTheme, type ThemeSnapshot } from './host-theme';
+import { snapshotHostFeatures, watchHostFeatures } from './host-features';
 import { effectiveSettings } from '../plugin-settings';
 import { clampSlotHeight, clampSlotWidth, isInlineSlot, MAX_INLINE_SLOT_WIDTH } from './slot-layout';
 import { resolveDateLocale } from '../utils';
@@ -252,6 +253,13 @@ function pushThemeToFrames(): void {
   }
 }
 
+/** Every frame hears about a Bulwark feature that replaces plugins turning on or off. */
+function pushHostFeaturesToFrames(features: HostFeaturesView): void {
+  for (const instance of liveInstances) {
+    try { instance.setHostFeatures(features); } catch { /* one broken iframe must not stop the rest */ }
+  }
+}
+
 function ensureThemeWatcher(): void {
   if (themeWatcher || typeof MutationObserver === 'undefined' || typeof document === 'undefined') return;
   let scheduled = false;
@@ -414,6 +422,7 @@ export class SandboxInstance {
     hostContainer.appendChild(this.iframe);
     liveInstances.add(this);
     if (this.mode === 'slot') ensureThemeWatcher();
+    watchHostFeatures(pushHostFeaturesToFrames);
 
     // Send init after the iframe runtime signals it's ready.
     this.readyPromise.then(() => {
@@ -637,6 +646,16 @@ export class SandboxInstance {
     this.send({ type: 'theme-change', theme });
   }
 
+  /** Push what api.host.features says now; before init it goes into the init payload. */
+  setHostFeatures(features: HostFeaturesView): void {
+    if (this.destroyed) return;
+    if (this.pendingInit) {
+      this.pendingInit.hostFeatures = features;
+      return;
+    }
+    this.send({ type: 'host-change', features });
+  }
+
   /** Push the plugin's current settings (see effectiveSettings). */
   setSettings(settings: Record<string, unknown>): void {
     if (this.destroyed) return;
@@ -735,6 +754,7 @@ export function createBackgroundInstance(opts: BackgroundOptions): SandboxInstan
     code: opts.code,
     locale: opts.locale,
     regional: opts.regional ?? snapshotRegionalSettings(opts.locale),
+    hostFeatures: snapshotHostFeatures(),
   };
   return new SandboxInstance(
     opts.plugin,
@@ -764,6 +784,7 @@ export function createSlotInstance(opts: SlotOptions): SandboxInstance {
     locale: opts.locale,
     regional: opts.regional ?? snapshotRegionalSettings(opts.locale),
     theme: snapshotHostTheme(),
+    hostFeatures: snapshotHostFeatures(),
   };
   return new SandboxInstance(opts.plugin, payload, opts.hostContainer, opts.onResize, opts.onFloatingDropdown);
 }
diff --git a/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-features.ts b/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-features.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..488a9b7a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/plugin-sandbox/host-features.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// What the host tells plugins about its own features (`api.host.features`),
+// so a plugin can step back where Bulwark now does the job itself. Sent with
+// every frame's init and again whenever it changes (the admin's policy, an
+// account switch to another scope).
+//
+// And the other half of that hand-over: copies of a plugin core replaced
+// that are older than the release which knows the flags keep running their
+// hooks. While core does a job, the host skips the hooks that did it, by
+// plugin id, one switch at a time.
+
+import { usePolicyStore } from '@/stores/policy-store';
+import type { HostFeaturesView } from '../plugin-types';
+import type { OrganisationPolicy } from '@/lib/admin/organisation-policy';
+
+/** The external-mail-warning plugin, retired in favour of organisation.externalMail. */
+export const EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID = 'external-mail-warning';
+
+/** The flags for an externalMail policy section (missing = both off). */
+export function hostFeaturesFor(externalMail: OrganisationPolicy['externalMail'] | undefined): HostFeaturesView {
+  return {
+    externalSenderLabel: externalMail?.senderLabel === true,
+    externalRecipientWarning: externalMail?.recipientWarning === true,
+  };
+}
+
+export function snapshotHostFeatures(): HostFeaturesView {
+  return hostFeaturesFor(usePolicyStore.getState().getOrganisation().externalMail);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Which flag hands over which of the plugin's parts: the send confirm goes
+ * with the recipient warning, the banner and the new-mail toast (both about
+ * incoming mail from outside) with the sender label.
+ */
+const HOOK_FLAGS: Record<string, keyof HostFeaturesView> = {
+  onBeforeEmailSend: 'externalRecipientWarning',
+  onNewEmailReceived: 'externalSenderLabel',
+};
+const SLOT_FLAGS: Record<string, keyof HostFeaturesView> = {
+  'email-banner': 'externalSenderLabel',
+};
+
+/** True when core does this plugin hook's job right now, so the host skips it. */
+export function isHookHandedOver(pluginId: string, hookName: string, features: HostFeaturesView = snapshotHostFeatures()): boolean {
+  const flag = HOOK_FLAGS[hookName];
+  return pluginId === EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID && !!flag && features[flag];
+}
+
+/** True when core does this plugin slot's job right now, so the host doesn't show it. */
+export function isSlotHandedOver(pluginId: string, slot: string, features: HostFeaturesView = snapshotHostFeatures()): boolean {
+  const flag = SLOT_FLAGS[slot];
+  return pluginId === EXTERNAL_MAIL_WARNING_PLUGIN_ID && !!flag && features[flag];
+}
+
+// ─── Change watch ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+let watching = false;
+let lastKey = '';
+
+/** Calls `onChange` with the new features whenever they change; set up once. */
+export function watchHostFeatures(onChange: (features: HostFeaturesView) => void): void {
+  if (watching) return;
+  watching = true;
+  lastKey = JSON.stringify(snapshotHostFeatures());
+  usePolicyStore.subscribe(() => {
+    const features = snapshotHostFeatures();
+    const key = JSON.stringify(features);
+    if (key === lastKey) return;
+    lastKey = key;
+    onChange(features);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/lib/plugin-sandbox/loader.ts b/lib/plugin-sandbox/loader.ts
index a95b2bc47..bbf79ef99 100644
--- a/lib/plugin-sandbox/loader.ts
+++ b/lib/plugin-sandbox/loader.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import { clearPluginPages } from './pages';
 import { clearSectionTitle } from './section-titles';
 import { cancelPluginProxyRequests } from './proxy-client';
 import { cancelConnectFor } from './connect-dialog';
+import { isHookHandedOver } from './host-features';
 import type { SlotName } from '../plugin-types';
 
 // ─── Hook-bus lookup (one flat map for name → bus) ────────────
@@ -280,7 +281,12 @@ async function startSandboxedPlugin(plugin: InstalledPlugin): Promise<void> {
       }
       // The bus records a failure once; recording it here too made the
       // three-strikes breaker trip on the second error.
-      const proxy = (...args: unknown[]) => bg.invokeHook(hookName, args);
+      // While Bulwark does a retired plugin's job itself, that plugin's
+      // hook is skipped: copies older than the release that steps back on
+      // its own would ask twice (host-features.ts). Asked per call, so
+      // turning the core switch off gives the plugin its hook back.
+      const pluginId = plugin.id;
+      const proxy = (...args: unknown[]) => (isHookHandedOver(pluginId, hookName) ? undefined : bg.invokeHook(hookName, args));
       hookDisposables.push(bus.register(plugin.id, proxy as (...a: unknown[]) => unknown));
       if (hookName === 'onEmailOpen') openHandler = proxy;
     }
diff --git a/lib/plugin-sandbox/protocol.ts b/lib/plugin-sandbox/protocol.ts
index 0dda74f34..c947991a9 100644
--- a/lib/plugin-sandbox/protocol.ts
+++ b/lib/plugin-sandbox/protocol.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 // the boundary must be structured-cloneable: no functions, no DOM nodes, no
 // class instances.
 
-import type { SlotName, PluginTier } from '../plugin-types';
+import type { SlotName, PluginTier, HostFeaturesView } from '../plugin-types';
 import type { ThemeSnapshot } from './host-theme';
 
 /** Resolved presentation/regional settings mirrored into plugin runtimes. */
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ export interface BackgroundInit {
   locale: string;
   /** Resolved presentation/regional preferences (time format, date locale, time zone). */
   regional?: RegionalSnapshot;
+  /** Bulwark features that replace plugins (api.host.features); host pushes updates via 'host-change'. */
+  hostFeatures?: HostFeaturesView;
 }
 
 /** Initialisation payload for a slot-instance iframe (one per slot mount). */
@@ -97,6 +99,8 @@ export interface SlotInit {
    * injected CSS + a `.dark` class. Host pushes updates via 'theme-change'.
    */
   theme: ThemeSnapshot;
+  /** Mirrors `BackgroundInit.hostFeatures`. */
+  hostFeatures?: HostFeaturesView;
 }
 
 export type InitPayload = BackgroundInit | SlotInit;
@@ -265,6 +269,9 @@ export interface ThemeChangeMsg { type: 'theme-change'; theme: ThemeSnapshot; }
 /** Host → sandbox: the user changed this plugin's settings. */
 export interface SettingsChangeMsg { type: 'settings-change'; settings: Record<string, unknown>; }
 
+/** Host → sandbox: a Bulwark feature that replaces plugins was turned on or off. */
+export interface HostChangeMsg { type: 'host-change'; features: HostFeaturesView; }
+
 export interface PropsUpdateMsg { type: 'props-update'; props: Record<string, unknown>; }
 
 export interface SlotShouldShowMsg {
@@ -309,6 +316,7 @@ export type HostToSandbox =
   | LocaleChangeMsg
   | ThemeChangeMsg
   | SettingsChangeMsg
+  | HostChangeMsg
   | PropsUpdateMsg
   | SlotShouldShowMsg
   | FloatingDropdownSelectMsg
diff --git a/lib/plugin-sandbox/runtime.tsx b/lib/plugin-sandbox/runtime.tsx
index 3f8f46405..86d3a57dd 100644
--- a/lib/plugin-sandbox/runtime.tsx
+++ b/lib/plugin-sandbox/runtime.tsx
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import { initFloatingDropdownBridge, dispatchFloatingDropdownEvent } from './ui-
 import { interpolate, lookup, textDirection, type LocaleTables } from './plugin-i18n';
 import { isFillableSlot, isInlineSlot, MAX_INLINE_SLOT_WIDTH } from './slot-layout';
 import type {
-  AppInfoView, AppSettingsView, SettingsSearchResult, CalendarEventInput, CalendarEventView, CalendarView, ComposeInput, DraftInput, EmailReadView,
+  AppInfoView, AppSettingsView, HostFeaturesView, SettingsSearchResult, CalendarEventInput, CalendarEventView, CalendarView, ComposeInput, DraftInput, EmailReadView,
   EmailSummary, IdentityPatch, IdentityView, MailboxView, NotificationInput, SlotName, TaskInput,
   TaskView, TemplateInput, TemplateView, VacationInput, VacationView,
 } from '../plugin-types';
@@ -148,6 +148,19 @@ function applySettings(next: Record<string, unknown>): void {
     try { listener(settingsState); } catch (err) { console.error('[plugin] settings listener failed', err); }
   }
 }
+// What api.host.features says: one object for the iframe's lifetime,
+// updated in place on 'host-change' like the settings.
+const hostFeaturesState: HostFeaturesView = { externalSenderLabel: false, externalRecipientWarning: false };
+const hostFeatureListeners = new Set<(features: HostFeaturesView) => void>();
+
+function applyHostFeatures(next: HostFeaturesView | undefined): void {
+  if (!next) return;
+  hostFeaturesState.externalSenderLabel = next.externalSenderLabel === true;
+  hostFeaturesState.externalRecipientWarning = next.externalRecipientWarning === true;
+  for (const listener of hostFeatureListeners) {
+    try { listener(hostFeaturesState); } catch (err) { console.error('[plugin] host feature listener failed', err); }
+  }
+}
 const pendingCallbacks = new Map<string, { resolve: (v: unknown) => void; reject: (err: Error) => void }>();
 const hookHandlers: Record<string, (...args: unknown[]) => unknown> = {};
 
@@ -375,6 +388,18 @@ function buildPluginApi(manifest: PluginManifest) {
         return () => { settingsListeners.delete(listener); };
       },
     },
+    /**
+     * Bulwark features that replace what plugins did, so a plugin can step
+     * back while Bulwark does its job. Updated in place; no permission needed.
+     */
+    host: {
+      features: hostFeaturesState,
+      /** Called with the new features whenever one turns on or off. Returns an unsubscribe function. */
+      onFeaturesChange: (listener: (features: HostFeaturesView) => void) => {
+        hostFeatureListeners.add(listener);
+        return () => { hostFeatureListeners.delete(listener); };
+      },
+    },
     /** The app the plugin runs in: product, the administrator's name for it, version, edition. No permission needed. */
     app: {
       getInfo: () => callApi('app.getInfo', []) as Promise<AppInfoView>,
@@ -1143,9 +1168,11 @@ async function bootSlot(payload: SlotInit): Promise<void> {
       const bump = () => setSettingsVersion((v) => v + 1);
       settingsListeners.add(bump);
       localeListeners.add(bump);
+      hostFeatureListeners.add(bump);
       return () => {
         settingsListeners.delete(bump);
         localeListeners.delete(bump);
+        hostFeatureListeners.delete(bump);
       };
     }, []);
     React.useEffect(() => {
@@ -1193,6 +1220,8 @@ async function handleInit(payload: InitPayload): Promise<void> {
   // Make the active locale available to plugin code (api.i18n) right away -
   // not only after the first 'locale-change' push.
   applyLocale(payload.locale, payload.regional);
+  // Before the bundle runs, so activate() and shouldShow already see it.
+  applyHostFeatures(payload.hostFeatures);
   try {
     if (payload.mode === 'background') {
       await bootBackground(payload);
@@ -1289,6 +1318,10 @@ function handleHostMessage(ev: MessageEvent): void {
       applySettings(msg.settings ?? {});
       break;
 
+    case 'host-change':
+      applyHostFeatures(msg.features);
+      break;
+
     case 'props-update':
       if (slotPropsUpdater) slotPropsUpdater(msg.props ?? {});
       else if (mode === 'slot') propsBeforeBoot = msg.props ?? {};
diff --git a/lib/plugin-types.ts b/lib/plugin-types.ts
index 9fc9b4959..670d2b231 100644
--- a/lib/plugin-types.ts
+++ b/lib/plugin-types.ts
@@ -837,6 +837,19 @@ export interface AppInfoView {
   demoMode: boolean;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Features of Bulwark itself that replace what a plugin did, as
+ * `api.host.features` tells the plugin (no permission needed). A plugin
+ * that does the same job steps back while one is true. Missing on hosts
+ * older than 1.19.0, so read it as `api.host?.features?.x === true`.
+ */
+export interface HostFeaturesView {
+  /** The admin turned on the "External" label on mail from outside the organisation (organisation.externalMail.senderLabel). */
+  externalSenderLabel: boolean;
+  /** The admin turned on the confirm before sending outside the organisation (organisation.externalMail.recipientWarning). */
+  externalRecipientWarning: boolean;
+}
+
 /** One setting `api.app.searchSettings` found, in the user's language. */
 export interface SettingsSearchResult {
   /** The settings page's id: account, appearance, composing, vacation, ... */
diff --git a/locales/de/common.json b/locales/de/common.json
index d492ecbea..ba1fada34 100644
--- a/locales/de/common.json
+++ b/locales/de/common.json
@@ -673,6 +673,18 @@
     "plugin_panel_hide": "Plugin-Bereich ausblenden",
     "copy": "Kopieren"
   },
+  "external_mail": {
+    "sender_label": "Extern",
+    "sender_tooltip": "Von {domain}, außerhalb Ihrer Organisation",
+    "sender_tooltip_no_domain": "Von einer Adresse ohne Domain, außerhalb Ihrer Organisation",
+    "confirm_title": "Außerhalb Ihrer Organisation senden?",
+    "confirm_message": "{count, plural, one {Dieser Empfänger ist} other {Diese # Empfänger sind}} außerhalb Ihrer Organisation. Senden Sie nur, wenn das so gewollt ist.",
+    "field_to": "An",
+    "field_cc": "Cc",
+    "field_bcc": "Bcc",
+    "send_anyway": "Trotzdem senden",
+    "back": "Zurück"
+  },
   "email_composer": {
     "select_from_directory": "Aus Verzeichnis auswählen",
     "minimize": "Minimieren",
diff --git a/locales/en/common.json b/locales/en/common.json
index 545f9780c..9e9bfc0cf 100644
--- a/locales/en/common.json
+++ b/locales/en/common.json
@@ -673,6 +673,18 @@
     "plugin_panel_show": "Show plugin panel",
     "plugin_panel_hide": "Hide plugin panel"
   },
+  "external_mail": {
+    "sender_label": "External",
+    "sender_tooltip": "From {domain}, outside your organisation",
+    "sender_tooltip_no_domain": "From an address without a domain, outside your organisation",
+    "confirm_title": "Send outside your organisation?",
+    "confirm_message": "{count, plural, one {This recipient is} other {These # recipients are}} outside your organisation. Send only if you mean to.",
+    "field_to": "To",
+    "field_cc": "Cc",
+    "field_bcc": "Bcc",
+    "send_anyway": "Send anyway",
+    "back": "Back"
+  },
   "email_composer": {
     "select_from_directory": "Select from directory",
     "minimize": "Minimize",
diff --git a/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store.ts b/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5802a5888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stores/external-recipient-confirm-store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { create } from 'zustand';
+import type { ExternalRecipient } from '@/lib/external-mail';
+
+interface Question {
+  recipients: ExternalRecipient[];
+  resolve: (send: boolean) => void;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The "Send outside your organisation?" questions. The pre-send check asks,
+ * the dialog (components/email/external-recipient-confirm.tsx) shows the
+ * first and answers it. A question asked while another is open waits its
+ * turn: two sends at once (a quick reply and the composer) each get their
+ * own answer.
+ */
+interface ExternalRecipientConfirmState {
+  /** The question on screen, the first in line. */
+  pending: Question | null;
+  /** The ones waiting behind it. */
+  queue: Question[];
+  /** Resolves true for "Send anyway", false for "Back". */
+  ask: (recipients: ExternalRecipient[]) => Promise<boolean>;
+  /** Answers the question on screen and shows the next. */
+  answer: (send: boolean) => void;
+  /** Answers every question with "Back" (the dialog went away). */
+  cancelAll: () => void;
+}
+
+export const useExternalRecipientConfirmStore = create<ExternalRecipientConfirmState>()((set, get) => ({
+  pending: null,
+  queue: [],
+  ask: (recipients) => new Promise<boolean>((resolve) => {
+    const question = { recipients, resolve };
+    if (get().pending) set((state) => ({ queue: [...state.queue, question] }));
+    else set({ pending: question });
+  }),
+  answer: (send) => {
+    const { pending, queue } = get();
+    if (!pending) return;
+    const [next = null, ...rest] = queue;
+    set({ pending: next, queue: rest });
+    pending.resolve(send);
+  },
+  cancelAll: () => {
+    const { pending, queue } = get();
+    set({ pending: null, queue: [] });
+    for (const question of [pending, ...queue]) question?.resolve(false);
+  },
+}));