refactor: per reviews

fix: range begin>range end
mend
2025-12-24 23:19:57 +00:00 · 2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00 · 2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00 · 2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00 · 2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00 · 2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
221 changed files with 3995 additions and 6212 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/develop.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/develop.yml
@@ -212,14 +212,7 @@ jobs:
          path: .
      - name: Unzip binaries
        run: tar -xvf ./bins.tar.gz
-      - name: Build Fuzz Test
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          cd tests-fuzz &
-          cargo install cargo-gc-bin &
-          cargo gc &
-          cd ..
-      - name: Run Fuzz Test
+      - name: Fuzz Test
        uses: ./.github/actions/fuzz-test
        env:
          CUSTOM_LIBFUZZER_PATH: /usr/lib/llvm-14/lib/libFuzzer.a
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ checksum = "d301b3b94cb4b2f23d7917810addbbaff90738e0ca2be692bd027e70d7e0330c"

 [[package]]
 name = "api"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-base",
 "common-decimal",
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "auth"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "benchmarks"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow",
@@ -904,6 +904,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "rskafka",
 "serde",
 "store-api",
+ "tests-integration",
 "tokio",
 "toml 0.8.12",
 "uuid",
@@ -1219,7 +1220,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "cache"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "catalog",
 "common-error",
@@ -1227,7 +1228,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "common-meta",
 "moka",
 "snafu 0.8.2",
- "substrait 0.8.1",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1254,15 +1254,13 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"

 [[package]]
 name = "catalog"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow",
 "arrow-schema",
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
- "bytes",
- "cache",
 "catalog",
 "chrono",
 "common-catalog",
@@ -1536,7 +1534,7 @@ checksum = "98cc8fbded0c607b7ba9dd60cd98df59af97e84d24e49c8557331cfc26d301ce"

 [[package]]
 name = "client"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -1565,7 +1563,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde_json",
 "snafu 0.8.2",
 "substrait 0.17.1",
- "substrait 0.8.1",
+ "substrait 0.8.0",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
 "tonic 0.11.0",
@@ -1595,7 +1593,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "cmd"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "auth",
@@ -1651,7 +1649,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "session",
 "snafu 0.8.2",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.8.1",
+ "substrait 0.8.0",
 "table",
 "temp-env",
 "tempfile",
@@ -1696,7 +1694,7 @@ checksum = "55b672471b4e9f9e95499ea597ff64941a309b2cdbffcc46f2cc5e2d971fd335"

 [[package]]
 name = "common-base"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap",
 "bitvec",
@@ -1712,7 +1710,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-catalog"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "chrono",
 "common-error",
@@ -1723,7 +1721,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-config"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-base",
 "common-error",
@@ -1746,7 +1744,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-datasource"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow",
 "arrow-schema",
@@ -1778,7 +1776,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-decimal"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "bigdecimal",
 "common-error",
@@ -1791,7 +1789,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-error"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "snafu 0.8.2",
 "strum 0.25.0",
@@ -1799,7 +1797,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-frontend"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -1814,7 +1812,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-function"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -1847,7 +1845,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-greptimedb-telemetry"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-runtime",
@@ -1864,7 +1862,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-grpc"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -1890,7 +1888,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-grpc-expr"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "common-base",
@@ -1907,7 +1905,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-macro"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arc-swap",
 "common-query",
@@ -1922,7 +1920,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-mem-prof"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-error",
 "common-macro",
@@ -1935,7 +1933,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-meta"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap2",
 "api",
@@ -1988,11 +1986,11 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-plugins"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"

 [[package]]
 name = "common-procedure"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
@@ -2017,7 +2015,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-procedure-test"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-procedure",
@@ -2025,11 +2023,10 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-query"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
- "bytes",
 "common-base",
 "common-error",
 "common-macro",
@@ -2049,7 +2046,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-recordbatch"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arc-swap",
 "common-error",
@@ -2068,7 +2065,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-runtime"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-error",
@@ -2088,7 +2085,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-telemetry"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "atty",
 "backtrace",
@@ -2115,7 +2112,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-test-util"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "client",
 "common-query",
@@ -2127,7 +2124,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-time"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow",
 "chrono",
@@ -2143,7 +2140,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-version"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "build-data",
 "schemars",
@@ -2152,7 +2149,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-wal"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-base",
 "common-error",
@@ -3152,7 +3149,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "datanode"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -3201,6 +3198,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "session",
 "snafu 0.8.2",
 "store-api",
+ "substrait 0.8.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "toml 0.8.12",
@@ -3209,7 +3207,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "datatypes"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow",
 "arrow-array",
@@ -3700,7 +3698,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "file-engine"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -3802,7 +3800,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "flow"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -3843,7 +3841,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "snafu 0.8.2",
 "store-api",
 "strum 0.25.0",
- "substrait 0.8.1",
+ "substrait 0.8.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tonic 0.11.0",
@@ -3881,7 +3879,7 @@ checksum = "6c2141d6d6c8512188a7891b4b01590a45f6dac67afb4f255c4124dbb86d4eaa"

 [[package]]
 name = "frontend"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -4197,7 +4195,7 @@ checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
 [[package]]
 name = "greptime-proto"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=ae26136accd82fbdf8be540cd502f2e94951077e#ae26136accd82fbdf8be540cd502f2e94951077e"
+source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=902f75fdd170c572e90b1f640161d90995f20218#902f75fdd170c572e90b1f640161d90995f20218"
 dependencies = [
 "prost 0.12.4",
 "serde",
@@ -4687,7 +4685,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "index"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "asynchronous-codec",
@@ -5254,7 +5252,7 @@ checksum = "90ed8c1e510134f979dbc4f070f87d4313098b704861a105fe34231c70a3901c"

 [[package]]
 name = "log-store"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
@@ -5551,7 +5549,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "meta-client"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -5577,7 +5575,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "meta-srv"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -5653,7 +5651,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "metric-engine"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "aquamarine",
@@ -5735,7 +5733,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "mito2"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "aquamarine",
@@ -6363,7 +6361,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "object-store"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
 "async-trait",
@@ -6604,7 +6602,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "operator"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -6650,7 +6648,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "sql",
 "sqlparser 0.44.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=e4e496b8d62416ad50ce70a1b460c7313610cf5d)",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.8.1",
+ "substrait 0.8.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tonic 0.11.0",
@@ -6894,7 +6892,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "partition"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -7240,7 +7238,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "plugins"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "auth",
 "common-base",
@@ -7518,20 +7516,26 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "promql"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.11",
+ "async-recursion",
 "async-trait",
 "bytemuck",
+ "catalog",
+ "common-catalog",
 "common-error",
 "common-macro",
+ "common-query",
 "common-recordbatch",
 "common-telemetry",
 "datafusion 37.0.0",
 "datafusion-expr 37.0.0",
+ "datafusion-functions 37.0.0",
 "datatypes",
 "futures",
 "greptime-proto",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
 "lazy_static",
 "prometheus",
 "promql-parser",
@@ -7539,6 +7543,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "query",
 "session",
 "snafu 0.8.2",
+ "table",
 "tokio",
 ]

@@ -7724,7 +7729,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "puffin"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "bitflags 2.5.0",
@@ -7835,7 +7840,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "query"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.11",
 "api",
@@ -7846,7 +7851,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "async-recursion",
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
- "bytes",
 "catalog",
 "chrono",
 "common-base",
@@ -7859,13 +7863,11 @@ dependencies = [
 "common-plugins",
 "common-query",
 "common-recordbatch",
- "common-runtime",
 "common-telemetry",
 "common-time",
 "datafusion 37.0.0",
 "datafusion-common 37.0.0",
 "datafusion-expr 37.0.0",
- "datafusion-functions 37.0.0",
 "datafusion-optimizer 37.0.0",
 "datafusion-physical-expr 37.0.0",
 "datafusion-sql 37.0.0",
@@ -7875,7 +7877,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures-util",
 "greptime-proto",
 "humantime",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
 "lazy_static",
 "meter-core",
 "meter-macros",
@@ -7887,7 +7888,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "prometheus",
 "promql",
 "promql-parser",
- "prost 0.12.4",
 "rand",
 "regex",
 "session",
@@ -7897,7 +7897,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "stats-cli",
 "store-api",
 "streaming-stats",
- "substrait 0.8.1",
+ "substrait 0.8.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
@@ -9204,7 +9204,7 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"

 [[package]]
 name = "script"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -9474,7 +9474,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "servers"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "aide",
 "api",
@@ -9560,6 +9560,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "strum 0.25.0",
 "table",
 "tempfile",
+ "tests-integration",
 "tikv-jemalloc-ctl",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-postgres",
@@ -9577,7 +9578,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "session"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -9855,7 +9856,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "sql"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "chrono",
@@ -9911,7 +9912,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "sqlness-runner"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "clap 4.5.4",
@@ -9924,6 +9925,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde_json",
 "sqlness",
 "tempfile",
+ "tests-integration",
 "tinytemplate",
 "tokio",
 ]
@@ -10128,7 +10130,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "store-api"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "aquamarine",
@@ -10296,11 +10298,13 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "substrait"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "bytes",
+ "catalog",
 "common-error",
+ "common-function",
 "common-macro",
 "common-telemetry",
 "datafusion 37.0.0",
@@ -10310,6 +10314,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "datatypes",
 "promql",
 "prost 0.12.4",
+ "session",
 "snafu 0.8.2",
 "substrait 0.17.1",
 "tokio",
@@ -10484,9 +10489,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "table"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
- "api",
 "async-trait",
 "chrono",
 "common-base",
@@ -10595,7 +10599,7 @@ checksum = "3369f5ac52d5eb6ab48c6b4ffdc8efbcad6b89c765749064ba298f2c68a16a76"

 [[package]]
 name = "tests-fuzz"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arbitrary",
 "async-trait",
@@ -10628,7 +10632,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tests-integration"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -10687,7 +10691,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "sql",
 "sqlx",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.8.1",
+ "substrait 0.8.0",
 "table",
 "tempfile",
 "time",
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ members = [
 resolver = "2"

 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "Apache-2.0"

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ etcd-client = { git = "https://github.com/MichaelScofield/etcd-client.git", rev
 fst = "0.4.7"
 futures = "0.3"
 futures-util = "0.3"
-greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "ae26136accd82fbdf8be540cd502f2e94951077e" }
+greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "902f75fdd170c572e90b1f640161d90995f20218" }
 humantime = "2.1"
 humantime-serde = "1.1"
 itertools = "0.10"
@@ -172,7 +172,6 @@ tokio-stream = { version = "0.1" }
 tokio-util = { version = "0.7", features = ["io-util", "compat"] }
 toml = "0.8.8"
 tonic = { version = "0.11", features = ["tls", "gzip", "zstd"] }
-tower = { version = "0.4" }
 uuid = { version = "1.7", features = ["serde", "v4", "fast-rng"] }
 zstd = "0.13"

@@ -233,6 +232,8 @@ sql = { path = "src/sql" }
 store-api = { path = "src/store-api" }
 substrait = { path = "src/common/substrait" }
 table = { path = "src/table" }
+# TODO some code depends on this
+tests-integration = { path = "tests-integration" }

 [workspace.dependencies.meter-macros]
 git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-meter.git"
--- a/benchmarks/Cargo.toml
+++ b/benchmarks/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ api.workspace = true
 arrow.workspace = true
 chrono.workspace = true
 clap.workspace = true
-client = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
+client.workspace = true
 common-base.workspace = true
 common-telemetry.workspace = true
 common-wal.workspace = true
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ rand.workspace = true
 rskafka.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 store-api.workspace = true
+# TODO depend `Database` client
+tests-integration.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 toml.workspace = true
 uuid.workspace = true
--- a/benchmarks/src/wal_bench.rs
+++ b/benchmarks/src/wal_bench.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ use rand::distributions::{Alphanumeric, DistString, Uniform};
 use rand::rngs::SmallRng;
 use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use store_api::logstore::provider::Provider;
 use store_api::logstore::LogStore;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;

@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ impl From<Args> for Config {
 pub struct Region {
    id: RegionId,
    schema: Vec<ColumnSchema>,
-    provider: Provider,
+    wal_options: WalOptions,
    next_sequence: AtomicU64,
    next_entry_id: AtomicU64,
    next_timestamp: AtomicI64,
@@ -228,14 +227,10 @@ impl Region {
        num_rows: u32,
        rng_seed: u64,
    ) -> Self {
-        let provider = match wal_options {
-            WalOptions::RaftEngine => Provider::raft_engine_provider(id.as_u64()),
-            WalOptions::Kafka(opts) => Provider::kafka_provider(opts.topic),
-        };
        Self {
            id,
            schema,
-            provider,
+            wal_options,
            next_sequence: AtomicU64::new(1),
            next_entry_id: AtomicU64::new(1),
            next_timestamp: AtomicI64::new(1655276557000),
@@ -263,14 +258,14 @@ impl Region {
                self.id,
                self.next_entry_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed),
                &entry,
-                &self.provider,
+                &self.wal_options,
            )
            .unwrap();
    }

    /// Replays the region.
    pub async fn replay<S: LogStore>(&self, wal: &Arc<Wal<S>>) {
-        let mut wal_stream = wal.scan(self.id, 0, &self.provider).unwrap();
+        let mut wal_stream = wal.scan(self.id, 0, &self.wal_options).unwrap();
        while let Some(res) = wal_stream.next().await {
            let (_, entry) = res.unwrap();
            metrics::METRIC_WAL_READ_BYTES_TOTAL.inc_by(Self::entry_estimated_size(&entry) as u64);
--- a/src/cache/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/cache/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,4 +11,3 @@ common-macro.workspace = true
 common-meta.workspace = true
 moka.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
-substrait.workspace = true
--- a/src/cache/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/cache/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use catalog::kvbackend::new_table_cache;
 use common_meta::cache::{
    new_table_flownode_set_cache, new_table_info_cache, new_table_name_cache,
-    new_table_route_cache, new_view_info_cache, CacheRegistry, CacheRegistryBuilder,
-    LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder,
+    new_table_route_cache, CacheRegistry, CacheRegistryBuilder, LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder,
 };
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use moka::future::CacheBuilder;
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ const DEFAULT_CACHE_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10 * 60);
 const DEFAULT_CACHE_TTI: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5 * 60);

 pub const TABLE_INFO_CACHE_NAME: &str = "table_info_cache";
-pub const VIEW_INFO_CACHE_NAME: &str = "view_info_cache";
 pub const TABLE_NAME_CACHE_NAME: &str = "table_name_cache";
 pub const TABLE_CACHE_NAME: &str = "table_cache";
 pub const TABLE_FLOWNODE_SET_CACHE_NAME: &str = "table_flownode_set_cache";
@@ -84,22 +82,11 @@ pub fn build_fundamental_cache_registry(kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> CacheRegist
        cache,
        kv_backend.clone(),
    ));
-    // Builds the view info cache
-    let cache = CacheBuilder::new(DEFAULT_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY)
-        .time_to_live(DEFAULT_CACHE_TTL)
-        .time_to_idle(DEFAULT_CACHE_TTI)
-        .build();
-    let view_info_cache = Arc::new(new_view_info_cache(
-        VIEW_INFO_CACHE_NAME.to_string(),
-        cache,
-        kv_backend.clone(),
-    ));

    CacheRegistryBuilder::default()
        .add_cache(table_info_cache)
        .add_cache(table_name_cache)
        .add_cache(table_route_cache)
-        .add_cache(view_info_cache)
        .add_cache(table_flownode_set_cache)
        .build()
 }
--- a/src/catalog/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/catalog/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ arrow.workspace = true
 arrow-schema.workspace = true
 async-stream.workspace = true
 async-trait = "0.1"
-bytes.workspace = true
 common-catalog.workspace = true
 common-config.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
@@ -49,11 +48,8 @@ table.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true

 [dev-dependencies]
-cache.workspace = true
 catalog = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 chrono.workspace = true
-common-meta = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
-common-query = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 common-test-util.workspace = true
 log-store.workspace = true
 object-store.workspace = true
--- a/src/catalog/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/error.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_macro::stack_trace_debug;
 use datafusion::error::DataFusionError;
+use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
 use snafu::{Location, Snafu};
+use table::metadata::TableId;
+use tokio::task::JoinError;

 #[derive(Snafu)]
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
@@ -62,6 +65,19 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
        source: BoxedError,
    },
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to open system catalog table"))]
+    OpenSystemCatalog {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: table::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to create system catalog table"))]
+    CreateSystemCatalog {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: table::error::Error,
+    },

    #[snafu(display("Failed to create table, table info: {}", table_info))]
    CreateTable {
@@ -78,6 +94,52 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

+    #[snafu(display(
+        "System catalog table type mismatch, expected: binary, found: {:?}",
+        data_type,
+    ))]
+    SystemCatalogTypeMismatch {
+        data_type: ConcreteDataType,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Invalid system catalog entry type: {:?}", entry_type))]
+    InvalidEntryType {
+        entry_type: Option<u8>,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Invalid system catalog key: {:?}", key))]
+    InvalidKey {
+        key: Option<String>,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Catalog value is not present"))]
+    EmptyValue {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to deserialize value"))]
+    ValueDeserialize {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: serde_json::error::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Table engine not found: {}", engine_name))]
+    TableEngineNotFound {
+        engine_name: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: table::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Cannot find catalog by name: {}", catalog_name))]
    CatalogNotFound {
        catalog_name: String,
@@ -107,9 +169,44 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("View info not found: {}", name))]
-    ViewInfoNotFound {
-        name: String,
+    #[snafu(display("Schema {} already exists", schema))]
+    SchemaExists {
+        schema: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Operation {} not implemented yet", operation))]
+    Unimplemented {
+        operation: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Operation {} not supported", op))]
+    NotSupported {
+        op: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to open table {table_id}"))]
+    OpenTable {
+        table_id: TableId,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: table::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to open table in parallel"))]
+    ParallelOpenTable {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: JoinError,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Table not found while opening table, table info: {}", table_info))]
+    TableNotFound {
+        table_info: String,
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
    },
@@ -120,6 +217,13 @@ pub enum Error {
    #[snafu(display("Failed to find region routes"))]
    FindRegionRoutes { source: partition::error::Error },

+    #[snafu(display("Failed to read system catalog table records"))]
+    ReadSystemCatalog {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_recordbatch::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to create recordbatch"))]
    CreateRecordBatch {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -127,6 +231,20 @@ pub enum Error {
        source: common_recordbatch::error::Error,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Failed to insert table creation record to system catalog"))]
+    InsertCatalogRecord {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: table::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to scan system catalog table"))]
+    SystemCatalogTableScan {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: table::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Internal error"))]
    Internal {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -140,14 +258,20 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to decode logical plan for view: {}", name))]
-    DecodePlan {
-        name: String,
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to execute system catalog table scan"))]
+    SystemCatalogTableScanExec {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
        source: common_query::error::Error,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Cannot parse catalog value"))]
+    InvalidCatalogValue {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_catalog::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to perform metasrv operation"))]
    Metasrv {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -173,6 +297,20 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Table schema mismatch"))]
+    TableSchemaMismatch {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: table::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("A generic error has occurred, msg: {}", msg))]
+    Generic {
+        msg: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Table metadata manager error"))]
    TableMetadataManager {
        source: common_meta::error::Error,
@@ -186,26 +324,6 @@ pub enum Error {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
    },
-
-    #[snafu(display("Failed to get view info from cache"))]
-    GetViewCache {
-        source: common_meta::error::Error,
-        #[snafu(implicit)]
-        location: Location,
-    },
-
-    #[snafu(display("Cache not found: {name}"))]
-    CacheNotFound {
-        name: String,
-        #[snafu(implicit)]
-        location: Location,
-    },
-
-    #[snafu(display("Failed to cast the catalog manager"))]
-    CastManager {
-        #[snafu(implicit)]
-        location: Location,
-    },
 }

 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -213,43 +331,61 @@ pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
 impl ErrorExt for Error {
    fn status_code(&self) -> StatusCode {
        match self {
-            Error::SchemaNotFound { .. }
+            Error::InvalidKey { .. }
+            | Error::SchemaNotFound { .. }
            | Error::CatalogNotFound { .. }
            | Error::FindPartitions { .. }
            | Error::FindRegionRoutes { .. }
-            | Error::CacheNotFound { .. }
-            | Error::CastManager { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
+            | Error::InvalidEntryType { .. }
+            | Error::ParallelOpenTable { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,

-            Error::ViewInfoNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::TableNotFound,
+            Error::TableNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::TableNotFound,

-            Error::SystemCatalog { .. } => StatusCode::StorageUnavailable,
+            Error::SystemCatalog { .. }
+            | Error::EmptyValue { .. }
+            | Error::ValueDeserialize { .. } => StatusCode::StorageUnavailable,

-            Error::UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRef { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            Error::Generic { .. }
+            | Error::SystemCatalogTypeMismatch { .. }
+            | Error::UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRef { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+
+            Error::ReadSystemCatalog { source, .. } | Error::CreateRecordBatch { source, .. } => {
+                source.status_code()
+            }
+            Error::InvalidCatalogValue { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

-            Error::CreateRecordBatch { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::TableExists { .. } => StatusCode::TableAlreadyExists,
            Error::TableNotExist { .. } => StatusCode::TableNotFound,
+            Error::SchemaExists { .. } | Error::TableEngineNotFound { .. } => {
+                StatusCode::InvalidArguments
+            }
+
            Error::ListCatalogs { source, .. }
            | Error::ListNodes { source, .. }
            | Error::ListSchemas { source, .. }
            | Error::ListTables { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

-            Error::CreateTable { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::OpenSystemCatalog { source, .. }
+            | Error::CreateSystemCatalog { source, .. }
+            | Error::InsertCatalogRecord { source, .. }
+            | Error::OpenTable { source, .. }
+            | Error::CreateTable { source, .. }
+            | Error::TableSchemaMismatch { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

            Error::Metasrv { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
-            Error::DecodePlan { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::SystemCatalogTableScan { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::SystemCatalogTableScanExec { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::InvalidTableInfoInCatalog { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

            Error::CompileScriptInternal { source, .. } | Error::Internal { source, .. } => {
                source.status_code()
            }

+            Error::Unimplemented { .. } | Error::NotSupported { .. } => StatusCode::Unsupported,
            Error::QueryAccessDenied { .. } => StatusCode::AccessDenied,
            Error::Datafusion { .. } => StatusCode::EngineExecuteQuery,
            Error::TableMetadataManager { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
-            Error::GetViewCache { source, .. } | Error::GetTableCache { source, .. } => {
-                source.status_code()
-            }
+            Error::GetTableCache { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
        }
    }

@@ -281,6 +417,11 @@ mod tests {
            .status_code()
        );

+        assert_eq!(
+            StatusCode::Unexpected,
+            InvalidKeySnafu { key: None }.build().status_code()
+        );
+
        assert_eq!(
            StatusCode::StorageUnavailable,
            Error::SystemCatalog {
@@ -289,6 +430,19 @@ mod tests {
            }
            .status_code()
        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            StatusCode::Internal,
+            Error::SystemCatalogTypeMismatch {
+                data_type: ConcreteDataType::binary_datatype(),
+                location: Location::generate(),
+            }
+            .status_code()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            StatusCode::StorageUnavailable,
+            EmptyValueSnafu {}.build().status_code()
+        );
    }

    #[test]
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
@@ -22,13 +22,14 @@ use common_catalog::consts::{
 };
 use common_config::Mode;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
-use common_meta::cache::{LayeredCacheRegistryRef, ViewInfoCacheRef};
+use common_meta::cache::TableRouteCacheRef;
 use common_meta::key::catalog_name::CatalogNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::schema_name::SchemaNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::table_info::TableInfoValue;
 use common_meta::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use common_meta::table_name::TableName;
 use futures_util::stream::BoxStream;
 use futures_util::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use meta_client::client::MetaClient;
@@ -37,12 +38,11 @@ use partition::manager::{PartitionRuleManager, PartitionRuleManagerRef};
 use snafu::prelude::*;
 use table::dist_table::DistTable;
 use table::table::numbers::{NumbersTable, NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME};
-use table::table_name::TableName;
 use table::TableRef;

 use crate::error::{
-    CacheNotFoundSnafu, GetTableCacheSnafu, InvalidTableInfoInCatalogSnafu, ListCatalogsSnafu,
-    ListSchemasSnafu, ListTablesSnafu, Result, TableMetadataManagerSnafu,
+    GetTableCacheSnafu, InvalidTableInfoInCatalogSnafu, ListCatalogsSnafu, ListSchemasSnafu,
+    ListTablesSnafu, Result, TableMetadataManagerSnafu,
 };
 use crate::information_schema::InformationSchemaProvider;
 use crate::kvbackend::TableCacheRef;
@@ -61,26 +61,25 @@ pub struct KvBackendCatalogManager {
    table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
    /// A sub-CatalogManager that handles system tables
    system_catalog: SystemCatalog,
-    cache_registry: LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
+    table_cache: TableCacheRef,
 }

 const CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY: u64 = 128;

 impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
-    pub fn new(
+    pub async fn new(
        mode: Mode,
        meta_client: Option<Arc<MetaClient>>,
        backend: KvBackendRef,
-        cache_registry: LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
+        table_cache: TableCacheRef,
+        table_route_cache: TableRouteCacheRef,
    ) -> Arc<Self> {
        Arc::new_cyclic(|me| Self {
            mode,
            meta_client,
            partition_manager: Arc::new(PartitionRuleManager::new(
                backend.clone(),
-                cache_registry
-                    .get()
-                    .expect("Failed to get table_route_cache"),
+                table_route_cache,
            )),
            table_metadata_manager: Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(backend)),
            system_catalog: SystemCatalog {
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
                    me.clone(),
                )),
            },
-            cache_registry,
+            table_cache,
        })
    }

@@ -100,12 +99,6 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
        &self.mode
    }

-    pub fn view_info_cache(&self) -> Result<ViewInfoCacheRef> {
-        self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
-            name: "view_info_cache",
-        })
-    }
-
    /// Returns the `[MetaClient]`.
    pub fn meta_client(&self) -> Option<Arc<MetaClient>> {
        self.meta_client.clone()
@@ -222,11 +215,7 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
            return Ok(Some(table));
        }

-        let table_cache: TableCacheRef = self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
-            name: "table_cache",
-        })?;
-
-        table_cache
+        self.table_cache
            .get_by_ref(&TableName {
                catalog_name: catalog_name.to_string(),
                schema_name: schema_name.to_string(),
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/table_cache.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/table_cache.rs
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use common_meta::cache::{CacheContainer, Initializer, TableInfoCacheRef, TableNameCacheRef};
 use common_meta::error::{Result as MetaResult, ValueNotExistSnafu};
 use common_meta::instruction::CacheIdent;
+use common_meta::table_name::TableName;
 use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 use moka::future::Cache;
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::dist_table::DistTable;
-use table::table_name::TableName;
 use table::TableRef;

 pub type TableCacheRef = Arc<TableCache>;
--- a/src/catalog/src/table_source.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/table_source.rs
@@ -15,25 +15,15 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use bytes::Bytes;
 use common_catalog::format_full_table_name;
-use common_query::logical_plan::SubstraitPlanDecoderRef;
 use datafusion::common::{ResolvedTableReference, TableReference};
-use datafusion::datasource::view::ViewTable;
-use datafusion::datasource::{provider_as_source, TableProvider};
+use datafusion::datasource::provider_as_source;
 use datafusion::logical_expr::TableSource;
 use session::context::QueryContext;
-use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use table::metadata::TableType;
+use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt};
 use table::table::adapter::DfTableProviderAdapter;
-mod dummy_catalog;
-use dummy_catalog::DummyCatalogList;

-use crate::error::{
-    CastManagerSnafu, DatafusionSnafu, DecodePlanSnafu, GetViewCacheSnafu, QueryAccessDeniedSnafu,
-    Result, TableNotExistSnafu, ViewInfoNotFoundSnafu,
-};
-use crate::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
+use crate::error::{QueryAccessDeniedSnafu, Result, TableNotExistSnafu};
 use crate::CatalogManagerRef;

 pub struct DfTableSourceProvider {
@@ -42,7 +32,6 @@ pub struct DfTableSourceProvider {
    disallow_cross_catalog_query: bool,
    default_catalog: String,
    default_schema: String,
-    plan_decoder: SubstraitPlanDecoderRef,
 }

 impl DfTableSourceProvider {
@@ -50,7 +39,6 @@ impl DfTableSourceProvider {
        catalog_manager: CatalogManagerRef,
        disallow_cross_catalog_query: bool,
        query_ctx: &QueryContext,
-        plan_decoder: SubstraitPlanDecoderRef,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            catalog_manager,
@@ -58,7 +46,6 @@ impl DfTableSourceProvider {
            resolved_tables: HashMap::new(),
            default_catalog: query_ctx.current_catalog().to_owned(),
            default_schema: query_ctx.current_schema().to_owned(),
-            plan_decoder,
        }
    }

@@ -107,39 +94,8 @@ impl DfTableSourceProvider {
                table: format_full_table_name(catalog_name, schema_name, table_name),
            })?;

-        let provider: Arc<dyn TableProvider> = if table.table_info().table_type == TableType::View {
-            let catalog_manager = self
-                .catalog_manager
-                .as_any()
-                .downcast_ref::<KvBackendCatalogManager>()
-                .context(CastManagerSnafu)?;
-
-            let view_info = catalog_manager
-                .view_info_cache()?
-                .get(table.table_info().ident.table_id)
-                .await
-                .context(GetViewCacheSnafu)?
-                .context(ViewInfoNotFoundSnafu {
-                    name: &table.table_info().name,
-                })?;
-
-            // Build the catalog list provider for deserialization.
-            let catalog_list = Arc::new(DummyCatalogList::new(self.catalog_manager.clone()));
-            let logical_plan = self
-                .plan_decoder
-                .decode(Bytes::from(view_info.view_info.clone()), catalog_list, true)
-                .await
-                .context(DecodePlanSnafu {
-                    name: &table.table_info().name,
-                })?;
-
-            Arc::new(ViewTable::try_new(logical_plan, None).context(DatafusionSnafu)?)
-        } else {
-            Arc::new(DfTableProviderAdapter::new(table))
-        };
-
-        let source = provider_as_source(provider);
-
+        let provider = DfTableProviderAdapter::new(table);
+        let source = provider_as_source(Arc::new(provider));
        let _ = self.resolved_tables.insert(resolved_name, source.clone());
        Ok(source)
    }
@@ -147,7 +103,6 @@ impl DfTableSourceProvider {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use common_query::test_util::DummyDecoder;
    use session::context::QueryContext;

    use super::*;
@@ -157,12 +112,8 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_validate_table_ref() {
        let query_ctx = &QueryContext::with("greptime", "public");

-        let table_provider = DfTableSourceProvider::new(
-            MemoryCatalogManager::with_default_setup(),
-            true,
-            query_ctx,
-            DummyDecoder::arc(),
-        );
+        let table_provider =
+            DfTableSourceProvider::new(MemoryCatalogManager::with_default_setup(), true, query_ctx);

        let table_ref = TableReference::bare("table_name");
        let result = table_provider.resolve_table_ref(table_ref);
@@ -197,99 +148,4 @@ mod tests {
        let table_ref = TableReference::full("greptime", "greptime_private", "columns");
        assert!(table_provider.resolve_table_ref(table_ref).is_ok());
    }
-
-    use std::collections::HashSet;
-
-    use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema, SchemaRef};
-    use cache::{build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry};
-    use common_config::Mode;
-    use common_meta::cache::{CacheRegistryBuilder, LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder};
-    use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
-    use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
-    use common_query::error::Result as QueryResult;
-    use common_query::logical_plan::SubstraitPlanDecoder;
-    use datafusion::catalog::CatalogProviderList;
-    use datafusion::logical_expr::builder::LogicalTableSource;
-    use datafusion::logical_expr::{col, lit, LogicalPlan, LogicalPlanBuilder};
-
-    struct MockDecoder;
-    impl MockDecoder {
-        pub fn arc() -> Arc<Self> {
-            Arc::new(MockDecoder)
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[async_trait::async_trait]
-    impl SubstraitPlanDecoder for MockDecoder {
-        async fn decode(
-            &self,
-            _message: bytes::Bytes,
-            _catalog_list: Arc<dyn CatalogProviderList>,
-            _optimize: bool,
-        ) -> QueryResult<LogicalPlan> {
-            Ok(mock_plan())
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn mock_plan() -> LogicalPlan {
-        let schema = Schema::new(vec![
-            Field::new("id", DataType::Int32, true),
-            Field::new("name", DataType::Utf8, true),
-        ]);
-        let table_source = LogicalTableSource::new(SchemaRef::new(schema));
-
-        let projection = None;
-
-        let builder =
-            LogicalPlanBuilder::scan("person", Arc::new(table_source), projection).unwrap();
-
-        builder
-            .filter(col("id").gt(lit(500)))
-            .unwrap()
-            .build()
-            .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_resolve_view() {
-        let query_ctx = &QueryContext::with("greptime", "public");
-        let backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::default());
-        let layered_cache_builder = LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder::default()
-            .add_cache_registry(CacheRegistryBuilder::default().build());
-        let fundamental_cache_registry = build_fundamental_cache_registry(backend.clone());
-        let layered_cache_registry = Arc::new(
-            with_default_composite_cache_registry(
-                layered_cache_builder.add_cache_registry(fundamental_cache_registry),
-            )
-            .unwrap()
-            .build(),
-        );
-
-        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
-            Mode::Standalone,
-            None,
-            backend.clone(),
-            layered_cache_registry,
-        );
-        let table_metadata_manager = TableMetadataManager::new(backend);
-        let mut view_info = common_meta::key::test_utils::new_test_table_info(1024, vec![]);
-        view_info.table_type = TableType::View;
-        let logical_plan = vec![1, 2, 3];
-        // Create view metadata
-        table_metadata_manager
-            .create_view_metadata(view_info.clone().into(), logical_plan, HashSet::new())
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let mut table_provider =
-            DfTableSourceProvider::new(catalog_manager, true, query_ctx, MockDecoder::arc());
-
-        // View not found
-        let table_ref = TableReference::bare("not_exists_view");
-        assert!(table_provider.resolve_table(table_ref).await.is_err());
-
-        let table_ref = TableReference::bare(view_info.name);
-        let source = table_provider.resolve_table(table_ref).await.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(*source.get_logical_plan().unwrap(), mock_plan());
-    }
 }
--- a/src/catalog/src/table_source/dummy_catalog.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/table_source/dummy_catalog.rs
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-//! Dummy catalog for region server.
-
-use std::any::Any;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use common_catalog::format_full_table_name;
-use datafusion::catalog::schema::SchemaProvider;
-use datafusion::catalog::{CatalogProvider, CatalogProviderList};
-use datafusion::datasource::TableProvider;
-use snafu::OptionExt;
-use table::table::adapter::DfTableProviderAdapter;
-
-use crate::error::TableNotExistSnafu;
-use crate::CatalogManagerRef;
-
-/// Delegate the resolving requests to the `[CatalogManager]` unconditionally.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct DummyCatalogList {
-    catalog_manager: CatalogManagerRef,
-}
-
-impl DummyCatalogList {
-    /// Creates a new catalog list with the given catalog manager.
-    pub fn new(catalog_manager: CatalogManagerRef) -> Self {
-        Self { catalog_manager }
-    }
-}
-
-impl CatalogProviderList for DummyCatalogList {
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
-        self
-    }
-
-    fn register_catalog(
-        &self,
-        _name: String,
-        _catalog: Arc<dyn CatalogProvider>,
-    ) -> Option<Arc<dyn CatalogProvider>> {
-        None
-    }
-
-    fn catalog_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        vec![]
-    }
-
-    fn catalog(&self, catalog_name: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn CatalogProvider>> {
-        Some(Arc::new(DummyCatalogProvider {
-            catalog_name: catalog_name.to_string(),
-            catalog_manager: self.catalog_manager.clone(),
-        }))
-    }
-}
-
-/// A dummy catalog provider for [DummyCatalogList].
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct DummyCatalogProvider {
-    catalog_name: String,
-    catalog_manager: CatalogManagerRef,
-}
-
-impl CatalogProvider for DummyCatalogProvider {
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
-        self
-    }
-
-    fn schema_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        vec![]
-    }
-
-    fn schema(&self, schema_name: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn SchemaProvider>> {
-        Some(Arc::new(DummySchemaProvider {
-            catalog_name: self.catalog_name.clone(),
-            schema_name: schema_name.to_string(),
-            catalog_manager: self.catalog_manager.clone(),
-        }))
-    }
-}
-
-/// A dummy schema provider for [DummyCatalogList].
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct DummySchemaProvider {
-    catalog_name: String,
-    schema_name: String,
-    catalog_manager: CatalogManagerRef,
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl SchemaProvider for DummySchemaProvider {
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
-        self
-    }
-
-    fn table_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        vec![]
-    }
-
-    async fn table(&self, name: &str) -> datafusion::error::Result<Option<Arc<dyn TableProvider>>> {
-        let table = self
-            .catalog_manager
-            .table(&self.catalog_name, &self.schema_name, name)
-            .await?
-            .with_context(|| TableNotExistSnafu {
-                table: format_full_table_name(&self.catalog_name, &self.schema_name, name),
-            })?;
-
-        let table_provider: Arc<dyn TableProvider> = Arc::new(DfTableProviderAdapter::new(table));
-
-        Ok(Some(table_provider))
-    }
-
-    fn table_exist(&self, _name: &str) -> bool {
-        true
-    }
-}
--- a/src/client/src/client.rs
+++ b/src/client/src/client.rs
@@ -173,14 +173,14 @@ impl Client {
        Ok(FlightClient { addr, client })
    }

-    pub(crate) fn raw_region_client(&self) -> Result<(String, PbRegionClient<Channel>)> {
-        let (addr, channel) = self.find_channel()?;
+    pub(crate) fn raw_region_client(&self) -> Result<PbRegionClient<Channel>> {
+        let (_, channel) = self.find_channel()?;
        let client = PbRegionClient::new(channel)
            .max_decoding_message_size(self.max_grpc_recv_message_size())
            .max_encoding_message_size(self.max_grpc_send_message_size())
            .accept_compressed(CompressionEncoding::Zstd)
            .send_compressed(CompressionEncoding::Zstd);
-        Ok((addr, client))
+        Ok(client)
    }

    pub fn make_prometheus_gateway_client(&self) -> Result<PrometheusGatewayClient<Channel>> {
--- a/src/client/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/client/src/error.rs
@@ -89,9 +89,8 @@ pub enum Error {
        source: common_grpc::error::Error,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to request RegionServer {}, code: {}", addr, code))]
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to request RegionServer, code: {}", code))]
    RegionServer {
-        addr: String,
        code: Code,
        source: BoxedError,
        #[snafu(implicit)]
--- a/src/client/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/client/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-#![feature(assert_matches)]
-
 mod client;
 pub mod client_manager;
-#[cfg(feature = "testing")]
-mod database;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod load_balance;
 mod metrics;
@@ -33,8 +29,6 @@ pub use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatches, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use snafu::OptionExt;

 pub use self::client::Client;
-#[cfg(feature = "testing")]
-pub use self::database::Database;
 pub use self::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::error::{IllegalDatabaseResponseSnafu, ServerSnafu};

--- a/src/client/src/region.rs
+++ b/src/client/src/region.rs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ impl RegionRequester {
            .with_label_values(&[request_type.as_str()])
            .start_timer();

-        let (addr, mut client) = self.client.raw_region_client()?;
+        let mut client = self.client.raw_region_client()?;

        let response = client
            .handle(request)
@@ -187,7 +187,6 @@ impl RegionRequester {
                let err: error::Error = e.into();
                // Uses `Error::RegionServer` instead of `Error::Server`
                error::Error::RegionServer {
-                    addr,
                    code,
                    source: BoxedError::new(err),
                    location: location!(),
--- a/src/cmd/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/cmd/Cargo.toml
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ tracing-appender = "0.2"
 tikv-jemallocator = "0.5"

 [dev-dependencies]
-client = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 common-test-util.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 temp-env = "0.3"
--- a/src/cmd/src/cli.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/cli.rs
@@ -22,14 +22,18 @@ mod helper;

 // Wait for https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/2373
 #[allow(unused)]
-mod repl;
+// mod repl;
+// TODO(weny): Removes it
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+mod upgrade;

 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use bench::BenchTableMetadataCommand;
 use clap::Parser;
 use common_telemetry::logging::{LoggingOptions, TracingOptions};
-pub use repl::Repl;
 use tracing_appender::non_blocking::WorkerGuard;
+// pub use repl::Repl;
+use upgrade::UpgradeCommand;

 use self::export::ExportCommand;
 use crate::error::Result;
@@ -112,6 +116,7 @@ impl Command {
 #[derive(Parser)]
 enum SubCommand {
    // Attach(AttachCommand),
+    Upgrade(UpgradeCommand),
    Bench(BenchTableMetadataCommand),
    Export(ExportCommand),
 }
@@ -120,6 +125,7 @@ impl SubCommand {
    async fn build(&self, guard: Vec<WorkerGuard>) -> Result<Instance> {
        match self {
            // SubCommand::Attach(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
+            SubCommand::Upgrade(cmd) => cmd.build(guard).await,
            SubCommand::Bench(cmd) => cmd.build(guard).await,
            SubCommand::Export(cmd) => cmd.build(guard).await,
        }
--- a/src/cmd/src/cli/bench.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/cli/bench.rs
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::etcd::EtcdStore;
 use common_meta::peer::Peer;
 use common_meta::rpc::router::{Region, RegionRoute};
+use common_meta::table_name::TableName;
 use common_telemetry::info;
 use datatypes::data_type::ConcreteDataType;
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, RawSchema};
 use rand::Rng;
 use store_api::storage::RegionNumber;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, RawTableMeta, TableId, TableIdent, TableType};
-use table::table_name::TableName;
 use tracing_appender::non_blocking::WorkerGuard;

 use self::metadata::TableMetadataBencher;
--- a/src/cmd/src/cli/bench/metadata.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/cli/bench/metadata.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::time::Instant;

 use common_meta::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
-use table::table_name::TableName;
+use common_meta::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::cli::bench::{
    bench_self_recorded, create_region_routes, create_region_wal_options, create_table_info,
--- a/src/cmd/src/cli/export.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/cli/export.rs
@@ -434,80 +434,3 @@ fn split_database(database: &str) -> Result<(String, Option<String>)> {
        Ok((catalog.to_string(), Some(schema.to_string())))
    }
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use clap::Parser;
-    use client::{Client, Database};
-    use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
-    use common_telemetry::logging::LoggingOptions;
-
-    use crate::error::Result as CmdResult;
-    use crate::options::GlobalOptions;
-    use crate::{cli, standalone, App};
-
-    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
-    async fn test_export_create_table_with_quoted_names() -> CmdResult<()> {
-        let output_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let standalone = standalone::Command::parse_from([
-            "standalone",
-            "start",
-            "--data-home",
-            &*output_dir.path().to_string_lossy(),
-        ]);
-
-        let standalone_opts = standalone.load_options(&GlobalOptions::default()).unwrap();
-        let mut instance = standalone.build(standalone_opts).await?;
-        instance.start().await?;
-
-        let client = Client::with_urls(["127.0.0.1:4001"]);
-        let database = Database::new(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, client);
-        database
-            .sql(r#"CREATE DATABASE "cli.export.create_table";"#)
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        database
-            .sql(
-                r#"CREATE TABLE "cli.export.create_table"."a.b.c"(
-                        ts TIMESTAMP,
-                        TIME INDEX (ts)
-                    ) engine=mito;
-                "#,
-            )
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let output_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let cli = cli::Command::parse_from([
-            "cli",
-            "export",
-            "--addr",
-            "127.0.0.1:4000",
-            "--output-dir",
-            &*output_dir.path().to_string_lossy(),
-            "--target",
-            "create-table",
-        ]);
-        let mut cli_app = cli.build(LoggingOptions::default()).await?;
-        cli_app.start().await?;
-
-        instance.stop().await?;
-
-        let output_file = output_dir
-            .path()
-            .join("greptime-cli.export.create_table.sql");
-        let res = std::fs::read_to_string(output_file).unwrap();
-        let expect = r#"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "a.b.c" (
-  "ts" TIMESTAMP(3) NOT NULL,
-  TIME INDEX ("ts")
-)
-
-ENGINE=mito
-;
-"#;
-        assert_eq!(res.trim(), expect.trim());
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
--- a/src/cmd/src/cli/repl.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/cli/repl.rs
@@ -16,18 +16,14 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;

-use cache::{
-    build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry, TABLE_CACHE_NAME,
-    TABLE_ROUTE_CACHE_NAME,
-};
 use catalog::kvbackend::{
-    CachedMetaKvBackend, CachedMetaKvBackendBuilder, KvBackendCatalogManager, MetaKvBackend,
+    CachedMetaKvBackend, CachedMetaKvBackendBuilder, KvBackendCatalogManager,
 };
-use client::{Client, Database, OutputData, DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
+use client::{Client, OutputData, DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_config::Mode;
 use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
-use common_meta::cache::{CacheRegistryBuilder, LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder};
+use common_meta::cache_invalidator::MultiCacheInvalidator;
 use common_query::Output;
 use common_recordbatch::RecordBatches;
 use common_telemetry::debug;
@@ -37,18 +33,17 @@ use query::datafusion::DatafusionQueryEngine;
 use query::logical_optimizer::LogicalOptimizer;
 use query::parser::QueryLanguageParser;
 use query::plan::LogicalPlan;
-use query::query_engine::{DefaultSerializer, QueryEngineState};
+use query::query_engine::QueryEngineState;
 use query::QueryEngine;
 use rustyline::error::ReadlineError;
 use rustyline::Editor;
 use session::context::QueryContext;
-use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use snafu::ResultExt;
 use substrait::{DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor, SubstraitPlan};

 use crate::cli::cmd::ReplCommand;
 use crate::cli::helper::RustylineHelper;
 use crate::cli::AttachCommand;
-use crate::error;
 use crate::error::{
    CollectRecordBatchesSnafu, ParseSqlSnafu, PlanStatementSnafu, PrettyPrintRecordBatchesSnafu,
    ReadlineSnafu, ReplCreationSnafu, RequestDatabaseSnafu, Result, StartMetaClientSnafu,
@@ -185,7 +180,7 @@ impl Repl {
                .context(PlanStatementSnafu)?;

            let plan = DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor {}
-                .encode(&plan, DefaultSerializer)
+                .encode(&plan)
                .context(SubstraitEncodeLogicalPlanSnafu)?;

            self.database.logical_plan(plan.to_vec()).await
@@ -262,30 +257,19 @@ async fn create_query_engine(meta_addr: &str) -> Result<DatafusionQueryEngine> {

    let cached_meta_backend =
        Arc::new(CachedMetaKvBackendBuilder::new(meta_client.clone()).build());
-    let layered_cache_builder = LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder::default().add_cache_registry(
-        CacheRegistryBuilder::default()
-            .add_cache(cached_meta_backend.clone())
-            .build(),
-    );
-    let fundamental_cache_registry =
-        build_fundamental_cache_registry(Arc::new(MetaKvBackend::new(meta_client.clone())));
-    let layered_cache_registry = Arc::new(
-        with_default_composite_cache_registry(
-            layered_cache_builder.add_cache_registry(fundamental_cache_registry),
-        )
-        .context(error::BuildCacheRegistrySnafu)?
-        .build(),
-    );
-
-    let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
+    let multi_cache_invalidator = Arc::new(MultiCacheInvalidator::with_invalidators(vec![
+        cached_meta_backend.clone(),
+    ]));
+    let catalog_list = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
        Mode::Distributed,
        Some(meta_client.clone()),
        cached_meta_backend.clone(),
-        layered_cache_registry,
-    );
+        multi_cache_invalidator,
+    )
+    .await;
    let plugins: Plugins = Default::default();
    let state = Arc::new(QueryEngineState::new(
-        catalog_manager,
+        catalog_list,
        None,
        None,
        None,
--- a/src/cmd/src/cli/upgrade.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/cli/upgrade.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use clap::Parser;
+use client::api::v1::meta::TableRouteValue;
+use common_meta::ddl::utils::region_storage_path;
+use common_meta::error as MetaError;
+use common_meta::key::catalog_name::{CatalogNameKey, CatalogNameValue};
+use common_meta::key::datanode_table::{DatanodeTableKey, DatanodeTableValue, RegionInfo};
+use common_meta::key::schema_name::{SchemaNameKey, SchemaNameValue};
+use common_meta::key::table_info::{TableInfoKey, TableInfoValue};
+use common_meta::key::table_name::{TableNameKey, TableNameValue};
+use common_meta::key::table_region::{TableRegionKey, TableRegionValue};
+use common_meta::key::table_route::{TableRouteKey, TableRouteValue as NextTableRouteValue};
+use common_meta::key::{MetaKey, RegionDistribution, TableMetaValue};
+use common_meta::kv_backend::etcd::EtcdStore;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use common_meta::range_stream::PaginationStream;
+use common_meta::rpc::router::TableRoute;
+use common_meta::rpc::store::{BatchDeleteRequest, BatchPutRequest, PutRequest, RangeRequest};
+use common_meta::rpc::KeyValue;
+use common_meta::util::get_prefix_end_key;
+use common_telemetry::info;
+use etcd_client::Client;
+use futures::TryStreamExt;
+use prost::Message;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use tracing_appender::non_blocking::WorkerGuard;
+use v1_helper::{CatalogKey as v1CatalogKey, SchemaKey as v1SchemaKey, TableGlobalValue};
+
+use crate::cli::{Instance, Tool};
+use crate::error::{self, ConnectEtcdSnafu, Result};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Parser)]
+pub struct UpgradeCommand {
+    #[clap(long)]
+    etcd_addr: String,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    dryrun: bool,
+
+    #[clap(long)]
+    skip_table_global_keys: bool,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    skip_catalog_keys: bool,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    skip_schema_keys: bool,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    skip_table_route_keys: bool,
+}
+
+impl UpgradeCommand {
+    pub async fn build(&self, guard: Vec<WorkerGuard>) -> Result<Instance> {
+        let client = Client::connect([&self.etcd_addr], None)
+            .await
+            .context(ConnectEtcdSnafu {
+                etcd_addr: &self.etcd_addr,
+            })?;
+        let tool = MigrateTableMetadata {
+            etcd_store: EtcdStore::with_etcd_client(client, 128),
+            dryrun: self.dryrun,
+            skip_catalog_keys: self.skip_catalog_keys,
+            skip_table_global_keys: self.skip_table_global_keys,
+            skip_schema_keys: self.skip_schema_keys,
+            skip_table_route_keys: self.skip_table_route_keys,
+        };
+        Ok(Instance::new(Box::new(tool), guard))
+    }
+}
+
+struct MigrateTableMetadata {
+    etcd_store: KvBackendRef,
+    dryrun: bool,
+
+    skip_table_global_keys: bool,
+
+    skip_catalog_keys: bool,
+
+    skip_schema_keys: bool,
+
+    skip_table_route_keys: bool,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl Tool for MigrateTableMetadata {
+    // migrates database's metadata from 0.3 to 0.4.
+    async fn do_work(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.skip_table_global_keys {
+            self.migrate_table_global_values().await?;
+        }
+        if !self.skip_catalog_keys {
+            self.migrate_catalog_keys().await?;
+        }
+        if !self.skip_schema_keys {
+            self.migrate_schema_keys().await?;
+        }
+        if !self.skip_table_route_keys {
+            self.migrate_table_route_keys().await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 1000;
+
+impl MigrateTableMetadata {
+    async fn migrate_table_route_keys(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let key = b"__meta_table_route".to_vec();
+        let range_end = get_prefix_end_key(&key);
+        let mut keys = Vec::new();
+        info!("Start scanning key from: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&key));
+
+        let mut stream = PaginationStream::new(
+            self.etcd_store.clone(),
+            RangeRequest::new().with_range(key, range_end),
+            PAGE_SIZE,
+            Arc::new(|kv: KeyValue| {
+                let value =
+                    TableRouteValue::decode(&kv.value[..]).context(MetaError::DecodeProtoSnafu)?;
+                Ok((kv.key, value))
+            }),
+        );
+
+        while let Some((key, value)) = stream.try_next().await.context(error::IterStreamSnafu)? {
+            let table_id = self.migrate_table_route_key(value).await?;
+            keys.push(key);
+            keys.push(TableRegionKey::new(table_id).to_bytes())
+        }
+
+        info!("Total migrated TableRouteKeys: {}", keys.len() / 2);
+        self.delete_migrated_keys(keys).await;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn migrate_table_route_key(&self, value: TableRouteValue) -> Result<u32> {
+        let table_route = TableRoute::try_from_raw(
+            &value.peers,
+            value.table_route.expect("expected table_route"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let new_table_value = NextTableRouteValue::physical(table_route.region_routes);
+
+        let table_id = table_route.table.id as u32;
+        let new_key = TableRouteKey::new(table_id);
+        info!("Creating '{new_key}'");
+
+        if self.dryrun {
+            info!("Dryrun: do nothing");
+        } else {
+            self.etcd_store
+                .put(
+                    PutRequest::new()
+                        .with_key(new_key.to_bytes())
+                        .with_value(new_table_value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        Ok(table_id)
+    }
+
+    async fn migrate_schema_keys(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        // The schema key prefix.
+        let key = b"__s".to_vec();
+        let range_end = get_prefix_end_key(&key);
+
+        let mut keys = Vec::new();
+        info!("Start scanning key from: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&key));
+        let mut stream = PaginationStream::new(
+            self.etcd_store.clone(),
+            RangeRequest::new().with_range(key, range_end),
+            PAGE_SIZE,
+            Arc::new(|kv: KeyValue| {
+                let key_str =
+                    std::str::from_utf8(&kv.key).context(MetaError::ConvertRawKeySnafu)?;
+                let key = v1SchemaKey::parse(key_str)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("schema key is corrupted: {e}, key: {key_str}"));
+
+                Ok(key)
+            }),
+        );
+        while let Some(key) = stream.try_next().await.context(error::IterStreamSnafu)? {
+            let _ = self.migrate_schema_key(&key).await;
+            keys.push(key.to_string().as_bytes().to_vec());
+        }
+        info!("Total migrated SchemaKeys: {}", keys.len());
+        self.delete_migrated_keys(keys).await;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn migrate_schema_key(&self, key: &v1SchemaKey) -> Result<()> {
+        let new_key = SchemaNameKey::new(&key.catalog_name, &key.schema_name);
+        let schema_name_value = SchemaNameValue::default();
+
+        info!("Creating '{new_key}'");
+
+        if self.dryrun {
+            info!("Dryrun: do nothing");
+        } else {
+            self.etcd_store
+                .put(
+                    PutRequest::new()
+                        .with_key(new_key.to_bytes())
+                        .with_value(schema_name_value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn migrate_catalog_keys(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        // The catalog key prefix.
+        let key = b"__c".to_vec();
+        let range_end = get_prefix_end_key(&key);
+
+        let mut keys = Vec::new();
+        info!("Start scanning key from: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&key));
+        let mut stream = PaginationStream::new(
+            self.etcd_store.clone(),
+            RangeRequest::new().with_range(key, range_end),
+            PAGE_SIZE,
+            Arc::new(|kv: KeyValue| {
+                let key_str =
+                    std::str::from_utf8(&kv.key).context(MetaError::ConvertRawKeySnafu)?;
+                let key = v1CatalogKey::parse(key_str)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("catalog key is corrupted: {e}, key: {key_str}"));
+
+                Ok(key)
+            }),
+        );
+        while let Some(key) = stream.try_next().await.context(error::IterStreamSnafu)? {
+            let _ = self.migrate_catalog_key(&key).await;
+            keys.push(key.to_string().as_bytes().to_vec());
+        }
+        info!("Total migrated CatalogKeys: {}", keys.len());
+        self.delete_migrated_keys(keys).await;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn migrate_catalog_key(&self, key: &v1CatalogKey) {
+        let new_key = CatalogNameKey::new(&key.catalog_name);
+        let catalog_name_value = CatalogNameValue;
+
+        info!("Creating '{new_key}'");
+
+        if self.dryrun {
+            info!("Dryrun: do nothing");
+        } else {
+            self.etcd_store
+                .put(
+                    PutRequest::new()
+                        .with_key(new_key.to_bytes())
+                        .with_value(catalog_name_value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn migrate_table_global_values(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let key = b"__tg".to_vec();
+        let range_end = get_prefix_end_key(&key);
+
+        let mut keys = Vec::new();
+
+        info!("Start scanning key from: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&key));
+        let mut stream = PaginationStream::new(
+            self.etcd_store.clone(),
+            RangeRequest::new().with_range(key, range_end.clone()),
+            PAGE_SIZE,
+            Arc::new(|kv: KeyValue| {
+                let key = String::from_utf8_lossy(kv.key()).to_string();
+                let value = TableGlobalValue::from_bytes(kv.value())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("table global value is corrupted: {e}, key: {key}"));
+
+                Ok((key, value))
+            }),
+        );
+        while let Some((key, value)) = stream.try_next().await.context(error::IterStreamSnafu)? {
+            self.create_table_name_key(&value).await;
+
+            self.create_datanode_table_keys(&value).await;
+
+            self.split_table_global_value(&key, value).await;
+
+            keys.push(key.as_bytes().to_vec());
+        }
+
+        info!("Total migrated TableGlobalKeys: {}", keys.len());
+        self.delete_migrated_keys(keys).await;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_migrated_keys(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) {
+        for keys in keys.chunks(PAGE_SIZE) {
+            info!("Deleting {} keys", keys.len());
+            let req = BatchDeleteRequest {
+                keys: keys.to_vec(),
+                prev_kv: false,
+            };
+            if self.dryrun {
+                info!("Dryrun: do nothing");
+            } else {
+                self.etcd_store.batch_delete(req).await.unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn split_table_global_value(&self, key: &str, value: TableGlobalValue) {
+        let table_id = value.table_id();
+        let region_distribution: RegionDistribution = value.regions_id_map.into_iter().collect();
+
+        let table_info_key = TableInfoKey::new(table_id);
+        let table_info_value = TableInfoValue::new(value.table_info);
+
+        let table_region_key = TableRegionKey::new(table_id);
+        let table_region_value = TableRegionValue::new(region_distribution);
+
+        info!("Splitting TableGlobalKey '{key}' into '{table_info_key}' and '{table_region_key}'");
+
+        if self.dryrun {
+            info!("Dryrun: do nothing");
+        } else {
+            self.etcd_store
+                .batch_put(
+                    BatchPutRequest::new()
+                        .add_kv(
+                            table_info_key.to_bytes(),
+                            table_info_value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap(),
+                        )
+                        .add_kv(
+                            table_region_key.to_bytes(),
+                            table_region_value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap(),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn create_table_name_key(&self, value: &TableGlobalValue) {
+        let table_info = &value.table_info;
+        let table_id = value.table_id();
+
+        let table_name_key = TableNameKey::new(
+            &table_info.catalog_name,
+            &table_info.schema_name,
+            &table_info.name,
+        );
+        let table_name_value = TableNameValue::new(table_id);
+
+        info!("Creating '{table_name_key}' => {table_id}");
+
+        if self.dryrun {
+            info!("Dryrun: do nothing");
+        } else {
+            self.etcd_store
+                .put(
+                    PutRequest::new()
+                        .with_key(table_name_key.to_bytes())
+                        .with_value(table_name_value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn create_datanode_table_keys(&self, value: &TableGlobalValue) {
+        let table_id = value.table_id();
+        let engine = value.table_info.meta.engine.as_str();
+        let region_storage_path = region_storage_path(
+            &value.table_info.catalog_name,
+            &value.table_info.schema_name,
+        );
+        let region_distribution: RegionDistribution =
+            value.regions_id_map.clone().into_iter().collect();
+
+        // TODO(niebayes): properly fetch or construct wal options.
+        let region_wal_options = HashMap::default();
+
+        let datanode_table_kvs = region_distribution
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(datanode_id, regions)| {
+                let k = DatanodeTableKey::new(datanode_id, table_id);
+                info!("Creating DatanodeTableKey '{k}' => {regions:?}");
+                (
+                    k,
+                    DatanodeTableValue::new(
+                        table_id,
+                        regions,
+                        RegionInfo {
+                            engine: engine.to_string(),
+                            region_storage_path: region_storage_path.clone(),
+                            region_options: (&value.table_info.meta.options).into(),
+                            region_wal_options: region_wal_options.clone(),
+                        },
+                    ),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        if self.dryrun {
+            info!("Dryrun: do nothing");
+        } else {
+            let mut req = BatchPutRequest::new();
+            for (key, value) in datanode_table_kvs {
+                req = req.add_kv(key.to_bytes(), value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap());
+            }
+            self.etcd_store.batch_put(req).await.unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[deprecated(since = "0.4.0", note = "Used for migrate old version(v0.3) metadata")]
+mod v1_helper {
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
+
+    use err::{DeserializeCatalogEntryValueSnafu, Error, InvalidCatalogSnafu};
+    use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+    use regex::Regex;
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+    use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+    use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
+
+    pub const CATALOG_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__c";
+    pub const SCHEMA_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__s";
+
+    /// The pattern of a valid catalog, schema or table name.
+    const NAME_PATTERN: &str = "[a-zA-Z_:][a-zA-Z0-9_:]*";
+
+    lazy_static! {
+        static ref CATALOG_KEY_PATTERN: Regex =
+            Regex::new(&format!("^{CATALOG_KEY_PREFIX}-({NAME_PATTERN})$")).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    lazy_static! {
+        static ref SCHEMA_KEY_PATTERN: Regex = Regex::new(&format!(
+            "^{SCHEMA_KEY_PREFIX}-({NAME_PATTERN})-({NAME_PATTERN})$"
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Table global info contains necessary info for a datanode to create table regions, including
+    /// table id, table meta(schema...), region id allocation across datanodes.
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    pub struct TableGlobalValue {
+        /// Id of datanode that created the global table info kv. only for debugging.
+        pub node_id: u64,
+        /// Allocation of region ids across all datanodes.
+        pub regions_id_map: HashMap<u64, Vec<u32>>,
+        pub table_info: RawTableInfo,
+    }
+
+    impl TableGlobalValue {
+        pub fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
+            self.table_info.ident.table_id
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub struct CatalogKey {
+        pub catalog_name: String,
+    }
+
+    impl Display for CatalogKey {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            f.write_str(CATALOG_KEY_PREFIX)?;
+            f.write_str("-")?;
+            f.write_str(&self.catalog_name)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl CatalogKey {
+        pub fn parse(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+            let key = s.as_ref();
+            let captures = CATALOG_KEY_PATTERN
+                .captures(key)
+                .context(InvalidCatalogSnafu { key })?;
+            ensure!(captures.len() == 2, InvalidCatalogSnafu { key });
+            Ok(Self {
+                catalog_name: captures[1].to_string(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    pub struct CatalogValue;
+
+    pub struct SchemaKey {
+        pub catalog_name: String,
+        pub schema_name: String,
+    }
+
+    impl Display for SchemaKey {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            f.write_str(SCHEMA_KEY_PREFIX)?;
+            f.write_str("-")?;
+            f.write_str(&self.catalog_name)?;
+            f.write_str("-")?;
+            f.write_str(&self.schema_name)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl SchemaKey {
+        pub fn parse(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+            let key = s.as_ref();
+            let captures = SCHEMA_KEY_PATTERN
+                .captures(key)
+                .context(InvalidCatalogSnafu { key })?;
+            ensure!(captures.len() == 3, InvalidCatalogSnafu { key });
+            Ok(Self {
+                catalog_name: captures[1].to_string(),
+                schema_name: captures[2].to_string(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    pub struct SchemaValue;
+
+    macro_rules! define_catalog_value {
+    ( $($val_ty: ty), *) => {
+            $(
+                impl $val_ty {
+                    pub fn parse(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+                        serde_json::from_str(s.as_ref())
+                            .context(DeserializeCatalogEntryValueSnafu { raw: s.as_ref() })
+                    }
+
+                    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+                         Self::parse(&String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes.as_ref()))
+                    }
+                }
+            )*
+        }
+    }
+
+    define_catalog_value!(TableGlobalValue);
+
+    mod err {
+        use snafu::{Location, Snafu};
+
+        #[derive(Debug, Snafu)]
+        #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
+        pub enum Error {
+            #[snafu(display("Invalid catalog info: {}", key))]
+            InvalidCatalog {
+                key: String,
+                #[snafu(implicit)]
+                location: Location,
+            },
+
+            #[snafu(display("Failed to deserialize catalog entry value: {}", raw))]
+            DeserializeCatalogEntryValue {
+                raw: String,
+                #[snafu(implicit)]
+                location: Location,
+                source: serde_json::error::Error,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/cmd/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/error.rs
@@ -163,15 +163,6 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to request database, sql: {sql}"))]
-    RequestDatabase {
-        sql: String,
-        #[snafu(source)]
-        source: client::Error,
-        #[snafu(implicit)]
-        location: Location,
-    },
-
    #[snafu(display("Failed to collect RecordBatches"))]
    CollectRecordBatches {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -363,7 +354,6 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            Error::ReplCreation { .. } | Error::Readline { .. } | Error::HttpQuerySql { .. } => {
                StatusCode::Internal
            }
-            Error::RequestDatabase { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::CollectRecordBatches { source, .. }
            | Error::PrettyPrintRecordBatches { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::StartMetaClient { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
@@ -375,11 +365,11 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {

            Error::SerdeJson { .. } | Error::FileIo { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,

+            Error::CacheRequired { .. } | Error::BuildCacheRegistry { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+
            Error::Other { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

            Error::BuildRuntime { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
-
-            Error::CacheRequired { .. } | Error::BuildCacheRegistry { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
        }
    }

--- a/src/cmd/src/frontend.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/frontend.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use cache::{build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry};
+use cache::{
+    build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry, TABLE_CACHE_NAME,
+    TABLE_ROUTE_CACHE_NAME,
+};
 use catalog::kvbackend::{CachedMetaKvBackendBuilder, KvBackendCatalogManager, MetaKvBackend};
 use clap::Parser;
 use client::client_manager::DatanodeClients;
@@ -299,12 +302,25 @@ impl StartCommand {
            .build(),
        );

+        let table_cache = layered_cache_registry
+            .get()
+            .context(error::CacheRequiredSnafu {
+                name: TABLE_CACHE_NAME,
+            })?;
+        let table_route_cache =
+            layered_cache_registry
+                .get()
+                .context(error::CacheRequiredSnafu {
+                    name: TABLE_ROUTE_CACHE_NAME,
+                })?;
        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
            opts.mode,
            Some(meta_client.clone()),
            cached_meta_backend.clone(),
-            layered_cache_registry.clone(),
-        );
+            table_cache,
+            table_route_cache,
+        )
+        .await;

        let executor = HandlerGroupExecutor::new(vec![
            Arc::new(ParseMailboxMessageHandler),
--- a/src/cmd/src/standalone.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/standalone.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fs, path};

 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use cache::{build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry};
+use cache::{
+    build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry, TABLE_CACHE_NAME,
+    TABLE_ROUTE_CACHE_NAME,
+};
 use catalog::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
 use clap::Parser;
 use common_catalog::consts::{MIN_USER_FLOW_ID, MIN_USER_TABLE_ID};
@@ -58,14 +61,14 @@ use servers::export_metrics::ExportMetricsOption;
 use servers::http::HttpOptions;
 use servers::tls::{TlsMode, TlsOption};
 use servers::Mode;
-use snafu::ResultExt;
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use tracing_appender::non_blocking::WorkerGuard;

 use crate::error::{
-    BuildCacheRegistrySnafu, CreateDirSnafu, IllegalConfigSnafu, InitDdlManagerSnafu,
-    InitMetadataSnafu, InitTimezoneSnafu, LoadLayeredConfigSnafu, Result, ShutdownDatanodeSnafu,
-    ShutdownFrontendSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu, StartFrontendSnafu, StartProcedureManagerSnafu,
-    StartWalOptionsAllocatorSnafu, StopProcedureManagerSnafu,
+    BuildCacheRegistrySnafu, CacheRequiredSnafu, CreateDirSnafu, IllegalConfigSnafu,
+    InitDdlManagerSnafu, InitMetadataSnafu, InitTimezoneSnafu, LoadLayeredConfigSnafu, Result,
+    ShutdownDatanodeSnafu, ShutdownFrontendSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu, StartFrontendSnafu,
+    StartProcedureManagerSnafu, StartWalOptionsAllocatorSnafu, StopProcedureManagerSnafu,
 };
 use crate::options::GlobalOptions;
 use crate::{log_versions, App};
@@ -418,12 +421,20 @@ impl StartCommand {
            .build(),
        );

+        let table_cache = layered_cache_registry.get().context(CacheRequiredSnafu {
+            name: TABLE_CACHE_NAME,
+        })?;
+        let table_route_cache = layered_cache_registry.get().context(CacheRequiredSnafu {
+            name: TABLE_ROUTE_CACHE_NAME,
+        })?;
        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
            dn_opts.mode,
            None,
            kv_backend.clone(),
-            layered_cache_registry.clone(),
-        );
+            table_cache,
+            table_route_cache,
+        )
+        .await;

        let table_metadata_manager =
            Self::create_table_metadata_manager(kv_backend.clone()).await?;
--- a/src/common/function/src/scalars/math/clamp.rs
+++ b/src/common/function/src/scalars/math/clamp.rs
@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ fn clamp_impl<T: LogicalPrimitiveType, const CLAMP_MIN: bool, const CLAMP_MAX: b
    min: T::Native,
    max: T::Native,
 ) -> Result<VectorRef> {
+    common_telemetry::info!("[DEBUG] min {min:?}, max {max:?}");
+
    let iter = ArrayIter::new(input);
    let result = iter.map(|x| {
        x.map(|x| {
--- a/src/common/grpc/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/grpc/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ prost.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 tonic.workspace = true
-tower.workspace = true
+tower = "0.4"

 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion = "0.4"
--- a/src/common/meta/src/cache.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/cache.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub use registry::{
    LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder, LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
 };
 pub use table::{
-    new_table_info_cache, new_table_name_cache, new_table_route_cache, new_view_info_cache,
-    TableInfoCache, TableInfoCacheRef, TableNameCache, TableNameCacheRef, TableRoute,
-    TableRouteCache, TableRouteCacheRef, ViewInfoCache, ViewInfoCacheRef,
+    new_table_info_cache, new_table_name_cache, new_table_route_cache, TableInfoCache,
+    TableInfoCacheRef, TableNameCache, TableNameCacheRef, TableRoute, TableRouteCache,
+    TableRouteCacheRef,
 };
--- a/src/common/meta/src/cache/flow/table_flownode.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/cache/flow/table_flownode.rs
@@ -145,13 +145,13 @@ mod tests {

    use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
    use moka::future::CacheBuilder;
-    use table::table_name::TableName;

    use crate::cache::flow::table_flownode::new_table_flownode_set_cache;
    use crate::instruction::{CacheIdent, CreateFlow, DropFlow};
    use crate::key::flow::flow_info::FlowInfoValue;
    use crate::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+    use crate::table_name::TableName;

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_cache_empty_set() {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/cache/table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/cache/table.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
 mod table_info;
 mod table_name;
 mod table_route;
-mod view_info;
-
 pub use table_info::{new_table_info_cache, TableInfoCache, TableInfoCacheRef};
 pub use table_name::{new_table_name_cache, TableNameCache, TableNameCacheRef};
 pub use table_route::{new_table_route_cache, TableRoute, TableRouteCache, TableRouteCacheRef};
-pub use view_info::{new_view_info_cache, ViewInfoCache, ViewInfoCacheRef};
--- a/src/common/meta/src/cache/table/table_name.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/cache/table/table_name.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 use moka::future::Cache;
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::cache::{CacheContainer, Initializer};
 use crate::error;
@@ -26,6 +25,7 @@ use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::instruction::CacheIdent;
 use crate::key::table_name::{TableNameKey, TableNameManager, TableNameManagerRef};
 use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 /// [TableNameCache] caches the [TableName] to [TableId] mapping.
 pub type TableNameCache = CacheContainer<TableName, TableId, CacheIdent>;
--- a/src/common/meta/src/cache/table/view_info.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/cache/table/view_info.rs
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use futures::future::BoxFuture;
-use moka::future::Cache;
-use snafu::OptionExt;
-use store_api::storage::TableId;
-
-use crate::cache::{CacheContainer, Initializer};
-use crate::error;
-use crate::error::Result;
-use crate::instruction::CacheIdent;
-use crate::key::view_info::{ViewInfoManager, ViewInfoManagerRef, ViewInfoValue};
-use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
-
-/// [ViewInfoCache] caches the [TableId] to [ViewInfoValue] mapping.
-pub type ViewInfoCache = CacheContainer<TableId, Arc<ViewInfoValue>, CacheIdent>;
-
-pub type ViewInfoCacheRef = Arc<ViewInfoCache>;
-
-/// Constructs a [ViewInfoCache].
-pub fn new_view_info_cache(
-    name: String,
-    cache: Cache<TableId, Arc<ViewInfoValue>>,
-    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
-) -> ViewInfoCache {
-    let view_info_manager = Arc::new(ViewInfoManager::new(kv_backend));
-    let init = init_factory(view_info_manager);
-
-    CacheContainer::new(name, cache, Box::new(invalidator), init, Box::new(filter))
-}
-
-fn init_factory(view_info_manager: ViewInfoManagerRef) -> Initializer<TableId, Arc<ViewInfoValue>> {
-    Arc::new(move |view_id| {
-        let view_info_manager = view_info_manager.clone();
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let view_info = view_info_manager
-                .get(*view_id)
-                .await?
-                .context(error::ValueNotExistSnafu {})?
-                .into_inner();
-
-            Ok(Some(Arc::new(view_info)))
-        })
-    })
-}
-
-fn invalidator<'a>(
-    cache: &'a Cache<TableId, Arc<ViewInfoValue>>,
-    ident: &'a CacheIdent,
-) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<()>> {
-    Box::pin(async move {
-        if let CacheIdent::TableId(table_id) = ident {
-            cache.invalidate(table_id).await
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    })
-}
-
-fn filter(ident: &CacheIdent) -> bool {
-    matches!(ident, CacheIdent::TableId(_))
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use std::collections::HashSet;
-    use std::sync::Arc;
-
-    use moka::future::CacheBuilder;
-    use table::table_name::TableName;
-
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::ddl::tests::create_view::test_create_view_task;
-    use crate::key::TableMetadataManager;
-    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_view_info_cache() {
-        let mem_kv = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::default());
-        let table_metadata_manager = TableMetadataManager::new(mem_kv.clone());
-        let cache = CacheBuilder::new(128).build();
-        let cache = new_view_info_cache("test".to_string(), cache, mem_kv.clone());
-
-        let result = cache.get(1024).await.unwrap();
-        assert!(result.is_none());
-        let mut task = test_create_view_task("my_view");
-        let table_names = {
-            let mut set = HashSet::new();
-            set.insert(TableName {
-                catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-                schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-                table_name: "a_table".to_string(),
-            });
-            set.insert(TableName {
-                catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-                schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-                table_name: "b_table".to_string(),
-            });
-            set
-        };
-
-        task.view_info.ident.table_id = 1024;
-        table_metadata_manager
-            .create_view_metadata(
-                task.view_info.clone(),
-                task.create_view.logical_plan.clone(),
-                table_names,
-            )
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let view_info = cache.get(1024).await.unwrap().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(view_info.view_info, task.create_view.logical_plan);
-        assert_eq!(
-            view_info.table_names,
-            task.create_view
-                .table_names
-                .iter()
-                .map(|t| t.clone().into())
-                .collect::<HashSet<_>>()
-        );
-
-        assert!(cache.contains_key(&1024));
-        cache
-            .invalidate(&[CacheIdent::TableId(1024)])
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        assert!(!cache.contains_key(&1024));
-    }
-}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub mod table_meta;
 #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
 pub mod test_util;
 #[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) mod tests;
+mod tests;
 pub mod truncate_table;
 pub mod utils;

--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_logical_tables/table_cache_keys.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_logical_tables/table_cache_keys.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::ddl::alter_logical_tables::AlterLogicalTablesProcedure;
 use crate::instruction::CacheIdent;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 impl AlterLogicalTablesProcedure {
    pub(crate) fn build_table_cache_keys_to_invalidate(&self) -> Vec<CacheIdent> {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_logical_tables/update_metadata.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_logical_tables/update_metadata.rs
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ use common_telemetry::{info, warn};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::cache_invalidator::Context;
 use crate::ddl::create_logical_tables::CreateLogicalTablesProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::physical_table_metadata;
 use crate::error::{Result, TableInfoNotFoundSnafu};
 use crate::instruction::CacheIdent;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 impl CreateLogicalTablesProcedure {
    pub(crate) async fn update_physical_table_metadata(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_view.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_view.rs
@@ -22,11 +22,9 @@ use strum::AsRefStr;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId, TableType};
 use table::table_reference::TableReference;

-use crate::cache_invalidator::Context;
 use crate::ddl::utils::handle_retry_error;
 use crate::ddl::{DdlContext, TableMetadata, TableMetadataAllocatorContext};
 use crate::error::{self, Result};
-use crate::instruction::CacheIdent;
 use crate::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
 use crate::lock_key::{CatalogLock, SchemaLock, TableNameLock};
 use crate::rpc::ddl::CreateViewTask;
@@ -159,25 +157,6 @@ impl CreateViewProcedure {
        Ok(Status::executing(true))
    }

-    async fn invalidate_view_cache(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let cache_invalidator = &self.context.cache_invalidator;
-        let ctx = Context {
-            subject: Some("Invalidate view cache by creating view".to_string()),
-        };
-
-        cache_invalidator
-            .invalidate(
-                &ctx,
-                &[
-                    CacheIdent::TableName(self.data.table_ref().into()),
-                    CacheIdent::TableId(self.view_id()),
-                ],
-            )
-            .await?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
    /// Creates view metadata
    ///
    /// Abort(not-retry):
@@ -196,21 +175,15 @@ impl CreateViewProcedure {
                    view_name: self.data.table_ref().to_string(),
                })?;
            let new_logical_plan = self.data.task.raw_logical_plan().clone();
-            let table_names = self.data.task.table_names();
-
            manager
-                .update_view_info(view_id, &current_view_info, new_logical_plan, table_names)
+                .update_view_info(view_id, &current_view_info, new_logical_plan)
                .await?;

            info!("Updated view metadata for view {view_id}");
        } else {
            let raw_view_info = self.view_info().clone();
            manager
-                .create_view_metadata(
-                    raw_view_info,
-                    self.data.task.raw_logical_plan().clone(),
-                    self.data.task.table_names(),
-                )
+                .create_view_metadata(raw_view_info, self.data.task.raw_logical_plan())
                .await?;

            info!(
@@ -218,7 +191,6 @@ impl CreateViewProcedure {
                ctx.procedure_id
            );
        }
-        self.invalidate_view_cache().await?;

        Ok(Status::done_with_output(view_id))
    }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_database/cursor.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_database/cursor.rs
@@ -14,23 +14,19 @@

 use std::any::Any;

-use common_catalog::format_full_table_name;
 use common_procedure::Status;
 use futures::TryStreamExt;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use snafu::OptionExt;
-use table::metadata::{TableId, TableType};
-use table::table_name::TableName;
+use table::metadata::TableId;

 use super::executor::DropDatabaseExecutor;
 use super::metadata::DropDatabaseRemoveMetadata;
 use super::DropTableTarget;
-use crate::cache_invalidator::Context;
 use crate::ddl::drop_database::{DropDatabaseContext, State};
 use crate::ddl::DdlContext;
-use crate::error::{Result, TableInfoNotFoundSnafu};
-use crate::instruction::CacheIdent;
+use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub(crate) struct DropDatabaseCursor {
@@ -105,40 +101,6 @@ impl DropDatabaseCursor {
            )),
        }
    }
-
-    async fn handle_view(
-        &self,
-        ddl_ctx: &DdlContext,
-        ctx: &mut DropDatabaseContext,
-        table_name: String,
-        table_id: TableId,
-    ) -> Result<(Box<dyn State>, Status)> {
-        let view_name = TableName::new(&ctx.catalog, &ctx.schema, &table_name);
-        ddl_ctx
-            .table_metadata_manager
-            .destroy_view_info(table_id, &view_name)
-            .await?;
-
-        let cache_invalidator = &ddl_ctx.cache_invalidator;
-        let ctx = Context {
-            subject: Some("Invalidate table cache by dropping table".to_string()),
-        };
-
-        cache_invalidator
-            .invalidate(
-                &ctx,
-                &[
-                    CacheIdent::TableName(view_name),
-                    CacheIdent::TableId(table_id),
-                ],
-            )
-            .await?;
-
-        Ok((
-            Box::new(DropDatabaseCursor::new(self.target)),
-            Status::executing(false),
-        ))
-    }
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -160,20 +122,6 @@ impl State for DropDatabaseCursor {
        match ctx.tables.as_mut().unwrap().try_next().await? {
            Some((table_name, table_name_value)) => {
                let table_id = table_name_value.table_id();
-
-                let table_info_value = ddl_ctx
-                    .table_metadata_manager
-                    .table_info_manager()
-                    .get(table_id)
-                    .await?
-                    .with_context(|| TableInfoNotFoundSnafu {
-                        table: format_full_table_name(&ctx.catalog, &ctx.schema, &table_name),
-                    })?;
-
-                if table_info_value.table_info.table_type == TableType::View {
-                    return self.handle_view(ddl_ctx, ctx, table_name, table_id).await;
-                }
-
                match ddl_ctx
                    .table_metadata_manager
                    .table_route_manager()
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_database/executor.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_database/executor.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use common_telemetry::info;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use super::cursor::DropDatabaseCursor;
 use super::{DropDatabaseContext, DropTableTarget};
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@ use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use crate::region_keeper::OperatingRegionGuard;
 use crate::rpc::router::{operating_leader_regions, RegionRoute};
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub(crate) struct DropDatabaseExecutor {
@@ -135,7 +135,6 @@ mod tests {
    use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
    use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
    use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
-    use table::table_name::TableName;

    use crate::ddl::drop_database::cursor::DropDatabaseCursor;
    use crate::ddl::drop_database::executor::DropDatabaseExecutor;
@@ -145,6 +144,7 @@ mod tests {
    use crate::key::datanode_table::DatanodeTableKey;
    use crate::peer::Peer;
    use crate::rpc::router::region_distribution;
+    use crate::table_name::TableName;
    use crate::test_util::{new_ddl_context, MockDatanodeHandler, MockDatanodeManager};

    #[derive(Clone)]
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_table/executor.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_table/executor.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ use futures::future::join_all;
 use snafu::ensure;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::cache_invalidator::Context;
 use crate::ddl::utils::add_peer_context_if_needed;
@@ -33,6 +32,7 @@ use crate::instruction::CacheIdent;
 use crate::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use crate::rpc::router::{find_leader_regions, find_leaders, RegionRoute};
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 /// [Control] indicated to the caller whether to go to the next step.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -224,7 +224,6 @@ mod tests {
    use api::v1::{ColumnDataType, SemanticType};
    use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
    use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;
-    use table::table_name::TableName;

    use super::*;
    use crate::ddl::test_util::columns::TestColumnDefBuilder;
@@ -232,6 +231,7 @@ mod tests {
        build_raw_table_info_from_expr, TestCreateTableExprBuilder,
    };
    use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
+    use crate::table_name::TableName;
    use crate::test_util::{new_ddl_context, MockDatanodeManager};

    fn test_create_raw_table_info(name: &str) -> RawTableInfo {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ mod alter_table;
 mod create_flow;
 mod create_logical_tables;
 mod create_table;
-pub(crate) mod create_view;
+mod create_view;
 mod drop_database;
 mod drop_flow;
 mod drop_table;
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_flow.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_flow.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use common_procedure_test::execute_procedure_until_done;
 use session::context::QueryContext;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::ddl::create_flow::CreateFlowProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::test_util::create_table::test_create_table_task;
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@ use crate::ddl::DdlContext;
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use crate::key::FlowId;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::CreateFlowTask;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;
 use crate::test_util::{new_ddl_context, MockFlownodeManager};
 use crate::{error, ClusterId};

--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_view.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_view.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use api::v1::{CreateViewExpr, TableName};
+use api::v1::CreateViewExpr;
 use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, Procedure, ProcedureId, Status};
@@ -32,35 +31,7 @@ use crate::error::Error;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::CreateViewTask;
 use crate::test_util::{new_ddl_context, MockDatanodeManager};

-fn test_table_names() -> HashSet<table::table_name::TableName> {
-    let mut set = HashSet::new();
-    set.insert(table::table_name::TableName {
-        catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-        schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-        table_name: "a_table".to_string(),
-    });
-    set.insert(table::table_name::TableName {
-        catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-        schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-        table_name: "b_table".to_string(),
-    });
-    set
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn test_create_view_task(name: &str) -> CreateViewTask {
-    let table_names = vec![
-        TableName {
-            catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-            schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-            table_name: "a_table".to_string(),
-        },
-        TableName {
-            catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-            schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-            table_name: "b_table".to_string(),
-        },
-    ];
-
+fn test_create_view_task(name: &str) -> CreateViewTask {
    let expr = CreateViewExpr {
        catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
        schema_name: "public".to_string(),
@@ -68,7 +39,6 @@ pub(crate) fn test_create_view_task(name: &str) -> CreateViewTask {
        or_replace: false,
        create_if_not_exists: false,
        logical_plan: vec![1, 2, 3],
-        table_names,
    };

    let view_info = RawTableInfo {
@@ -100,11 +70,7 @@ async fn test_on_prepare_view_exists_err() {
    // Puts a value to table name key.
    ddl_context
        .table_metadata_manager
-        .create_view_metadata(
-            task.view_info.clone(),
-            task.create_view.logical_plan.clone(),
-            test_table_names(),
-        )
+        .create_view_metadata(task.view_info.clone(), &task.create_view.logical_plan)
        .await
        .unwrap();
    let mut procedure = CreateViewProcedure::new(cluster_id, task, ddl_context);
@@ -124,11 +90,7 @@ async fn test_on_prepare_with_create_if_view_exists() {
    // Puts a value to table name key.
    ddl_context
        .table_metadata_manager
-        .create_view_metadata(
-            task.view_info.clone(),
-            task.create_view.logical_plan.clone(),
-            test_table_names(),
-        )
+        .create_view_metadata(task.view_info.clone(), &task.create_view.logical_plan)
        .await
        .unwrap();
    let mut procedure = CreateViewProcedure::new(cluster_id, task, ddl_context);
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/drop_flow.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/drop_flow.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;

 use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use common_procedure_test::execute_procedure_until_done;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::ddl::drop_flow::DropFlowProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::test_util::create_table::test_create_table_task;
@@ -27,6 +26,7 @@ use crate::ddl::tests::create_flow::create_test_flow;
 use crate::error;
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::DropFlowTask;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;
 use crate::test_util::{new_ddl_context, MockFlownodeManager};

 fn test_drop_flow_task(flow_name: &str, flow_id: u32, drop_if_exists: bool) -> DropFlowTask {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/truncate_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/truncate_table.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 use strum::AsRefStr;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
-use table::table_name::TableName;
 use table::table_reference::TableReference;

 use super::utils::handle_retry_error;
@@ -41,6 +40,7 @@ use crate::key::DeserializedValueWithBytes;
 use crate::lock_key::{CatalogLock, SchemaLock, TableLock};
 use crate::rpc::ddl::TruncateTableTask;
 use crate::rpc::router::{find_leader_regions, find_leaders, RegionRoute};
+use crate::table_name::TableName;
 use crate::{metrics, ClusterId};

 pub struct TruncateTableProcedure {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs
@@ -489,7 +489,8 @@ async fn handle_create_table_task(

    Ok(SubmitDdlTaskResponse {
        key: procedure_id.into(),
-        table_ids: vec![table_id],
+        table_id: Some(table_id),
+        ..Default::default()
    })
 }

@@ -533,6 +534,7 @@ async fn handle_create_logical_table_tasks(
    Ok(SubmitDdlTaskResponse {
        key: procedure_id.into(),
        table_ids,
+        ..Default::default()
    })
 }

@@ -688,7 +690,8 @@ async fn handle_create_view_task(

    Ok(SubmitDdlTaskResponse {
        key: procedure_id.into(),
-        table_ids: vec![view_id],
+        table_id: Some(view_id),
+        ..Default::default()
    })
 }

--- a/src/common/meta/src/instruction.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/instruction.rs
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, RegionNumber};
 use strum::Display;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::flow_name::FlowName;
 use crate::key::schema_name::SchemaName;
 use crate::key::FlowId;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;
 use crate::{ClusterId, DatanodeId, FlownodeId};

 #[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@ pub mod flow;
 pub mod schema_name;
 pub mod table_info;
 pub mod table_name;
+// TODO(weny): removes it.
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub mod table_region;
 pub mod view_info;
 // TODO(weny): removes it.
 #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -116,7 +119,6 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::RegionNumber;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
-use table::table_name::TableName;
 use table_info::{TableInfoKey, TableInfoManager, TableInfoValue};
 use table_name::{TableNameKey, TableNameManager, TableNameValue};
 use view_info::{ViewInfoKey, ViewInfoManager, ViewInfoValue};
@@ -136,12 +138,14 @@ use crate::kv_backend::txn::{Txn, TxnOp};
 use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use crate::rpc::router::{region_distribution, RegionRoute, RegionStatus};
 use crate::rpc::store::BatchDeleteRequest;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;
 use crate::DatanodeId;

 pub const NAME_PATTERN: &str = r"[a-zA-Z_:-][a-zA-Z0-9_:\-\.]*";
 pub const MAINTENANCE_KEY: &str = "maintenance";

 const DATANODE_TABLE_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__dn_table";
+const TABLE_REGION_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__table_region";
 pub const TABLE_INFO_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__table_info";
 pub const VIEW_INFO_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__view_info";
 pub const TABLE_NAME_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__table_name";
@@ -486,8 +490,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
    pub async fn create_view_metadata(
        &self,
        view_info: RawTableInfo,
-        raw_logical_plan: Vec<u8>,
-        table_names: HashSet<TableName>,
+        raw_logical_plan: &Vec<u8>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let view_id = view_info.ident.table_id;

@@ -509,7 +512,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
            .build_create_txn(view_id, &table_info_value)?;

        // Creates view info
-        let view_info_value = ViewInfoValue::new(raw_logical_plan, table_names);
+        let view_info_value = ViewInfoValue::new(raw_logical_plan);
        let (create_view_info_txn, on_create_view_info_failure) = self
            .view_info_manager()
            .build_create_txn(view_id, &view_info_value)?;
@@ -801,33 +804,6 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
        Ok(())
    }

-    fn view_info_keys(&self, view_id: TableId, view_name: &TableName) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
-        let mut keys = Vec::with_capacity(3);
-        let view_name = TableNameKey::new(
-            &view_name.catalog_name,
-            &view_name.schema_name,
-            &view_name.table_name,
-        );
-        let table_info_key = TableInfoKey::new(view_id);
-        let view_info_key = ViewInfoKey::new(view_id);
-        keys.push(view_name.to_bytes());
-        keys.push(table_info_key.to_bytes());
-        keys.push(view_info_key.to_bytes());
-
-        Ok(keys)
-    }
-
-    /// Deletes metadata for view **permanently**.
-    /// The caller MUST ensure it has the exclusive access to `ViewNameKey`.
-    pub async fn destroy_view_info(&self, view_id: TableId, view_name: &TableName) -> Result<()> {
-        let keys = self.view_info_keys(view_id, view_name)?;
-        let _ = self
-            .kv_backend
-            .batch_delete(BatchDeleteRequest::new().with_keys(keys))
-            .await?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
    /// Renames the table name and returns an error if different metadata exists.
    /// The caller MUST ensure it has the exclusive access to old and new `TableNameKey`s,
    /// and the new `TableNameKey` MUST be empty.
@@ -927,9 +903,8 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
        view_id: TableId,
        current_view_info_value: &DeserializedValueWithBytes<ViewInfoValue>,
        new_view_info: Vec<u8>,
-        table_names: HashSet<TableName>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let new_view_info_value = current_view_info_value.update(new_view_info, table_names);
+        let new_view_info_value = current_view_info_value.update(new_view_info);

        // Updates view info.
        let (update_view_info_txn, on_update_view_info_failure) = self
@@ -1199,7 +1174,7 @@ impl_optional_meta_value! {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
+    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
    use std::sync::Arc;

    use bytes::Bytes;
@@ -1208,7 +1183,6 @@ mod tests {
    use futures::TryStreamExt;
    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
    use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableInfo};
-    use table::table_name::TableName;

    use super::datanode_table::DatanodeTableKey;
    use super::test_utils;
@@ -1223,6 +1197,7 @@ mod tests {
    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
    use crate::peer::Peer;
    use crate::rpc::router::{region_distribution, Region, RegionRoute, RegionStatus};
+    use crate::table_name::TableName;

    #[test]
    fn test_deserialized_value_with_bytes() {
@@ -1275,21 +1250,6 @@ mod tests {
        test_utils::new_test_table_info(10, region_numbers)
    }

-    fn new_test_table_names() -> HashSet<TableName> {
-        let mut set = HashSet::new();
-        set.insert(TableName {
-            catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-            schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-            table_name: "a_table".to_string(),
-        });
-        set.insert(TableName {
-            catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-            schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-            table_name: "b_table".to_string(),
-        });
-        set
-    }
-
    async fn create_physical_table_metadata(
        table_metadata_manager: &TableMetadataManager,
        table_info: RawTableInfo,
@@ -2001,11 +1961,9 @@ mod tests {

        let logical_plan: Vec<u8> = vec![1, 2, 3];

-        let table_names = new_test_table_names();
-
        // Create metadata
        table_metadata_manager
-            .create_view_metadata(view_info.clone(), logical_plan.clone(), table_names.clone())
+            .create_view_metadata(view_info.clone(), &logical_plan)
            .await
            .unwrap();

@@ -2019,7 +1977,6 @@ mod tests {
                .unwrap()
                .into_inner();
            assert_eq!(current_view_info.view_info, logical_plan);
-            assert_eq!(current_view_info.table_names, table_names);
            // assert table info
            let current_table_info = table_metadata_manager
                .table_info_manager()
@@ -2032,43 +1989,16 @@ mod tests {
        }

        let new_logical_plan: Vec<u8> = vec![4, 5, 6];
-        let new_table_names = {
-            let mut set = HashSet::new();
-            set.insert(TableName {
-                catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-                schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-                table_name: "b_table".to_string(),
-            });
-            set.insert(TableName {
-                catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-                schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-                table_name: "c_table".to_string(),
-            });
-            set
-        };
-
-        let current_view_info_value = DeserializedValueWithBytes::from_inner(ViewInfoValue::new(
-            logical_plan.clone(),
-            table_names,
-        ));
+        let current_view_info_value =
+            DeserializedValueWithBytes::from_inner(ViewInfoValue::new(&logical_plan));
        // should be ok.
        table_metadata_manager
-            .update_view_info(
-                view_id,
-                &current_view_info_value,
-                new_logical_plan.clone(),
-                new_table_names.clone(),
-            )
+            .update_view_info(view_id, &current_view_info_value, new_logical_plan.clone())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        // if table info was updated, it should be ok.
        table_metadata_manager
-            .update_view_info(
-                view_id,
-                &current_view_info_value,
-                new_logical_plan.clone(),
-                new_table_names.clone(),
-            )
+            .update_view_info(view_id, &current_view_info_value, new_logical_plan.clone())
            .await
            .unwrap();

@@ -2081,21 +2011,14 @@ mod tests {
            .unwrap()
            .into_inner();
        assert_eq!(updated_view_info.view_info, new_logical_plan);
-        assert_eq!(updated_view_info.table_names, new_table_names);

        let wrong_view_info = logical_plan.clone();
-        let wrong_view_info_value = DeserializedValueWithBytes::from_inner(
-            current_view_info_value.update(wrong_view_info, new_table_names.clone()),
-        );
+        let wrong_view_info_value =
+            DeserializedValueWithBytes::from_inner(current_view_info_value.update(wrong_view_info));
        // if the current_view_info_value is wrong, it should return an error.
        // The ABA problem.
        assert!(table_metadata_manager
-            .update_view_info(
-                view_id,
-                &wrong_view_info_value,
-                new_logical_plan.clone(),
-                new_table_names.clone(),
-            )
+            .update_view_info(view_id, &wrong_view_info_value, new_logical_plan.clone())
            .await
            .is_err());

@@ -2108,6 +2031,5 @@ mod tests {
            .unwrap()
            .into_inner();
        assert_eq!(current_view_info.view_info, new_logical_plan);
-        assert_eq!(current_view_info.table_names, new_table_names);
    }
 }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/datanode_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/datanode_table.rs
@@ -72,8 +72,12 @@ impl DatanodeTableKey {
        }
    }

-    pub fn prefix(datanode_id: DatanodeId) -> String {
-        format!("{}/{datanode_id}/", DATANODE_TABLE_KEY_PREFIX)
+    fn prefix(datanode_id: DatanodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{}/{datanode_id}", DATANODE_TABLE_KEY_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    pub fn range_start_key(datanode_id: DatanodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{}/", Self::prefix(datanode_id))
    }
 }

@@ -110,7 +114,7 @@ impl<'a> MetaKey<'a, DatanodeTableKey> for DatanodeTableKey {

 impl Display for DatanodeTableKey {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}{}", Self::prefix(self.datanode_id), self.table_id)
+        write!(f, "{}/{}", Self::prefix(self.datanode_id), self.table_id)
    }
 }

@@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ impl DatanodeTableManager {
        &self,
        datanode_id: DatanodeId,
    ) -> BoxStream<'static, Result<DatanodeTableValue>> {
-        let start_key = DatanodeTableKey::prefix(datanode_id);
+        let start_key = DatanodeTableKey::range_start_key(datanode_id);
        let req = RangeRequest::new().with_prefix(start_key.as_bytes());

        let stream = PaginationStream::new(
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/flow.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/flow.rs
@@ -262,12 +262,12 @@ mod tests {

    use futures::TryStreamExt;
    use table::metadata::TableId;
-    use table::table_name::TableName;

    use super::*;
    use crate::key::flow::table_flow::TableFlowKey;
    use crate::key::FlowPartitionId;
    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+    use crate::table_name::TableName;
    use crate::FlownodeId;

    #[derive(Debug)]
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/flow/flow_info.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/flow/flow_info.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ use regex::Regex;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::key::flow::FlowScoped;
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@ use crate::key::txn_helper::TxnOpGetResponseSet;
 use crate::key::{DeserializedValueWithBytes, FlowId, FlowPartitionId, MetaKey, TableMetaValue};
 use crate::kv_backend::txn::Txn;
 use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;
 use crate::FlownodeId;

 const FLOW_INFO_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "info";
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/flow/flownode_flow.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/flow/flownode_flow.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ impl FlownodeFlowKey {

    /// The prefix used to retrieve all [FlownodeFlowKey]s with the specified `flownode_id`.
    pub fn range_start_key(flownode_id: FlownodeId) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let inner = BytesAdapter::from(FlownodeFlowKeyInner::prefix(flownode_id).into_bytes());
+        let inner =
+            BytesAdapter::from(FlownodeFlowKeyInner::range_start_key(flownode_id).into_bytes());

        FlowScoped::new(inner).to_bytes()
    }
@@ -107,8 +108,13 @@ impl FlownodeFlowKeyInner {
        }
    }

-    pub fn prefix(flownode_id: FlownodeId) -> String {
-        format!("{}/{flownode_id}/", FLOWNODE_FLOW_KEY_PREFIX)
+    fn prefix(flownode_id: FlownodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{}/{flownode_id}", FLOWNODE_FLOW_KEY_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    /// The prefix used to retrieve all [FlownodeFlowKey]s with the specified `flownode_id`.
+    fn range_start_key(flownode_id: FlownodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{}/", Self::prefix(flownode_id))
    }
 }

--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/flow/table_flow.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/flow/table_flow.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl TableFlowKey {

    /// The prefix used to retrieve all [TableFlowKey]s with the specified `table_id`.
    pub fn range_start_key(table_id: TableId) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let inner = BytesAdapter::from(TableFlowKeyInner::prefix(table_id).into_bytes());
+        let inner = BytesAdapter::from(TableFlowKeyInner::range_start_key(table_id).into_bytes());

        FlowScoped::new(inner).to_bytes()
    }
@@ -123,7 +123,12 @@ impl TableFlowKeyInner {
    }

    fn prefix(table_id: TableId) -> String {
-        format!("{}/{table_id}/", TABLE_FLOW_KEY_PREFIX)
+        format!("{}/{table_id}", TABLE_FLOW_KEY_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    /// The prefix used to retrieve all [TableFlowKey]s with the specified `table_id`.
+    fn range_start_key(table_id: TableId) -> String {
+        format!("{}/", Self::prefix(table_id))
    }
 }

--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/table_info.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/table_info.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
-use table::table_name::TableName;
 use table::table_reference::TableReference;

 use super::TABLE_INFO_KEY_PATTERN;
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@ use crate::key::{DeserializedValueWithBytes, MetaKey, TableMetaValue, TABLE_INFO
 use crate::kv_backend::txn::Txn;
 use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use crate::rpc::store::BatchGetRequest;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 /// The key stores the metadata of the table.
 ///
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/table_name.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/table_name.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ use futures_util::stream::BoxStream;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use super::{MetaKey, TableMetaValue, TABLE_NAME_KEY_PATTERN, TABLE_NAME_KEY_PREFIX};
 use crate::error::{Error, InvalidTableMetadataSnafu, Result};
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@ use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use crate::range_stream::{PaginationStream, DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE};
 use crate::rpc::store::{BatchGetRequest, RangeRequest};
 use crate::rpc::KeyValue;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct TableNameKey<'a> {
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl<'a> TableNameKey<'a> {
    }

    pub fn prefix_to_table(catalog: &str, schema: &str) -> String {
-        format!("{}/{}/{}/", TABLE_NAME_KEY_PREFIX, catalog, schema)
+        format!("{}/{}/{}", TABLE_NAME_KEY_PREFIX, catalog, schema)
    }
 }

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl Display for TableNameKey<'_> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
-            "{}{}",
+            "{}/{}",
            Self::prefix_to_table(self.catalog, self.schema),
            self.table
        )
@@ -268,11 +268,7 @@ impl TableNameManager {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {

-    use futures::StreamExt;
-
    use super::*;
-    use crate::kv_backend::KvBackend;
-    use crate::rpc::store::PutRequest;

    #[test]
    fn test_strip_table_name() {
@@ -328,39 +324,4 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap(), literal);
        assert_eq!(TableNameValue::try_from_raw_value(literal).unwrap(), value);
    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_prefix_scan_tables() {
-        let memory_kv = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::<crate::error::Error>::new());
-        memory_kv
-            .put(PutRequest {
-                key: TableNameKey {
-                    catalog: "greptime",
-                    schema: "👉",
-                    table: "t",
-                }
-                .to_bytes(),
-                value: vec![],
-                prev_kv: false,
-            })
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        memory_kv
-            .put(PutRequest {
-                key: TableNameKey {
-                    catalog: "greptime",
-                    schema: "👉👈",
-                    table: "t",
-                }
-                .to_bytes(),
-                value: vec![],
-                prev_kv: false,
-            })
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let manager = TableNameManager::new(memory_kv);
-        let items = manager.tables("greptime", "👉").collect::<Vec<_>>().await;
-        assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
-    }
 }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/table_region.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/table_region.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+use regex::Regex;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use store_api::storage::RegionNumber;
+use table::metadata::TableId;
+
+use super::{MetaKey, TABLE_REGION_KEY_PREFIX};
+use crate::error::{InvalidTableMetadataSnafu, Result, SerdeJsonSnafu};
+use crate::{impl_table_meta_value, DatanodeId};
+
+pub type RegionDistribution = BTreeMap<DatanodeId, Vec<RegionNumber>>;
+
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "0.4.0",
+    note = "Please use the TableRouteManager's get_region_distribution method instead"
+)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TableRegionKey {
+    table_id: TableId,
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref TABLE_REGION_KEY_PATTERN: Regex =
+        Regex::new(&format!("^{TABLE_REGION_KEY_PREFIX}/([0-9]+)$")).unwrap();
+}
+
+impl TableRegionKey {
+    pub fn new(table_id: TableId) -> Self {
+        Self { table_id }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for TableRegionKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}/{}", TABLE_REGION_KEY_PREFIX, self.table_id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> MetaKey<'a, TableRegionKey> for TableRegionKey {
+    fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.to_string().into_bytes()
+    }
+
+    fn from_bytes(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Result<TableRegionKey> {
+        let key = std::str::from_utf8(bytes).map_err(|e| {
+            InvalidTableMetadataSnafu {
+                err_msg: format!(
+                    "TableRegionKey '{}' is not a valid UTF8 string: {e}",
+                    String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes)
+                ),
+            }
+            .build()
+        })?;
+        let captures =
+            TABLE_REGION_KEY_PATTERN
+                .captures(key)
+                .context(InvalidTableMetadataSnafu {
+                    err_msg: format!("Invalid TableRegionKey '{key}'"),
+                })?;
+        // Safety: pass the regex check above
+        let table_id = captures[1].parse::<TableId>().unwrap();
+        Ok(TableRegionKey { table_id })
+    }
+}
+
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "0.4.0",
+    note = "Please use the TableRouteManager's get_region_distribution method instead"
+)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TableRegionValue {
+    pub region_distribution: RegionDistribution,
+    version: u64,
+}
+
+impl TableRegionValue {
+    pub fn new(region_distribution: RegionDistribution) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            region_distribution,
+            version: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl_table_meta_value! {TableRegionValue}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::key::TableMetaValue;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialization() {
+        let key = TableRegionKey::new(24);
+        let raw_key = key.to_bytes();
+        assert_eq!(raw_key, b"__table_region/24");
+        let deserialized = TableRegionKey::from_bytes(b"__table_region/24").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(key, deserialized);
+
+        let value = TableRegionValue {
+            region_distribution: RegionDistribution::from([(1, vec![1, 2, 3]), (2, vec![4, 5, 6])]),
+            version: 0,
+        };
+        let literal = br#"{"region_distribution":{"1":[1,2,3],"2":[4,5,6]},"version":0}"#;
+
+        assert_eq!(value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap(), literal);
+        assert_eq!(
+            TableRegionValue::try_from_raw_value(literal).unwrap(),
+            value,
+        );
+    }
+}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/view_info.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/view_info.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,12 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Display;
-use std::sync::Arc;

 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use super::VIEW_INFO_KEY_PATTERN;
 use crate::error::{InvalidViewInfoSnafu, Result};
@@ -82,30 +80,21 @@ impl<'a> MetaKey<'a, ViewInfoKey> for ViewInfoKey {
 /// The VIEW info value that keeps the metadata.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ViewInfoValue {
-    /// The encoded logical plan
    pub view_info: RawViewLogicalPlan,
-    /// The resolved fully table names in logical plan
-    pub table_names: HashSet<TableName>,
    version: u64,
 }

 impl ViewInfoValue {
-    pub fn new(view_info: RawViewLogicalPlan, table_names: HashSet<TableName>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(view_info: &RawViewLogicalPlan) -> Self {
        Self {
-            view_info,
-            table_names,
+            view_info: view_info.clone(),
            version: 0,
        }
    }

-    pub(crate) fn update(
-        &self,
-        new_view_info: RawViewLogicalPlan,
-        table_names: HashSet<TableName>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn update(&self, new_view_info: RawViewLogicalPlan) -> Self {
        Self {
            view_info: new_view_info,
-            table_names,
            version: self.version + 1,
        }
    }
@@ -116,8 +105,6 @@ pub struct ViewInfoManager {
    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
 }

-pub type ViewInfoManagerRef = Arc<ViewInfoManager>;
-
 impl ViewInfoManager {
    pub fn new(kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> Self {
        Self { kv_backend }
@@ -267,25 +254,9 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_value_serialization() {
-        let table_names = {
-            let mut set = HashSet::new();
-            set.insert(TableName {
-                catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-                schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-                table_name: "a_table".to_string(),
-            });
-            set.insert(TableName {
-                catalog_name: "greptime".to_string(),
-                schema_name: "public".to_string(),
-                table_name: "b_table".to_string(),
-            });
-            set
-        };
-
        let value = ViewInfoValue {
            view_info: vec![1, 2, 3],
            version: 1,
-            table_names,
        };
        let serialized = value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap();
        let deserialized = ViewInfoValue::try_from_raw_value(&serialized).unwrap();
--- a/src/common/meta/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/lib.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ pub mod region_keeper;
 pub mod rpc;
 pub mod sequence;
 pub mod state_store;
+pub mod table_name;
 #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
 pub mod test_util;
 pub mod util;
--- a/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::result;

 use api::v1::meta::ddl_task_request::Task;
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ use serde_with::{serde_as, DefaultOnNull};
 use session::context::QueryContextRef;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
-use table::table_name::TableName;
 use table::table_reference::TableReference;

 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::key::FlowId;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;

 /// DDL tasks
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -274,7 +274,10 @@ impl TryFrom<SubmitDdlTaskRequest> for PbDdlTaskRequest {
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct SubmitDdlTaskResponse {
    pub key: Vec<u8>,
-    // `table_id`s for `CREATE TABLE` or `CREATE LOGICAL TABLES` task.
+    // For create physical table
+    // TODO(jeremy): remove it?
+    pub table_id: Option<TableId>,
+    // For create multi logical tables
    pub table_ids: Vec<TableId>,
 }

@@ -282,9 +285,11 @@ impl TryFrom<PbDdlTaskResponse> for SubmitDdlTaskResponse {
    type Error = error::Error;

    fn try_from(resp: PbDdlTaskResponse) -> Result<Self> {
+        let table_id = resp.table_id.map(|t| t.id);
        let table_ids = resp.table_ids.into_iter().map(|t| t.id).collect();
        Ok(Self {
            key: resp.pid.map(|pid| pid.key).unwrap_or_default(),
+            table_id,
            table_ids,
        })
    }
@@ -294,6 +299,9 @@ impl From<SubmitDdlTaskResponse> for PbDdlTaskResponse {
    fn from(val: SubmitDdlTaskResponse) -> Self {
        Self {
            pid: Some(ProcedureId { key: val.key }),
+            table_id: val
+                .table_id
+                .map(|table_id| api::v1::TableId { id: table_id }),
            table_ids: val
                .table_ids
                .into_iter()
@@ -324,14 +332,6 @@ impl CreateViewTask {
    pub fn raw_logical_plan(&self) -> &Vec<u8> {
        &self.create_view.logical_plan
    }
-
-    pub fn table_names(&self) -> HashSet<TableName> {
-        self.create_view
-            .table_names
-            .iter()
-            .map(|t| t.clone().into())
-            .collect()
-    }
 }

 impl TryFrom<PbCreateViewTask> for CreateViewTask {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/rpc/router.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/rpc/router.rs
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, RegionNumber};
 use strum::AsRefStr;
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::key::RegionDistribution;
 use crate::peer::Peer;
+use crate::table_name::TableName;
 use crate::DatanodeId;

 pub fn region_distribution(region_routes: &[RegionRoute]) -> RegionDistribution {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/table_name.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/table_name.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};

 use api::v1::TableName as PbTableName;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-use crate::table_reference::TableReference;
+use table::table_reference::TableReference;

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Deserialize, Serialize)]
 pub struct TableName {
--- a/src/common/query/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/query/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,16 +4,12 @@ version.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

-[features]
-testing = []
-
 [lints]
 workspace = true

 [dependencies]
 api.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
-bytes.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
 common-recordbatch.workspace = true
--- a/src/common/query/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/common/query/src/error.rs
@@ -206,13 +206,6 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to decode logical plan: {source}"))]
-    DecodePlan {
-        #[snafu(implicit)]
-        location: Location,
-        source: BoxedError,
-    },
-
    #[snafu(display("Failed to do table mutation"))]
    TableMutation {
        source: BoxedError,
@@ -289,12 +282,11 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::InvalidFuncArgs { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,

            Error::ConvertDfRecordBatchStream { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
-
-            Error::DecodePlan { source, .. }
-            | Error::Execute { source, .. }
-            | Error::ExecutePhysicalPlan { source, .. }
-            | Error::ProcedureService { source, .. }
-            | Error::TableMutation { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::ExecutePhysicalPlan { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::Execute { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::ProcedureService { source, .. } | Error::TableMutation { source, .. } => {
+                source.status_code()
+            }

            Error::PermissionDenied { .. } => StatusCode::PermissionDenied,
        }
--- a/src/common/query/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/common/query/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ mod function;
 pub mod logical_plan;
 pub mod prelude;
 mod signature;
-#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
-pub mod test_util;
+
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
 use std::sync::Arc;

--- a/src/common/query/src/logical_plan.rs
+++ b/src/common/query/src/logical_plan.rs
@@ -19,15 +19,12 @@ mod udf;

 use std::sync::Arc;

-use datafusion::catalog::CatalogProviderList;
-use datafusion::logical_expr::LogicalPlan;
 use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
 pub use expr::build_filter_from_timestamp;

 pub use self::accumulator::{Accumulator, AggregateFunctionCreator, AggregateFunctionCreatorRef};
 pub use self::udaf::AggregateFunction;
 pub use self::udf::ScalarUdf;
-use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::function::{ReturnTypeFunction, ScalarFunctionImplementation};
 use crate::logical_plan::accumulator::*;
 use crate::signature::{Signature, Volatility};
@@ -71,25 +68,6 @@ pub fn create_aggregate_function(
    )
 }

-/// The datafusion `[LogicalPlan]` decoder.
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
-pub trait SubstraitPlanDecoder {
-    /// Decode the [`LogicalPlan`] from bytes with the [`CatalogProviderList`].
-    /// When `optimize` is true, it will do the optimization for decoded plan.
-    ///
-    /// TODO(dennis): It's not a good design for an API to do many things.
-    /// The `optimize` was introduced because of `query` and `catalog` cyclic dependency issue
-    /// I am happy to refactor it if we have a better solution.
-    async fn decode(
-        &self,
-        message: bytes::Bytes,
-        catalog_list: Arc<dyn CatalogProviderList>,
-        optimize: bool,
-    ) -> Result<LogicalPlan>;
-}
-
-pub type SubstraitPlanDecoderRef = Arc<dyn SubstraitPlanDecoder + Send + Sync>;
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use std::sync::Arc;
--- a/src/common/substrait/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/substrait/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,15 +10,19 @@ workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 async-trait.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
+catalog.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
+common-function.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
 common-telemetry.workspace = true
 datafusion.workspace = true
 datafusion-common.workspace = true
 datafusion-expr.workspace = true
 datafusion-substrait.workspace = true
+datatypes.workspace = true
 promql.workspace = true
 prost.workspace = true
+session.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true

 [dependencies.substrait_proto]
--- a/src/common/substrait/src/df_substrait.rs
+++ b/src/common/substrait/src/df_substrait.rs
@@ -16,19 +16,26 @@ use std::sync::Arc;

 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use bytes::{Buf, Bytes, BytesMut};
+use common_function::function_registry::FUNCTION_REGISTRY;
+use common_function::scalars::udf::create_udf;
 use datafusion::catalog::CatalogProviderList;
 use datafusion::execution::context::SessionState;
 use datafusion::execution::runtime_env::RuntimeEnv;
+use datafusion::execution::FunctionRegistry;
 use datafusion::prelude::{SessionConfig, SessionContext};
 use datafusion_expr::LogicalPlan;
 use datafusion_substrait::logical_plan::consumer::from_substrait_plan;
 use datafusion_substrait::logical_plan::producer::to_substrait_plan;
 use datafusion_substrait::substrait::proto::Plan;
 use prost::Message;
+use session::context::QueryContextRef;
 use snafu::ResultExt;

-use crate::error::{DecodeDfPlanSnafu, DecodeRelSnafu, EncodeDfPlanSnafu, EncodeRelSnafu, Error};
-use crate::{SerializerRegistry, SubstraitPlan};
+use crate::error::{
+    DFInternalSnafu, DecodeDfPlanSnafu, DecodeRelSnafu, EncodeDfPlanSnafu, EncodeRelSnafu, Error,
+};
+use crate::extension_serializer::ExtensionSerializer;
+use crate::SubstraitPlan;

 pub struct DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor;

@@ -42,8 +49,15 @@ impl SubstraitPlan for DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor {
        &self,
        message: B,
        catalog_list: Arc<dyn CatalogProviderList>,
-        state: SessionState,
+        mut state: SessionState,
+        query_ctx: QueryContextRef,
    ) -> Result<Self::Plan, Self::Error> {
+        // substrait decoder will look up the UDFs in SessionState, so we need to register them
+        for func in FUNCTION_REGISTRY.functions() {
+            let udf = Arc::new(create_udf(func, query_ctx.clone(), Default::default()).into());
+            state.register_udf(udf).context(DFInternalSnafu)?;
+        }
+
        let mut context = SessionContext::new_with_state(state);
        context.register_catalog_list(catalog_list);
        let plan = Plan::decode(message).context(DecodeRelSnafu)?;
@@ -53,13 +67,10 @@ impl SubstraitPlan for DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor {
        Ok(df_plan)
    }

-    fn encode(
-        &self,
-        plan: &Self::Plan,
-        serializer: impl SerializerRegistry + 'static,
-    ) -> Result<Bytes, Self::Error> {
+    fn encode(&self, plan: &Self::Plan) -> Result<Bytes, Self::Error> {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
-        let substrait_plan = self.to_sub_plan(plan, serializer)?;
+
+        let substrait_plan = self.to_sub_plan(plan)?;
        substrait_plan.encode(&mut buf).context(EncodeRelSnafu)?;

        Ok(buf.freeze())
@@ -67,14 +78,10 @@ impl SubstraitPlan for DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor {
 }

 impl DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor {
-    pub fn to_sub_plan(
-        &self,
-        plan: &LogicalPlan,
-        serializer: impl SerializerRegistry + 'static,
-    ) -> Result<Box<Plan>, Error> {
+    pub fn to_sub_plan(&self, plan: &LogicalPlan) -> Result<Box<Plan>, Error> {
        let session_state =
            SessionState::new_with_config_rt(SessionConfig::new(), Arc::new(RuntimeEnv::default()))
-                .with_serializer_registry(Arc::new(serializer));
+                .with_serializer_registry(Arc::new(ExtensionSerializer));
        let context = SessionContext::new_with_state(session_state);

        to_substrait_plan(plan, &context).context(EncodeDfPlanSnafu)
--- a/src/common/substrait/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/common/substrait/src/error.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_macro::stack_trace_debug;
 use datafusion::error::DataFusionError;
+use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
 use prost::{DecodeError, EncodeError};
 use snafu::{Location, Snafu};

@@ -25,6 +26,34 @@ use snafu::{Location, Snafu};
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
 #[stack_trace_debug]
 pub enum Error {
+    #[snafu(display("Unsupported physical plan: {}", name))]
+    UnsupportedPlan {
+        name: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Unsupported expr: {}", name))]
+    UnsupportedExpr {
+        name: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Unsupported concrete type: {:?}", ty))]
+    UnsupportedConcreteType {
+        ty: ConcreteDataType,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Unsupported substrait type: {}", ty))]
+    UnsupportedSubstraitType {
+        ty: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to decode substrait relation"))]
    DecodeRel {
        #[snafu(source)]
@@ -41,6 +70,33 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Input plan is empty"))]
+    EmptyPlan {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Input expression is empty"))]
+    EmptyExpr {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Missing required field in protobuf, field: {}, plan: {}", field, plan))]
+    MissingField {
+        field: String,
+        plan: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Invalid parameters: {}", reason))]
+    InvalidParameters {
+        reason: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Internal error from DataFusion"))]
    DFInternal {
        #[snafu(source)]
@@ -62,6 +118,35 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

+    #[snafu(display(
+        "Schema from Substrait proto doesn't match with the schema in storage.
+        Substrait schema: {:?}
+        Storage schema: {:?}",
+        substrait_schema,
+        storage_schema
+    ))]
+    SchemaNotMatch {
+        substrait_schema: datafusion::arrow::datatypes::SchemaRef,
+        storage_schema: datafusion::arrow::datatypes::SchemaRef,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to convert DataFusion schema"))]
+    ConvertDfSchema {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: datatypes::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Unable to resolve table: {table_name}, error: "))]
+    ResolveTable {
+        table_name: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: catalog::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to encode DataFusion plan"))]
    EncodeDfPlan {
        #[snafu(source)]
@@ -84,13 +169,24 @@ pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
 impl ErrorExt for Error {
    fn status_code(&self) -> StatusCode {
        match self {
-            Error::UnknownPlan { .. } | Error::EncodeRel { .. } | Error::DecodeRel { .. } => {
-                StatusCode::InvalidArguments
-            }
+            Error::UnsupportedConcreteType { .. }
+            | Error::UnsupportedPlan { .. }
+            | Error::UnsupportedExpr { .. }
+            | Error::UnsupportedSubstraitType { .. } => StatusCode::Unsupported,
+            Error::UnknownPlan { .. }
+            | Error::EncodeRel { .. }
+            | Error::DecodeRel { .. }
+            | Error::EmptyPlan { .. }
+            | Error::EmptyExpr { .. }
+            | Error::MissingField { .. }
+            | Error::InvalidParameters { .. }
+            | Error::SchemaNotMatch { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
            Error::DFInternal { .. }
            | Error::Internal { .. }
            | Error::EncodeDfPlan { .. }
            | Error::DecodeDfPlan { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            Error::ConvertDfSchema { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::ResolveTable { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
        }
    }

--- a/src/common/substrait/src/extension_serializer.rs
+++ b/src/common/substrait/src/extension_serializer.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ impl SerializerRegistry for ExtensionSerializer {
            name if name == EmptyMetric::name() => Err(DataFusionError::Substrait(
                "EmptyMetric should not be serialized".to_string(),
            )),
+            "MergeScan" => Ok(vec![]),
            other => Err(DataFusionError::NotImplemented(format!(
                "Serizlize logical plan for {}",
                other
--- a/src/common/substrait/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/common/substrait/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use bytes::{Buf, Bytes};
 use datafusion::catalog::CatalogProviderList;
 use datafusion::execution::context::SessionState;
-pub use datafusion::execution::registry::SerializerRegistry;
 /// Re-export the Substrait module of datafusion,
 /// note this is a different version of the `substrait_proto` crate
 pub use datafusion_substrait::substrait as substrait_proto_df;
 pub use datafusion_substrait::{logical_plan as df_logical_plan, variation_const};
+use session::context::QueryContextRef;
 pub use substrait_proto;

 pub use crate::df_substrait::DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor;
@@ -42,11 +42,8 @@ pub trait SubstraitPlan {
        message: B,
        catalog_list: Arc<dyn CatalogProviderList>,
        state: SessionState,
+        query_ctx: QueryContextRef,
    ) -> Result<Self::Plan, Self::Error>;

-    fn encode(
-        &self,
-        plan: &Self::Plan,
-        serializer: impl SerializerRegistry + 'static,
-    ) -> Result<Bytes, Self::Error>;
+    fn encode(&self, plan: &Self::Plan) -> Result<Bytes, Self::Error>;
 }
--- a/src/common/telemetry/src/logging.rs
+++ b/src/common/telemetry/src/logging.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn init_default_ut_logging() {
            env::var("UNITTEST_LOG_DIR").unwrap_or_else(|_| "/tmp/__unittest_logs".to_string());

        let level = env::var("UNITTEST_LOG_LEVEL").unwrap_or_else(|_|
-            "debug,hyper=warn,tower=warn,datafusion=warn,reqwest=warn,sqlparser=warn,h2=info,opendal=info,rskafka=info".to_string()
+            "debug,hyper=warn,tower=warn,datafusion=warn,reqwest=warn,sqlparser=warn,h2=info,opendal=info".to_string()
        );
        let opts = LoggingOptions {
            dir: dir.clone(),
--- a/src/datanode/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/datanode/Cargo.toml
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ servers.workspace = true
 session.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
 store-api.workspace = true
+substrait.workspace = true
 table.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 toml.workspace = true
--- a/src/datanode/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/error.rs
@@ -64,18 +64,11 @@ pub enum Error {
        source: query::error::Error,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to create plan decoder"))]
-    NewPlanDecoder {
-        #[snafu(implicit)]
-        location: Location,
-        source: query::error::Error,
-    },
-
    #[snafu(display("Failed to decode logical plan"))]
    DecodeLogicalPlan {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
-        source: common_query::error::Error,
+        source: substrait::error::Error,
    },

    #[snafu(display("Incorrect internal state: {}", state))]
@@ -395,9 +388,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
    fn status_code(&self) -> StatusCode {
        use Error::*;
        match self {
-            NewPlanDecoder { source, .. } | ExecuteLogicalPlan { source, .. } => {
-                source.status_code()
-            }
+            ExecuteLogicalPlan { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

            BuildRegionRequests { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            HandleHeartbeatResponse { source, .. } | GetMetadata { source, .. } => {
--- a/src/datanode/src/event_listener.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/event_listener.rs
@@ -41,13 +41,19 @@ pub struct RegionServerEventSender(pub(crate) UnboundedSender<RegionServerEvent>
 impl RegionServerEventListener for RegionServerEventSender {
    fn on_region_registered(&self, region_id: RegionId) {
        if let Err(e) = self.0.send(RegionServerEvent::Registered(region_id)) {
-            error!(e; "Failed to send registering region: {region_id} event");
+            error!(
+                "Failed to send registering region: {region_id} event, source: {}",
+                e
+            );
        }
    }

    fn on_region_deregistered(&self, region_id: RegionId) {
        if let Err(e) = self.0.send(RegionServerEvent::Deregistered(region_id)) {
-            error!(e; "Failed to send deregistering region: {region_id} event");
+            error!(
+                "Failed to send deregistering region: {region_id} event, source: {}",
+                e
+            );
        }
    }
 }
--- a/src/datanode/src/heartbeat.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/heartbeat.rs
@@ -213,7 +213,6 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
        let epoch = self.region_alive_keeper.epoch();

        self.region_alive_keeper.start(Some(event_receiver)).await?;
-        let mut last_sent = Instant::now();

        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
            let sleep = tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(0));
@@ -272,10 +271,6 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
                    }
                };
                if let Some(req) = req {
-                    metrics::LAST_SENT_HEARTBEAT_ELAPSED
-                        .set(last_sent.elapsed().as_millis() as i64);
-                    // Resets the timer.
-                    last_sent = Instant::now();
                    debug!("Sending heartbeat request: {:?}", req);
                    if let Err(e) = tx.send(req).await {
                        error!(e; "Failed to send heartbeat to metasrv");
--- a/src/datanode/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/metrics.rs
@@ -35,12 +35,6 @@ lazy_static! {
        "last received heartbeat lease elapsed",
    )
    .unwrap();
-    /// The elapsed time since the last sent heartbeat.
-    pub static ref LAST_SENT_HEARTBEAT_ELAPSED: IntGauge = register_int_gauge!(
-        "greptime_last_sent_heartbeat_lease_elapsed",
-        "last sent heartbeat lease elapsed",
-    )
-    .unwrap();
    pub static ref LEASE_EXPIRED_REGION: IntGaugeVec = register_int_gauge_vec!(
        "greptime_lease_expired_region",
        "lease expired region",
--- a/src/datanode/src/region_server.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/region_server.rs
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{
 use store_api::region_engine::{RegionEngineRef, RegionRole, SetReadonlyResponse};
 use store_api::region_request::{AffectedRows, RegionCloseRequest, RegionRequest};
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use substrait::{DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor, SubstraitPlan};
 use tonic::{Request, Response, Result as TonicResult};

 use crate::error::{
    self, BuildRegionRequestsSnafu, DecodeLogicalPlanSnafu, ExecuteLogicalPlanSnafu,
-    FindLogicalRegionsSnafu, HandleRegionRequestSnafu, NewPlanDecoderSnafu,
-    RegionEngineNotFoundSnafu, RegionNotFoundSnafu, Result, StopRegionEngineSnafu, UnexpectedSnafu,
-    UnsupportedOutputSnafu,
+    FindLogicalRegionsSnafu, HandleRegionRequestSnafu, RegionEngineNotFoundSnafu,
+    RegionNotFoundSnafu, Result, StopRegionEngineSnafu, UnexpectedSnafu, UnsupportedOutputSnafu,
 };
 use crate::event_listener::RegionServerEventListenerRef;

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ impl RegionServer {

    pub async fn region_disk_usage(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<i64> {
        match self.inner.region_map.get(&region_id) {
-            Some(e) => e.region_disk_usage(region_id),
+            Some(e) => e.region_disk_usage(region_id).await,
            None => None,
        }
    }
@@ -409,7 +409,9 @@ impl RegionServerInner {
        let engine = match region_change {
            RegionChange::Register(attribute) => match current_region_status {
                Some(status) => match status.clone() {
-                    RegionEngineWithStatus::Registering(engine) => engine,
+                    RegionEngineWithStatus::Registering(_) => {
+                        return Ok(CurrentEngine::EarlyReturn(0))
+                    }
                    RegionEngineWithStatus::Deregistering(_) => {
                        return error::RegionBusySnafu { region_id }.fail()
                    }
@@ -653,13 +655,14 @@ impl RegionServerInner {

        let catalog_list = Arc::new(DummyCatalogList::with_table_provider(table_provider));
        let query_engine_ctx = self.query_engine.engine_context(ctx.clone());
-        let plan_decoder = query_engine_ctx
-            .new_plan_decoder()
-            .context(NewPlanDecoderSnafu)?;
-
        // decode substrait plan to logical plan and execute it
-        let logical_plan = plan_decoder
-            .decode(Bytes::from(plan), catalog_list, false)
+        let logical_plan = DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor
+            .decode(
+                Bytes::from(plan),
+                catalog_list,
+                query_engine_ctx.state().clone(),
+                ctx.clone(),
+            )
            .await
            .context(DecodeLogicalPlanSnafu)?;

@@ -778,32 +781,34 @@ mod tests {
        let mut mock_region_server = mock_region_server();
        let (engine, _receiver) = MockRegionEngine::new(MITO_ENGINE_NAME);
        let engine_name = engine.name();
+
        mock_region_server.register_engine(engine.clone());
+
        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
        let builder = CreateRequestBuilder::new();
        let create_req = builder.build();
+
        // Tries to create/open a registering region.
        mock_region_server.inner.region_map.insert(
            region_id,
            RegionEngineWithStatus::Registering(engine.clone()),
        );
+
        let response = mock_region_server
            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Create(create_req))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.affected_rows, 0);
+
        let status = mock_region_server
            .inner
            .region_map
            .get(&region_id)
            .unwrap()
            .clone();
-        assert!(matches!(status, RegionEngineWithStatus::Ready(_)));

-        mock_region_server.inner.region_map.insert(
-            region_id,
-            RegionEngineWithStatus::Registering(engine.clone()),
-        );
+        assert!(matches!(status, RegionEngineWithStatus::Registering(_)));
+
        let response = mock_region_server
            .handle_request(
                region_id,
@@ -817,13 +822,14 @@ mod tests {
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.affected_rows, 0);
+
        let status = mock_region_server
            .inner
            .region_map
            .get(&region_id)
            .unwrap()
            .clone();
-        assert!(matches!(status, RegionEngineWithStatus::Ready(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(status, RegionEngineWithStatus::Registering(_)));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
@@ -1014,7 +1020,7 @@ mod tests {
                region_change: RegionChange::Register(RegionAttribute::Mito),
                assert: Box::new(|result| {
                    let current_engine = result.unwrap();
-                    assert_matches!(current_engine, CurrentEngine::Engine(_));
+                    assert_matches!(current_engine, CurrentEngine::EarlyReturn(_));
                }),
            },
            CurrentEngineTest {
--- a/src/datanode/src/tests.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/tests.rs
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ impl RegionEngine for MockRegionEngine {
        unimplemented!()
    }

-    fn region_disk_usage(&self, _region_id: RegionId) -> Option<i64> {
+    async fn region_disk_usage(&self, _region_id: RegionId) -> Option<i64> {
        unimplemented!()
    }

--- a/src/file-engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/file-engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl RegionEngine for FileRegionEngine {
        self.inner.stop().await.map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

-    fn region_disk_usage(&self, _: RegionId) -> Option<i64> {
+    async fn region_disk_usage(&self, _: RegionId) -> Option<i64> {
        None
    }

@@ -229,9 +229,8 @@ impl EngineInner {
        let res = FileRegion::create(region_id, request, &self.object_store).await;
        let region = res.inspect_err(|err| {
            error!(
-                err;
-                "Failed to create region, region_id: {}",
-                region_id
+                "Failed to create region, region_id: {}, err: {}",
+                region_id, err
            );
        })?;
        self.regions.write().unwrap().insert(region_id, region);
@@ -260,9 +259,8 @@ impl EngineInner {
        let res = FileRegion::open(region_id, request, &self.object_store).await;
        let region = res.inspect_err(|err| {
            error!(
-                err;
-                "Failed to open region, region_id: {}",
-                region_id
+                "Failed to open region, region_id: {}, err: {}",
+                region_id, err
            );
        })?;
        self.regions.write().unwrap().insert(region_id, region);
@@ -304,9 +302,8 @@ impl EngineInner {
            let res = FileRegion::drop(&region, &self.object_store).await;
            res.inspect_err(|err| {
                error!(
-                    err;
-                    "Failed to drop region, region_id: {}",
-                    region_id
+                    "Failed to drop region, region_id: {}, err: {}",
+                    region_id, err
                );
            })?;
        }
--- a/src/flow/src/adapter.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/adapter.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_frontend::handler::FrontendInvoker;
 use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
+use common_query::prelude::GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP;
 use common_runtime::JoinHandle;
 use common_telemetry::{debug, info};
 use datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema;
@@ -35,12 +36,12 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use query::{QueryEngine, QueryEngineFactory};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use session::context::QueryContext;
-use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{ConcreteDataType, RegionId};
 use table::metadata::TableId;
 use tokio::sync::{oneshot, watch, Mutex, RwLock};

-use crate::adapter::error::{ExternalSnafu, InternalSnafu, TableNotFoundSnafu, UnexpectedSnafu};
+use crate::adapter::error::{ExternalSnafu, TableNotFoundSnafu, UnexpectedSnafu};
 pub(crate) use crate::adapter::node_context::FlownodeContext;
 use crate::adapter::table_source::TableSource;
 use crate::adapter::util::column_schemas_to_proto;
@@ -66,11 +67,6 @@ use error::Error;

 pub const PER_REQ_MAX_ROW_CNT: usize = 8192;

-// TODO: replace this with `GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP` before v0.9
-pub const AUTO_CREATED_PLACEHOLDER_TS_COL: &str = "__ts_placeholder";
-
-pub const UPDATE_AT_TS_COL: &str = "update_at";
-
 // TODO: refactor common types for flow to a separate module
 /// FlowId is a unique identifier for a flow task
 pub type FlowId = u64;
@@ -159,7 +155,7 @@ pub struct FlownodeManager {
    table_info_source: TableSource,
    frontend_invoker: RwLock<Option<Box<dyn FrontendInvoker + Send + Sync>>>,
    /// contains mapping from table name to global id, and table schema
-    node_context: RwLock<FlownodeContext>,
+    node_context: Mutex<FlownodeContext>,
    flow_err_collectors: RwLock<BTreeMap<FlowId, ErrCollector>>,
    src_send_buf_lens: RwLock<BTreeMap<TableId, watch::Receiver<usize>>>,
    tick_manager: FlowTickManager,
@@ -194,7 +190,7 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
            query_engine,
            table_info_source: srv_map,
            frontend_invoker: RwLock::new(None),
-            node_context: RwLock::new(node_context),
+            node_context: Mutex::new(node_context),
            flow_err_collectors: Default::default(),
            src_send_buf_lens: Default::default(),
            tick_manager,
@@ -284,21 +280,15 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
                    .map(|i| meta.schema.column_schemas[i].name.clone())
                    .collect_vec();
                let schema = meta.schema.column_schemas;
-                // check if the last column is the auto created timestamp column, hence the table is auto created from
-                // flow's plan type
-                let is_auto_create = {
-                    let correct_name = schema
-                        .last()
-                        .map(|s| s.name == AUTO_CREATED_PLACEHOLDER_TS_COL)
-                        .unwrap_or(false);
-                    let correct_time_index = meta.schema.timestamp_index == Some(schema.len() - 1);
-                    correct_name && correct_time_index
-                };
+                let is_auto_create = schema
+                    .last()
+                    .map(|s| s.name == GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP)
+                    .unwrap_or(false);
                (primary_keys, schema, is_auto_create)
            } else {
                // TODO(discord9): condiser remove buggy auto create by schema

-                let node_ctx = self.node_context.read().await;
+                let node_ctx = self.node_context.lock().await;
                let gid: GlobalId = node_ctx
                    .table_repr
                    .get_by_name(&table_name)
@@ -324,13 +314,13 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
                    })
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                let update_at = ColumnSchema::new(
-                    UPDATE_AT_TS_COL,
+                    "update_at",
                    ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
                    true,
                );
                // TODO(discord9): bugged so we can't infer time index from flow plan, so we have to manually set one
                let ts_col = ColumnSchema::new(
-                    AUTO_CREATED_PLACEHOLDER_TS_COL,
+                    GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP,
                    ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
                    true,
                )
@@ -358,7 +348,7 @@ impl FlownodeManager {

                (primary_keys, with_ts, true)
            };
-            let schema_len = schema.len();
+
            let proto_schema = column_schemas_to_proto(schema, &primary_keys)?;

            debug!(
@@ -367,7 +357,16 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
                table_name.join("."),
                reqs
            );
-            let now = self.tick_manager.tick();
+            let now = SystemTime::now();
+            let now = now
+                .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .map(|s| s.as_millis() as repr::Timestamp)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                    -(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH
+                        .duration_since(now)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .as_millis() as repr::Timestamp)
+                });
            for req in reqs {
                match req {
                    DiffRequest::Insert(insert) => {
@@ -380,23 +379,13 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
                                ))]);
                                // ts col, if auto create
                                if is_auto_create {
-                                    ensure!(
-                                        row.len() == schema_len - 1,
-                                        InternalSnafu {
-                                            reason: format!(
-                                                "Row len mismatch, expect {} got {}",
-                                                schema_len - 1,
-                                                row.len()
-                                            )
-                                        }
-                                    );
                                    row.extend([Value::from(
                                        common_time::Timestamp::new_millisecond(0),
                                    )]);
                                }
-                                Ok(row.into())
+                                row.into()
                            })
-                            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, Error>>()?;
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                        let table_name = table_name.last().unwrap().clone();
                        let req = RowInsertRequest {
                            table_name,
@@ -462,7 +451,7 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
        let mut output = BTreeMap::new();
        for (name, sink_recv) in self
            .node_context
-            .write()
+            .lock()
            .await
            .sink_receiver
            .iter_mut()
@@ -510,12 +499,9 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
        debug!("Starting to run");
        loop {
            // TODO(discord9): only run when new inputs arrive or scheduled to
-            debug!("call run_available in run every second");
-            self.run_available(true).await.unwrap();
-            debug!("call send_writeback_requests in run every second");
+            self.run_available().await.unwrap();
            // TODO(discord9): error handling
            self.send_writeback_requests().await.unwrap();
-            debug!("call log_all_errors in run every second");
            self.log_all_errors().await;
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
        }
@@ -524,33 +510,17 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
    /// Run all available subgraph in the flow node
    /// This will try to run all dataflow in this node
    ///
-    /// set `blocking` to true to wait until lock is acquired
-    /// and false to return immediately if lock is not acquired
+    /// However this is not blocking and can sometimes return while actual computation is still running in worker thread
    /// TODO(discord9): add flag for subgraph that have input since last run
-    pub async fn run_available(&self, blocking: bool) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    pub async fn run_available(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        loop {
            let now = self.tick_manager.tick();
            for worker in self.worker_handles.iter() {
                // TODO(discord9): consider how to handle error in individual worker
-                if blocking {
-                    worker.lock().await.run_available(now).await?;
-                } else if let Ok(worker) = worker.try_lock() {
-                    worker.run_available(now).await?;
-                } else {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
+                worker.lock().await.run_available(now).await.unwrap();
            }
            // first check how many inputs were sent
-            let (flush_res, buf_len) = if blocking {
-                let ctx = self.node_context.read().await;
-                (ctx.flush_all_sender().await, ctx.get_send_buf_size().await)
-            } else {
-                match self.node_context.try_read() {
-                    Ok(ctx) => (ctx.flush_all_sender().await, ctx.get_send_buf_size().await),
-                    Err(_) => return Ok(()),
-                }
-            };
-            match flush_res {
+            match self.node_context.lock().await.flush_all_sender() {
                Ok(_) => (),
                Err(err) => {
                    common_telemetry::error!("Flush send buf errors: {:?}", err);
@@ -558,6 +528,7 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
                }
            };
            // if no thing in send buf then break
+            let buf_len = self.node_context.lock().await.get_send_buf_size();
            if buf_len == 0 {
                break;
            } else {
@@ -580,9 +551,9 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
            rows.len()
        );
        let table_id = region_id.table_id();
-        self.node_context.read().await.send(table_id, rows).await?;
+        self.node_context.lock().await.send(table_id, rows)?;
        // TODO(discord9): put it in a background task?
-        // self.run_available(false).await?;
+        self.run_available().await?;
        Ok(())
    }
 }
@@ -628,7 +599,7 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
            }
        }

-        let mut node_ctx = self.node_context.write().await;
+        let mut node_ctx = self.node_context.lock().await;
        // assign global id to source and sink table
        for source in source_table_ids {
            node_ctx
@@ -695,9 +666,7 @@ impl FlownodeManager {
 /// TSO coord mess
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct FlowTickManager {
-    /// The starting instant of the flow, used with `start_timestamp` to calculate the current timestamp
    start: Instant,
-    /// The timestamp when the flow started
    start_timestamp: repr::Timestamp,
 }

--- a/src/flow/src/adapter/flownode_impl.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/adapter/flownode_impl.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl Flownode for FlownodeManager {
            let now = self.tick_manager.tick();

            let fetch_order = {
-                let ctx = self.node_context.read().await;
+                let ctx = self.node_context.lock().await;
                let table_col_names = ctx
                    .table_repr
                    .get_by_table_id(&table_id)
--- a/src/flow/src/adapter/node_context.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/adapter/node_context.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use common_telemetry::debug;
 use session::context::QueryContext;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use table::metadata::TableId;
-use tokio::sync::{broadcast, mpsc, RwLock};
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, mpsc};

 use crate::adapter::error::{Error, EvalSnafu, TableNotFoundSnafu};
 use crate::adapter::{FlowId, TableName, TableSource};
@@ -65,20 +65,18 @@ pub struct FlownodeContext {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SourceSender {
    sender: broadcast::Sender<DiffRow>,
-    send_buf: RwLock<VecDeque<DiffRow>>,
+    send_buf: VecDeque<DiffRow>,
 }

 impl Default for SourceSender {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
-            // TODO(discord9): found a better way then increase this to prevent lagging and hence missing input data
-            sender: broadcast::Sender::new(BROADCAST_CAP * 2),
+            sender: broadcast::Sender::new(BROADCAST_CAP),
            send_buf: Default::default(),
        }
    }
 }

-// TODO: make all send operation immut
 impl SourceSender {
    pub fn get_receiver(&self) -> broadcast::Receiver<DiffRow> {
        self.sender.subscribe()
@@ -86,16 +84,15 @@ impl SourceSender {

    /// send as many as possible rows from send buf
    /// until send buf is empty or broadchannel is full
-    pub async fn try_send_all(&self) -> Result<usize, Error> {
+    pub fn try_send_all(&mut self) -> Result<usize, Error> {
        let mut row_cnt = 0;
        loop {
-            let mut send_buf = self.send_buf.write().await;
            // if inner sender channel is empty or send buf is empty, there
            // is nothing to do for now, just break
-            if self.sender.len() >= BROADCAST_CAP || send_buf.is_empty() {
+            if self.sender.len() >= BROADCAST_CAP || self.send_buf.is_empty() {
                break;
            }
-            if let Some(row) = send_buf.pop_front() {
+            if let Some(row) = self.send_buf.pop_front() {
                self.sender
                    .send(row)
                    .map_err(|err| {
@@ -110,20 +107,17 @@ impl SourceSender {
        }
        if row_cnt > 0 {
            debug!("Send {} rows", row_cnt);
-            debug!(
-                "Remaining Send buf.len() = {}",
-                self.send_buf.read().await.len()
-            );
+            debug!("Send buf len = {}", self.send_buf.len());
        }

        Ok(row_cnt)
    }

    /// return number of rows it actual send(including what's in the buffer)
-    pub async fn send_rows(&self, rows: Vec<DiffRow>) -> Result<usize, Error> {
-        self.send_buf.write().await.extend(rows);
+    pub fn send_rows(&mut self, rows: Vec<DiffRow>) -> Result<usize, Error> {
+        self.send_buf.extend(rows);

-        let row_cnt = self.try_send_all().await?;
+        let row_cnt = self.try_send_all()?;

        Ok(row_cnt)
    }
@@ -133,35 +127,30 @@ impl FlownodeContext {
    /// return number of rows it actual send(including what's in the buffer)
    ///
    /// TODO(discord9): make this concurrent
-    pub async fn send(&self, table_id: TableId, rows: Vec<DiffRow>) -> Result<usize, Error> {
+    pub fn send(&mut self, table_id: TableId, rows: Vec<DiffRow>) -> Result<usize, Error> {
        let sender = self
            .source_sender
-            .get(&table_id)
+            .get_mut(&table_id)
            .with_context(|| TableNotFoundSnafu {
                name: table_id.to_string(),
            })?;
        // debug!("FlownodeContext::send: trying to send {} rows", rows.len());
-        sender.send_rows(rows).await
+        sender.send_rows(rows)
    }

    /// flush all sender's buf
    ///
    /// return numbers being sent
-    pub async fn flush_all_sender(&self) -> Result<usize, Error> {
-        let mut sum = 0;
-        for sender in self.source_sender.values() {
-            sender.try_send_all().await.inspect(|x| sum += x)?;
-        }
-        Ok(sum)
+    pub fn flush_all_sender(&mut self) -> Result<usize, Error> {
+        self.source_sender
+            .iter_mut()
+            .map(|(_table_id, src_sender)| src_sender.try_send_all())
+            .try_fold(0, |acc, x| x.map(|x| x + acc))
    }

    /// Return the sum number of rows in all send buf
-    pub async fn get_send_buf_size(&self) -> usize {
-        let mut sum = 0;
-        for sender in self.source_sender.values() {
-            sum += sender.send_buf.read().await.len();
-        }
-        sum
+    pub fn get_send_buf_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.source_sender.values().map(|v| v.send_buf.len()).sum()
    }
 }

--- a/src/flow/src/adapter/worker.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/adapter/worker.rs
@@ -285,8 +285,8 @@ impl<'s> Worker<'s> {
                Ok(Some((id, resp))) => {
                    if let Err(err) = self.itc_server.blocking_lock().resp(id, resp) {
                        common_telemetry::error!(
-                            err;
-                            "Worker's itc server has been closed unexpectedly, shutting down worker"
+                            "Worker's itc server has been closed unexpectedly, shutting down worker: {}",
+                            err
                        );
                        break;
                    };
--- a/src/flow/src/compute/render/reduce.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/compute/render/reduce.rs
@@ -406,15 +406,10 @@ fn reduce_accum_subgraph(
            err_collector.run(|| {
                if let Some(expired) = expire_man.get_expire_duration(now, &key)? {
                    is_expired = true;
-                    // expired data is ignored in computation, and a simple warning is logged
-                    common_telemetry::warn!(
-                        "Data already expired: {}",
-                        DataAlreadyExpiredSnafu {
-                            expired_by: expired,
-                        }
-                        .build()
-                    );
-                    Ok(())
+                    DataAlreadyExpiredSnafu {
+                        expired_by: expired,
+                    }
+                    .fail()
                } else {
                    Ok(())
                }
--- a/src/flow/src/compute/render/src_sink.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/compute/render/src_sink.rs
@@ -20,14 +20,12 @@ use common_telemetry::{debug, info};
 use hydroflow::scheduled::graph_ext::GraphExt;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use snafu::OptionExt;
-use tokio::sync::broadcast::error::TryRecvError;
 use tokio::sync::{broadcast, mpsc};

 use crate::adapter::error::{Error, PlanSnafu};
 use crate::compute::render::Context;
 use crate::compute::types::{Arranged, Collection, CollectionBundle, Toff};
-use crate::expr::error::InternalSnafu;
-use crate::expr::{EvalError, GlobalId};
+use crate::expr::GlobalId;
 use crate::repr::{DiffRow, Row, BROADCAST_CAP};

 #[allow(clippy::mutable_key_type)]
@@ -67,33 +65,11 @@ impl<'referred, 'df> Context<'referred, 'df> {
                let mut to_send = Vec::new();
                let mut to_arrange = Vec::new();
                // TODO(discord9): handling tokio broadcast error
-                loop {
-                    match src_recv.try_recv() {
-                        Ok((r, t, d)) => {
-                            if t <= now {
-                                to_send.push((r, t, d));
-                            } else {
-                                to_arrange.push(((r, Row::empty()), t, d));
-                            }
-                        }
-                        Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        Err(TryRecvError::Lagged(lag_offset)) => {
-                            common_telemetry::error!("Flow missing {} rows behind", lag_offset);
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        Err(err) => {
-                            err_collector.run(|| -> Result<(), EvalError> {
-                                InternalSnafu {
-                                    reason: format!(
-                                        "Error receiving from broadcast channel: {}",
-                                        err
-                                    ),
-                                }
-                                .fail()
-                            });
-                        }
+                while let Ok((r, t, d)) = src_recv.try_recv() {
+                    if t <= now {
+                        to_send.push((r, t, d));
+                    } else {
+                        to_arrange.push(((r, Row::empty()), t, d));
                    }
                }
                let all = prev_avail.chain(to_send).collect_vec();
--- a/src/flow/src/expr/func.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/expr/func.rs
@@ -76,13 +76,6 @@ impl UnmaterializableFunc {
        }
    }

-    pub fn is_valid_func_name(name: &str) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            name.to_lowercase().as_str(),
-            "now" | "current_schema" | "tumble"
-        )
-    }
-
    /// Create a UnmaterializableFunc from a string of the function name
    pub fn from_str_args(name: &str, args: Vec<TypedExpr>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        match name.to_lowercase().as_str() {
@@ -190,13 +183,6 @@ impl UnaryFunc {
        }
    }

-    pub fn is_valid_func_name(name: &str) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            name.to_lowercase().as_str(),
-            "not" | "is_null" | "is_true" | "is_false" | "step_timestamp" | "cast"
-        )
-    }
-
    /// Create a UnaryFunc from a string of the function name and given argument type(optional)
    pub fn from_str_and_type(
        name: &str,
@@ -593,27 +579,6 @@ impl BinaryFunc {
        Ok(ret)
    }

-    pub fn is_valid_func_name(name: &str) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            name.to_lowercase().as_str(),
-            "eq" | "equal"
-                | "not_eq"
-                | "not_equal"
-                | "lt"
-                | "lte"
-                | "gt"
-                | "gte"
-                | "add"
-                | "sub"
-                | "subtract"
-                | "mul"
-                | "multiply"
-                | "div"
-                | "divide"
-                | "mod"
-        )
-    }
-
    /// choose the appropriate specialization based on the input types
    /// return a specialization of the binary function and it's actual input and output type(so no null type present)
    ///
@@ -805,10 +770,6 @@ impl VariadicFunc {
        }
    }

-    pub fn is_valid_func_name(name: &str) -> bool {
-        matches!(name.to_lowercase().as_str(), "and" | "or")
-    }
-
    /// Create a VariadicFunc from a string of the function name and given argument types(optional)
    pub fn from_str_and_types(
        name: &str,
--- a/src/flow/src/transform.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/transform.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ use literal::{from_substrait_literal, from_substrait_type};
 use prost::Message;
 use query::parser::QueryLanguageParser;
 use query::plan::LogicalPlan;
-use query::query_engine::DefaultSerializer;
 use query::QueryEngine;
 use session::context::QueryContext;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ pub async fn sql_to_flow_plan(
        .context(ExternalSnafu)?;
    let LogicalPlan::DfPlan(plan) = plan;
    let sub_plan = DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor {}
-        .to_sub_plan(&plan, DefaultSerializer)
+        .to_sub_plan(&plan)
        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
        .context(ExternalSnafu)?;

@@ -295,9 +294,7 @@ mod test {
        let LogicalPlan::DfPlan(plan) = plan;

        // encode then decode so to rely on the impl of conversion from logical plan to substrait plan
-        let bytes = DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor {}
-            .encode(&plan, DefaultSerializer)
-            .unwrap();
+        let bytes = DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor {}.encode(&plan).unwrap();

        proto::Plan::decode(bytes).unwrap()
    }
--- a/src/flow/src/transform/expr.rs
+++ b/src/flow/src/transform/expr.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl TypedExpr {
            .unzip();

        match arg_len {
-            1 if UnaryFunc::is_valid_func_name(fn_name) => {
+            1 if UnaryFunc::from_str_and_type(fn_name, None).is_ok() => {
                let func = UnaryFunc::from_str_and_type(fn_name, None)?;
                let arg = arg_exprs[0].clone();
                let ret_type = ColumnType::new_nullable(func.signature().output.clone());
@@ -123,7 +123,13 @@ impl TypedExpr {

                Ok(TypedExpr::new(arg.call_unary(func), ret_type))
            }
-            2 if BinaryFunc::is_valid_func_name(fn_name) => {
+            2 if BinaryFunc::from_str_expr_and_type(
+                fn_name,
+                &arg_exprs,
+                arg_types.get(0..2).expect("arg have 2 elements"),
+            )
+            .is_ok() =>
+            {
                let (func, signature) =
                    BinaryFunc::from_str_expr_and_type(fn_name, &arg_exprs, &arg_types[0..2])?;

@@ -165,8 +171,7 @@ impl TypedExpr {
                Ok(TypedExpr::new(ret_expr, ret_type))
            }
            _var => {
-                if VariadicFunc::is_valid_func_name(fn_name) {
-                    let func = VariadicFunc::from_str_and_types(fn_name, &arg_types)?;
+                if let Ok(func) = VariadicFunc::from_str_and_types(fn_name, &arg_types) {
                    let ret_type = ColumnType::new_nullable(func.signature().output.clone());
                    let mut expr = ScalarExpr::CallVariadic {
                        func,
@@ -174,8 +179,9 @@ impl TypedExpr {
                    };
                    expr.optimize();
                    Ok(TypedExpr::new(expr, ret_type))
-                } else if UnmaterializableFunc::is_valid_func_name(fn_name) {
-                    let func = UnmaterializableFunc::from_str_args(fn_name, arg_typed_exprs)?;
+                } else if let Ok(func) =
+                    UnmaterializableFunc::from_str_args(fn_name, arg_typed_exprs)
+                {
                    let ret_type = ColumnType::new_nullable(func.signature().output.clone());
                    Ok(TypedExpr::new(
                        ScalarExpr::CallUnmaterializable(func),
@@ -322,12 +328,8 @@ impl TypedExpr {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-    use common_time::{DateTime, Interval};
    use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
    use datatypes::value::Value;
-    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;

    use super::*;
    use crate::expr::{GlobalId, MapFilterProject};
@@ -512,162 +514,4 @@ mod test {

        assert_eq!(flow_plan.unwrap(), expected);
    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_func_sig() {
-        fn lit(v: impl ToString) -> substrait_proto::proto::FunctionArgument {
-            use substrait_proto::proto::expression;
-            let expr = Expression {
-                rex_type: Some(expression::RexType::Literal(expression::Literal {
-                    nullable: false,
-                    type_variation_reference: 0,
-                    literal_type: Some(expression::literal::LiteralType::String(v.to_string())),
-                })),
-            };
-            substrait_proto::proto::FunctionArgument {
-                arg_type: Some(substrait_proto::proto::function_argument::ArgType::Value(
-                    expr,
-                )),
-            }
-        }
-        fn col(i: usize) -> substrait_proto::proto::FunctionArgument {
-            use substrait_proto::proto::expression;
-            let expr = Expression {
-                rex_type: Some(expression::RexType::Selection(Box::new(
-                    expression::FieldReference {
-                        reference_type: Some(
-                            expression::field_reference::ReferenceType::DirectReference(
-                                expression::ReferenceSegment {
-                                    reference_type: Some(
-                                        expression::reference_segment::ReferenceType::StructField(
-                                            Box::new(expression::reference_segment::StructField {
-                                                field: i as i32,
-                                                child: None,
-                                            }),
-                                        ),
-                                    ),
-                                },
-                            ),
-                        ),
-                        root_type: None,
-                    },
-                ))),
-            };
-            substrait_proto::proto::FunctionArgument {
-                arg_type: Some(substrait_proto::proto::function_argument::ArgType::Value(
-                    expr,
-                )),
-            }
-        }
-
-        let f = substrait_proto::proto::expression::ScalarFunction {
-            function_reference: 0,
-            arguments: vec![col(0)],
-            options: vec![],
-            output_type: None,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let input_schema = RelationType::new(vec![ColumnType::new(CDT::uint32_datatype(), false)]);
-        let extensions = FunctionExtensions {
-            anchor_to_name: HashMap::from([(0, "is_null".to_string())]),
-        };
-        let res = TypedExpr::from_substrait_scalar_func(&f, &input_schema, &extensions).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            res,
-            TypedExpr {
-                expr: ScalarExpr::Column(0).call_unary(UnaryFunc::IsNull),
-                typ: ColumnType {
-                    scalar_type: CDT::boolean_datatype(),
-                    nullable: true,
-                },
-            }
-        );
-
-        let f = substrait_proto::proto::expression::ScalarFunction {
-            function_reference: 0,
-            arguments: vec![col(0), col(1)],
-            options: vec![],
-            output_type: None,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let input_schema = RelationType::new(vec![
-            ColumnType::new(CDT::uint32_datatype(), false),
-            ColumnType::new(CDT::uint32_datatype(), false),
-        ]);
-        let extensions = FunctionExtensions {
-            anchor_to_name: HashMap::from([(0, "add".to_string())]),
-        };
-        let res = TypedExpr::from_substrait_scalar_func(&f, &input_schema, &extensions).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            res,
-            TypedExpr {
-                expr: ScalarExpr::Column(0)
-                    .call_binary(ScalarExpr::Column(1), BinaryFunc::AddUInt32,),
-                typ: ColumnType {
-                    scalar_type: CDT::uint32_datatype(),
-                    nullable: true,
-                },
-            }
-        );
-
-        let f = substrait_proto::proto::expression::ScalarFunction {
-            function_reference: 0,
-            arguments: vec![col(0), lit("1 second"), lit("2021-07-01 00:00:00")],
-            options: vec![],
-            output_type: None,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let input_schema = RelationType::new(vec![
-            ColumnType::new(CDT::timestamp_nanosecond_datatype(), false),
-            ColumnType::new(CDT::string_datatype(), false),
-        ]);
-        let extensions = FunctionExtensions {
-            anchor_to_name: HashMap::from([(0, "tumble".to_string())]),
-        };
-        let res = TypedExpr::from_substrait_scalar_func(&f, &input_schema, &extensions).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            res,
-            ScalarExpr::CallUnmaterializable(UnmaterializableFunc::TumbleWindow {
-                ts: Box::new(
-                    ScalarExpr::Column(0)
-                        .with_type(ColumnType::new(CDT::timestamp_nanosecond_datatype(), false))
-                ),
-                window_size: Interval::from_month_day_nano(0, 0, 1_000_000_000),
-                start_time: Some(DateTime::new(1625097600000))
-            })
-            .with_type(ColumnType::new(CDT::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(), true)),
-        );
-
-        let f = substrait_proto::proto::expression::ScalarFunction {
-            function_reference: 0,
-            arguments: vec![col(0), lit("1 second")],
-            options: vec![],
-            output_type: None,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let input_schema = RelationType::new(vec![
-            ColumnType::new(CDT::timestamp_nanosecond_datatype(), false),
-            ColumnType::new(CDT::string_datatype(), false),
-        ]);
-        let extensions = FunctionExtensions {
-            anchor_to_name: HashMap::from([(0, "tumble".to_string())]),
-        };
-        let res = TypedExpr::from_substrait_scalar_func(&f, &input_schema, &extensions).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            res,
-            ScalarExpr::CallUnmaterializable(UnmaterializableFunc::TumbleWindow {
-                ts: Box::new(
-                    ScalarExpr::Column(0)
-                        .with_type(ColumnType::new(CDT::timestamp_nanosecond_datatype(), false))
-                ),
-                window_size: Interval::from_month_day_nano(0, 0, 1_000_000_000),
-                start_time: None
-            })
-            .with_type(ColumnType::new(CDT::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(), true)),
-        )
-    }
 }
--- a/src/frontend/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/frontend/Cargo.toml
@@ -68,5 +68,5 @@ datanode.workspace = true
 futures = "0.3"
 meta-srv = { workspace = true, features = ["mock"] }
 strfmt = "0.2"
-tower.workspace = true
+tower = "0.4"
 uuid.workspace = true
--- a/src/frontend/src/instance.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/instance.rs
@@ -554,7 +554,6 @@ pub fn check_permission(
        Statement::ShowIndex(stmt) => {
            validate_db_permission!(stmt, query_ctx);
        }
-        Statement::ShowStatus(_stmt) => {}
        Statement::DescribeTable(stmt) => {
            validate_param(stmt.name(), query_ctx)?;
        }
--- a/src/frontend/src/instance/grpc.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/instance/grpc.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use api::v1::query_request::Query;
 use api::v1::{DeleteRequests, DropFlowExpr, InsertRequests, RowDeleteRequests, RowInsertRequests};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use auth::{PermissionChecker, PermissionCheckerRef, PermissionReq};
+use common_meta::table_name::TableName;
 use common_query::Output;
 use common_telemetry::tracing;
 use query::parser::PromQuery;
@@ -26,7 +27,6 @@ use servers::query_handler::grpc::GrpcQueryHandler;
 use servers::query_handler::sql::SqlQueryHandler;
 use session::context::QueryContextRef;
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use table::table_name::TableName;

 use crate::error::{
    Error, IncompleteGrpcRequestSnafu, NotSupportedSnafu, PermissionSnafu, Result,
--- a/src/frontend/src/script.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/script.rs
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ mod python {
    use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
    use catalog::RegisterSystemTableRequest;
    use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+    use common_meta::table_name::TableName;
    use common_telemetry::{error, info};
    use script::manager::ScriptManager;
    use servers::query_handler::grpc::GrpcQueryHandler;
    use session::context::QueryContext;
    use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
-    use table::table_name::TableName;

    use super::*;
    use crate::error::{CatalogSnafu, TableNotFoundSnafu};
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/create/sort/external_sort.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/create/sort/external_sort.rs
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ impl ExternalSorter {
        IntermediateWriter::new(writer).write_all(values, bitmap_leading_zeros as _).await.inspect(|_|
            debug!("Dumped {entries} entries ({memory_usage} bytes) to intermediate file {file_id} for index {index_name}")
        ).inspect_err(|e|
-            error!(e; "Failed to dump {entries} entries to intermediate file {file_id} for index {index_name}")
+            error!("Failed to dump {entries} entries to intermediate file {file_id} for index {index_name}. Error: {e}")
        )
    }

--- a/src/log-store/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/log-store/src/error.rs
@@ -21,18 +21,12 @@ use serde_json::error::Error as JsonError;
 use snafu::{Location, Snafu};
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;

+use crate::kafka::NamespaceImpl as KafkaNamespace;
+
 #[derive(Snafu)]
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
 #[stack_trace_debug]
 pub enum Error {
-    #[snafu(display("Invalid provider type, expected: {}, actual: {}", expected, actual))]
-    InvalidProvider {
-        #[snafu(implicit)]
-        location: Location,
-        expected: String,
-        actual: String,
-    },
-
    #[snafu(display("Failed to start log store gc task"))]
    StartGcTask {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -176,28 +170,34 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to produce records to Kafka, topic: {}, size: {}", topic, size))]
+    #[snafu(display(
+        "Failed to produce records to Kafka, topic: {}, size: {}, limit: {}",
+        topic,
+        size,
+        limit,
+    ))]
    ProduceRecord {
        topic: String,
        size: usize,
+        limit: usize,
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
        #[snafu(source)]
        error: rskafka::client::producer::Error,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to read a record from Kafka, topic: {}", topic))]
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to read a record from Kafka, ns: {}", ns))]
    ConsumeRecord {
-        topic: String,
+        ns: KafkaNamespace,
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
        #[snafu(source)]
        error: rskafka::client::error::Error,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to get the latest offset, topic: {}", topic))]
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to get the latest offset, ns: {}", ns))]
    GetOffset {
-        topic: String,
+        ns: KafkaNamespace,
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
        #[snafu(source)]
--- a/src/log-store/src/kafka.rs
+++ b/src/log-store/src/kafka.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,17 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use std::mem::size_of;
 pub(crate) mod client_manager;
 pub mod log_store;
 pub(crate) mod util;

+use std::fmt::Display;
+
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use store_api::logstore::entry::Id as EntryId;
+use store_api::logstore::entry::{Entry, Id as EntryId, RawEntry};
+use store_api::logstore::namespace::Namespace;
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;

 /// Kafka Namespace implementation.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -26,6 +31,18 @@ pub struct NamespaceImpl {
    pub topic: String,
 }

+impl Namespace for NamespaceImpl {
+    fn id(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.region_id
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for NamespaceImpl {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "[topic: {}, region: {}]", self.topic, self.region_id)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Kafka Entry implementation.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub struct EntryImpl {
@@ -36,3 +53,65 @@ pub struct EntryImpl {
    /// The namespace used to identify and isolate log entries from different regions.
    pub ns: NamespaceImpl,
 }
+
+impl Entry for EntryImpl {
+    fn into_raw_entry(self) -> RawEntry {
+        RawEntry {
+            region_id: self.region_id(),
+            entry_id: self.id(),
+            data: self.data,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn data(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    fn id(&self) -> EntryId {
+        self.id
+    }
+
+    fn region_id(&self) -> RegionId {
+        RegionId::from_u64(self.ns.region_id)
+    }
+
+    fn estimated_size(&self) -> usize {
+        size_of::<Self>() + self.data.capacity() * size_of::<u8>() + self.ns.topic.capacity()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for EntryImpl {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "Entry [ns: {}, id: {}, data_len: {}]",
+            self.ns,
+            self.id,
+            self.data.len()
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::mem::size_of;
+
+    use store_api::logstore::entry::Entry;
+
+    use crate::kafka::{EntryImpl, NamespaceImpl};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_estimated_size() {
+        let entry = EntryImpl {
+            data: Vec::with_capacity(100),
+            id: 0,
+            ns: NamespaceImpl {
+                region_id: 0,
+                topic: String::with_capacity(10),
+            },
+        };
+        let expected = size_of::<EntryImpl>() + 100 * size_of::<u8>() + 10;
+        let got = entry.estimated_size();
+        assert_eq!(expected, got);
+    }
+}
--- a/src/log-store/src/kafka/client_manager.rs
+++ b/src/log-store/src/kafka/client_manager.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ use tokio::sync::RwLock;
 use crate::error::{
    BuildClientSnafu, BuildPartitionClientSnafu, ResolveKafkaEndpointSnafu, Result,
 };
-use crate::kafka::util::record::MIN_BATCH_SIZE;

 // Each topic only has one partition for now.
 // The `DEFAULT_PARTITION` refers to the index of the partition.
@@ -49,8 +48,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Client {
 impl Client {
    /// Creates a Client from the raw client.
    pub(crate) fn new(raw_client: Arc<PartitionClient>, config: &DatanodeKafkaConfig) -> Self {
-        let record_aggregator =
-            RecordAggregator::new((config.max_batch_size.as_bytes() as usize).max(MIN_BATCH_SIZE));
+        let record_aggregator = RecordAggregator::new(config.max_batch_size.as_bytes() as usize);
        let batch_producer = BatchProducerBuilder::new(raw_client.clone())
            .with_compression(config.compression)
            .with_linger(config.linger)
--- a/src/log-store/src/kafka/log_store.rs
+++ b/src/log-store/src/kafka/log_store.rs
@@ -17,23 +17,21 @@ use std::sync::Arc;

 use common_telemetry::{debug, warn};
 use common_wal::config::kafka::DatanodeKafkaConfig;
+use common_wal::options::WalOptions;
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
 use rskafka::client::consumer::{StartOffset, StreamConsumerBuilder};
 use rskafka::client::partition::OffsetAt;
-use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use store_api::logstore::entry::{
-    Entry, Id as EntryId, MultiplePartEntry, MultiplePartHeader, NaiveEntry,
-};
-use store_api::logstore::provider::{KafkaProvider, Provider};
-use store_api::logstore::{AppendBatchResponse, LogStore, SendableEntryStream};
-use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::logstore::entry::{Entry as EntryTrait, Id as EntryId};
+use store_api::logstore::entry_stream::SendableEntryStream;
+use store_api::logstore::namespace::Id as NamespaceId;
+use store_api::logstore::{AppendBatchResponse, AppendResponse, LogStore};

-use crate::error::{self, ConsumeRecordSnafu, Error, GetOffsetSnafu, InvalidProviderSnafu, Result};
+use crate::error::{ConsumeRecordSnafu, Error, GetOffsetSnafu, IllegalSequenceSnafu, Result};
 use crate::kafka::client_manager::{ClientManager, ClientManagerRef};
 use crate::kafka::util::offset::Offset;
-use crate::kafka::util::record::{
-    maybe_emit_entry, remaining_entries, Record, RecordProducer, ESTIMATED_META_SIZE,
-};
+use crate::kafka::util::record::{maybe_emit_entry, Record, RecordProducer};
+use crate::kafka::{EntryImpl, NamespaceImpl};
 use crate::metrics;

 /// A log store backed by Kafka.
@@ -54,81 +52,41 @@ impl KafkaLogStore {
    }
 }

-fn build_entry(
-    data: &mut Vec<u8>,
-    entry_id: EntryId,
-    region_id: RegionId,
-    provider: &Provider,
-    max_data_size: usize,
-) -> Entry {
-    if data.len() <= max_data_size {
-        Entry::Naive(NaiveEntry {
-            provider: provider.clone(),
-            region_id,
-            entry_id,
-            data: std::mem::take(data),
-        })
-    } else {
-        let parts = std::mem::take(data)
-            .chunks(max_data_size)
-            .map(|s| s.into())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let num_parts = parts.len();
-
-        let mut headers = Vec::with_capacity(num_parts);
-        headers.push(MultiplePartHeader::First);
-        headers.extend((1..num_parts - 1).map(MultiplePartHeader::Middle));
-        headers.push(MultiplePartHeader::Last);
-
-        Entry::MultiplePart(MultiplePartEntry {
-            provider: provider.clone(),
-            region_id,
-            entry_id,
-            headers,
-            parts,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {
    type Error = Error;
+    type Entry = EntryImpl;
+    type Namespace = NamespaceImpl;

-    /// Creates an [Entry].
-    fn entry(
-        &self,
-        data: &mut Vec<u8>,
-        entry_id: EntryId,
-        region_id: RegionId,
-        provider: &Provider,
-    ) -> Result<Entry> {
-        provider
-            .as_kafka_provider()
-            .with_context(|| InvalidProviderSnafu {
-                expected: KafkaProvider::type_name(),
-                actual: provider.type_name(),
-            })?;
-
-        let max_data_size =
-            self.client_manager.config.max_batch_size.as_bytes() as usize - ESTIMATED_META_SIZE;
-        Ok(build_entry(
-            data,
-            entry_id,
-            region_id,
-            provider,
-            max_data_size,
-        ))
+    /// Creates an entry of the associated Entry type.
+    fn entry(&self, data: &mut Vec<u8>, entry_id: EntryId, ns: Self::Namespace) -> Self::Entry {
+        EntryImpl {
+            data: std::mem::take(data),
+            id: entry_id,
+            ns,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Appends an entry to the log store and returns a response containing the entry id of the appended entry.
+    async fn append(&self, entry: Self::Entry) -> Result<AppendResponse> {
+        let entry_id = RecordProducer::new(entry.ns.clone())
+            .with_entries(vec![entry])
+            .produce(&self.client_manager)
+            .await
+            .map(TryInto::try_into)??;
+        Ok(AppendResponse {
+            last_entry_id: entry_id,
+        })
    }

-    // TODO(weny): refactor the writing.
    /// Appends a batch of entries and returns a response containing a map where the key is a region id
    /// while the value is the id of the last successfully written entry of the region.
-    async fn append_batch(&self, entries: Vec<Entry>) -> Result<AppendBatchResponse> {
+    async fn append_batch(&self, entries: Vec<Self::Entry>) -> Result<AppendBatchResponse> {
        metrics::METRIC_KAFKA_APPEND_BATCH_CALLS_TOTAL.inc();
        metrics::METRIC_KAFKA_APPEND_BATCH_BYTES_TOTAL.inc_by(
            entries
                .iter()
-                .map(|entry| entry.estimated_size())
+                .map(EntryTrait::estimated_size)
                .sum::<usize>() as u64,
        );
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_KAFKA_APPEND_BATCH_ELAPSED.start_timer();
@@ -140,17 +98,9 @@ impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {
        // Groups entries by region id and pushes them to an associated record producer.
        let mut producers = HashMap::with_capacity(entries.len());
        for entry in entries {
-            let provider = entry
-                .provider()
-                .as_kafka_provider()
-                .context(error::InvalidProviderSnafu {
-                    expected: KafkaProvider::type_name(),
-                    actual: entry.provider().type_name(),
-                })?
-                .clone();
            producers
-                .entry(entry.region_id())
-                .or_insert_with(|| RecordProducer::new(provider))
+                .entry(entry.ns.region_id)
+                .or_insert_with(|| RecordProducer::new(entry.ns.clone()))
                .push(entry);
        }

@@ -172,27 +122,20 @@ impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {
        Ok(AppendBatchResponse { last_entry_ids })
    }

-    /// Creates a new `EntryStream` to asynchronously generates `Entry` with entry ids.
-    /// Returns entries belonging to `provider`, starting from `entry_id`.
+    /// Creates a new `EntryStream` to asynchronously generates `Entry` with entry ids
+    /// starting from `entry_id`. The generated entries will be filtered by the namespace.
    async fn read(
        &self,
-        provider: &Provider,
+        ns: &Self::Namespace,
        entry_id: EntryId,
-    ) -> Result<SendableEntryStream<'static, Entry, Self::Error>> {
-        let provider = provider
-            .as_kafka_provider()
-            .with_context(|| InvalidProviderSnafu {
-                expected: KafkaProvider::type_name(),
-                actual: provider.type_name(),
-            })?;
-
+    ) -> Result<SendableEntryStream<Self::Entry, Self::Error>> {
        metrics::METRIC_KAFKA_READ_CALLS_TOTAL.inc();
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_KAFKA_READ_ELAPSED.start_timer();

        // Gets the client associated with the topic.
        let client = self
            .client_manager
-            .get_or_insert(&provider.topic)
+            .get_or_insert(&ns.topic)
            .await?
            .raw_client
            .clone();
@@ -204,16 +147,14 @@ impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {
        let end_offset = client
            .get_offset(OffsetAt::Latest)
            .await
-            .context(GetOffsetSnafu {
-                topic: &provider.topic,
-            })?
+            .context(GetOffsetSnafu { ns: ns.clone() })?
            - 1;
        // Reads entries with offsets in the range [start_offset, end_offset].
        let start_offset = Offset::try_from(entry_id)?.0;

        debug!(
            "Start reading entries in range [{}, {}] for ns {}",
-            start_offset, end_offset, provider
+            start_offset, end_offset, ns
        );

        // Abort if there're no new entries.
@@ -221,7 +162,7 @@ impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {
        if start_offset > end_offset {
            warn!(
                "No new entries for ns {} in range [{}, {}]",
-                provider, start_offset, end_offset
+                ns, start_offset, end_offset
            );
            return Ok(futures_util::stream::empty().boxed());
        }
@@ -233,20 +174,20 @@ impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {

        debug!(
            "Built a stream consumer for ns {} to consume entries in range [{}, {}]",
-            provider, start_offset, end_offset
+            ns, start_offset, end_offset
        );

-        // A buffer is used to collect records to construct a complete entry.
-        let mut entry_records: HashMap<RegionId, Vec<Record>> = HashMap::new();
-        let provider = provider.clone();
+        // Key: entry id, Value: the records associated with the entry.
+        let mut entry_records: HashMap<_, Vec<_>> = HashMap::new();
+        let ns_clone = ns.clone();
        let stream = async_stream::stream!({
            while let Some(consume_result) = stream_consumer.next().await {
                // Each next on the stream consumer produces a `RecordAndOffset` and a high watermark offset.
                // The `RecordAndOffset` contains the record data and its start offset.
                // The high watermark offset is the offset of the last record plus one.
                let (record_and_offset, high_watermark) =
-                    consume_result.context(ConsumeRecordSnafu {
-                        topic: &provider.topic,
+                    consume_result.with_context(|_| ConsumeRecordSnafu {
+                        ns: ns_clone.clone(),
                    })?;
                let (kafka_record, offset) = (record_and_offset.record, record_and_offset.offset);

@@ -254,35 +195,37 @@ impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {
                    .inc_by(kafka_record.approximate_size() as u64);

                debug!(
-                    "Read a record at offset {} for topic {}, high watermark: {}",
-                    offset, provider.topic, high_watermark
+                    "Read a record at offset {} for ns {}, high watermark: {}",
+                    offset, ns_clone, high_watermark
                );

                // Ignores no-op records.
                if kafka_record.value.is_none() {
-                    if check_termination(offset, end_offset) {
-                        if let Some(entries) = remaining_entries(&provider, &mut entry_records) {
-                            yield Ok(entries);
-                        }
+                    if check_termination(offset, end_offset, &entry_records)? {
                        break;
                    }
                    continue;
                }

+                // Filters records by namespace.
                let record = Record::try_from(kafka_record)?;
+                if record.meta.ns != ns_clone {
+                    if check_termination(offset, end_offset, &entry_records)? {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                // Tries to construct an entry from records consumed so far.
-                if let Some(mut entry) = maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut entry_records)? {
+                if let Some(mut entry) = maybe_emit_entry(record, &mut entry_records)? {
                    // We don't rely on the EntryId generated by mito2.
                    // Instead, we use the offset return from Kafka as EntryId.
                    // Therefore, we MUST overwrite the EntryId with RecordOffset.
-                    entry.set_entry_id(offset as u64);
+                    entry.id = offset as u64;
                    yield Ok(vec![entry]);
                }

-                if check_termination(offset, end_offset) {
-                    if let Some(entries) = remaining_entries(&provider, &mut entry_records) {
-                        yield Ok(entries);
-                    }
+                if check_termination(offset, end_offset, &entry_records)? {
                    break;
                }
            }
@@ -290,25 +233,39 @@ impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {
        Ok(Box::pin(stream))
    }

+    /// Creates a namespace of the associated Namespace type.
+    fn namespace(&self, ns_id: NamespaceId, wal_options: &WalOptions) -> Self::Namespace {
+        // Safety: upon start, the datanode checks the consistency of the wal providers in the wal config of the
+        // datanode and that of the metasrv. Therefore, the wal options passed into the kafka log store
+        // must be of type WalOptions::Kafka.
+        let WalOptions::Kafka(kafka_options) = wal_options else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+        NamespaceImpl {
+            region_id: ns_id,
+            topic: kafka_options.topic.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Creates a new `Namespace` from the given ref.
-    async fn create_namespace(&self, _provider: &Provider) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn create_namespace(&self, _ns: &Self::Namespace) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Deletes an existing `Namespace` specified by the given ref.
-    async fn delete_namespace(&self, _provider: &Provider) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn delete_namespace(&self, _ns: &Self::Namespace) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Lists all existing namespaces.
-    async fn list_namespaces(&self) -> Result<Vec<Provider>> {
+    async fn list_namespaces(&self) -> Result<Vec<Self::Namespace>> {
        Ok(vec![])
    }

    /// Marks all entries with ids `<=entry_id` of the given `namespace` as obsolete,
    /// so that the log store can safely delete those entries. This method does not guarantee
    /// that the obsolete entries are deleted immediately.
-    async fn obsolete(&self, _provider: &Provider, _entry_id: EntryId) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn obsolete(&self, _ns: Self::Namespace, _entry_id: EntryId) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

@@ -318,249 +275,227 @@ impl LogStore for KafkaLogStore {
    }
 }

-fn check_termination(offset: i64, end_offset: i64) -> bool {
+fn check_termination(
+    offset: i64,
+    end_offset: i64,
+    entry_records: &HashMap<EntryId, Vec<Record>>,
+) -> Result<bool> {
    // Terminates the stream if the entry with the end offset was read.
    if offset >= end_offset {
        debug!("Stream consumer terminates at offset {}", offset);
        // There must have no records when the stream terminates.
-        true
+        if !entry_records.is_empty() {
+            return IllegalSequenceSnafu {
+                error: "Found records leftover",
+            }
+            .fail();
+        }
+        Ok(true)
    } else {
-        false
+        Ok(false)
    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-
-    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
-    use std::collections::HashMap;
-
    use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
-    use common_telemetry::info;
-    use common_telemetry::tracing::warn;
-    use common_wal::config::kafka::DatanodeKafkaConfig;
-    use futures::TryStreamExt;
-    use rand::prelude::SliceRandom;
-    use rand::Rng;
-    use store_api::logstore::entry::{Entry, MultiplePartEntry, MultiplePartHeader, NaiveEntry};
-    use store_api::logstore::provider::Provider;
-    use store_api::logstore::LogStore;
-    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+    use rand::seq::IteratorRandom;

-    use super::build_entry;
-    use crate::kafka::log_store::KafkaLogStore;
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::test_util::kafka::{
+        create_topics, entries_with_random_data, new_namespace, EntryBuilder,
+    };

-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_naive_entry() {
-        let provider = Provider::kafka_provider("my_topic".to_string());
-        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
-        let entry = build_entry(&mut vec![1; 100], 1, region_id, &provider, 120);
+    // Stores test context for a region.
+    struct RegionContext {
+        ns: NamespaceImpl,
+        entry_builder: EntryBuilder,
+        expected: Vec<EntryImpl>,
+        flushed_entry_id: EntryId,
+    }

-        assert_eq!(
-            entry.into_naive_entry().unwrap(),
-            NaiveEntry {
-                provider,
-                region_id,
-                entry_id: 1,
-                data: vec![1; 100]
-            }
+    /// Prepares for a test in that a log store is constructed and a collection of topics is created.
+    async fn prepare(
+        test_name: &str,
+        num_topics: usize,
+        broker_endpoints: Vec<String>,
+    ) -> (KafkaLogStore, Vec<String>) {
+        let topics = create_topics(
+            num_topics,
+            |i| format!("{test_name}_{}_{}", i, uuid::Uuid::new_v4()),
+            &broker_endpoints,
        )
-    }
+        .await;

-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_into_multiple_part_entry() {
-        let provider = Provider::kafka_provider("my_topic".to_string());
-        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
-        let entry = build_entry(&mut vec![1; 100], 1, region_id, &provider, 50);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            entry.into_multiple_part_entry().unwrap(),
-            MultiplePartEntry {
-                provider: provider.clone(),
-                region_id,
-                entry_id: 1,
-                headers: vec![MultiplePartHeader::First, MultiplePartHeader::Last],
-                parts: vec![vec![1; 50], vec![1; 50]],
-            }
-        );
-
-        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
-        let entry = build_entry(&mut vec![1; 100], 1, region_id, &provider, 21);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            entry.into_multiple_part_entry().unwrap(),
-            MultiplePartEntry {
-                provider,
-                region_id,
-                entry_id: 1,
-                headers: vec![
-                    MultiplePartHeader::First,
-                    MultiplePartHeader::Middle(1),
-                    MultiplePartHeader::Middle(2),
-                    MultiplePartHeader::Middle(3),
-                    MultiplePartHeader::Last
-                ],
-                parts: vec![
-                    vec![1; 21],
-                    vec![1; 21],
-                    vec![1; 21],
-                    vec![1; 21],
-                    vec![1; 16]
-                ],
-            }
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn generate_entries(
-        logstore: &KafkaLogStore,
-        provider: &Provider,
-        num_entries: usize,
-        region_id: RegionId,
-        data_len: usize,
-    ) -> Vec<Entry> {
-        (0..num_entries)
-            .map(|_| {
-                let mut data: Vec<u8> = (0..data_len).map(|_| rand::random::<u8>()).collect();
-                // Always set `entry_id` to 0, the real entry_id will be set during the read.
-                logstore.entry(&mut data, 0, region_id, provider).unwrap()
-            })
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_append_batch_basic() {
-        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
-        let Ok(broker_endpoints) = std::env::var("GT_KAFKA_ENDPOINTS") else {
-            warn!("The endpoints is empty, skipping the test 'test_append_batch_basic'");
-            return;
-        };
-        let broker_endpoints = broker_endpoints
-            .split(',')
-            .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let config = DatanodeKafkaConfig {
            broker_endpoints,
            max_batch_size: ReadableSize::kb(32),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let logstore = KafkaLogStore::try_new(&config).await.unwrap();
-        let topic_name = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-        let provider = Provider::kafka_provider(topic_name);
-        let region_entries = (0..5)
-            .map(|i| {
-                let region_id = RegionId::new(1, i);
-                (
-                    region_id,
-                    generate_entries(&logstore, &provider, 20, region_id, 1024),
-                )
-            })
-            .collect::<HashMap<RegionId, Vec<_>>>();

-        let mut all_entries = region_entries
-            .values()
-            .flatten()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        all_entries.shuffle(&mut rand::thread_rng());
-
-        let response = logstore.append_batch(all_entries.clone()).await.unwrap();
-        // 5 region
-        assert_eq!(response.last_entry_ids.len(), 5);
-        let got_entries = logstore
-            .read(&provider, 0)
-            .await
-            .unwrap()
-            .try_collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .await
-            .unwrap()
-            .into_iter()
-            .flatten()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        for (region_id, _) in region_entries {
-            let expected_entries = all_entries
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|entry| entry.region_id() == region_id)
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let mut actual_entries = got_entries
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|entry| entry.region_id() == region_id)
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            actual_entries
-                .iter_mut()
-                .for_each(|entry| entry.set_entry_id(0));
-            assert_eq!(expected_entries, actual_entries);
+        // Appends a no-op record to each topic.
+        for topic in topics.iter() {
+            let last_entry_id = logstore
+                .append(EntryImpl {
+                    data: vec![],
+                    id: 0,
+                    ns: new_namespace(topic, 0),
+                })
+                .await
+                .unwrap()
+                .last_entry_id;
+            assert_eq!(last_entry_id, 0);
        }
+
+        (logstore, topics)
    }

-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_append_batch_basic_large() {
-        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+    /// Creates a vector containing indexes of all regions if the `all` is true.
+    /// Otherwise, creates a subset of the indexes. The cardinality of the subset
+    /// is nearly a quarter of that of the universe set.
+    fn all_or_subset(all: bool, num_regions: usize) -> Vec<u64> {
+        assert!(num_regions > 0);
+        let amount = if all {
+            num_regions
+        } else {
+            (num_regions / 4).max(1)
+        };
+        (0..num_regions as u64).choose_multiple(&mut rand::thread_rng(), amount)
+    }
+
+    /// Builds entries for regions specified by `which`. Builds large entries if `large` is true.
+    /// Returns the aggregated entries.
+    fn build_entries(
+        region_contexts: &mut HashMap<u64, RegionContext>,
+        which: &[u64],
+        large: bool,
+    ) -> Vec<EntryImpl> {
+        let mut aggregated = Vec::with_capacity(which.len());
+        for region_id in which {
+            let ctx = region_contexts.get_mut(region_id).unwrap();
+            // Builds entries for the region.
+            ctx.expected = if !large {
+                entries_with_random_data(3, &ctx.entry_builder)
+            } else {
+                // Builds a large entry of size 256KB which is way greater than the configured `max_batch_size` which is 32KB.
+                let large_entry = ctx.entry_builder.with_data([b'1'; 256 * 1024]);
+                vec![large_entry]
+            };
+            // Aggregates entries of all regions.
+            aggregated.push(ctx.expected.clone());
+        }
+        aggregated.into_iter().flatten().collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Starts a test with:
+    /// * `test_name` - The name of the test.
+    /// * `num_topics` - Number of topics to be created in the preparation phase.
+    /// * `num_regions` - Number of regions involved in the test.
+    /// * `num_appends` - Number of append operations to be performed.
+    /// * `all` - All regions will be involved in an append operation if `all` is true. Otherwise,
+    /// an append operation will only randomly choose a subset of regions.
+    /// * `large` - Builds large entries for each region is `large` is true.
+    async fn test_with(
+        test_name: &str,
+        num_topics: usize,
+        num_regions: usize,
+        num_appends: usize,
+        all: bool,
+        large: bool,
+    ) {
        let Ok(broker_endpoints) = std::env::var("GT_KAFKA_ENDPOINTS") else {
-            warn!("The endpoints is empty, skipping the test 'test_append_batch_basic_large'");
+            warn!("The endpoints is empty, skipping the test {test_name}");
            return;
        };
-        let data_size_kb = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(9..31usize);
-        info!("Entry size: {}Ki", data_size_kb);
        let broker_endpoints = broker_endpoints
            .split(',')
            .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let config = DatanodeKafkaConfig {
-            broker_endpoints,
-            max_batch_size: ReadableSize::kb(8),
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let logstore = KafkaLogStore::try_new(&config).await.unwrap();
-        let topic_name = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-        let provider = Provider::kafka_provider(topic_name);
-        let region_entries = (0..5)
+
+        let (logstore, topics) = prepare(test_name, num_topics, broker_endpoints).await;
+        let mut region_contexts = (0..num_regions)
            .map(|i| {
-                let region_id = RegionId::new(1, i);
+                let topic = &topics[i % topics.len()];
+                let ns = new_namespace(topic, i as u64);
+                let entry_builder = EntryBuilder::new(ns.clone());
                (
-                    region_id,
-                    generate_entries(&logstore, &provider, 20, region_id, data_size_kb * 1024),
+                    i as u64,
+                    RegionContext {
+                        ns,
+                        entry_builder,
+                        expected: Vec::new(),
+                        flushed_entry_id: 0,
+                    },
                )
            })
-            .collect::<HashMap<RegionId, Vec<_>>>();
+            .collect();

-        let mut all_entries = region_entries
-            .values()
-            .flatten()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        assert_matches!(all_entries[0], Entry::MultiplePart(_));
-        all_entries.shuffle(&mut rand::thread_rng());
+        for _ in 0..num_appends {
+            // Appends entries for a subset of regions.
+            let which = all_or_subset(all, num_regions);
+            let entries = build_entries(&mut region_contexts, &which, large);
+            let last_entry_ids = logstore.append_batch(entries).await.unwrap().last_entry_ids;

-        let response = logstore.append_batch(all_entries.clone()).await.unwrap();
-        // 5 region
-        assert_eq!(response.last_entry_ids.len(), 5);
-        let got_entries = logstore
-            .read(&provider, 0)
-            .await
-            .unwrap()
-            .try_collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .await
-            .unwrap()
-            .into_iter()
-            .flatten()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        for (region_id, _) in region_entries {
-            let expected_entries = all_entries
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|entry| entry.region_id() == region_id)
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let mut actual_entries = got_entries
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|entry| entry.region_id() == region_id)
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            actual_entries
-                .iter_mut()
-                .for_each(|entry| entry.set_entry_id(0));
-            assert_eq!(expected_entries, actual_entries);
+            // Reads entries for regions and checks for each region that the gotten entries are identical with the expected ones.
+            for region_id in which {
+                let ctx = region_contexts.get_mut(&region_id).unwrap();
+                let stream = logstore
+                    .read(&ctx.ns, ctx.flushed_entry_id + 1)
+                    .await
+                    .unwrap();
+                let mut got = stream
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .await
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .flat_map(|x| x.unwrap())
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                //FIXME(weny): https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/3152
+                ctx.expected.iter_mut().for_each(|entry| entry.id = 0);
+                got.iter_mut().for_each(|entry| entry.id = 0);
+                assert_eq!(ctx.expected, got);
+            }
+
+            // Simulates a flush for regions.
+            for (region_id, last_entry_id) in last_entry_ids {
+                let ctx = region_contexts.get_mut(&region_id).unwrap();
+                ctx.flushed_entry_id = last_entry_id;
+            }
        }
    }
+
+    /// Appends entries for one region and checks all entries can be read successfully.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_one_region() {
+        test_with("test_one_region", 1, 1, 1, true, false).await;
+    }
+
+    /// Appends entries for multiple regions and checks entries for each region can be read successfully.
+    /// A topic is assigned only a single region.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_multi_regions_disjoint() {
+        test_with("test_multi_regions_disjoint", 5, 5, 1, true, false).await;
+    }
+
+    /// Appends entries for multiple regions and checks entries for each region can be read successfully.
+    /// A topic is assigned multiple regions.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_multi_regions_overlapped() {
+        test_with("test_multi_regions_overlapped", 5, 20, 1, true, false).await;
+    }
+
+    /// Appends entries for multiple regions and checks entries for each region can be read successfully.
+    /// A topic may be assigned multiple regions. The append operation repeats for a several iterations.
+    /// Each append operation will only append entries for a subset of randomly chosen regions.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_multi_appends() {
+        test_with("test_multi_appends", 5, 20, 3, false, false).await;
+    }
+
+    /// Appends large entries for multiple regions and checks entries for each region can be read successfully.
+    /// A topic may be assigned multiple regions.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_append_large_entries() {
+        test_with("test_append_large_entries", 5, 20, 3, true, true).await;
+    }
 }
--- a/src/log-store/src/kafka/util/record.rs
+++ b/src/log-store/src/kafka/util/record.rs
@@ -13,14 +13,10 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::sync::Arc;

 use rskafka::record::Record as KafkaRecord;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use store_api::logstore::entry::{Entry, MultiplePartEntry, MultiplePartHeader, NaiveEntry};
-use store_api::logstore::provider::{KafkaProvider, Provider};
-use store_api::storage::RegionId;

 use crate::error::{
    DecodeJsonSnafu, EmptyEntriesSnafu, EncodeJsonSnafu, GetClientSnafu, IllegalSequenceSnafu,
@@ -28,7 +24,7 @@ use crate::error::{
 };
 use crate::kafka::client_manager::ClientManagerRef;
 use crate::kafka::util::offset::Offset;
-use crate::kafka::{EntryId, NamespaceImpl};
+use crate::kafka::{EntryId, EntryImpl, NamespaceImpl};
 use crate::metrics;

 /// The current version of Record.
@@ -36,10 +32,7 @@ pub(crate) const VERSION: u32 = 0;

 /// The estimated size in bytes of a serialized RecordMeta.
 /// A record is guaranteed to have sizeof(meta) + sizeof(data) <= max_batch_size - ESTIMATED_META_SIZE.
-pub(crate) const ESTIMATED_META_SIZE: usize = 256;
-
-/// The minimum batch size
-pub(crate) const MIN_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 4 * 1024;
+const ESTIMATED_META_SIZE: usize = 256;

 /// The type of a record.
 ///
@@ -117,25 +110,43 @@ impl TryFrom<KafkaRecord> for Record {
    }
 }

+impl From<Vec<Record>> for EntryImpl {
+    fn from(records: Vec<Record>) -> Self {
+        let entry_id = records[0].meta.entry_id;
+        let ns = records[0].meta.ns.clone();
+        let data = records.into_iter().flat_map(|record| record.data).collect();
+        EntryImpl {
+            data,
+            id: entry_id,
+            ns,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Produces a record to a kafka topic.
 pub(crate) struct RecordProducer {
-    /// The provide of the entries.
-    provider: Arc<KafkaProvider>,
+    /// The namespace of the entries.
+    ns: NamespaceImpl,
    /// Entries are buffered before being built into a record.
-    entries: Vec<Entry>,
+    entries: Vec<EntryImpl>,
 }

 impl RecordProducer {
    /// Creates a new producer for producing entries with the given namespace.
-    pub(crate) fn new(provider: Arc<KafkaProvider>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(ns: NamespaceImpl) -> Self {
        Self {
-            provider,
+            ns,
            entries: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

+    /// Populates the entry buffer with the given entries.
+    pub(crate) fn with_entries(self, entries: Vec<EntryImpl>) -> Self {
+        Self { entries, ..self }
+    }
+
    /// Pushes an entry into the entry buffer.
-    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, entry: Entry) {
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, entry: EntryImpl) {
        self.entries.push(entry);
    }

@@ -147,11 +158,11 @@ impl RecordProducer {

        // Gets the producer in which a record buffer is maintained.
        let producer = client_manager
-            .get_or_insert(&self.provider.topic)
+            .get_or_insert(&self.ns.topic)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                GetClientSnafu {
-                    topic: &self.provider.topic,
+                    topic: &self.ns.topic,
                    error: e.to_string(),
                }
                .build()
@@ -160,8 +171,10 @@ impl RecordProducer {

        // Stores the offset of the last successfully produced record.
        let mut last_offset = None;
+        let max_record_size =
+            client_manager.config.max_batch_size.as_bytes() as usize - ESTIMATED_META_SIZE;
        for entry in self.entries {
-            for record in convert_to_records(entry) {
+            for record in build_records(entry, max_record_size) {
                let kafka_record = KafkaRecord::try_from(record)?;

                metrics::METRIC_KAFKA_PRODUCE_RECORD_COUNTS.inc();
@@ -174,8 +187,9 @@ impl RecordProducer {
                    .await
                    .map(Offset)
                    .with_context(|_| ProduceRecordSnafu {
-                        topic: &self.provider.topic,
+                        topic: &self.ns.topic,
                        size: kafka_record.approximate_size(),
+                        limit: max_record_size,
                    })?;
                last_offset = Some(offset);
            }
@@ -185,188 +199,100 @@ impl RecordProducer {
    }
 }

-fn convert_to_records(entry: Entry) -> Vec<Record> {
-    match entry {
-        Entry::Naive(entry) => vec![Record {
+fn record_type(seq: usize, num_records: usize) -> RecordType {
+    if seq == 0 {
+        RecordType::First
+    } else if seq == num_records - 1 {
+        RecordType::Last
+    } else {
+        RecordType::Middle(seq)
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_records(entry: EntryImpl, max_record_size: usize) -> Vec<Record> {
+    if entry.data.len() <= max_record_size {
+        let record = Record {
            meta: RecordMeta {
                version: VERSION,
                tp: RecordType::Full,
-                // TODO(weny): refactor the record meta.
-                entry_id: 0,
-                ns: NamespaceImpl {
-                    region_id: entry.region_id.as_u64(),
-                    // TODO(weny): refactor the record meta.
-                    topic: String::new(),
-                },
+                entry_id: entry.id,
+                ns: entry.ns,
            },
            data: entry.data,
-        }],
-        Entry::MultiplePart(entry) => {
-            let mut entries = Vec::with_capacity(entry.parts.len());
-
-            for (idx, part) in entry.parts.into_iter().enumerate() {
-                let tp = match entry.headers[idx] {
-                    MultiplePartHeader::First => RecordType::First,
-                    MultiplePartHeader::Middle(i) => RecordType::Middle(i),
-                    MultiplePartHeader::Last => RecordType::Last,
-                };
-                entries.push(Record {
-                    meta: RecordMeta {
-                        version: VERSION,
-                        tp,
-                        // TODO(weny): refactor the record meta.
-                        entry_id: 0,
-                        ns: NamespaceImpl {
-                            region_id: entry.region_id.as_u64(),
-                            topic: String::new(),
-                        },
-                    },
-                    data: part,
-                })
-            }
-            entries
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn convert_to_naive_entry(provider: Arc<KafkaProvider>, record: Record) -> Entry {
-    let region_id = RegionId::from_u64(record.meta.ns.region_id);
-
-    Entry::Naive(NaiveEntry {
-        provider: Provider::Kafka(provider),
-        region_id,
-        // TODO(weny): should be the offset in the topic
-        entry_id: record.meta.entry_id,
-        data: record.data,
-    })
-}
-
-fn convert_to_multiple_entry(
-    provider: Arc<KafkaProvider>,
-    region_id: RegionId,
-    records: Vec<Record>,
-) -> Entry {
-    let mut headers = Vec::with_capacity(records.len());
-    let mut parts = Vec::with_capacity(records.len());
-
-    for record in records {
-        let header = match record.meta.tp {
-            RecordType::Full => unreachable!(),
-            RecordType::First => MultiplePartHeader::First,
-            RecordType::Middle(i) => MultiplePartHeader::Middle(i),
-            RecordType::Last => MultiplePartHeader::Last,
        };
-        headers.push(header);
-        parts.push(record.data);
+        return vec![record];
    }

-    Entry::MultiplePart(MultiplePartEntry {
-        provider: Provider::Kafka(provider),
-        region_id,
-        // TODO(weny): should be the offset in the topic
-        entry_id: 0,
-        headers,
-        parts,
-    })
+    let chunks = entry.data.chunks(max_record_size);
+    let num_chunks = chunks.len();
+    chunks
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, chunk)| Record {
+            meta: RecordMeta {
+                version: VERSION,
+                tp: record_type(i, num_chunks),
+                entry_id: entry.id,
+                ns: entry.ns.clone(),
+            },
+            data: chunk.to_vec(),
+        })
+        .collect()
 }

-/// Constructs entries from `buffered_records`
-pub fn remaining_entries(
-    provider: &Arc<KafkaProvider>,
-    buffered_records: &mut HashMap<RegionId, Vec<Record>>,
-) -> Option<Vec<Entry>> {
-    if buffered_records.is_empty() {
-        None
-    } else {
-        let mut entries = Vec::with_capacity(buffered_records.len());
-        for (region_id, records) in buffered_records.drain() {
-            entries.push(convert_to_multiple_entry(
-                provider.clone(),
-                region_id,
-                records,
-            ));
-        }
-        Some(entries)
-    }
-}
-
-/// For type of [Entry::Naive] Entry:
-/// - Emits a [RecordType::Full] type record immediately.
-///
-/// For type of [Entry::MultiplePart] Entry:
-/// - Emits a complete or incomplete [Entry] while the next same [RegionId] record arrives.
-///
-/// **Incomplete Entry:**
-/// If the records arrive in the following order, it emits **the incomplete [Entry]** when the next record arrives.
-/// - **[RecordType::First], [RecordType::Middle]**, [RecordType::First]
-/// - **[RecordType::Middle]**, [RecordType::First]
-/// - **[RecordType::Last]**
-pub(crate) fn maybe_emit_entry(
-    provider: &Arc<KafkaProvider>,
+pub fn maybe_emit_entry(
    record: Record,
-    buffered_records: &mut HashMap<RegionId, Vec<Record>>,
-) -> Result<Option<Entry>> {
+    entry_records: &mut HashMap<EntryId, Vec<Record>>,
+) -> Result<Option<EntryImpl>> {
    let mut entry = None;
    match record.meta.tp {
-        RecordType::Full => entry = Some(convert_to_naive_entry(provider.clone(), record)),
+        RecordType::Full => {
+            entry = Some(EntryImpl::from(vec![record]));
+        }
        RecordType::First => {
-            let region_id = record.meta.ns.region_id.into();
-            if let Some(records) = buffered_records.insert(region_id, vec![record]) {
-                // Incomplete entry
-                entry = Some(convert_to_multiple_entry(
-                    provider.clone(),
-                    region_id,
-                    records,
-                ))
-            }
+            ensure!(
+                !entry_records.contains_key(&record.meta.entry_id),
+                IllegalSequenceSnafu {
+                    error: "First record must be the first"
+                }
+            );
+            entry_records.insert(record.meta.entry_id, vec![record]);
        }
        RecordType::Middle(seq) => {
-            let region_id = record.meta.ns.region_id.into();
-            let records = buffered_records.entry(region_id).or_default();
+            let prefix =
+                entry_records
+                    .get_mut(&record.meta.entry_id)
+                    .context(IllegalSequenceSnafu {
+                        error: "Middle record must not be the first",
+                    })?;
+            // Safety: the records are guaranteed not empty if the key exists.
+            let last_record = prefix.last().unwrap();
+            let legal = match last_record.meta.tp {
+                // Legal if this record follows a First record.
+                RecordType::First => seq == 1,
+                // Legal if this record follows a Middle record just prior to this record.
+                RecordType::Middle(last_seq) => last_seq + 1 == seq,
+                // Illegal sequence.
+                _ => false,
+            };
+            ensure!(
+                legal,
+                IllegalSequenceSnafu {
+                    error: "Illegal prefix for a Middle record"
+                }
+            );

-            // Only validate complete entries.
-            if !records.is_empty() {
-                // Safety: the records are guaranteed not empty if the key exists.
-                let last_record = records.last().unwrap();
-                let legal = match last_record.meta.tp {
-                    // Legal if this record follows a First record.
-                    RecordType::First => seq == 1,
-                    // Legal if this record follows a Middle record just prior to this record.
-                    RecordType::Middle(last_seq) => last_seq + 1 == seq,
-                    // Illegal sequence.
-                    _ => false,
-                };
-                ensure!(
-                    legal,
-                    IllegalSequenceSnafu {
-                        error: format!(
-                            "Illegal sequence of a middle record, last record: {:?}, incoming record: {:?}",
-                            last_record.meta.tp,
-                            record.meta.tp
-                        )
-                    }
-                );
-            }
-
-            records.push(record);
+            prefix.push(record);
        }
        RecordType::Last => {
-            let region_id = record.meta.ns.region_id.into();
-            if let Some(mut records) = buffered_records.remove(&region_id) {
-                records.push(record);
-                entry = Some(convert_to_multiple_entry(
-                    provider.clone(),
-                    region_id,
-                    records,
-                ))
-            } else {
-                // Incomplete entry
-                entry = Some(convert_to_multiple_entry(
-                    provider.clone(),
-                    region_id,
-                    vec![record],
-                ))
-            }
+            // There must have a sequence prefix before a Last record is read.
+            let mut records =
+                entry_records
+                    .remove(&record.meta.entry_id)
+                    .context(IllegalSequenceSnafu {
+                        error: "Missing prefix for a Last record",
+                    })?;
+            records.push(record);
+            entry = Some(EntryImpl::from(records));
        }
    }
    Ok(entry)
@@ -374,141 +300,278 @@ pub(crate) fn maybe_emit_entry(

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
    use std::sync::Arc;

-    use super::*;
-    use crate::error;
+    use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
+    use common_wal::config::kafka::DatanodeKafkaConfig;
+    use common_wal::test_util::run_test_with_kafka_wal;
+    use uuid::Uuid;

-    fn new_test_record(tp: RecordType, entry_id: EntryId, region_id: u64, data: Vec<u8>) -> Record {
-        Record {
-            meta: RecordMeta {
-                version: VERSION,
-                tp,
-                ns: NamespaceImpl {
-                    region_id,
-                    topic: "greptimedb_wal_topic".to_string(),
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::kafka::client_manager::ClientManager;
+
+    // Implements some utility methods for testing.
+    impl Default for Record {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self {
+                meta: RecordMeta {
+                    version: VERSION,
+                    tp: RecordType::Full,
+                    ns: NamespaceImpl {
+                        region_id: 0,
+                        topic: "greptimedb_wal_topic".to_string(),
+                    },
+                    entry_id: 0,
                },
-                entry_id,
-            },
-            data,
+                data: Vec::new(),
+            }
        }
    }

+    impl Record {
+        /// Overrides tp.
+        fn with_tp(&self, tp: RecordType) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                meta: RecordMeta {
+                    tp,
+                    ..self.meta.clone()
+                },
+                ..self.clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// Overrides data with the given data.
+        fn with_data(&self, data: &[u8]) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                data: data.to_vec(),
+                ..self.clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// Overrides entry id.
+        fn with_entry_id(&self, entry_id: EntryId) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                meta: RecordMeta {
+                    entry_id,
+                    ..self.meta.clone()
+                },
+                ..self.clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// Overrides namespace.
+        fn with_ns(&self, ns: NamespaceImpl) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                meta: RecordMeta { ns, ..self.meta },
+                ..self.clone()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn new_test_entry<D: AsRef<[u8]>>(data: D, entry_id: EntryId, ns: NamespaceImpl) -> EntryImpl {
+        EntryImpl {
+            data: data.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            id: entry_id,
+            ns,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Tests that the `build_records` works as expected.
    #[test]
-    fn test_maybe_emit_entry_emit_naive_entry() {
-        let provider = Arc::new(KafkaProvider::new("my_topic".to_string()));
-        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
-        let mut buffer = HashMap::new();
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::Full, 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![1; 100]);
-        let entry = maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            entry,
-            Entry::Naive(NaiveEntry {
-                provider: Provider::Kafka(provider),
-                region_id,
+    fn test_build_records() {
+        let max_record_size = 128;
+
+        // On a small entry.
+        let ns = NamespaceImpl {
+            region_id: 1,
+            topic: "greptimedb_wal_topic".to_string(),
+        };
+        let entry = new_test_entry([b'1'; 100], 0, ns.clone());
+        let records = build_records(entry.clone(), max_record_size);
+        assert!(records.len() == 1);
+        assert_eq!(entry.data, records[0].data);
+
+        // On a large entry.
+        let entry = new_test_entry([b'1'; 150], 0, ns.clone());
+        let records = build_records(entry.clone(), max_record_size);
+        assert!(records.len() == 2);
+        assert_eq!(&records[0].data, &[b'1'; 128]);
+        assert_eq!(&records[1].data, &[b'1'; 22]);
+
+        // On a way-too large entry.
+        let entry = new_test_entry([b'1'; 5000], 0, ns.clone());
+        let records = build_records(entry.clone(), max_record_size);
+        let matched = entry
+            .data
+            .chunks(max_record_size)
+            .enumerate()
+            .all(|(i, chunk)| records[i].data == chunk);
+        assert!(matched);
+    }
+
+    /// Tests that Record and KafkaRecord are able to be converted back and forth.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_record_conversion() {
+        let record = Record {
+            meta: RecordMeta {
+                version: VERSION,
+                tp: RecordType::Full,
                entry_id: 1,
-                data: vec![1; 100]
-            })
+                ns: NamespaceImpl {
+                    region_id: 1,
+                    topic: "greptimedb_wal_topic".to_string(),
+                },
+            },
+            data: b"12345".to_vec(),
+        };
+        let kafka_record: KafkaRecord = record.clone().try_into().unwrap();
+        let got = Record::try_from(kafka_record).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(record, got);
+    }
+
+    /// Tests that the reconstruction of an entry works as expected.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reconstruct_entry() {
+        let template = Record::default();
+        let records = vec![
+            template.with_data(b"111").with_tp(RecordType::First),
+            template.with_data(b"222").with_tp(RecordType::Middle(1)),
+            template.with_data(b"333").with_tp(RecordType::Last),
+        ];
+        let entry = EntryImpl::from(records.clone());
+        assert_eq!(records[0].meta.entry_id, entry.id);
+        assert_eq!(records[0].meta.ns, entry.ns);
+        assert_eq!(
+            entry.data,
+            records
+                .into_iter()
+                .flat_map(|record| record.data)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        );
    }

+    /// Tests that `maybe_emit_entry` works as expected.
+    /// This test does not check for illegal record sequences since they're already tested in the `test_check_records` test.
    #[test]
-    fn test_maybe_emit_entry_emit_incomplete_entry() {
-        let provider = Arc::new(KafkaProvider::new("my_topic".to_string()));
-        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
-        // `First` overwrite `First`
-        let mut buffer = HashMap::new();
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::First, 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![1; 100]);
-        assert!(maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_none());
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::First, 2, region_id.as_u64(), vec![2; 100]);
-        let incomplete_entry = maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .unwrap();
+    fn test_maybe_emit_entry() {
+        let ns = NamespaceImpl {
+            region_id: 1,
+            topic: "greptimedb_wal_topic".to_string(),
+        };
+        let template = Record::default().with_ns(ns);
+        let mut entry_records = HashMap::from([
+            (
+                1,
+                vec![template.with_entry_id(1).with_tp(RecordType::First)],
+            ),
+            (
+                2,
+                vec![template.with_entry_id(2).with_tp(RecordType::First)],
+            ),
+            (
+                3,
+                vec![
+                    template.with_entry_id(3).with_tp(RecordType::First),
+                    template.with_entry_id(3).with_tp(RecordType::Middle(1)),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ]);

-        assert_eq!(
-            incomplete_entry,
-            Entry::MultiplePart(MultiplePartEntry {
-                provider: Provider::Kafka(provider.clone()),
-                region_id,
-                // TODO(weny): always be 0.
-                entry_id: 0,
-                headers: vec![MultiplePartHeader::First],
-                parts: vec![vec![1; 100]],
-            })
+        // A Full record arrives.
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(0).with_tp(RecordType::Full),
+            &mut entry_records,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(got.is_some());
+
+        // A First record arrives with no prefix.
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(0).with_tp(RecordType::First),
+            &mut entry_records,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(got.is_none());
+
+        // A First record arrives with some prefix.
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(1).with_tp(RecordType::First),
+            &mut entry_records,
        );
+        assert!(got.is_err());

-        // `Last` overwrite `None`
-        let mut buffer = HashMap::new();
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::Last, 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![1; 100]);
-        let incomplete_entry = maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .unwrap();
+        // A Middle record arrives with legal prefix (First).
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(2).with_tp(RecordType::Middle(1)),
+            &mut entry_records,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(got.is_none());

-        assert_eq!(
-            incomplete_entry,
-            Entry::MultiplePart(MultiplePartEntry {
-                provider: Provider::Kafka(provider.clone()),
-                region_id,
-                // TODO(weny): always be 0.
-                entry_id: 0,
-                headers: vec![MultiplePartHeader::Last],
-                parts: vec![vec![1; 100]],
-            })
+        // A Middle record arrives with legal prefix (Middle).
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(2).with_tp(RecordType::Middle(2)),
+            &mut entry_records,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(got.is_none());
+
+        // A Middle record arrives with illegal prefix.
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(2).with_tp(RecordType::Middle(1)),
+            &mut entry_records,
        );
+        assert!(got.is_err());

-        // `First` overwrite `Middle(0)`
-        let mut buffer = HashMap::new();
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::Middle(0), 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![1; 100]);
-        assert!(maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_none());
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::First, 2, region_id.as_u64(), vec![2; 100]);
-        let incomplete_entry = maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            incomplete_entry,
-            Entry::MultiplePart(MultiplePartEntry {
-                provider: Provider::Kafka(provider),
-                region_id,
-                // TODO(weny): always be 0.
-                entry_id: 0,
-                headers: vec![MultiplePartHeader::Middle(0)],
-                parts: vec![vec![1; 100]],
-            })
+        // A Middle record arrives with no prefix.
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(22).with_tp(RecordType::Middle(1)),
+            &mut entry_records,
        );
+        assert!(got.is_err());
+
+        // A Last record arrives with no prefix.
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(33).with_tp(RecordType::Last),
+            &mut entry_records,
+        );
+        assert!(got.is_err());
+
+        // A Last record arrives with legal prefix.
+        let got = maybe_emit_entry(
+            template.with_entry_id(3).with_tp(RecordType::Last),
+            &mut entry_records,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(got.is_some());
+
+        // Check state.
+        assert_eq!(entry_records.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(entry_records[&0].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entry_records[&1].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entry_records[&2].len(), 3);
    }

-    #[test]
-    fn test_maybe_emit_entry_illegal_seq() {
-        let provider = Arc::new(KafkaProvider::new("my_topic".to_string()));
-        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
-        let mut buffer = HashMap::new();
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::First, 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![1; 100]);
-        assert!(maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_none());
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::Middle(2), 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![2; 100]);
-        let err = maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer).unwrap_err();
-        assert_matches!(err, error::Error::IllegalSequence { .. });
-
-        let mut buffer = HashMap::new();
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::First, 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![1; 100]);
-        assert!(maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_none());
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::Middle(1), 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![2; 100]);
-        assert!(maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer)
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_none());
-        let record = new_test_record(RecordType::Middle(3), 1, region_id.as_u64(), vec![2; 100]);
-        let err = maybe_emit_entry(&provider, record, &mut buffer).unwrap_err();
-        assert_matches!(err, error::Error::IllegalSequence { .. });
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_produce_large_entry() {
+        run_test_with_kafka_wal(|broker_endpoints| {
+            Box::pin(async {
+                let topic = format!("greptimedb_wal_topic_{}", Uuid::new_v4());
+                let ns = NamespaceImpl {
+                    region_id: 1,
+                    topic,
+                };
+                let entry = new_test_entry([b'1'; 2000000], 0, ns.clone());
+                let producer = RecordProducer::new(ns.clone()).with_entries(vec![entry]);
+                let config = DatanodeKafkaConfig {
+                    broker_endpoints,
+                    max_batch_size: ReadableSize::mb(1),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                };
+                let manager = Arc::new(ClientManager::try_new(&config).await.unwrap());
+                producer.produce(&manager).await.unwrap();
+            })
+        })
+        .await
    }
 }
--- a/src/log-store/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/log-store/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@

 #![feature(let_chains)]
 #![feature(io_error_more)]
-#![feature(assert_matches)]

 pub mod error;
 pub mod kafka;
 pub mod metrics;
+mod noop;
 pub mod raft_engine;
 pub mod test_util;
+
+pub use noop::NoopLogStore;
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
discord9	d815bdf770	refactor: per reviews	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	0b324563ac	fix: range begin>range end	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	ffecb6882e	mend	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	c185242997	fix: window_start when ts<start_time	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	9fda415b0d	fix: ts<start time correct window	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	5eaf9816b9	fix: send buf clear	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	6684f8dce3	fix: test of tumble	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	e8660a6f7e	fix: expire state	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	6659f3cc62	fix: reorder write requests	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	d218d65361	fix: default timestamp name	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	8f40ba42c1	feat: rename default ts to GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	d1ce436442	fix(WIP): choose	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00
discord9	e580ba63ec	fix: optional args of tumble	2024-05-27 14:27:21 +08:00