chore: fix statement compile errors

Signed-off-by: evenyag <realevenyag@gmail.com>

.github/labeler.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+ci:
+  - changed-files:
+      - any-glob-to-any-file: .github/**
+
+docker:
+  - changed-files:
+      - any-glob-to-any-file: docker/**
+
+documentation:
+  - changed-files:
+      - any-glob-to-any-file: docs/**
+
+dashboard:
+  - changed-files:
+      - any-glob-to-any-file: grafana/**

.github/workflows/pr-labeling.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: 'PR Labeling'
+
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  pull-requests: write
+  issues: write
+
+jobs:
+  labeler:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout sources
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: actions/labeler@v5
+        with:
+          configuration-path: ".github/labeler.yaml"
+          repo-token: "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}"
+
+  size-label:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: pascalgn/size-label-action@v0.5.5
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}"
+        with:
+          sizes: >
+            {
+              "0": "XS",
+              "100": "S",
+              "300": "M",
+              "1000": "L",
+              "1500": "XL",
+              "2000": "XXL"
+            }

Cargo.lock

@@ -1670,9 +1670,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.1.24"
+version = "1.2.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "812acba72f0a070b003d3697490d2b55b837230ae7c6c6497f05cc2ddbb8d938"
+checksum = "d487aa071b5f64da6f19a3e848e3578944b726ee5a4854b82172f02aa876bfdc"
 dependencies = [
  "jobserver",
  "libc",
@@ -1950,6 +1950,7 @@ checksum = "1462739cb27611015575c0c11df5df7601141071f07518d56fcc1be504cbec97"
 name = "cli"
 version = "0.15.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "async-stream",
  "async-trait",
  "auth",
  "base64 0.22.1",
@@ -1982,6 +1983,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "meta-srv",
  "nu-ansi-term",
  "object-store",
+ "operator",
  "query",
  "rand 0.9.0",
  "reqwest",
@@ -2669,7 +2671,6 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "common-telemetry"
 version = "0.15.0"
 dependencies = [
- "atty",
  "backtrace",
  "common-error",
  "console-subscriber",
@@ -3070,9 +3071,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-channel"
-version = "0.5.13"
+version = "0.5.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "33480d6946193aa8033910124896ca395333cae7e2d1113d1fef6c3272217df2"
+checksum = "82b8f8f868b36967f9606790d1903570de9ceaf870a7bf9fbbd3016d636a2cb2"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]
@@ -4698,6 +4699,7 @@ version = "0.15.0"
 dependencies = [
  "api",
  "arc-swap",
+ "async-stream",
  "async-trait",
  "auth",
  "bytes",
@@ -5143,7 +5145,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "greptime-proto"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=17971523673f4fbc982510d3c9d6647ff642e16f#17971523673f4fbc982510d3c9d6647ff642e16f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=96c733f8472284d3c83a4c011dc6de9cf830c353#96c733f8472284d3c83a4c011dc6de9cf830c353"
 dependencies = [
  "prost 0.13.5",
  "serde",
@@ -6694,7 +6696,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4979f22fdb869068da03c9f7528f8297c6fd2606bc3a4affe42e6a823fdb8da4"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+ "windows-targets 0.48.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -9567,7 +9569,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "be769465445e8c1474e9c5dac2018218498557af32d9ed057325ec9a41ae81bf"
 dependencies = [
  "heck 0.5.0",
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools 0.11.0",
  "log",
  "multimap",
  "once_cell",
@@ -9613,7 +9615,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8a56d757972c98b346a9b766e3f02746cde6dd1cd1d1d563472929fdd74bec4d"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools 0.11.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.100",
@@ -10388,15 +10390,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ring"
-version = "0.17.8"
+version = "0.17.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c17fa4cb658e3583423e915b9f3acc01cceaee1860e33d59ebae66adc3a2dc0d"
+checksum = "a4689e6c2294d81e88dc6261c768b63bc4fcdb852be6d1352498b114f61383b7"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "cfg-if",
  "getrandom 0.2.15",
  "libc",
- "spin",
  "untrusted",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
@@ -14183,7 +14184,7 @@ version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cf221c93e13a30d793f7645a0e7762c55d169dbb0a49671918a2319d289b10bb"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]

Cargo.toml

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ etcd-client = "0.14"
 fst = "0.4.7"
 futures = "0.3"
 futures-util = "0.3"
-greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "17971523673f4fbc982510d3c9d6647ff642e16f" }
+greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "96c733f8472284d3c83a4c011dc6de9cf830c353" }
 hex = "0.4"
 http = "1"
 humantime = "2.1"

README.md

@@ -189,7 +189,8 @@ We invite you to engage and contribute!
 - [Official Website](https://greptime.com/)
 - [Blog](https://greptime.com/blogs/)
 - [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/greptime/)
-- [Twitter](https://twitter.com/greptime)
+- [X (Twitter)](https://X.com/greptime)
+- [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/@greptime)
 
 ## License
 

config/config.md

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@
 | `storage.http_client.connect_timeout` | String | `30s` | The timeout for only the connect phase of a http client. |
 | `storage.http_client.timeout` | String | `30s` | The total request timeout, applied from when the request starts connecting until the response body has finished.<br/>Also considered a total deadline. |
 | `storage.http_client.pool_idle_timeout` | String | `90s` | The timeout for idle sockets being kept-alive. |
+| `storage.http_client.skip_ssl_validation` | Bool | `false` | To skip the ssl verification<br/>**Security Notice**: Setting `skip_ssl_validation = true` disables certificate verification, making connections vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Only use this in development or trusted private networks. |
 | `[[region_engine]]` | -- | -- | The region engine options. You can configure multiple region engines. |
 | `region_engine.mito` | -- | -- | The Mito engine options. |
 | `region_engine.mito.num_workers` | Integer | `8` | Number of region workers. |
@@ -471,6 +472,7 @@
 | `storage.http_client.connect_timeout` | String | `30s` | The timeout for only the connect phase of a http client. |
 | `storage.http_client.timeout` | String | `30s` | The total request timeout, applied from when the request starts connecting until the response body has finished.<br/>Also considered a total deadline. |
 | `storage.http_client.pool_idle_timeout` | String | `90s` | The timeout for idle sockets being kept-alive. |
+| `storage.http_client.skip_ssl_validation` | Bool | `false` | To skip the ssl verification<br/>**Security Notice**: Setting `skip_ssl_validation = true` disables certificate verification, making connections vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Only use this in development or trusted private networks. |
 | `[[region_engine]]` | -- | -- | The region engine options. You can configure multiple region engines. |
 | `region_engine.mito` | -- | -- | The Mito engine options. |
 | `region_engine.mito.num_workers` | Integer | `8` | Number of region workers. |

config/datanode.example.toml

@@ -367,6 +367,10 @@ timeout = "30s"
 ## The timeout for idle sockets being kept-alive.
 pool_idle_timeout = "90s"
 
+## To skip the ssl verification
+## **Security Notice**: Setting `skip_ssl_validation = true` disables certificate verification, making connections vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Only use this in development or trusted private networks.
+skip_ssl_validation = false
+
 # Custom storage options
 # [[storage.providers]]
 # name = "S3"

config/standalone.example.toml

@@ -458,6 +458,10 @@ timeout = "30s"
 ## The timeout for idle sockets being kept-alive.
 pool_idle_timeout = "90s"
 
+## To skip the ssl verification
+## **Security Notice**: Setting `skip_ssl_validation = true` disables certificate verification, making connections vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Only use this in development or trusted private networks.
+skip_ssl_validation = false
+
 # Custom storage options
 # [[storage.providers]]
 # name = "S3"

grafana/dashboards/metrics/cluster/dashboard.md

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
 | Inflight Flush | `greptime_mito_inflight_flush_count` | `timeseries` | Ongoing flush task count | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]` |
 | Compaction Input/Output Bytes | `sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_compaction_input_bytes)`<br/>`sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_compaction_output_bytes)` | `timeseries` | Compaction oinput output bytes | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-input` |
 | Region Worker Handle Bulk Insert Requests | `histogram_quantile(0.95, sum by(le,instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_region_worker_handle_write_bucket[$__rate_interval])))`<br/>`sum by(instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_region_worker_handle_write_sum[$__rate_interval]))/sum by(instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_region_worker_handle_write_count[$__rate_interval]))` | `timeseries` | Per-stage elapsed time for region worker to handle bulk insert region requests. | `prometheus` | `s` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{stage}}]-P95` |
+| Active Series and Field Builders Count | `sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_memtable_active_series_count)`<br/>`sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_memtable_field_builder_count)` | `timeseries` | Compaction oinput output bytes | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-series` |
 | Region Worker Convert Requests | `histogram_quantile(0.95, sum by(le, instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_datanode_convert_region_request_bucket[$__rate_interval])))`<br/>`sum by(le,instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_datanode_convert_region_request_sum[$__rate_interval]))/sum by(le,instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_datanode_convert_region_request_count[$__rate_interval]))` | `timeseries` | Per-stage elapsed time for region worker to decode requests. | `prometheus` | `s` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{stage}}]-P95` |
 # OpenDAL
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |

grafana/dashboards/metrics/cluster/dashboard.yaml

@@ -612,6 +612,21 @@ groups:
                 type: prometheus
                 uid: ${metrics}
               legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{stage}}]-AVG'
+        - title: Active Series and Field Builders Count
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Compaction oinput output bytes
+          unit: none
+          queries:
+            - expr: sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_memtable_active_series_count)
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-series'
+            - expr: sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_memtable_field_builder_count)
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-field_builders'
         - title: Region Worker Convert Requests
           type: timeseries
           description: Per-stage elapsed time for region worker to decode requests.

grafana/dashboards/metrics/standalone/dashboard.md

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
 | Inflight Flush | `greptime_mito_inflight_flush_count` | `timeseries` | Ongoing flush task count | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]` |
 | Compaction Input/Output Bytes | `sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_compaction_input_bytes)`<br/>`sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_compaction_output_bytes)` | `timeseries` | Compaction oinput output bytes | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-input` |
 | Region Worker Handle Bulk Insert Requests | `histogram_quantile(0.95, sum by(le,instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_region_worker_handle_write_bucket[$__rate_interval])))`<br/>`sum by(instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_region_worker_handle_write_sum[$__rate_interval]))/sum by(instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_region_worker_handle_write_count[$__rate_interval]))` | `timeseries` | Per-stage elapsed time for region worker to handle bulk insert region requests. | `prometheus` | `s` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{stage}}]-P95` |
+| Active Series and Field Builders Count | `sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_memtable_active_series_count)`<br/>`sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_memtable_field_builder_count)` | `timeseries` | Compaction oinput output bytes | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-series` |
 | Region Worker Convert Requests | `histogram_quantile(0.95, sum by(le, instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_datanode_convert_region_request_bucket[$__rate_interval])))`<br/>`sum by(le,instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_datanode_convert_region_request_sum[$__rate_interval]))/sum by(le,instance, stage, pod) (rate(greptime_datanode_convert_region_request_count[$__rate_interval]))` | `timeseries` | Per-stage elapsed time for region worker to decode requests. | `prometheus` | `s` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{stage}}]-P95` |
 # OpenDAL
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |

grafana/dashboards/metrics/standalone/dashboard.yaml

@@ -612,6 +612,21 @@ groups:
                 type: prometheus
                 uid: ${metrics}
               legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{stage}}]-AVG'
+        - title: Active Series and Field Builders Count
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Compaction oinput output bytes
+          unit: none
+          queries:
+            - expr: sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_memtable_active_series_count)
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-series'
+            - expr: sum by(instance, pod) (greptime_mito_memtable_field_builder_count)
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-field_builders'
         - title: Region Worker Convert Requests
           type: timeseries
           description: Per-stage elapsed time for region worker to decode requests.

src/api/src/v1/column_def.rs

@@ -226,18 +226,20 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(options.is_none());
 
         let mut schema = ColumnSchema::new("test", ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true)
-            .with_fulltext_options(FulltextOptions {
-                enable: true,
-                analyzer: FulltextAnalyzer::English,
-                case_sensitive: false,
-                backend: FulltextBackend::Bloom,
-            })
+            .with_fulltext_options(FulltextOptions::new_unchecked(
+                true,
+                FulltextAnalyzer::English,
+                false,
+                FulltextBackend::Bloom,
+                10240,
+                0.01,
+            ))
             .unwrap();
         schema.set_inverted_index(true);
         let options = options_from_column_schema(&schema).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             options.options.get(FULLTEXT_GRPC_KEY).unwrap(),
-            "{\"enable\":true,\"analyzer\":\"English\",\"case-sensitive\":false,\"backend\":\"bloom\"}"
+            "{\"enable\":true,\"analyzer\":\"English\",\"case-sensitive\":false,\"backend\":\"bloom\",\"granularity\":10240,\"false-positive-rate-in-10000\":100}"
         );
         assert_eq!(
             options.options.get(INVERTED_INDEX_GRPC_KEY).unwrap(),
@@ -247,16 +249,18 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_options_with_fulltext() {
-        let fulltext = FulltextOptions {
-            enable: true,
-            analyzer: FulltextAnalyzer::English,
-            case_sensitive: false,
-            backend: FulltextBackend::Bloom,
-        };
+        let fulltext = FulltextOptions::new_unchecked(
+            true,
+            FulltextAnalyzer::English,
+            false,
+            FulltextBackend::Bloom,
+            10240,
+            0.01,
+        );
         let options = options_from_fulltext(&fulltext).unwrap().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             options.options.get(FULLTEXT_GRPC_KEY).unwrap(),
-            "{\"enable\":true,\"analyzer\":\"English\",\"case-sensitive\":false,\"backend\":\"bloom\"}"
+            "{\"enable\":true,\"analyzer\":\"English\",\"case-sensitive\":false,\"backend\":\"bloom\",\"granularity\":10240,\"false-positive-rate-in-10000\":100}"
         );
     }
 

src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs

@@ -22,11 +22,13 @@ use common_catalog::consts::{
     PG_CATALOG_NAME,
 };
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
-use common_meta::cache::{LayeredCacheRegistryRef, ViewInfoCacheRef};
+use common_meta::cache::{
+    LayeredCacheRegistryRef, TableRoute, TableRouteCacheRef, ViewInfoCacheRef,
+};
 use common_meta::key::catalog_name::CatalogNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::key::schema_name::SchemaNameKey;
-use common_meta::key::table_info::TableInfoValue;
+use common_meta::key::table_info::{TableInfoManager, TableInfoValue};
 use common_meta::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ use moka::sync::Cache;
 use partition::manager::{PartitionRuleManager, PartitionRuleManagerRef};
 use session::context::{Channel, QueryContext};
 use snafu::prelude::*;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::METRIC_ENGINE_NAME;
 use table::dist_table::DistTable;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
 use table::table::numbers::{NumbersTable, NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME};
@@ -140,6 +143,61 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
     pub fn procedure_manager(&self) -> Option<ProcedureManagerRef> {
         self.procedure_manager.clone()
     }
+
+    // Override logical table's partition key indices with physical table's.
+    async fn override_logical_table_partition_key_indices(
+        table_route_cache: &TableRouteCacheRef,
+        table_info_manager: &TableInfoManager,
+        table: TableRef,
+    ) -> Result<TableRef> {
+        // If the table is not a metric table, return the table directly.
+        if table.table_info().meta.engine != METRIC_ENGINE_NAME {
+            return Ok(table);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(table_route_value) = table_route_cache
+            .get(table.table_info().table_id())
+            .await
+            .context(TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?
+            && let TableRoute::Logical(logical_route) = &*table_route_value
+            && let Some(physical_table_info_value) = table_info_manager
+                .get(logical_route.physical_table_id())
+                .await
+                .context(TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?
+        {
+            let mut new_table_info = (*table.table_info()).clone();
+
+            // Remap partition key indices from physical table to logical table
+            new_table_info.meta.partition_key_indices = physical_table_info_value
+                .table_info
+                .meta
+                .partition_key_indices
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|&physical_index| {
+                    // Get the column name from the physical table using the physical index
+                    physical_table_info_value
+                        .table_info
+                        .meta
+                        .schema
+                        .column_schemas
+                        .get(physical_index)
+                        .and_then(|physical_column| {
+                            // Find the corresponding index in the logical table schema
+                            new_table_info
+                                .meta
+                                .schema
+                                .column_index_by_name(physical_column.name.as_str())
+                        })
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            let new_table = DistTable::table(Arc::new(new_table_info));
+
+            return Ok(new_table);
+        }
+
+        Ok(table)
+    }
 }
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -266,16 +324,28 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
         let table_cache: TableCacheRef = self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
             name: "table_cache",
         })?;
-        if let Some(table) = table_cache
+
+        let table = table_cache
             .get_by_ref(&TableName {
                 catalog_name: catalog_name.to_string(),
                 schema_name: schema_name.to_string(),
                 table_name: table_name.to_string(),
             })
             .await
-            .context(GetTableCacheSnafu)?
-        {
-            return Ok(Some(table));
+            .context(GetTableCacheSnafu)?;
+
+        if let Some(table) = table {
+            let table_route_cache: TableRouteCacheRef =
+                self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
+                    name: "table_route_cache",
+                })?;
+            return Self::override_logical_table_partition_key_indices(
+                &table_route_cache,
+                self.table_metadata_manager.table_info_manager(),
+                table,
+            )
+            .await
+            .map(Some);
         }
 
         if channel == Channel::Postgres {
@@ -288,7 +358,7 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
             }
         }
 
-        return Ok(None);
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn tables_by_ids(
@@ -340,8 +410,20 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
         let catalog = catalog.to_string();
         let schema = schema.to_string();
         let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(CONCURRENCY));
+        let table_route_cache: Result<TableRouteCacheRef> =
+            self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
+                name: "table_route_cache",
+            });
 
         common_runtime::spawn_global(async move {
+            let table_route_cache = match table_route_cache {
+                Ok(table_route_cache) => table_route_cache,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    let _ = tx.send(Err(e)).await;
+                    return;
+                }
+            };
+
             let table_id_stream = metadata_manager
                 .table_name_manager()
                 .tables(&catalog, &schema)
@@ -368,6 +450,7 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
                 let metadata_manager = metadata_manager.clone();
                 let tx = tx.clone();
                 let semaphore = semaphore.clone();
+                let table_route_cache = table_route_cache.clone();
                 common_runtime::spawn_global(async move {
                     // we don't explicitly close the semaphore so just ignore the potential error.
                     let _ = semaphore.acquire().await;
@@ -385,6 +468,16 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
                     };
 
                     for table in table_info_values.into_values().map(build_table) {
+                        let table = if let Ok(table) = table {
+                            Self::override_logical_table_partition_key_indices(
+                                &table_route_cache,
+                                metadata_manager.table_info_manager(),
+                                table,
+                            )
+                            .await
+                        } else {
+                            table
+                        };
                         if tx.send(table).await.is_err() {
                             return;
                         }

src/catalog/src/lib.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #![feature(assert_matches)]
 #![feature(try_blocks)]
+#![feature(let_chains)]
 
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};

src/catalog/src/process_manager.rs

@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};
 use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 
 use api::v1::frontend::{KillProcessRequest, ListProcessRequest, ProcessInfo};
 use common_base::cancellation::CancellationHandle;
 use common_frontend::selector::{FrontendSelector, MetaClientSelector};
-use common_telemetry::{debug, info};
+use common_telemetry::{debug, info, warn};
 use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
 use meta_client::MetaClientRef;
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use crate::error;
 use crate::metrics::{PROCESS_KILL_COUNT, PROCESS_LIST_COUNT};
 
+pub type ProcessId = u32;
 pub type ProcessManagerRef = Arc<ProcessManager>;
 
 /// Query process manager.
@@ -36,9 +37,9 @@ pub struct ProcessManager {
     /// Local frontend server address,
     server_addr: String,
     /// Next process id for local queries.
-    next_id: AtomicU64,
+    next_id: AtomicU32,
     /// Running process per catalog.
-    catalogs: RwLock<HashMap<String, HashMap<u64, CancellableProcess>>>,
+    catalogs: RwLock<HashMap<String, HashMap<ProcessId, CancellableProcess>>>,
     /// Frontend selector to locate frontend nodes.
     frontend_selector: Option<MetaClientSelector>,
 }
@@ -65,9 +66,9 @@ impl ProcessManager {
         schemas: Vec<String>,
         query: String,
         client: String,
-        id: Option<u64>,
+        query_id: Option<ProcessId>,
     ) -> Ticket {
-        let id = id.unwrap_or_else(|| self.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed));
+        let id = query_id.unwrap_or_else(|| self.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed));
         let process = ProcessInfo {
             id,
             catalog: catalog.clone(),
@@ -96,12 +97,12 @@ impl ProcessManager {
     }
 
     /// Generates the next process id.
-    pub fn next_id(&self) -> u64 {
+    pub fn next_id(&self) -> u32 {
         self.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
     }
 
     /// De-register a query from process list.
-    pub fn deregister_query(&self, catalog: String, id: u64) {
+    pub fn deregister_query(&self, catalog: String, id: ProcessId) {
         if let Entry::Occupied(mut o) = self.catalogs.write().unwrap().entry(catalog) {
             let process = o.get_mut().remove(&id);
             debug!("Deregister process: {:?}", process);
@@ -140,14 +141,20 @@ impl ProcessManager {
                 .await
                 .context(error::InvokeFrontendSnafu)?;
             for mut f in frontends {
-                processes.extend(
-                    f.list_process(ListProcessRequest {
+                let result = f
+                    .list_process(ListProcessRequest {
                         catalog: catalog.unwrap_or_default().to_string(),
                     })
                     .await
-                    .context(error::InvokeFrontendSnafu)?
-                    .processes,
-                );
+                    .context(error::InvokeFrontendSnafu);
+                match result {
+                    Ok(resp) => {
+                        processes.extend(resp.processes);
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!(e; "Skipping failing node: {:?}", f)
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
         processes.extend(self.local_processes(catalog)?);
@@ -159,26 +166,10 @@ impl ProcessManager {
         &self,
         server_addr: String,
         catalog: String,
-        id: u64,
+        id: ProcessId,
     ) -> error::Result<bool> {
         if server_addr == self.server_addr {
-            if let Some(catalogs) = self.catalogs.write().unwrap().get_mut(&catalog) {
-                if let Some(process) = catalogs.remove(&id) {
-                    process.handle.cancel();
-                    info!(
-                        "Killed process, catalog: {}, id: {:?}",
-                        process.process.catalog, process.process.id
-                    );
-                    PROCESS_KILL_COUNT.with_label_values(&[&catalog]).inc();
-                    Ok(true)
-                } else {
-                    debug!("Failed to kill process, id not found: {}", id);
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-            } else {
-                debug!("Failed to kill process, catalog not found: {}", catalog);
-                Ok(false)
-            }
+            self.kill_local_process(catalog, id).await
         } else {
             let mut nodes = self
                 .frontend_selector
@@ -204,12 +195,33 @@ impl ProcessManager {
             Ok(true)
         }
     }
+
+    /// Kills local query with provided catalog and id.
+    pub async fn kill_local_process(&self, catalog: String, id: ProcessId) -> error::Result<bool> {
+        if let Some(catalogs) = self.catalogs.write().unwrap().get_mut(&catalog) {
+            if let Some(process) = catalogs.remove(&id) {
+                process.handle.cancel();
+                info!(
+                    "Killed process, catalog: {}, id: {:?}",
+                    process.process.catalog, process.process.id
+                );
+                PROCESS_KILL_COUNT.with_label_values(&[&catalog]).inc();
+                Ok(true)
+            } else {
+                debug!("Failed to kill process, id not found: {}", id);
+                Ok(false)
+            }
+        } else {
+            debug!("Failed to kill process, catalog not found: {}", catalog);
+            Ok(false)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub struct Ticket {
     pub(crate) catalog: String,
     pub(crate) manager: ProcessManagerRef,
-    pub(crate) id: u64,
+    pub(crate) id: ProcessId,
     pub cancellation_handle: Arc<CancellationHandle>,
 }
 
@@ -323,7 +335,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(running_processes.len(), 2);
 
         // Verify both processes are present
-        let ids: Vec<u64> = running_processes.iter().map(|p| p.id).collect();
+        let ids: Vec<u32> = running_processes.iter().map(|p| p.id).collect();
         assert!(ids.contains(&ticket1.id));
         assert!(ids.contains(&ticket2.id));
     }

src/cli/Cargo.toml

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ mysql_kvbackend = ["common-meta/mysql_kvbackend", "meta-srv/mysql_kvbackend"]
 workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
+async-stream.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 auth.workspace = true
 base64.workspace = true
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ meta-client.workspace = true
 meta-srv.workspace = true
 nu-ansi-term = "0.46"
 object-store.workspace = true
+operator.workspace = true
 query.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
 reqwest.workspace = true
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ tokio.workspace = true
 tracing-appender.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
+common-meta = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 common-version.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true

src/cli/src/error.rs

@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@ use std::any::Any;
 use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_macro::stack_trace_debug;
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
 use object_store::Error as ObjectStoreError;
 use snafu::{Location, Snafu};
+use store_api::storage::TableId;
 
 #[derive(Snafu)]
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
@@ -73,6 +75,20 @@ pub enum Error {
         source: common_meta::error::Error,
     },
 
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to get table metadata"))]
+    TableMetadata {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_meta::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Unexpected error: {}", msg))]
+    Unexpected {
+        msg: String,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
     #[snafu(display("Missing config, msg: {}", msg))]
     MissingConfig {
         msg: String,
@@ -222,6 +238,13 @@ pub enum Error {
         location: Location,
     },
 
+    #[snafu(display("Table not found: {table_id}"))]
+    TableNotFound {
+        table_id: TableId,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
     #[snafu(display("OpenDAL operator failed"))]
     OpenDal {
         #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -267,6 +290,29 @@ pub enum Error {
         #[snafu(implicit)]
         location: Location,
     },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to init backend"))]
+    InitBackend {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: ObjectStoreError,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Covert column schemas to defs failed"))]
+    CovertColumnSchemasToDefs {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: operator::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to send request to datanode: {}", peer))]
+    SendRequestToDatanode {
+        peer: Peer,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_meta::error::Error,
+    },
 }
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -274,9 +320,9 @@ pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
 impl ErrorExt for Error {
     fn status_code(&self) -> StatusCode {
         match self {
-            Error::InitMetadata { source, .. } | Error::InitDdlManager { source, .. } => {
-                source.status_code()
-            }
+            Error::InitMetadata { source, .. }
+            | Error::InitDdlManager { source, .. }
+            | Error::TableMetadata { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
 
             Error::MissingConfig { .. }
             | Error::LoadLayeredConfig { .. }
@@ -290,6 +336,9 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | Error::InvalidArguments { .. }
             | Error::ParseProxyOpts { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
 
+            Error::CovertColumnSchemasToDefs { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::SendRequestToDatanode { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+
             Error::StartProcedureManager { source, .. }
             | Error::StopProcedureManager { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
             Error::StartWalOptionsAllocator { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
@@ -297,6 +346,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             Error::ParseSql { source, .. } | Error::PlanStatement { source, .. } => {
                 source.status_code()
             }
+            Error::Unexpected { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
 
             Error::SerdeJson { .. }
             | Error::FileIo { .. }
@@ -305,7 +355,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | Error::BuildClient { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
 
             Error::Other { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
-            Error::OpenDal { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            Error::OpenDal { .. } | Error::InitBackend { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
             Error::S3ConfigNotSet { .. }
             | Error::OutputDirNotSet { .. }
             | Error::EmptyStoreAddrs { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
@@ -314,6 +364,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
 
             Error::CacheRequired { .. } | Error::BuildCacheRegistry { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
             Error::MetaClientInit { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::TableNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::TableNotFound,
             Error::SchemaNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::DatabaseNotFound,
         }
     }

src/cli/src/metadata.rs

@@ -14,29 +14,39 @@
 
 mod common;
 mod control;
+mod repair;
 mod snapshot;
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::Subcommand;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 
-use crate::metadata::control::ControlCommand;
+use crate::metadata::control::{DelCommand, GetCommand};
+use crate::metadata::repair::RepairLogicalTablesCommand;
 use crate::metadata::snapshot::SnapshotCommand;
 use crate::Tool;
 
-/// Command for managing metadata operations, including saving metadata snapshots and restoring metadata from snapshots.
+/// Command for managing metadata operations,
+/// including saving and restoring metadata snapshots,
+/// controlling metadata operations, and diagnosing and repairing metadata.
 #[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub enum MetadataCommand {
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     Snapshot(SnapshotCommand),
     #[clap(subcommand)]
-    Control(ControlCommand),
+    Get(GetCommand),
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    Del(DelCommand),
+    RepairLogicalTables(RepairLogicalTablesCommand),
 }
 
 impl MetadataCommand {
     pub async fn build(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn Tool>, BoxedError> {
         match self {
             MetadataCommand::Snapshot(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
-            MetadataCommand::Control(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
+            MetadataCommand::RepairLogicalTables(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
+            MetadataCommand::Get(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
+            MetadataCommand::Del(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
         }
     }
 }

src/cli/src/metadata/control.rs

@@ -12,27 +12,11 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+mod del;
 mod get;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_utils;
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
-use get::GetCommand;
-
-use crate::Tool;
-
-/// Subcommand for metadata control.
-#[derive(Subcommand)]
-pub enum ControlCommand {
-    /// Get the metadata from the metasrv.
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    Get(GetCommand),
-}
-
-impl ControlCommand {
-    pub async fn build(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn Tool>, BoxedError> {
-        match self {
-            ControlCommand::Get(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
-        }
-    }
-}
+pub(crate) use del::DelCommand;
+pub(crate) use get::GetCommand;

src/cli/src/metadata/control/del.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+mod key;
+mod table;
+
+use clap::Subcommand;
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+
+use crate::metadata::control::del::key::DelKeyCommand;
+use crate::metadata::control::del::table::DelTableCommand;
+use crate::Tool;
+
+/// The prefix of the tombstone keys.
+pub(crate) const CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX: &str = "__cli_tombstone/";
+
+/// Subcommand for deleting metadata from the metadata store.
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub enum DelCommand {
+    Key(DelKeyCommand),
+    Table(DelTableCommand),
+}
+
+impl DelCommand {
+    pub async fn build(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn Tool>, BoxedError> {
+        match self {
+            DelCommand::Key(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
+            DelCommand::Table(cmd) => cmd.build().await,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/cli/src/metadata/control/del/key.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use clap::Parser;
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_meta::key::tombstone::TombstoneManager;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use common_meta::rpc::store::RangeRequest;
+
+use crate::metadata::common::StoreConfig;
+use crate::metadata::control::del::CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX;
+use crate::Tool;
+
+/// Delete key-value pairs logically from the metadata store.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Parser)]
+pub struct DelKeyCommand {
+    /// The key to delete from the metadata store.
+    key: String,
+
+    /// Delete key-value pairs with the given prefix.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    prefix: bool,
+
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    store: StoreConfig,
+}
+
+impl DelKeyCommand {
+    pub async fn build(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn Tool>, BoxedError> {
+        let kv_backend = self.store.build().await?;
+        Ok(Box::new(DelKeyTool {
+            key: self.key.to_string(),
+            prefix: self.prefix,
+            key_deleter: KeyDeleter::new(kv_backend),
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+struct KeyDeleter {
+    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    tombstone_manager: TombstoneManager,
+}
+
+impl KeyDeleter {
+    fn new(kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kv_backend: kv_backend.clone(),
+            tombstone_manager: TombstoneManager::new_with_prefix(kv_backend, CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn delete(&self, key: &str, prefix: bool) -> Result<usize, BoxedError> {
+        let mut req = RangeRequest::default().with_keys_only();
+        if prefix {
+            req = req.with_prefix(key.as_bytes());
+        } else {
+            req = req.with_key(key.as_bytes());
+        }
+        let resp = self.kv_backend.range(req).await.map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
+        let keys = resp.kvs.iter().map(|kv| kv.key.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        self.tombstone_manager
+            .create(keys)
+            .await
+            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+    }
+}
+
+struct DelKeyTool {
+    key: String,
+    prefix: bool,
+    key_deleter: KeyDeleter,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl Tool for DelKeyTool {
+    async fn do_work(&self) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
+        let deleted = self.key_deleter.delete(&self.key, self.prefix).await?;
+        // Print the number of deleted keys.
+        println!("{}", deleted);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use common_meta::kv_backend::chroot::ChrootKvBackend;
+    use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+    use common_meta::kv_backend::{KvBackend, KvBackendRef};
+    use common_meta::rpc::store::RangeRequest;
+
+    use crate::metadata::control::del::key::KeyDeleter;
+    use crate::metadata::control::del::CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX;
+    use crate::metadata::control::test_utils::put_key;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_delete_keys() {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new()) as KvBackendRef;
+        let key_deleter = KeyDeleter::new(kv_backend.clone());
+        put_key(&kv_backend, "foo", "bar").await;
+        put_key(&kv_backend, "foo/bar", "baz").await;
+        put_key(&kv_backend, "foo/baz", "qux").await;
+        let deleted = key_deleter.delete("foo", true).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(deleted, 3);
+        let deleted = key_deleter.delete("foo/bar", false).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(deleted, 0);
+
+        let chroot = ChrootKvBackend::new(CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX.as_bytes().to_vec(), kv_backend);
+        let req = RangeRequest::default().with_prefix(b"foo");
+        let resp = chroot.range(req).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(resp.kvs.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(resp.kvs[0].key, b"foo");
+        assert_eq!(resp.kvs[0].value, b"bar");
+        assert_eq!(resp.kvs[1].key, b"foo/bar");
+        assert_eq!(resp.kvs[1].value, b"baz");
+        assert_eq!(resp.kvs[2].key, b"foo/baz");
+        assert_eq!(resp.kvs[2].value, b"qux");
+    }
+}

src/cli/src/metadata/control/del/table.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use clap::Parser;
+use client::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
+use common_catalog::format_full_table_name;
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_meta::ddl::utils::get_region_wal_options;
+use common_meta::key::table_name::TableNameManager;
+use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use store_api::storage::TableId;
+
+use crate::error::{InvalidArgumentsSnafu, TableNotFoundSnafu};
+use crate::metadata::common::StoreConfig;
+use crate::metadata::control::del::CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX;
+use crate::metadata::control::utils::get_table_id_by_name;
+use crate::Tool;
+
+/// Delete table metadata logically from the metadata store.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Parser)]
+pub struct DelTableCommand {
+    /// The table id to delete from the metadata store.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    table_id: Option<u32>,
+
+    /// The table name to delete from the metadata store.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    table_name: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The schema name of the table.
+    #[clap(long, default_value = DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME)]
+    schema_name: String,
+
+    /// The catalog name of the table.
+    #[clap(long, default_value = DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME)]
+    catalog_name: String,
+
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    store: StoreConfig,
+}
+
+impl DelTableCommand {
+    fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
+        if matches!(
+            (&self.table_id, &self.table_name),
+            (Some(_), Some(_)) | (None, None)
+        ) {
+            return Err(BoxedError::new(
+                InvalidArgumentsSnafu {
+                    msg: "You must specify either --table-id or --table-name.",
+                }
+                .build(),
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl DelTableCommand {
+    pub async fn build(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn Tool>, BoxedError> {
+        self.validate()?;
+        let kv_backend = self.store.build().await?;
+        Ok(Box::new(DelTableTool {
+            table_id: self.table_id,
+            table_name: self.table_name.clone(),
+            schema_name: self.schema_name.clone(),
+            catalog_name: self.catalog_name.clone(),
+            table_name_manager: TableNameManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            table_metadata_deleter: TableMetadataDeleter::new(kv_backend),
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+struct DelTableTool {
+    table_id: Option<u32>,
+    table_name: Option<String>,
+    schema_name: String,
+    catalog_name: String,
+    table_name_manager: TableNameManager,
+    table_metadata_deleter: TableMetadataDeleter,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl Tool for DelTableTool {
+    async fn do_work(&self) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
+        let table_id = if let Some(table_name) = &self.table_name {
+            let catalog_name = &self.catalog_name;
+            let schema_name = &self.schema_name;
+
+            let Some(table_id) = get_table_id_by_name(
+                &self.table_name_manager,
+                catalog_name,
+                schema_name,
+                table_name,
+            )
+            .await?
+            else {
+                println!(
+                    "Table({}) not found",
+                    format_full_table_name(catalog_name, schema_name, table_name)
+                );
+                return Ok(());
+            };
+            table_id
+        } else {
+            // Safety: we have validated that table_id or table_name is not None
+            self.table_id.unwrap()
+        };
+        self.table_metadata_deleter.delete(table_id).await?;
+        println!("Table({}) deleted", table_id);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+struct TableMetadataDeleter {
+    table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManager,
+}
+
+impl TableMetadataDeleter {
+    fn new(kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManager::new_with_custom_tombstone_prefix(
+                kv_backend,
+                CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX,
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn delete(&self, table_id: TableId) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
+        let (table_info, table_route) = self
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .get_full_table_info(table_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
+        let Some(table_info) = table_info else {
+            return Err(BoxedError::new(TableNotFoundSnafu { table_id }.build()));
+        };
+        let Some(table_route) = table_route else {
+            return Err(BoxedError::new(TableNotFoundSnafu { table_id }.build()));
+        };
+        let physical_table_id = self
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .get_physical_table_id(table_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
+
+        let table_name = table_info.table_name();
+        let region_wal_options = get_region_wal_options(
+            &self.table_metadata_manager,
+            &table_route,
+            physical_table_id,
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
+
+        self.table_metadata_manager
+            .delete_table_metadata(table_id, &table_name, &table_route, &region_wal_options)
+            .await
+            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
+    use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
+    use common_meta::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
+    use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
+    use common_meta::kv_backend::chroot::ChrootKvBackend;
+    use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+    use common_meta::kv_backend::{KvBackend, KvBackendRef};
+    use common_meta::rpc::store::RangeRequest;
+
+    use crate::metadata::control::del::table::TableMetadataDeleter;
+    use crate::metadata::control::del::CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX;
+    use crate::metadata::control::test_utils::prepare_physical_table_metadata;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_delete_table_not_found() {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new()) as KvBackendRef;
+
+        let table_metadata_deleter = TableMetadataDeleter::new(kv_backend);
+        let table_id = 1;
+        let err = table_metadata_deleter.delete(table_id).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err.status_code(), StatusCode::TableNotFound);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_delete_table_metadata() {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new());
+        let table_metadata_manager = TableMetadataManager::new(kv_backend.clone());
+        let table_id = 1024;
+        let (table_info, table_route) = prepare_physical_table_metadata("my_table", table_id).await;
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info,
+                TableRouteValue::Physical(table_route),
+                HashMap::new(),
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let total_keys = kv_backend.len();
+        assert!(total_keys > 0);
+
+        let table_metadata_deleter = TableMetadataDeleter::new(kv_backend.clone());
+        table_metadata_deleter.delete(table_id).await.unwrap();
+
+        // Check the tombstone keys are deleted
+        let chroot =
+            ChrootKvBackend::new(CLI_TOMBSTONE_PREFIX.as_bytes().to_vec(), kv_backend.clone());
+        let req = RangeRequest::default().with_range(vec![0], vec![0]);
+        let resp = chroot.range(req).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(resp.kvs.len(), total_keys);
+    }
+}

src/cli/src/metadata/control/get.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ use client::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use common_catalog::format_full_table_name;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::key::table_info::TableInfoKey;
-use common_meta::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::table_route::TableRouteKey;
 use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
@@ -30,10 +29,10 @@ use futures::TryStreamExt;
 
 use crate::error::InvalidArgumentsSnafu;
 use crate::metadata::common::StoreConfig;
-use crate::metadata::control::utils::{decode_key_value, json_fromatter};
+use crate::metadata::control::utils::{decode_key_value, get_table_id_by_name, json_fromatter};
 use crate::Tool;
 
-/// Subcommand for get command.
+/// Getting metadata from metadata store.
 #[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub enum GetCommand {
     Key(GetKeyCommand),
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ impl GetCommand {
 /// Get key-value pairs from the metadata store.
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Parser)]
 pub struct GetKeyCommand {
-    /// The key to get from the metadata store. If empty, returns all key-value pairs.
+    /// The key to get from the metadata store.
     #[clap(default_value = "")]
     key: String,
 
@@ -130,8 +129,12 @@ pub struct GetTableCommand {
     table_name: Option<String>,
 
     /// The schema name of the table.
-    #[clap(long)]
-    schema_name: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(long, default_value = DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME)]
+    schema_name: String,
+
+    /// The catalog name of the table.
+    #[clap(long, default_value = DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME)]
+    catalog_name: String,
 
     /// Pretty print the output.
     #[clap(long, default_value = "false")]
@@ -143,7 +146,10 @@ pub struct GetTableCommand {
 
 impl GetTableCommand {
     pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
-        if self.table_id.is_none() && self.table_name.is_none() {
+        if matches!(
+            (&self.table_id, &self.table_name),
+            (Some(_), Some(_)) | (None, None)
+        ) {
             return Err(BoxedError::new(
                 InvalidArgumentsSnafu {
                     msg: "You must specify either --table-id or --table-name.",
@@ -159,7 +165,8 @@ struct GetTableTool {
     kvbackend: KvBackendRef,
     table_id: Option<u32>,
     table_name: Option<String>,
-    schema_name: Option<String>,
+    schema_name: String,
+    catalog_name: String,
     pretty: bool,
 }
 
@@ -172,23 +179,20 @@ impl Tool for GetTableTool {
         let table_route_manager = table_metadata_manager.table_route_manager();
 
         let table_id = if let Some(table_name) = &self.table_name {
-            let catalog = DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string();
-            let schema_name = self
-                .schema_name
-                .clone()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME.to_string());
-            let key = TableNameKey::new(&catalog, &schema_name, table_name);
+            let catalog_name = &self.catalog_name;
+            let schema_name = &self.schema_name;
 
-            let Some(table_name) = table_name_manager.get(key).await.map_err(BoxedError::new)?
+            let Some(table_id) =
+                get_table_id_by_name(table_name_manager, catalog_name, schema_name, table_name)
+                    .await?
             else {
                 println!(
                     "Table({}) not found",
-                    format_full_table_name(&catalog, &schema_name, table_name)
+                    format_full_table_name(catalog_name, schema_name, table_name)
                 );
                 return Ok(());
             };
-
-            table_name.table_id()
+            table_id
         } else {
             // Safety: we have validated that table_id or table_name is not None
             self.table_id.unwrap()
@@ -236,6 +240,7 @@ impl GetTableCommand {
             table_id: self.table_id,
             table_name: self.table_name.clone(),
             schema_name: self.schema_name.clone(),
+            catalog_name: self.catalog_name.clone(),
             pretty: self.pretty,
         }))
     }

src/cli/src/metadata/control/test_utils.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use common_meta::ddl::test_util::test_create_physical_table_task;
+use common_meta::key::table_route::PhysicalTableRouteValue;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+use common_meta::rpc::router::{Region, RegionRoute};
+use common_meta::rpc::store::PutRequest;
+use store_api::storage::{RegionId, TableId};
+use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;
+
+/// Puts a key-value pair into the kv backend.
+pub async fn put_key(kv_backend: &KvBackendRef, key: &str, value: &str) {
+    let put_req = PutRequest::new()
+        .with_key(key.as_bytes())
+        .with_value(value.as_bytes());
+    kv_backend.put(put_req).await.unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Prepares the physical table metadata for testing.
+///
+/// Returns the table info and the table route.
+pub async fn prepare_physical_table_metadata(
+    table_name: &str,
+    table_id: TableId,
+) -> (RawTableInfo, PhysicalTableRouteValue) {
+    let mut create_physical_table_task = test_create_physical_table_task(table_name);
+    let table_route = PhysicalTableRouteValue::new(vec![RegionRoute {
+        region: Region {
+            id: RegionId::new(table_id, 1),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(1)),
+        ..Default::default()
+    }]);
+    create_physical_table_task.set_table_id(table_id);
+
+    (create_physical_table_task.table_info, table_route)
+}

src/cli/src/metadata/control/utils.rs

@@ -12,9 +12,12 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::error::Result as CommonMetaResult;
+use common_meta::key::table_name::{TableNameKey, TableNameManager};
 use common_meta::rpc::KeyValue;
 use serde::Serialize;
+use store_api::storage::TableId;
 
 /// Decodes a key-value pair into a string.
 pub fn decode_key_value(kv: KeyValue) -> CommonMetaResult<(String, String)> {
@@ -34,3 +37,21 @@ where
         serde_json::to_string(value).unwrap()
     }
 }
+
+/// Gets the table id by table name.
+pub async fn get_table_id_by_name(
+    table_name_manager: &TableNameManager,
+    catalog_name: &str,
+    schema_name: &str,
+    table_name: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<TableId>, BoxedError> {
+    let table_name_key = TableNameKey::new(catalog_name, schema_name, table_name);
+    let Some(table_name_value) = table_name_manager
+        .get(table_name_key)
+        .await
+        .map_err(BoxedError::new)?
+    else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    Ok(Some(table_name_value.table_id()))
+}

src/cli/src/metadata/repair.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+mod alter_table;
+mod create_table;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use clap::Parser;
+use client::api::v1::CreateTableExpr;
+use client::client_manager::NodeClients;
+use client::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
+use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
+use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
+use common_grpc::channel_manager::ChannelConfig;
+use common_meta::error::Error as CommonMetaError;
+use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use common_meta::node_manager::NodeManagerRef;
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+use common_meta::rpc::router::{find_leaders, RegionRoute};
+use common_telemetry::{error, info, warn};
+use futures::TryStreamExt;
+use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+use store_api::storage::TableId;
+
+use crate::error::{
+    InvalidArgumentsSnafu, Result, SendRequestToDatanodeSnafu, TableMetadataSnafu, UnexpectedSnafu,
+};
+use crate::metadata::common::StoreConfig;
+use crate::metadata::utils::{FullTableMetadata, IteratorInput, TableMetadataIterator};
+use crate::Tool;
+
+/// Repair metadata of logical tables.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Parser)]
+pub struct RepairLogicalTablesCommand {
+    /// The names of the tables to repair.
+    #[clap(long, value_delimiter = ',', alias = "table-name")]
+    table_names: Vec<String>,
+
+    /// The id of the table to repair.
+    #[clap(long, value_delimiter = ',', alias = "table-id")]
+    table_ids: Vec<TableId>,
+
+    /// The schema of the tables to repair.
+    #[clap(long, default_value = DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME)]
+    schema_name: String,
+
+    /// The catalog of the tables to repair.
+    #[clap(long, default_value = DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME)]
+    catalog_name: String,
+
+    /// Whether to fail fast if any repair operation fails.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    fail_fast: bool,
+
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    store: StoreConfig,
+
+    /// The timeout for the client to operate the datanode.
+    #[clap(long, default_value_t = 30)]
+    client_timeout_secs: u64,
+
+    /// The timeout for the client to connect to the datanode.
+    #[clap(long, default_value_t = 3)]
+    client_connect_timeout_secs: u64,
+}
+
+impl RepairLogicalTablesCommand {
+    fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        ensure!(
+            !self.table_names.is_empty() || !self.table_ids.is_empty(),
+            InvalidArgumentsSnafu {
+                msg: "You must specify --table-names or --table-ids.",
+            }
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl RepairLogicalTablesCommand {
+    pub async fn build(&self) -> std::result::Result<Box<dyn Tool>, BoxedError> {
+        self.validate().map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
+        let kv_backend = self.store.build().await?;
+        let node_client_channel_config = ChannelConfig::new()
+            .timeout(Duration::from_secs(self.client_timeout_secs))
+            .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(self.client_connect_timeout_secs));
+        let node_manager = Arc::new(NodeClients::new(node_client_channel_config));
+
+        Ok(Box::new(RepairTool {
+            table_names: self.table_names.clone(),
+            table_ids: self.table_ids.clone(),
+            schema_name: self.schema_name.clone(),
+            catalog_name: self.catalog_name.clone(),
+            fail_fast: self.fail_fast,
+            kv_backend,
+            node_manager,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+struct RepairTool {
+    table_names: Vec<String>,
+    table_ids: Vec<TableId>,
+    schema_name: String,
+    catalog_name: String,
+    fail_fast: bool,
+    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    node_manager: NodeManagerRef,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl Tool for RepairTool {
+    async fn do_work(&self) -> std::result::Result<(), BoxedError> {
+        self.repair_tables().await.map_err(BoxedError::new)
+    }
+}
+
+impl RepairTool {
+    fn generate_iterator_input(&self) -> Result<IteratorInput> {
+        if !self.table_names.is_empty() {
+            let table_names = &self.table_names;
+            let catalog = &self.catalog_name;
+            let schema_name = &self.schema_name;
+
+            let table_names = table_names
+                .iter()
+                .map(|table_name| {
+                    (
+                        catalog.to_string(),
+                        schema_name.to_string(),
+                        table_name.to_string(),
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            return Ok(IteratorInput::new_table_names(table_names));
+        } else if !self.table_ids.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(IteratorInput::new_table_ids(self.table_ids.clone()));
+        };
+
+        InvalidArgumentsSnafu {
+            msg: "You must specify --table-names or --table-id.",
+        }
+        .fail()
+    }
+
+    async fn repair_tables(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let input = self.generate_iterator_input()?;
+        let mut table_metadata_iterator =
+            Box::pin(TableMetadataIterator::new(self.kv_backend.clone(), input).into_stream());
+        let table_metadata_manager = TableMetadataManager::new(self.kv_backend.clone());
+
+        let mut skipped_table = 0;
+        let mut success_table = 0;
+        while let Some(full_table_metadata) = table_metadata_iterator.try_next().await? {
+            let full_table_name = full_table_metadata.full_table_name();
+            if !full_table_metadata.is_metric_engine() {
+                warn!(
+                    "Skipping repair for non-metric engine table: {}",
+                    full_table_name
+                );
+                skipped_table += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if full_table_metadata.is_physical_table() {
+                warn!("Skipping repair for physical table: {}", full_table_name);
+                skipped_table += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let (physical_table_id, physical_table_route) = table_metadata_manager
+                .table_route_manager()
+                .get_physical_table_route(full_table_metadata.table_id)
+                .await
+                .context(TableMetadataSnafu)?;
+
+            if let Err(err) = self
+                .repair_table(
+                    &full_table_metadata,
+                    physical_table_id,
+                    &physical_table_route.region_routes,
+                )
+                .await
+            {
+                error!(
+                    err;
+                    "Failed to repair table: {}, skipped table: {}",
+                    full_table_name,
+                    skipped_table,
+                );
+
+                if self.fail_fast {
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+            } else {
+                success_table += 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        info!(
+            "Repair logical tables result: {} tables repaired, {} tables skipped",
+            success_table, skipped_table
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn alter_table_on_datanodes(
+        &self,
+        full_table_metadata: &FullTableMetadata,
+        physical_region_routes: &[RegionRoute],
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(Peer, CommonMetaError)>> {
+        let logical_table_id = full_table_metadata.table_id;
+        let alter_table_expr = alter_table::generate_alter_table_expr_for_all_columns(
+            &full_table_metadata.table_info,
+        )?;
+        let node_manager = self.node_manager.clone();
+
+        let mut failed_peers = Vec::new();
+        info!(
+            "Sending alter table requests to all datanodes for table: {}, number of regions:{}.",
+            full_table_metadata.full_table_name(),
+            physical_region_routes.len()
+        );
+        let leaders = find_leaders(physical_region_routes);
+        for peer in &leaders {
+            let alter_table_request = alter_table::make_alter_region_request_for_peer(
+                logical_table_id,
+                &alter_table_expr,
+                full_table_metadata.table_info.ident.version,
+                peer,
+                physical_region_routes,
+            )?;
+            let datanode = node_manager.datanode(peer).await;
+            if let Err(err) = datanode.handle(alter_table_request).await {
+                failed_peers.push((peer.clone(), err));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(failed_peers)
+    }
+
+    async fn create_table_on_datanode(
+        &self,
+        create_table_expr: &CreateTableExpr,
+        logical_table_id: TableId,
+        physical_table_id: TableId,
+        peer: &Peer,
+        physical_region_routes: &[RegionRoute],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let node_manager = self.node_manager.clone();
+        let datanode = node_manager.datanode(peer).await;
+        let create_table_request = create_table::make_create_region_request_for_peer(
+            logical_table_id,
+            physical_table_id,
+            create_table_expr,
+            peer,
+            physical_region_routes,
+        )?;
+
+        datanode
+            .handle(create_table_request)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|_| SendRequestToDatanodeSnafu { peer: peer.clone() })?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn repair_table(
+        &self,
+        full_table_metadata: &FullTableMetadata,
+        physical_table_id: TableId,
+        physical_region_routes: &[RegionRoute],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let full_table_name = full_table_metadata.full_table_name();
+        // First we sends alter table requests to all datanodes with all columns.
+        let failed_peers = self
+            .alter_table_on_datanodes(full_table_metadata, physical_region_routes)
+            .await?;
+
+        if failed_peers.is_empty() {
+            info!(
+                "All alter table requests sent successfully for table: {}",
+                full_table_name
+            );
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        warn!(
+            "Sending alter table requests to datanodes for table: {} failed for the datanodes: {:?}",
+            full_table_name,
+            failed_peers.iter().map(|(peer, _)| peer.id).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+
+        let create_table_expr =
+            create_table::generate_create_table_expr(&full_table_metadata.table_info)?;
+
+        let mut errors = Vec::new();
+        for (peer, err) in failed_peers {
+            if err.status_code() != StatusCode::RegionNotFound {
+                error!(
+                    err;
+                    "Sending alter table requests to datanode: {} for table: {} failed",
+                    peer.id,
+                    full_table_name,
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            info!(
+                "Region not found for table: {}, datanode: {}, trying to create the logical table on that datanode",
+                full_table_name,
+                peer.id
+            );
+
+            // If the alter table request fails for any datanode, we attempt to create the table on that datanode
+            // as a fallback mechanism to ensure table consistency across the cluster.
+            if let Err(err) = self
+                .create_table_on_datanode(
+                    &create_table_expr,
+                    full_table_metadata.table_id,
+                    physical_table_id,
+                    &peer,
+                    physical_region_routes,
+                )
+                .await
+            {
+                error!(
+                    err;
+                    "Failed to create table on datanode: {} for table: {}",
+                    peer.id, full_table_name
+                );
+                errors.push(err);
+                if self.fail_fast {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                info!(
+                    "Created table on datanode: {} for table: {}",
+                    peer.id, full_table_name
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !errors.is_empty() {
+            return UnexpectedSnafu {
+                msg: format!(
+                    "Failed to create table on datanodes for table: {}",
+                    full_table_name,
+                ),
+            }
+            .fail();
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

src/cli/src/metadata/repair/alter_table.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use client::api::v1::alter_table_expr::Kind;
+use client::api::v1::region::{region_request, AlterRequests, RegionRequest, RegionRequestHeader};
+use client::api::v1::{AddColumn, AddColumns, AlterTableExpr};
+use common_meta::ddl::alter_logical_tables::make_alter_region_request;
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+use common_meta::rpc::router::{find_leader_regions, RegionRoute};
+use operator::expr_helper::column_schemas_to_defs;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::storage::{RegionId, TableId};
+use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;
+
+use crate::error::{CovertColumnSchemasToDefsSnafu, Result};
+
+/// Generates alter table expression for all columns.
+pub fn generate_alter_table_expr_for_all_columns(
+    table_info: &RawTableInfo,
+) -> Result<AlterTableExpr> {
+    let schema = &table_info.meta.schema;
+
+    let mut alter_table_expr = AlterTableExpr {
+        catalog_name: table_info.catalog_name.to_string(),
+        schema_name: table_info.schema_name.to_string(),
+        table_name: table_info.name.to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    let primary_keys = table_info
+        .meta
+        .primary_key_indices
+        .iter()
+        .map(|i| schema.column_schemas[*i].name.clone())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let add_columns = column_schemas_to_defs(schema.column_schemas.clone(), &primary_keys)
+        .context(CovertColumnSchemasToDefsSnafu)?;
+
+    alter_table_expr.kind = Some(Kind::AddColumns(AddColumns {
+        add_columns: add_columns
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|col| AddColumn {
+                column_def: Some(col),
+                location: None,
+                add_if_not_exists: true,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    }));
+
+    Ok(alter_table_expr)
+}
+
+/// Makes an alter region request for a peer.
+pub fn make_alter_region_request_for_peer(
+    logical_table_id: TableId,
+    alter_table_expr: &AlterTableExpr,
+    schema_version: u64,
+    peer: &Peer,
+    region_routes: &[RegionRoute],
+) -> Result<RegionRequest> {
+    let regions_on_this_peer = find_leader_regions(region_routes, peer);
+    let mut requests = Vec::with_capacity(regions_on_this_peer.len());
+    for region_number in &regions_on_this_peer {
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(logical_table_id, *region_number);
+        let request = make_alter_region_request(region_id, alter_table_expr, schema_version);
+        requests.push(request);
+    }
+
+    Ok(RegionRequest {
+        header: Some(RegionRequestHeader::default()),
+        body: Some(region_request::Body::Alters(AlterRequests { requests })),
+    })
+}

src/cli/src/metadata/repair/create_table.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use client::api::v1::region::{region_request, CreateRequests, RegionRequest, RegionRequestHeader};
+use client::api::v1::CreateTableExpr;
+use common_meta::ddl::create_logical_tables::create_region_request_builder;
+use common_meta::ddl::utils::region_storage_path;
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+use common_meta::rpc::router::{find_leader_regions, RegionRoute};
+use operator::expr_helper::column_schemas_to_defs;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::storage::{RegionId, TableId};
+use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;
+
+use crate::error::{CovertColumnSchemasToDefsSnafu, Result};
+
+/// Generates a `CreateTableExpr` from a `RawTableInfo`.
+pub fn generate_create_table_expr(table_info: &RawTableInfo) -> Result<CreateTableExpr> {
+    let schema = &table_info.meta.schema;
+    let primary_keys = table_info
+        .meta
+        .primary_key_indices
+        .iter()
+        .map(|i| schema.column_schemas[*i].name.clone())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let timestamp_index = schema.timestamp_index.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let time_index = schema.column_schemas[*timestamp_index].name.clone();
+    let column_defs = column_schemas_to_defs(schema.column_schemas.clone(), &primary_keys)
+        .context(CovertColumnSchemasToDefsSnafu)?;
+    let table_options = HashMap::from(&table_info.meta.options);
+
+    Ok(CreateTableExpr {
+        catalog_name: table_info.catalog_name.to_string(),
+        schema_name: table_info.schema_name.to_string(),
+        table_name: table_info.name.to_string(),
+        desc: String::default(),
+        column_defs,
+        time_index,
+        primary_keys,
+        create_if_not_exists: true,
+        table_options,
+        table_id: None,
+        engine: table_info.meta.engine.to_string(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Makes a create region request for a peer.
+pub fn make_create_region_request_for_peer(
+    logical_table_id: TableId,
+    physical_table_id: TableId,
+    create_table_expr: &CreateTableExpr,
+    peer: &Peer,
+    region_routes: &[RegionRoute],
+) -> Result<RegionRequest> {
+    let regions_on_this_peer = find_leader_regions(region_routes, peer);
+    let mut requests = Vec::with_capacity(regions_on_this_peer.len());
+    let request_builder =
+        create_region_request_builder(create_table_expr, physical_table_id).unwrap();
+
+    let catalog = &create_table_expr.catalog_name;
+    let schema = &create_table_expr.schema_name;
+    let storage_path = region_storage_path(catalog, schema);
+
+    for region_number in &regions_on_this_peer {
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(logical_table_id, *region_number);
+        let region_request =
+            request_builder.build_one(region_id, storage_path.clone(), &HashMap::new());
+        requests.push(region_request);
+    }
+
+    Ok(RegionRequest {
+        header: Some(RegionRequestHeader::default()),
+        body: Some(region_request::Body::Creates(CreateRequests { requests })),
+    })
+}

src/cli/src/metadata/utils.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+use async_stream::try_stream;
+use common_catalog::consts::METRIC_ENGINE;
+use common_catalog::format_full_table_name;
+use common_meta::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
+use common_meta::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
+use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use futures::Stream;
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use store_api::storage::TableId;
+use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;
+
+use crate::error::{Result, TableMetadataSnafu, UnexpectedSnafu};
+
+/// The input for the iterator.
+pub enum IteratorInput {
+    TableIds(VecDeque<TableId>),
+    TableNames(VecDeque<(String, String, String)>),
+}
+
+impl IteratorInput {
+    /// Creates a new iterator input from a list of table ids.
+    pub fn new_table_ids(table_ids: Vec<TableId>) -> Self {
+        Self::TableIds(table_ids.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new iterator input from a list of table names.
+    pub fn new_table_names(table_names: Vec<(String, String, String)>) -> Self {
+        Self::TableNames(table_names.into())
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator for retrieving table metadata from the metadata store.
+///
+/// This struct provides functionality to iterate over table metadata based on
+/// either [`TableId`] and their associated regions or fully qualified table names.
+pub struct TableMetadataIterator {
+    input: IteratorInput,
+    table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManager,
+}
+
+/// The full table metadata.
+pub struct FullTableMetadata {
+    pub table_id: TableId,
+    pub table_info: RawTableInfo,
+    pub table_route: TableRouteValue,
+}
+
+impl FullTableMetadata {
+    /// Returns true if it's [TableRouteValue::Physical].
+    pub fn is_physical_table(&self) -> bool {
+        self.table_route.is_physical()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if it's a metric engine table.
+    pub fn is_metric_engine(&self) -> bool {
+        self.table_info.meta.engine == METRIC_ENGINE
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the full table name.
+    pub fn full_table_name(&self) -> String {
+        format_full_table_name(
+            &self.table_info.catalog_name,
+            &self.table_info.schema_name,
+            &self.table_info.name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl TableMetadataIterator {
+    pub fn new(kvbackend: KvBackendRef, input: IteratorInput) -> Self {
+        let table_metadata_manager = TableMetadataManager::new(kvbackend);
+        Self {
+            input,
+            table_metadata_manager,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the next table metadata.
+    ///
+    /// This method handles two types of inputs:
+    /// - TableIds: Returns metadata for a specific [`TableId`].
+    /// - TableNames: Returns metadata for a table identified by its full name (catalog.schema.table).
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more tables to process.
+    pub async fn next(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FullTableMetadata>> {
+        match &mut self.input {
+            IteratorInput::TableIds(table_ids) => {
+                if let Some(table_id) = table_ids.pop_front() {
+                    let full_table_metadata = self.get_table_metadata(table_id).await?;
+                    return Ok(Some(full_table_metadata));
+                }
+            }
+
+            IteratorInput::TableNames(table_names) => {
+                if let Some(full_table_name) = table_names.pop_front() {
+                    let table_id = self.get_table_id_by_name(full_table_name).await?;
+                    let full_table_metadata = self.get_table_metadata(table_id).await?;
+                    return Ok(Some(full_table_metadata));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    /// Converts the iterator into a stream of table metadata.
+    pub fn into_stream(mut self) -> impl Stream<Item = Result<FullTableMetadata>> {
+        try_stream!({
+            while let Some(full_table_metadata) = self.next().await? {
+                yield full_table_metadata;
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_table_id_by_name(
+        &mut self,
+        (catalog_name, schema_name, table_name): (String, String, String),
+    ) -> Result<TableId> {
+        let key = TableNameKey::new(&catalog_name, &schema_name, &table_name);
+        let table_id = self
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .table_name_manager()
+            .get(key)
+            .await
+            .context(TableMetadataSnafu)?
+            .with_context(|| UnexpectedSnafu {
+                msg: format!(
+                    "Table not found: {}",
+                    format_full_table_name(&catalog_name, &schema_name, &table_name)
+                ),
+            })?
+            .table_id();
+        Ok(table_id)
+    }
+
+    async fn get_table_metadata(&mut self, table_id: TableId) -> Result<FullTableMetadata> {
+        let (table_info, table_route) = self
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .get_full_table_info(table_id)
+            .await
+            .context(TableMetadataSnafu)?;
+
+        let table_info = table_info
+            .with_context(|| UnexpectedSnafu {
+                msg: format!("Table info not found for table id: {table_id}"),
+            })?
+            .into_inner()
+            .table_info;
+        let table_route = table_route
+            .with_context(|| UnexpectedSnafu {
+                msg: format!("Table route not found for table id: {table_id}"),
+            })?
+            .into_inner();
+
+        Ok(FullTableMetadata {
+            table_id,
+            table_info,
+            table_route,
+        })
+    }
+}

src/cmd/src/datanode/builder.rs

@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ impl InstanceBuilder {
             MetaClientType::Datanode { member_id },
             meta_client_options,
             Some(&plugins),
+            None,
         )
         .await
         .context(MetaClientInitSnafu)?;

src/cmd/src/flownode.rs

@@ -55,14 +55,32 @@ type FlownodeOptions = GreptimeOptions<flow::FlownodeOptions>;
 pub struct Instance {
     flownode: FlownodeInstance,
 
+    // The components of flownode, which make it easier to expand based
+    // on the components.
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    components: Components,
+
     // Keep the logging guard to prevent the worker from being dropped.
     _guard: Vec<WorkerGuard>,
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+pub struct Components {
+    pub catalog_manager: catalog::CatalogManagerRef,
+    pub fe_client: Arc<FrontendClient>,
+    pub kv_backend: common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef,
+}
+
 impl Instance {
-    pub fn new(flownode: FlownodeInstance, guard: Vec<WorkerGuard>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        flownode: FlownodeInstance,
+        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")] components: Components,
+        guard: Vec<WorkerGuard>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             flownode,
+            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+            components,
             _guard: guard,
         }
     }
@@ -75,6 +93,11 @@ impl Instance {
     pub fn flownode_mut(&mut self) -> &mut FlownodeInstance {
         &mut self.flownode
     }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    pub fn components(&self) -> &Components {
+        &self.components
+    }
 }
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -283,6 +306,7 @@ impl StartCommand {
             MetaClientType::Flownode { member_id },
             meta_config,
             None,
+            None,
         )
         .await
         .context(MetaClientInitSnafu)?;
@@ -349,19 +373,20 @@ impl StartCommand {
         let flow_auth_header = get_flow_auth_options(&opts).context(StartFlownodeSnafu)?;
         let frontend_client =
             FrontendClient::from_meta_client(meta_client.clone(), flow_auth_header);
+        let frontend_client = Arc::new(frontend_client);
         let flownode_builder = FlownodeBuilder::new(
             opts.clone(),
             plugins,
             table_metadata_manager,
             catalog_manager.clone(),
             flow_metadata_manager,
-            Arc::new(frontend_client),
+            frontend_client.clone(),
         )
         .with_heartbeat_task(heartbeat_task);
 
         let mut flownode = flownode_builder.build().await.context(StartFlownodeSnafu)?;
         let services = FlownodeServiceBuilder::new(&opts)
-            .with_grpc_server(flownode.flownode_server().clone())
+            .with_default_grpc_server(flownode.flownode_server())
             .enable_http_service()
             .build()
             .context(StartFlownodeSnafu)?;
@@ -393,6 +418,16 @@ impl StartCommand {
             .set_frontend_invoker(invoker)
             .await;
 
-        Ok(Instance::new(flownode, guard))
+        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+        let components = Components {
+            catalog_manager: catalog_manager.clone(),
+            fe_client: frontend_client,
+            kv_backend: cached_meta_backend,
+        };
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "enterprise"))]
+        return Ok(Instance::new(flownode, guard));
+        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+        Ok(Instance::new(flownode, components, guard))
     }
 }

src/cmd/src/frontend.rs

@@ -313,6 +313,7 @@ impl StartCommand {
             MetaClientType::Frontend,
             meta_client_options,
             Some(&plugins),
+            None,
         )
         .await
         .context(error::MetaClientInitSnafu)?;

src/cmd/src/standalone.rs

@@ -30,20 +30,16 @@ use common_catalog::consts::{MIN_USER_FLOW_ID, MIN_USER_TABLE_ID};
 use common_config::{metadata_store_dir, Configurable, KvBackendConfig};
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::cache::LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder;
-use common_meta::cache_invalidator::CacheInvalidatorRef;
 use common_meta::cluster::{NodeInfo, NodeStatus};
 use common_meta::datanode::RegionStat;
-use common_meta::ddl::flow_meta::{FlowMetadataAllocator, FlowMetadataAllocatorRef};
-use common_meta::ddl::table_meta::{TableMetadataAllocator, TableMetadataAllocatorRef};
+use common_meta::ddl::flow_meta::FlowMetadataAllocator;
+use common_meta::ddl::table_meta::TableMetadataAllocator;
 use common_meta::ddl::{DdlContext, NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl, ProcedureExecutorRef};
 use common_meta::ddl_manager::DdlManager;
-#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-use common_meta::ddl_manager::TriggerDdlManagerRef;
 use common_meta::key::flow::flow_state::FlowStat;
-use common_meta::key::flow::{FlowMetadataManager, FlowMetadataManagerRef};
+use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
-use common_meta::node_manager::NodeManagerRef;
 use common_meta::peer::Peer;
 use common_meta::region_keeper::MemoryRegionKeeper;
 use common_meta::region_registry::LeaderRegionRegistry;
@@ -594,28 +590,36 @@ impl StartCommand {
             .await
             .context(error::BuildWalOptionsAllocatorSnafu)?;
         let wal_options_allocator = Arc::new(wal_options_allocator);
-        let table_meta_allocator = Arc::new(TableMetadataAllocator::new(
+        let table_metadata_allocator = Arc::new(TableMetadataAllocator::new(
             table_id_sequence,
             wal_options_allocator.clone(),
         ));
-        let flow_meta_allocator = Arc::new(FlowMetadataAllocator::with_noop_peer_allocator(
+        let flow_metadata_allocator = Arc::new(FlowMetadataAllocator::with_noop_peer_allocator(
             flow_id_sequence,
         ));
 
+        let ddl_context = DdlContext {
+            node_manager: node_manager.clone(),
+            cache_invalidator: layered_cache_registry.clone(),
+            memory_region_keeper: Arc::new(MemoryRegionKeeper::default()),
+            leader_region_registry: Arc::new(LeaderRegionRegistry::default()),
+            table_metadata_manager: table_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            table_metadata_allocator: table_metadata_allocator.clone(),
+            flow_metadata_manager: flow_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            flow_metadata_allocator: flow_metadata_allocator.clone(),
+            region_failure_detector_controller: Arc::new(NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl),
+        };
+        let procedure_manager_c = procedure_manager.clone();
+
+        let ddl_manager = DdlManager::try_new(ddl_context, procedure_manager_c, true)
+            .context(error::InitDdlManagerSnafu)?;
         #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-        let trigger_ddl_manager: Option<TriggerDdlManagerRef> = plugins.get();
-        let ddl_task_executor = Self::create_ddl_task_executor(
-            procedure_manager.clone(),
-            node_manager.clone(),
-            layered_cache_registry.clone(),
-            table_metadata_manager,
-            table_meta_allocator,
-            flow_metadata_manager,
-            flow_meta_allocator,
-            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-            trigger_ddl_manager,
-        )
-        .await?;
+        let ddl_manager = {
+            let trigger_ddl_manager: Option<common_meta::ddl_manager::TriggerDdlManagerRef> =
+                plugins.get();
+            ddl_manager.with_trigger_ddl_manager(trigger_ddl_manager)
+        };
+        let ddl_task_executor: ProcedureExecutorRef = Arc::new(ddl_manager);
 
         let fe_instance = FrontendBuilder::new(
             fe_opts.clone(),
@@ -679,41 +683,6 @@ impl StartCommand {
         })
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-    pub async fn create_ddl_task_executor(
-        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
-        node_manager: NodeManagerRef,
-        cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
-        table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
-        table_metadata_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
-        flow_metadata_manager: FlowMetadataManagerRef,
-        flow_metadata_allocator: FlowMetadataAllocatorRef,
-        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")] trigger_ddl_manager: Option<TriggerDdlManagerRef>,
-    ) -> Result<ProcedureExecutorRef> {
-        let procedure_executor: ProcedureExecutorRef = Arc::new(
-            DdlManager::try_new(
-                DdlContext {
-                    node_manager,
-                    cache_invalidator,
-                    memory_region_keeper: Arc::new(MemoryRegionKeeper::default()),
-                    leader_region_registry: Arc::new(LeaderRegionRegistry::default()),
-                    table_metadata_manager,
-                    table_metadata_allocator,
-                    flow_metadata_manager,
-                    flow_metadata_allocator,
-                    region_failure_detector_controller: Arc::new(NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl),
-                },
-                procedure_manager,
-                true,
-                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-                trigger_ddl_manager,
-            )
-            .context(error::InitDdlManagerSnafu)?,
-        );
-
-        Ok(procedure_executor)
-    }
-
     pub async fn create_table_metadata_manager(
         kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
     ) -> Result<TableMetadataManagerRef> {

src/common/frontend/src/lib.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub mod selector;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct DisplayProcessId {
     pub server_addr: String,
-    pub id: u64,
+    pub id: u32,
 }
 
 impl Display for DisplayProcessId {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&str> for DisplayProcessId {
         let id = split
             .next()
             .context(error::ParseProcessIdSnafu { s: value })?;
-        let id = u64::from_str(id)
+        let id = u32::from_str(id)
             .ok()
             .context(error::ParseProcessIdSnafu { s: value })?;
         Ok(DisplayProcessId { server_addr, id })

src/common/frontend/src/selector.rs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use common_grpc::channel_manager::{ChannelConfig, ChannelManager};
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::error::{MetaSnafu, Result};
 pub type FrontendClientPtr = Box<dyn FrontendClient>;
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-pub trait FrontendClient: Send {
+pub trait FrontendClient: Send + Debug {
     async fn list_process(&mut self, req: ListProcessRequest) -> Result<ListProcessResponse>;
 
     async fn kill_process(&mut self, req: KillProcessRequest) -> Result<KillProcessResponse>;

src/common/function/src/aggrs/approximate.rs

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 
 use crate::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
 
-pub(crate) mod hll;
-mod uddsketch;
+pub mod hll;
+pub mod uddsketch;
 
 pub(crate) struct ApproximateFunction;
 

src/common/function/src/system/database.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use common_query::error::Result;
 use common_query::prelude::{Signature, Volatility};
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVector};
-use datatypes::vectors::{StringVector, UInt64Vector, VectorRef};
+use datatypes::vectors::{StringVector, UInt32Vector, VectorRef};
 use derive_more::Display;
 
 use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl Function for PgBackendPidFunction {
     fn eval(&self, func_ctx: &FunctionContext, _columns: &[VectorRef]) -> Result<VectorRef> {
         let pid = func_ctx.query_ctx.process_id();
 
-        Ok(Arc::new(UInt64Vector::from_slice([pid])) as _)
+        Ok(Arc::new(UInt32Vector::from_slice([pid])) as _)
     }
 }
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ impl Function for ConnectionIdFunction {
     fn eval(&self, func_ctx: &FunctionContext, _columns: &[VectorRef]) -> Result<VectorRef> {
         let pid = func_ctx.query_ctx.process_id();
 
-        Ok(Arc::new(UInt64Vector::from_slice([pid])) as _)
+        Ok(Arc::new(UInt32Vector::from_slice([pid])) as _)
     }
 }
 

src/common/grpc-expr/src/alter.rs

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use table::requests::{
 };
 
 use crate::error::{
-    InvalidColumnDefSnafu, InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequestSnafu,
+    InvalidColumnDefSnafu, InvalidIndexOptionSnafu, InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequestSnafu,
     InvalidSetSkippingIndexOptionRequestSnafu, InvalidSetTableOptionRequestSnafu,
     InvalidUnsetTableOptionRequestSnafu, MissingAlterIndexOptionSnafu, MissingFieldSnafu,
     MissingTimestampColumnSnafu, Result, UnknownLocationTypeSnafu,
@@ -126,18 +126,21 @@ pub fn alter_expr_to_request(table_id: TableId, expr: AlterTableExpr) -> Result<
                 api::v1::set_index::Options::Fulltext(f) => AlterKind::SetIndex {
                     options: SetIndexOptions::Fulltext {
                         column_name: f.column_name.clone(),
-                        options: FulltextOptions {
-                            enable: f.enable,
-                            analyzer: as_fulltext_option_analyzer(
+                        options: FulltextOptions::new(
+                            f.enable,
+                            as_fulltext_option_analyzer(
                                 Analyzer::try_from(f.analyzer)
                                     .context(InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequestSnafu)?,
                             ),
-                            case_sensitive: f.case_sensitive,
-                            backend: as_fulltext_option_backend(
+                            f.case_sensitive,
+                            as_fulltext_option_backend(
                                 PbFulltextBackend::try_from(f.backend)
                                     .context(InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequestSnafu)?,
                             ),
-                        },
+                            f.granularity as u32,
+                            f.false_positive_rate,
+                        )
+                        .context(InvalidIndexOptionSnafu)?,
                     },
                 },
                 api::v1::set_index::Options::Inverted(i) => AlterKind::SetIndex {
@@ -148,13 +151,15 @@ pub fn alter_expr_to_request(table_id: TableId, expr: AlterTableExpr) -> Result<
                 api::v1::set_index::Options::Skipping(s) => AlterKind::SetIndex {
                     options: SetIndexOptions::Skipping {
                         column_name: s.column_name,
-                        options: SkippingIndexOptions {
-                            granularity: s.granularity as u32,
-                            index_type: as_skipping_index_type(
+                        options: SkippingIndexOptions::new(
+                            s.granularity as u32,
+                            s.false_positive_rate,
+                            as_skipping_index_type(
                                 PbSkippingIndexType::try_from(s.skipping_index_type)
                                     .context(InvalidSetSkippingIndexOptionRequestSnafu)?,
                             ),
-                        },
+                        )
+                        .context(InvalidIndexOptionSnafu)?,
                     },
                 },
             },
@@ -180,6 +185,22 @@ pub fn alter_expr_to_request(table_id: TableId, expr: AlterTableExpr) -> Result<
             },
             None => return MissingAlterIndexOptionSnafu.fail(),
         },
+        Kind::DropDefaults(o) => {
+            let names = o
+                .drop_defaults
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|col| {
+                    ensure!(
+                        !col.column_name.is_empty(),
+                        MissingFieldSnafu {
+                            field: "column_name"
+                        }
+                    );
+                    Ok(col.column_name)
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+            AlterKind::DropDefaults { names }
+        }
     };
 
     let request = AlterTableRequest {

src/common/grpc-expr/src/error.rs

@@ -153,6 +153,14 @@ pub enum Error {
         #[snafu(implicit)]
         location: Location,
     },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Invalid index option"))]
+    InvalidIndexOption {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: datatypes::error::Error,
+    },
 }
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -180,7 +188,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | Error::InvalidUnsetTableOptionRequest { .. }
             | Error::InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequest { .. }
             | Error::InvalidSetSkippingIndexOptionRequest { .. }
-            | Error::MissingAlterIndexOption { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
+            | Error::MissingAlterIndexOption { .. }
+            | Error::InvalidIndexOption { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
         }
     }
 

src/common/grpc/src/channel_manager.rs

@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ impl ChannelManager {
             "http"
         };
 
-        let mut endpoint =
-            Endpoint::new(format!("{http_prefix}://{addr}")).context(CreateChannelSnafu)?;
+        let mut endpoint = Endpoint::new(format!("{http_prefix}://{addr}"))
+            .context(CreateChannelSnafu { addr })?;
 
         if let Some(dur) = self.config().timeout {
             endpoint = endpoint.timeout(dur);
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl ChannelManager {
         if let Some(tls_config) = &self.inner.client_tls_config {
             endpoint = endpoint
                 .tls_config(tls_config.clone())
-                .context(CreateChannelSnafu)?;
+                .context(CreateChannelSnafu { addr })?;
         }
 
         endpoint = endpoint

src/common/grpc/src/error.rs

@@ -52,8 +52,9 @@ pub enum Error {
         location: Location,
     },
 
-    #[snafu(display("Failed to create gRPC channel"))]
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to create gRPC channel from '{addr}'"))]
     CreateChannel {
+        addr: String,
         #[snafu(source)]
         error: tonic::transport::Error,
         #[snafu(implicit)]

src/common/meta/Cargo.toml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ workspace = true
 anymap2 = "0.13.0"
 api.workspace = true
 async-recursion = "1.0"
-async-stream = "0.3"
+async-stream.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 backon = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 base64.workspace = true

src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_logical_tables.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use common_procedure::error::{FromJsonSnafu, Result as ProcedureResult, ToJsonSn
 use common_procedure::{Context, LockKey, Procedure, Status};
 use common_telemetry::{error, info, warn};
 use futures_util::future;
+pub use region_request::make_alter_region_request;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
 use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;

src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_logical_tables/region_request.rs

@@ -12,20 +12,18 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use api::v1;
 use api::v1::alter_table_expr::Kind;
 use api::v1::region::{
     alter_request, region_request, AddColumn, AddColumns, AlterRequest, AlterRequests,
     RegionColumnDef, RegionRequest, RegionRequestHeader,
 };
+use api::v1::{self, AlterTableExpr};
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 
 use crate::ddl::alter_logical_tables::AlterLogicalTablesProcedure;
 use crate::error::Result;
-use crate::key::table_info::TableInfoValue;
 use crate::peer::Peer;
-use crate::rpc::ddl::AlterTableTask;
 use crate::rpc::router::{find_leader_regions, RegionRoute};
 
 impl AlterLogicalTablesProcedure {
@@ -62,34 +60,37 @@ impl AlterLogicalTablesProcedure {
         {
             for region_number in &regions_on_this_peer {
                 let region_id = RegionId::new(table.table_info.ident.table_id, *region_number);
-                let request = self.make_alter_region_request(region_id, task, table)?;
+                let request = make_alter_region_request(
+                    region_id,
+                    &task.alter_table,
+                    table.table_info.ident.version,
+                );
                 requests.push(request);
             }
         }
 
         Ok(AlterRequests { requests })
     }
+}
 
-    fn make_alter_region_request(
-        &self,
-        region_id: RegionId,
-        task: &AlterTableTask,
-        table: &TableInfoValue,
-    ) -> Result<AlterRequest> {
-        let region_id = region_id.as_u64();
-        let schema_version = table.table_info.ident.version;
-        let kind = match &task.alter_table.kind {
-            Some(Kind::AddColumns(add_columns)) => Some(alter_request::Kind::AddColumns(
-                to_region_add_columns(add_columns),
-            )),
-            _ => unreachable!(), // Safety: we have checked the kind in check_input_tasks
-        };
+/// Makes an alter region request.
+pub fn make_alter_region_request(
+    region_id: RegionId,
+    alter_table_expr: &AlterTableExpr,
+    schema_version: u64,
+) -> AlterRequest {
+    let region_id = region_id.as_u64();
+    let kind = match &alter_table_expr.kind {
+        Some(Kind::AddColumns(add_columns)) => Some(alter_request::Kind::AddColumns(
+            to_region_add_columns(add_columns),
+        )),
+        _ => unreachable!(), // Safety: we have checked the kind in check_input_tasks
+    };
 
-        Ok(AlterRequest {
-            region_id,
-            schema_version,
-            kind,
-        })
+    AlterRequest {
+        region_id,
+        schema_version,
+        kind,
     }
 }
 

src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_table/region_request.rs

@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ fn create_proto_alter_kind(
         Kind::UnsetTableOptions(v) => Ok(Some(alter_request::Kind::UnsetTableOptions(v.clone()))),
         Kind::SetIndex(v) => Ok(Some(alter_request::Kind::SetIndex(v.clone()))),
         Kind::UnsetIndex(v) => Ok(Some(alter_request::Kind::UnsetIndex(v.clone()))),
+        Kind::DropDefaults(v) => Ok(Some(alter_request::Kind::DropDefaults(v.clone()))),
     }
 }
 

src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_table/update_metadata.rs

@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@ impl AlterTableProcedure {
             | AlterKind::SetTableOptions { .. }
             | AlterKind::UnsetTableOptions { .. }
             | AlterKind::SetIndex { .. }
-            | AlterKind::UnsetIndex { .. } => {}
+            | AlterKind::UnsetIndex { .. }
+            | AlterKind::DropDefaults { .. } => {}
         }
 
         Ok(new_info)

src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_logical_tables.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use common_procedure::error::{FromJsonSnafu, Result as ProcedureResult, ToJsonSn
 use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, LockKey, Procedure, Status};
 use common_telemetry::{debug, error, warn};
 use futures::future;
+pub use region_request::create_region_request_builder;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
 use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;

src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_logical_tables/region_request.rs

@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use api::v1::region::{region_request, CreateRequests, RegionRequest, RegionRequestHeader};
+use api::v1::CreateTableExpr;
 use common_telemetry::debug;
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
-use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use store_api::storage::{RegionId, TableId};
 
 use crate::ddl::create_logical_tables::CreateLogicalTablesProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::create_table_template::{build_template, CreateRequestBuilder};
 use crate::ddl::utils::region_storage_path;
 use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::peer::Peer;
-use crate::rpc::ddl::CreateTableTask;
 use crate::rpc::router::{find_leader_regions, RegionRoute};
 
 impl CreateLogicalTablesProcedure {
@@ -45,13 +45,15 @@ impl CreateLogicalTablesProcedure {
             let catalog = &create_table_expr.catalog_name;
             let schema = &create_table_expr.schema_name;
             let logical_table_id = task.table_info.ident.table_id;
+            let physical_table_id = self.data.physical_table_id;
             let storage_path = region_storage_path(catalog, schema);
-            let request_builder = self.create_region_request_builder(task)?;
+            let request_builder =
+                create_region_request_builder(&task.create_table, physical_table_id)?;
 
             for region_number in &regions_on_this_peer {
                 let region_id = RegionId::new(logical_table_id, *region_number);
                 let one_region_request =
-                    request_builder.build_one(region_id, storage_path.clone(), &HashMap::new())?;
+                    request_builder.build_one(region_id, storage_path.clone(), &HashMap::new());
                 requests.push(one_region_request);
             }
         }
@@ -69,16 +71,13 @@ impl CreateLogicalTablesProcedure {
             body: Some(region_request::Body::Creates(CreateRequests { requests })),
         }))
     }
-
-    fn create_region_request_builder(
-        &self,
-        task: &CreateTableTask,
-    ) -> Result<CreateRequestBuilder> {
-        let create_expr = &task.create_table;
-        let template = build_template(create_expr)?;
-        Ok(CreateRequestBuilder::new(
-            template,
-            Some(self.data.physical_table_id),
-        ))
-    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a region request builder.
+pub fn create_region_request_builder(
+    create_table_expr: &CreateTableExpr,
+    physical_table_id: TableId,
+) -> Result<CreateRequestBuilder> {
+    let template = build_template(create_table_expr)?;
+    Ok(CreateRequestBuilder::new(template, Some(physical_table_id)))
 }

src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_table.rs

@@ -218,11 +218,8 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
             let mut requests = Vec::with_capacity(regions.len());
             for region_number in regions {
                 let region_id = RegionId::new(self.table_id(), region_number);
-                let create_region_request = request_builder.build_one(
-                    region_id,
-                    storage_path.clone(),
-                    region_wal_options,
-                )?;
+                let create_region_request =
+                    request_builder.build_one(region_id, storage_path.clone(), region_wal_options);
                 requests.push(PbRegionRequest::Create(create_region_request));
             }
 

src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_table_template.rs

@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@ impl CreateRequestBuilder {
         &self.template
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn build_one(
+    pub fn build_one(
         &self,
         region_id: RegionId,
         storage_path: String,
         region_wal_options: &HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
-    ) -> Result<CreateRequest> {
+    ) -> CreateRequest {
         let mut request = self.template.clone();
 
         request.region_id = region_id.as_u64();
@@ -130,6 +130,6 @@ impl CreateRequestBuilder {
             );
         }
 
-        Ok(request)
+        request
     }
 }

src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_database/executor.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 use std::any::Any;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use common_procedure::Status;
 use common_telemetry::info;
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ use table::table_name::TableName;
 use crate::ddl::drop_database::cursor::DropDatabaseCursor;
 use crate::ddl::drop_database::{DropDatabaseContext, DropTableTarget, State};
 use crate::ddl::drop_table::executor::DropTableExecutor;
-use crate::ddl::utils::extract_region_wal_options;
+use crate::ddl::utils::get_region_wal_options;
 use crate::ddl::DdlContext;
 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
@@ -109,17 +108,12 @@ impl State for DropDatabaseExecutor {
         );
 
         // Deletes topic-region mapping if dropping physical table
-        let region_wal_options =
-            if let TableRouteValue::Physical(table_route_value) = &table_route_value {
-                let datanode_table_values = ddl_ctx
-                    .table_metadata_manager
-                    .datanode_table_manager()
-                    .regions(self.physical_table_id, table_route_value)
-                    .await?;
-                extract_region_wal_options(&datanode_table_values)?
-            } else {
-                HashMap::new()
-            };
+        let region_wal_options = get_region_wal_options(
+            &ddl_ctx.table_metadata_manager,
+            &table_route_value,
+            self.physical_table_id,
+        )
+        .await?;
 
         executor
             .on_destroy_metadata(ddl_ctx, &table_route_value, &region_wal_options)

src/common/meta/src/ddl/utils.rs

@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ use crate::error::{
 };
 use crate::key::datanode_table::DatanodeTableValue;
 use crate::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
-use crate::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
+use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
+use crate::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use crate::peer::Peer;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::CreateTableTask;
 use crate::rpc::router::{find_follower_regions, find_followers, RegionRoute};
@@ -187,6 +188,25 @@ pub fn parse_region_wal_options(
     Ok(region_wal_options)
 }
 
+/// Gets the wal options for a table.
+pub async fn get_region_wal_options(
+    table_metadata_manager: &TableMetadataManager,
+    table_route_value: &TableRouteValue,
+    physical_table_id: TableId,
+) -> Result<HashMap<RegionNumber, WalOptions>> {
+    let region_wal_options =
+        if let TableRouteValue::Physical(table_route_value) = &table_route_value {
+            let datanode_table_values = table_metadata_manager
+                .datanode_table_manager()
+                .regions(physical_table_id, table_route_value)
+                .await?;
+            extract_region_wal_options(&datanode_table_values)?
+        } else {
+            HashMap::new()
+        };
+    Ok(region_wal_options)
+}
+
 /// Extracts region wal options from [DatanodeTableValue]s.
 pub fn extract_region_wal_options(
     datanode_table_values: &Vec<DatanodeTableValue>,

src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs

@@ -125,13 +125,12 @@ impl DdlManager {
         ddl_context: DdlContext,
         procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
         register_loaders: bool,
-        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")] trigger_ddl_manager: Option<TriggerDdlManagerRef>,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         let manager = Self {
             ddl_context,
             procedure_manager,
             #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-            trigger_ddl_manager,
+            trigger_ddl_manager: None,
         };
         if register_loaders {
             manager.register_loaders()?;
@@ -139,6 +138,15 @@ impl DdlManager {
         Ok(manager)
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    pub fn with_trigger_ddl_manager(
+        mut self,
+        trigger_ddl_manager: Option<TriggerDdlManagerRef>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.trigger_ddl_manager = trigger_ddl_manager;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Returns the [TableMetadataManagerRef].
     pub fn table_metadata_manager(&self) -> &TableMetadataManagerRef {
         &self.ddl_context.table_metadata_manager
@@ -964,8 +972,6 @@ mod tests {
             },
             procedure_manager.clone(),
             true,
-            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-            None,
         );
 
         let expected_loaders = vec![

src/common/meta/src/key.rs

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pub mod table_name;
 pub mod table_route;
 #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
 pub mod test_utils;
-mod tombstone;
+pub mod tombstone;
 pub mod topic_name;
 pub mod topic_region;
 pub mod txn_helper;
@@ -535,6 +535,29 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Creates a new `TableMetadataManager` with a custom tombstone prefix.
+    pub fn new_with_custom_tombstone_prefix(
+        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+        tombstone_prefix: &str,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            table_name_manager: TableNameManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            table_info_manager: TableInfoManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            view_info_manager: ViewInfoManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            datanode_table_manager: DatanodeTableManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            catalog_manager: CatalogManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            schema_manager: SchemaManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            table_route_manager: TableRouteManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            tombstone_manager: TombstoneManager::new_with_prefix(
+                kv_backend.clone(),
+                tombstone_prefix,
+            ),
+            topic_name_manager: TopicNameManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            topic_region_manager: TopicRegionManager::new(kv_backend.clone()),
+            kv_backend,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub async fn init(&self) -> Result<()> {
         let catalog_name = CatalogNameKey::new(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME);
 
@@ -925,7 +948,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let keys =
             self.table_metadata_keys(table_id, table_name, table_route_value, region_wal_options)?;
-        self.tombstone_manager.create(keys).await
+        self.tombstone_manager.create(keys).await.map(|_| ())
     }
 
     /// Deletes metadata tombstone for table **permanently**.
@@ -939,7 +962,10 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let table_metadata_keys =
             self.table_metadata_keys(table_id, table_name, table_route_value, region_wal_options)?;
-        self.tombstone_manager.delete(table_metadata_keys).await
+        self.tombstone_manager
+            .delete(table_metadata_keys)
+            .await
+            .map(|_| ())
     }
 
     /// Restores metadata for table.
@@ -953,7 +979,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let keys =
             self.table_metadata_keys(table_id, table_name, table_route_value, region_wal_options)?;
-        self.tombstone_manager.restore(keys).await
+        self.tombstone_manager.restore(keys).await.map(|_| ())
     }
 
     /// Deletes metadata for table **permanently**.

src/common/meta/src/key/tombstone.rs

@@ -14,31 +14,51 @@
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
+use common_telemetry::debug;
 use snafu::ensure;
 
 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::key::txn_helper::TxnOpGetResponseSet;
 use crate::kv_backend::txn::{Compare, CompareOp, Txn, TxnOp};
 use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
-use crate::rpc::store::BatchGetRequest;
+use crate::rpc::store::{BatchDeleteRequest, BatchGetRequest};
 
 /// [TombstoneManager] provides the ability to:
 /// - logically delete values
 /// - restore the deleted values
-pub(crate) struct TombstoneManager {
+pub struct TombstoneManager {
     kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    tombstone_prefix: String,
+    // Only used for testing.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    max_txn_ops: Option<usize>,
 }
 
 const TOMBSTONE_PREFIX: &str = "__tombstone/";
 
-fn to_tombstone(key: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
-    [TOMBSTONE_PREFIX.as_bytes(), key].concat()
-}
-
 impl TombstoneManager {
     /// Returns [TombstoneManager].
     pub fn new(kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> Self {
-        Self { kv_backend }
+        Self::new_with_prefix(kv_backend, TOMBSTONE_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns [TombstoneManager] with a custom tombstone prefix.
+    pub fn new_with_prefix(kv_backend: KvBackendRef, prefix: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kv_backend,
+            tombstone_prefix: prefix.to_string(),
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            max_txn_ops: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_tombstone(&self, key: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        [self.tombstone_prefix.as_bytes(), key].concat()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn set_max_txn_ops(&mut self, max_txn_ops: usize) {
+        self.max_txn_ops = Some(max_txn_ops);
     }
 
     /// Moves value to `dest_key`.
@@ -67,11 +87,15 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
         (txn, TxnOpGetResponseSet::filter(src_key))
     }
 
-    async fn move_values_inner(&self, keys: &[Vec<u8>], dest_keys: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn move_values_inner(&self, keys: &[Vec<u8>], dest_keys: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Result<usize> {
         ensure!(
             keys.len() == dest_keys.len(),
             error::UnexpectedSnafu {
-                err_msg: "The length of keys does not match the length of dest_keys."
+                err_msg: format!(
+                    "The length of keys({}) does not match the length of dest_keys({}).",
+                    keys.len(),
+                    dest_keys.len()
+                ),
             }
         );
         // The key -> dest key mapping.
@@ -102,7 +126,7 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
                 .unzip();
             let mut resp = self.kv_backend.txn(Txn::merge_all(txns)).await?;
             if resp.succeeded {
-                return Ok(());
+                return Ok(keys.len());
             }
             let mut set = TxnOpGetResponseSet::from(&mut resp.responses);
             // Updates results.
@@ -124,17 +148,45 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
         .fail()
     }
 
-    /// Moves values to `dest_key`.
-    async fn move_values(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>, dest_keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<()> {
-        let chunk_size = self.kv_backend.max_txn_ops() / 2;
-        if keys.len() > chunk_size {
-            let keys_chunks = keys.chunks(chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let dest_keys_chunks = keys.chunks(chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            for (keys, dest_keys) in keys_chunks.into_iter().zip(dest_keys_chunks) {
-                self.move_values_inner(keys, dest_keys).await?;
-            }
+    fn max_txn_ops(&self) -> usize {
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        if let Some(max_txn_ops) = self.max_txn_ops {
+            return max_txn_ops;
+        }
+        self.kv_backend.max_txn_ops()
+    }
 
-            Ok(())
+    /// Moves values to `dest_key`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the number of keys that were moved.
+    async fn move_values(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>, dest_keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<usize> {
+        ensure!(
+            keys.len() == dest_keys.len(),
+            error::UnexpectedSnafu {
+                err_msg: format!(
+                    "The length of keys({}) does not match the length of dest_keys({}).",
+                    keys.len(),
+                    dest_keys.len()
+                ),
+            }
+        );
+        if keys.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(0);
+        }
+        let chunk_size = self.max_txn_ops() / 2;
+        if keys.len() > chunk_size {
+            debug!(
+                "Moving values with multiple chunks, keys len: {}, chunk_size: {}",
+                keys.len(),
+                chunk_size
+            );
+            let mut moved_keys = 0;
+            let keys_chunks = keys.chunks(chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let dest_keys_chunks = dest_keys.chunks(chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            for (keys, dest_keys) in keys_chunks.into_iter().zip(dest_keys_chunks) {
+                moved_keys += self.move_values_inner(keys, dest_keys).await?;
+            }
+            Ok(moved_keys)
         } else {
             self.move_values_inner(&keys, &dest_keys).await
         }
@@ -145,11 +197,13 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
     /// Preforms to:
     /// - deletes origin values.
     /// - stores tombstone values.
-    pub(crate) async fn create(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<()> {
+    ///
+    /// Returns the number of keys that were moved.
+    pub async fn create(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<usize> {
         let (keys, dest_keys): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = keys
             .into_iter()
             .map(|key| {
-                let tombstone_key = to_tombstone(&key);
+                let tombstone_key = self.to_tombstone(&key);
                 (key, tombstone_key)
             })
             .unzip();
@@ -162,11 +216,13 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
     /// Preforms to:
     /// - restore origin value.
     /// - deletes tombstone values.
-    pub(crate) async fn restore(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<()> {
+    ///
+    /// Returns the number of keys that were restored.
+    pub async fn restore(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<usize> {
         let (keys, dest_keys): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = keys
             .into_iter()
             .map(|key| {
-                let tombstone_key = to_tombstone(&key);
+                let tombstone_key = self.to_tombstone(&key);
                 (tombstone_key, key)
             })
             .unzip();
@@ -175,16 +231,21 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
     }
 
     /// Deletes tombstones values for the specified `keys`.
-    pub(crate) async fn delete(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<()> {
-        let operations = keys
+    ///
+    /// Returns the number of keys that were deleted.
+    pub async fn delete(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let keys = keys
             .iter()
-            .map(|key| TxnOp::Delete(to_tombstone(key)))
+            .map(|key| self.to_tombstone(key))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        let txn = Txn::new().and_then(operations);
-        // Always success.
-        let _ = self.kv_backend.txn(txn).await?;
-        Ok(())
+        let num_keys = keys.len();
+        let _ = self
+            .kv_backend
+            .batch_delete(BatchDeleteRequest::new().with_keys(keys))
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(num_keys)
     }
 }
 
@@ -194,7 +255,6 @@ mod tests {
     use std::collections::HashMap;
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
-    use super::to_tombstone;
     use crate::error::Error;
     use crate::key::tombstone::TombstoneManager;
     use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
@@ -246,7 +306,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!kv_backend.exists(b"foo").await.unwrap());
         assert_eq!(
             kv_backend
-                .get(&to_tombstone(b"bar"))
+                .get(&tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(b"bar"))
                 .await
                 .unwrap()
                 .unwrap()
@@ -255,7 +315,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert_eq!(
             kv_backend
-                .get(&to_tombstone(b"foo"))
+                .get(&tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(b"foo"))
                 .await
                 .unwrap()
                 .unwrap()
@@ -287,7 +347,7 @@ mod tests {
             kv_backend.clone(),
             &[MoveValue {
                 key: b"bar".to_vec(),
-                dest_key: to_tombstone(b"bar"),
+                dest_key: tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(b"bar"),
                 value: b"baz".to_vec(),
             }],
         )
@@ -364,7 +424,7 @@ mod tests {
             .iter()
             .map(|(key, value)| MoveValue {
                 key: key.clone(),
-                dest_key: to_tombstone(key),
+                dest_key: tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(key),
                 value: value.clone(),
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -373,16 +433,73 @@ mod tests {
             .into_iter()
             .map(|kv| (kv.key, kv.dest_key))
             .unzip();
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
             .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
             .await
             .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kvs.len(), moved_keys);
         check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
         // Moves again
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
             .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
             .await
             .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(0, moved_keys);
+        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_move_values_with_max_txn_ops() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::default());
+        let mut tombstone_manager = TombstoneManager::new(kv_backend.clone());
+        tombstone_manager.set_max_txn_ops(4);
+        let kvs = HashMap::from([
+            (b"bar".to_vec(), b"baz".to_vec()),
+            (b"foo".to_vec(), b"hi".to_vec()),
+            (b"baz".to_vec(), b"hello".to_vec()),
+            (b"qux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quuux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quuuux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quuuuux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quuuuuux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+        ]);
+        for (key, value) in &kvs {
+            kv_backend
+                .put(
+                    PutRequest::new()
+                        .with_key(key.clone())
+                        .with_value(value.clone()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+        let move_values = kvs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(key, value)| MoveValue {
+                key: key.clone(),
+                dest_key: tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(key),
+                value: value.clone(),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let (keys, dest_keys): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = move_values
+            .clone()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|kv| (kv.key, kv.dest_key))
+            .unzip();
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
+            .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kvs.len(), moved_keys);
+        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
+        // Moves again
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
+            .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(0, moved_keys);
         check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
     }
 
@@ -409,7 +526,7 @@ mod tests {
             .iter()
             .map(|(key, value)| MoveValue {
                 key: key.clone(),
-                dest_key: to_tombstone(key),
+                dest_key: tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(key),
                 value: value.clone(),
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -420,17 +537,19 @@ mod tests {
             .unzip();
         keys.push(b"non-exists".to_vec());
         dest_keys.push(b"hi/non-exists".to_vec());
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
             .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
             .await
             .unwrap();
         check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
+        assert_eq!(3, moved_keys);
         // Moves again
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
             .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
             .await
             .unwrap();
         check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
+        assert_eq!(0, moved_keys);
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -462,7 +581,7 @@ mod tests {
             .iter()
             .map(|(key, value)| MoveValue {
                 key: key.clone(),
-                dest_key: to_tombstone(key),
+                dest_key: tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(key),
                 value: value.clone(),
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -471,10 +590,11 @@ mod tests {
             .into_iter()
             .map(|kv| (kv.key, kv.dest_key))
             .unzip();
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
             .move_values(keys, dest_keys)
             .await
             .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kvs.len(), moved_keys);
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -502,7 +622,7 @@ mod tests {
             .iter()
             .map(|(key, value)| MoveValue {
                 key: key.clone(),
-                dest_key: to_tombstone(key),
+                dest_key: tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(key),
                 value: value.clone(),
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -537,7 +657,7 @@ mod tests {
             .iter()
             .map(|(key, value)| MoveValue {
                 key: key.clone(),
-                dest_key: to_tombstone(key),
+                dest_key: tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(key),
                 value: value.clone(),
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -552,4 +672,24 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap();
         check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
     }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_move_values_with_different_lengths() {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::default());
+        let tombstone_manager = TombstoneManager::new(kv_backend.clone());
+
+        let keys = vec![b"bar".to_vec(), b"foo".to_vec()];
+        let dest_keys = vec![b"bar".to_vec(), b"foo".to_vec(), b"baz".to_vec()];
+
+        let err = tombstone_manager
+            .move_values(keys, dest_keys)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("The length of keys(2) does not match the length of dest_keys(3)."),);
+
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager.move_values(vec![], vec![]).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(0, moved_keys);
+    }
 }

src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/memory.rs

@@ -54,20 +54,20 @@ impl<T> MemoryKvBackend<T> {
         kvs.clear();
     }
 
-    #[cfg(test)]
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
     /// Returns true if the `kvs` is empty.
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.kvs.read().unwrap().is_empty()
     }
 
-    #[cfg(test)]
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
     /// Returns the `kvs`.
     pub fn dump(&self) -> BTreeMap<Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>> {
         let kvs = self.kvs.read().unwrap();
         kvs.clone()
     }
 
-    #[cfg(test)]
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
     /// Returns the length of `kvs`
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.kvs.read().unwrap().len()

src/common/recordbatch/src/error.rs

@@ -178,8 +178,6 @@ pub enum Error {
     StreamTimeout {
         #[snafu(implicit)]
         location: Location,
-        #[snafu(source)]
-        error: tokio::time::error::Elapsed,
     },
 
     #[snafu(display("RecordBatch slice index overflow: {visit_index} > {size}"))]

src/common/telemetry/Cargo.toml

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ deadlock_detection = ["parking_lot/deadlock_detection"]
 workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-atty = "0.2"
 backtrace = "0.3"
 common-error.workspace = true
 console-subscriber = { version = "0.1", optional = true }

src/common/telemetry/src/logging.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 //! logging stuffs, inspired by databend
 use std::env;
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, Once};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
@@ -221,14 +222,14 @@ pub fn init_global_logging(
                     Layer::new()
                         .json()
                         .with_writer(writer)
-                        .with_ansi(atty::is(atty::Stream::Stdout))
+                        .with_ansi(std::io::stdout().is_terminal())
                         .boxed(),
                 )
             } else {
                 Some(
                     Layer::new()
                         .with_writer(writer)
-                        .with_ansi(atty::is(atty::Stream::Stdout))
+                        .with_ansi(std::io::stdout().is_terminal())
                         .boxed(),
                 )
             }

src/datanode/src/alive_keeper.rs

@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ mod test {
     async fn region_alive_keeper() {
         common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
         let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("region-alive-keeper");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("region-alive-keeper").await;
         let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
         let engine = Arc::new(engine);
         region_server.register_engine(engine.clone());

src/datanode/src/config.rs

@@ -144,6 +144,9 @@ pub struct HttpClientConfig {
     /// The timeout for idle sockets being kept-alive.
     #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
     pub(crate) pool_idle_timeout: Duration,
+
+    /// Skip SSL certificate validation (insecure)
+    pub skip_ssl_validation: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for HttpClientConfig {
@@ -153,6 +156,7 @@ impl Default for HttpClientConfig {
             connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
             timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
             pool_idle_timeout: Duration::from_secs(90),
+            skip_ssl_validation: false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -514,4 +518,48 @@ mod tests {
             _ => unreachable!(),
         }
     }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_skip_ssl_validation_config() {
+        // Test with skip_ssl_validation = true
+        let toml_str_true = r#"
+            [storage]
+            type = "S3"
+            [storage.http_client]
+            skip_ssl_validation = true
+        "#;
+        let opts: DatanodeOptions = toml::from_str(toml_str_true).unwrap();
+        match &opts.storage.store {
+            ObjectStoreConfig::S3(cfg) => {
+                assert!(cfg.http_client.skip_ssl_validation);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected S3 config"),
+        }
+
+        // Test with skip_ssl_validation = false
+        let toml_str_false = r#"
+            [storage]
+            type = "S3"
+            [storage.http_client]
+            skip_ssl_validation = false
+        "#;
+        let opts: DatanodeOptions = toml::from_str(toml_str_false).unwrap();
+        match &opts.storage.store {
+            ObjectStoreConfig::S3(cfg) => {
+                assert!(!cfg.http_client.skip_ssl_validation);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected S3 config"),
+        }
+        // Test default value (should be false)
+        let toml_str_default = r#"
+            [storage]
+            type = "S3"
+        "#;
+        let opts: DatanodeOptions = toml::from_str(toml_str_default).unwrap();
+        match &opts.storage.store {
+            ObjectStoreConfig::S3(cfg) => {
+                assert!(!cfg.http_client.skip_ssl_validation);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected S3 config"),
+        }
+    }
 }

src/datanode/src/heartbeat/handler.rs

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
         let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
 
-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("close-region");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("close-region").await;
         let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
         region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
         let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
         let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
 
-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-region");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-region").await;
         let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
         region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
         let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
         let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
 
-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-not-exists-region");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-not-exists-region").await;
         let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
         region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
         let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
         let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
 
-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("downgrade-region");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("downgrade-region").await;
         let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
         region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
         let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);

src/datanode/src/service.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use common_config::Configurable;
 use servers::grpc::builder::GrpcServerBuilder;
-use servers::grpc::{GrpcServer, GrpcServerConfig};
+use servers::grpc::GrpcServer;
 use servers::http::HttpServerBuilder;
 use servers::metrics_handler::MetricsHandler;
 use servers::server::{ServerHandler, ServerHandlers};
@@ -92,13 +92,7 @@ impl<'a> DatanodeServiceBuilder<'a> {
         opts: &DatanodeOptions,
         region_server: &RegionServer,
     ) -> GrpcServerBuilder {
-        let config = GrpcServerConfig {
-            max_recv_message_size: opts.grpc.max_recv_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
-            max_send_message_size: opts.grpc.max_send_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
-            tls: opts.grpc.tls.clone(),
-        };
-
-        GrpcServerBuilder::new(config, region_server.runtime())
+        GrpcServerBuilder::new(opts.grpc.as_config(), region_server.runtime())
             .flight_handler(Arc::new(region_server.clone()))
             .region_server_handler(Arc::new(region_server.clone()))
     }

src/datanode/src/store.rs

@@ -207,11 +207,16 @@ pub(crate) fn clean_temp_dir(dir: &str) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn build_http_client(config: &HttpClientConfig) -> Result<HttpClient> {
+    if config.skip_ssl_validation {
+        common_telemetry::warn!("Skipping SSL validation for object storage HTTP client. Please ensure the environment is trusted.");
+    }
+
     let client = reqwest::ClientBuilder::new()
         .pool_max_idle_per_host(config.pool_max_idle_per_host as usize)
         .connect_timeout(config.connect_timeout)
         .pool_idle_timeout(config.pool_idle_timeout)
         .timeout(config.timeout)
+        .danger_accept_invalid_certs(config.skip_ssl_validation)
         .build()
         .context(BuildHttpClientSnafu)?;
     Ok(HttpClient::with(client))

src/datatypes/src/schema.rs

@@ -31,9 +31,10 @@ pub use crate::schema::column_schema::{
     ColumnSchema, FulltextAnalyzer, FulltextBackend, FulltextOptions, Metadata,
     SkippingIndexOptions, SkippingIndexType, COLUMN_FULLTEXT_CHANGE_OPT_KEY_ENABLE,
     COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_ANALYZER, COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_BACKEND,
-    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_CASE_SENSITIVE, COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY,
-    COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_TYPE, COMMENT_KEY, FULLTEXT_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_KEY,
-    SKIPPING_INDEX_KEY, TIME_INDEX_KEY,
+    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_CASE_SENSITIVE, COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY, COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+    COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY, COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_TYPE, COMMENT_KEY,
+    FULLTEXT_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_KEY, SKIPPING_INDEX_KEY, TIME_INDEX_KEY,
 };
 pub use crate::schema::constraint::ColumnDefaultConstraint;
 pub use crate::schema::raw::RawSchema;

src/datatypes/src/schema/column_schema.rs

@@ -47,13 +47,18 @@ pub const COLUMN_FULLTEXT_CHANGE_OPT_KEY_ENABLE: &str = "enable";
 pub const COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_ANALYZER: &str = "analyzer";
 pub const COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_CASE_SENSITIVE: &str = "case_sensitive";
 pub const COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_BACKEND: &str = "backend";
+pub const COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY: &str = "granularity";
+pub const COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE: &str = "false_positive_rate";
 
 /// Keys used in SKIPPING index options
 pub const COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY: &str = "granularity";
+pub const COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE: &str = "false_positive_rate";
 pub const COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_TYPE: &str = "type";
 
 pub const DEFAULT_GRANULARITY: u32 = 10240;
 
+pub const DEFAULT_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE: f64 = 0.01;
+
 /// Schema of a column, used as an immutable struct.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ColumnSchema {
@@ -504,7 +509,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&ColumnSchema> for Field {
 }
 
 /// Fulltext options for a column.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, Visit, VisitMut)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Visit, VisitMut)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
 pub struct FulltextOptions {
     /// Whether the fulltext index is enabled.
@@ -518,6 +523,92 @@ pub struct FulltextOptions {
     /// The fulltext backend to use.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub backend: FulltextBackend,
+    /// The granularity of the fulltext index (for bloom backend only)
+    #[serde(default = "fulltext_options_default_granularity")]
+    pub granularity: u32,
+    /// The false positive rate of the fulltext index (for bloom backend only)
+    #[serde(default = "fulltext_options_default_false_positive_rate_in_10000")]
+    pub false_positive_rate_in_10000: u32,
+}
+
+fn fulltext_options_default_granularity() -> u32 {
+    DEFAULT_GRANULARITY
+}
+
+fn fulltext_options_default_false_positive_rate_in_10000() -> u32 {
+    (DEFAULT_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE * 10000.0) as u32
+}
+
+impl FulltextOptions {
+    /// Creates a new fulltext options.
+    pub fn new(
+        enable: bool,
+        analyzer: FulltextAnalyzer,
+        case_sensitive: bool,
+        backend: FulltextBackend,
+        granularity: u32,
+        false_positive_rate: f64,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        ensure!(
+            0.0 < false_positive_rate && false_positive_rate <= 1.0,
+            error::InvalidFulltextOptionSnafu {
+                msg: format!(
+                    "Invalid false positive rate: {false_positive_rate}, expected: 0.0 < rate <= 1.0"
+                ),
+            }
+        );
+        ensure!(
+            granularity > 0,
+            error::InvalidFulltextOptionSnafu {
+                msg: format!("Invalid granularity: {granularity}, expected: positive integer"),
+            }
+        );
+        Ok(Self::new_unchecked(
+            enable,
+            analyzer,
+            case_sensitive,
+            backend,
+            granularity,
+            false_positive_rate,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new fulltext options without checking `false_positive_rate` and `granularity`.
+    pub fn new_unchecked(
+        enable: bool,
+        analyzer: FulltextAnalyzer,
+        case_sensitive: bool,
+        backend: FulltextBackend,
+        granularity: u32,
+        false_positive_rate: f64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enable,
+            analyzer,
+            case_sensitive,
+            backend,
+            granularity,
+            false_positive_rate_in_10000: (false_positive_rate * 10000.0) as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the false positive rate.
+    pub fn false_positive_rate(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.false_positive_rate_in_10000 as f64 / 10000.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for FulltextOptions {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new_unchecked(
+            false,
+            FulltextAnalyzer::default(),
+            false,
+            FulltextBackend::default(),
+            DEFAULT_GRANULARITY,
+            DEFAULT_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+        )
+    }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for FulltextOptions {
@@ -527,6 +618,10 @@ impl fmt::Display for FulltextOptions {
             write!(f, ", analyzer={}", self.analyzer)?;
             write!(f, ", case_sensitive={}", self.case_sensitive)?;
             write!(f, ", backend={}", self.backend)?;
+            if self.backend == FulltextBackend::Bloom {
+                write!(f, ", granularity={}", self.granularity)?;
+                write!(f, ", false_positive_rate={}", self.false_positive_rate())?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -611,6 +706,45 @@ impl TryFrom<HashMap<String, String>> for FulltextOptions {
             }
         }
 
+        if fulltext_options.backend == FulltextBackend::Bloom {
+            // Parse granularity with default value 10240
+            let granularity = match options.get(COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY) {
+                Some(value) => value
+                    .parse::<u32>()
+                    .ok()
+                    .filter(|&v| v > 0)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        error::InvalidFulltextOptionSnafu {
+                            msg: format!(
+                                "Invalid granularity: {value}, expected: positive integer"
+                            ),
+                        }
+                        .build()
+                    })?,
+                None => DEFAULT_GRANULARITY,
+            };
+            fulltext_options.granularity = granularity;
+
+            // Parse false positive rate with default value 0.01
+            let false_positive_rate = match options.get(COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE)
+            {
+                Some(value) => value
+                    .parse::<f64>()
+                    .ok()
+                    .filter(|&v| v > 0.0 && v <= 1.0)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        error::InvalidFulltextOptionSnafu {
+                            msg: format!(
+                                "Invalid false positive rate: {value}, expected: 0.0 < rate <= 1.0"
+                            ),
+                        }
+                        .build()
+                    })?,
+                None => DEFAULT_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+            };
+            fulltext_options.false_positive_rate_in_10000 = (false_positive_rate * 10000.0) as u32;
+        }
+
         Ok(fulltext_options)
     }
 }
@@ -638,23 +772,72 @@ impl fmt::Display for FulltextAnalyzer {
 pub struct SkippingIndexOptions {
     /// The granularity of the skip index.
     pub granularity: u32,
+    /// The false positive rate of the skip index (in ten-thousandths, e.g., 100 = 1%).
+    pub false_positive_rate_in_10000: u32,
     /// The type of the skip index.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub index_type: SkippingIndexType,
 }
 
+impl SkippingIndexOptions {
+    /// Creates a new skipping index options without checking `false_positive_rate` and `granularity`.
+    pub fn new_unchecked(
+        granularity: u32,
+        false_positive_rate: f64,
+        index_type: SkippingIndexType,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            granularity,
+            false_positive_rate_in_10000: (false_positive_rate * 10000.0) as u32,
+            index_type,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new skipping index options.
+    pub fn new(
+        granularity: u32,
+        false_positive_rate: f64,
+        index_type: SkippingIndexType,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        ensure!(
+            0.0 < false_positive_rate && false_positive_rate <= 1.0,
+            error::InvalidSkippingIndexOptionSnafu {
+                msg: format!("Invalid false positive rate: {false_positive_rate}, expected: 0.0 < rate <= 1.0"),
+            }
+        );
+        ensure!(
+            granularity > 0,
+            error::InvalidSkippingIndexOptionSnafu {
+                msg: format!("Invalid granularity: {granularity}, expected: positive integer"),
+            }
+        );
+        Ok(Self::new_unchecked(
+            granularity,
+            false_positive_rate,
+            index_type,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the false positive rate.
+    pub fn false_positive_rate(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.false_positive_rate_in_10000 as f64 / 10000.0
+    }
+}
+
 impl Default for SkippingIndexOptions {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            granularity: DEFAULT_GRANULARITY,
-            index_type: SkippingIndexType::default(),
-        }
+        Self::new_unchecked(
+            DEFAULT_GRANULARITY,
+            DEFAULT_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+            SkippingIndexType::default(),
+        )
     }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for SkippingIndexOptions {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "granularity={}", self.granularity)?;
+        write!(f, ", false_positive_rate={}", self.false_positive_rate())?;
         write!(f, ", index_type={}", self.index_type)?;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -681,15 +864,37 @@ impl TryFrom<HashMap<String, String>> for SkippingIndexOptions {
     fn try_from(options: HashMap<String, String>) -> Result<Self> {
         // Parse granularity with default value 1
         let granularity = match options.get(COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY) {
-            Some(value) => value.parse::<u32>().map_err(|_| {
-                error::InvalidSkippingIndexOptionSnafu {
-                    msg: format!("Invalid granularity: {value}, expected: positive integer"),
-                }
-                .build()
-            })?,
+            Some(value) => value
+                .parse::<u32>()
+                .ok()
+                .filter(|&v| v > 0)
+                .ok_or_else(|| {
+                    error::InvalidSkippingIndexOptionSnafu {
+                        msg: format!("Invalid granularity: {value}, expected: positive integer"),
+                    }
+                    .build()
+                })?,
             None => DEFAULT_GRANULARITY,
         };
 
+        // Parse false positive rate with default value 100
+        let false_positive_rate =
+            match options.get(COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE) {
+                Some(value) => value
+                    .parse::<f64>()
+                    .ok()
+                    .filter(|&v| v > 0.0 && v <= 1.0)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        error::InvalidSkippingIndexOptionSnafu {
+                            msg: format!(
+                                "Invalid false positive rate: {value}, expected: 0.0 < rate <= 1.0"
+                            ),
+                        }
+                        .build()
+                    })?,
+                None => DEFAULT_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+            };
+
         // Parse index type with default value BloomFilter
         let index_type = match options.get(COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_TYPE) {
             Some(typ) => match typ.to_ascii_uppercase().as_str() {
@@ -704,10 +909,11 @@ impl TryFrom<HashMap<String, String>> for SkippingIndexOptions {
             None => SkippingIndexType::default(),
         };
 
-        Ok(SkippingIndexOptions {
+        Ok(SkippingIndexOptions::new_unchecked(
             granularity,
+            false_positive_rate,
             index_type,
-        })
+        ))
     }
 }
 

src/flow/src/adapter.rs

@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ impl StreamingEngine {
         let rows_send = self.run_available(true).await?;
         let row = self.send_writeback_requests().await?;
         debug!(
-            "Done to flush flow_id={:?} with {} input rows flushed, {} rows sended and {} output rows flushed",
+            "Done to flush flow_id={:?} with {} input rows flushed, {} rows sent and {} output rows flushed",
             flow_id, flushed_input_rows, rows_send, row
         );
         Ok(row)

src/flow/src/adapter/flownode_impl.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use api::v1::flow::{
-    flow_request, CreateRequest, DropRequest, FlowRequest, FlowResponse, FlushFlow,
+    flow_request, CreateRequest, DirtyWindowRequests, DropRequest, FlowRequest, FlowResponse,
+    FlushFlow,
 };
 use api::v1::region::InsertRequests;
 use catalog::CatalogManager;
@@ -834,8 +835,13 @@ impl common_meta::node_manager::Flownode for FlowDualEngine {
             .map_err(to_meta_err(snafu::location!()))
     }
 
-    async fn handle_mark_window_dirty(&self, _req: DirtyWindowRequest) -> MetaResult<FlowResponse> {
-        unreachable!()
+    async fn handle_mark_window_dirty(&self, req: DirtyWindowRequest) -> MetaResult<FlowResponse> {
+        self.batching_engine()
+            .handle_mark_dirty_time_window(DirtyWindowRequests {
+                requests: vec![req],
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(to_meta_err(snafu::location!()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -859,97 +865,6 @@ fn to_meta_err(
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl common_meta::node_manager::Flownode for StreamingEngine {
-    async fn handle(&self, request: FlowRequest) -> MetaResult<FlowResponse> {
-        let query_ctx = request
-            .header
-            .and_then(|h| h.query_context)
-            .map(|ctx| ctx.into());
-        match request.body {
-            Some(flow_request::Body::Create(CreateRequest {
-                flow_id: Some(task_id),
-                source_table_ids,
-                sink_table_name: Some(sink_table_name),
-                create_if_not_exists,
-                expire_after,
-                comment,
-                sql,
-                flow_options,
-                or_replace,
-            })) => {
-                let source_table_ids = source_table_ids.into_iter().map(|id| id.id).collect_vec();
-                let sink_table_name = [
-                    sink_table_name.catalog_name,
-                    sink_table_name.schema_name,
-                    sink_table_name.table_name,
-                ];
-                let expire_after = expire_after.map(|e| e.value);
-                let args = CreateFlowArgs {
-                    flow_id: task_id.id as u64,
-                    sink_table_name,
-                    source_table_ids,
-                    create_if_not_exists,
-                    or_replace,
-                    expire_after,
-                    comment: Some(comment),
-                    sql: sql.clone(),
-                    flow_options,
-                    query_ctx,
-                };
-                let ret = self
-                    .create_flow(args)
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(BoxedError::new)
-                    .with_context(|_| CreateFlowSnafu { sql: sql.clone() })
-                    .map_err(to_meta_err(snafu::location!()))?;
-                METRIC_FLOW_TASK_COUNT.inc();
-                Ok(FlowResponse {
-                    affected_flows: ret
-                        .map(|id| greptime_proto::v1::FlowId { id: id as u32 })
-                        .into_iter()
-                        .collect_vec(),
-                    ..Default::default()
-                })
-            }
-            Some(flow_request::Body::Drop(DropRequest {
-                flow_id: Some(flow_id),
-            })) => {
-                self.remove_flow(flow_id.id as u64)
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(to_meta_err(snafu::location!()))?;
-                METRIC_FLOW_TASK_COUNT.dec();
-                Ok(Default::default())
-            }
-            Some(flow_request::Body::Flush(FlushFlow {
-                flow_id: Some(flow_id),
-            })) => {
-                let row = self
-                    .flush_flow_inner(flow_id.id as u64)
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(to_meta_err(snafu::location!()))?;
-                Ok(FlowResponse {
-                    affected_flows: vec![flow_id],
-                    affected_rows: row as u64,
-                    ..Default::default()
-                })
-            }
-            other => common_meta::error::InvalidFlowRequestBodySnafu { body: other }.fail(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn handle_inserts(&self, request: InsertRequests) -> MetaResult<FlowResponse> {
-        self.handle_inserts_inner(request)
-            .await
-            .map(|_| Default::default())
-            .map_err(to_meta_err(snafu::location!()))
-    }
-
-    async fn handle_mark_window_dirty(&self, _req: DirtyWindowRequest) -> MetaResult<FlowResponse> {
-        unreachable!()
-    }
-}
-
 impl FlowEngine for StreamingEngine {
     async fn create_flow(&self, args: CreateFlowArgs) -> Result<Option<FlowId>, Error> {
         self.create_flow_inner(args).await

src/flow/src/batching_mode/frontend_client.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
 use api::v1::greptime_request::Request;
-use api::v1::CreateTableExpr;
+use api::v1::query_request::Query;
+use api::v1::{CreateTableExpr, QueryRequest};
 use client::{Client, Database};
 use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
 use common_grpc::channel_manager::{ChannelConfig, ChannelManager};
@@ -269,6 +270,55 @@ impl FrontendClient {
         .await
     }
 
+    /// Execute a SQL statement on the frontend.
+    pub async fn sql(&self, catalog: &str, schema: &str, sql: &str) -> Result<Output, Error> {
+        match self {
+            FrontendClient::Distributed { .. } => {
+                let db = self.get_random_active_frontend(catalog, schema).await?;
+                db.database
+                    .sql(sql)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                    .context(ExternalSnafu)
+            }
+            FrontendClient::Standalone { database_client } => {
+                let ctx = QueryContextBuilder::default()
+                    .current_catalog(catalog.to_string())
+                    .current_schema(schema.to_string())
+                    .build();
+                let ctx = Arc::new(ctx);
+                {
+                    let database_client = {
+                        database_client
+                            .lock()
+                            .map_err(|e| {
+                                UnexpectedSnafu {
+                                    reason: format!("Failed to lock database client: {e}"),
+                                }
+                                .build()
+                            })?
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .context(UnexpectedSnafu {
+                                reason: "Standalone's frontend instance is not set",
+                            })?
+                            .upgrade()
+                            .context(UnexpectedSnafu {
+                                reason: "Failed to upgrade database client",
+                            })?
+                    };
+                    let req = Request::Query(QueryRequest {
+                        query: Some(Query::Sql(sql.to_string())),
+                    });
+                    database_client
+                        .do_query(req, ctx)
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                        .context(ExternalSnafu)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Handle a request to frontend
     pub(crate) async fn handle(
         &self,
@@ -318,7 +368,7 @@ impl FrontendClient {
                             })?
                     };
                     let resp: common_query::Output = database_client
-                        .do_query(req.clone(), ctx)
+                        .do_query(req, ctx)
                         .await
                         .map_err(BoxedError::new)
                         .context(ExternalSnafu)?;

src/flow/src/server.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ use common_meta::node_manager::{Flownode, NodeManagerRef};
 use common_query::Output;
 use common_runtime::JoinHandle;
 use common_telemetry::tracing::info;
-use futures::{FutureExt, TryStreamExt};
+use futures::TryStreamExt;
 use greptime_proto::v1::flow::{flow_server, FlowRequest, FlowResponse, InsertRequests};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use operator::delete::Deleter;
@@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ use operator::insert::Inserter;
 use operator::statement::StatementExecutor;
 use partition::manager::PartitionRuleManager;
 use query::{QueryEngine, QueryEngineFactory};
-use servers::error::{StartGrpcSnafu, TcpBindSnafu, TcpIncomingSnafu};
+use servers::add_service;
+use servers::grpc::builder::GrpcServerBuilder;
+use servers::grpc::{GrpcServer, GrpcServerConfig};
 use servers::http::HttpServerBuilder;
 use servers::metrics_handler::MetricsHandler;
 use servers::server::{ServerHandler, ServerHandlers};
 use session::context::QueryContextRef;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 use tokio::sync::{broadcast, oneshot, Mutex};
 use tonic::codec::CompressionEncoding;
-use tonic::transport::server::TcpIncoming;
 use tonic::{Request, Response, Status};
 
 use crate::adapter::flownode_impl::{FlowDualEngine, FlowDualEngineRef};
@@ -231,50 +231,6 @@ impl FlownodeServer {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl servers::server::Server for FlownodeServer {
-    async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<(), servers::error::Error> {
-        let tx = self.inner.server_shutdown_tx.lock().await;
-        if tx.send(()).is_err() {
-            info!("Receiver dropped, the flow node server has already shutdown");
-        }
-        info!("Shutdown flow node server");
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn start(&mut self, addr: SocketAddr) -> Result<(), servers::error::Error> {
-        let mut rx_server = self.inner.server_shutdown_tx.lock().await.subscribe();
-
-        let incoming = {
-            let listener = TcpListener::bind(addr)
-                .await
-                .context(TcpBindSnafu { addr })?;
-            let addr = listener.local_addr().context(TcpBindSnafu { addr })?;
-            let incoming =
-                TcpIncoming::from_listener(listener, true, None).context(TcpIncomingSnafu)?;
-            info!("flow server is bound to {}", addr);
-
-            incoming
-        };
-
-        let builder = tonic::transport::Server::builder().add_service(self.create_flow_service());
-
-        let _handle = common_runtime::spawn_global(async move {
-            let _result = builder
-                .serve_with_incoming_shutdown(incoming, rx_server.recv().map(drop))
-                .await
-                .context(StartGrpcSnafu);
-        });
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        FLOW_NODE_SERVER_NAME
-    }
-}
-
 /// The flownode server instance.
 pub struct FlownodeInstance {
     flownode_server: FlownodeServer,
@@ -470,7 +426,7 @@ impl FlownodeBuilder {
 /// Useful in distributed mode
 pub struct FlownodeServiceBuilder<'a> {
     opts: &'a FlownodeOptions,
-    grpc_server: Option<FlownodeServer>,
+    grpc_server: Option<GrpcServer>,
     enable_http_service: bool,
 }
 
@@ -490,13 +446,19 @@ impl<'a> FlownodeServiceBuilder<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn with_grpc_server(self, grpc_server: FlownodeServer) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_grpc_server(self, grpc_server: GrpcServer) -> Self {
         Self {
             grpc_server: Some(grpc_server),
             ..self
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn with_default_grpc_server(mut self, flownode_server: &FlownodeServer) -> Self {
+        let grpc_server = Self::grpc_server_builder(self.opts, flownode_server).build();
+        self.grpc_server = Some(grpc_server);
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn build(mut self) -> Result<ServerHandlers, Error> {
         let handlers = ServerHandlers::default();
         if let Some(grpc_server) = self.grpc_server.take() {
@@ -519,6 +481,22 @@ impl<'a> FlownodeServiceBuilder<'a> {
         }
         Ok(handlers)
     }
+
+    pub fn grpc_server_builder(
+        opts: &FlownodeOptions,
+        flownode_server: &FlownodeServer,
+    ) -> GrpcServerBuilder {
+        let config = GrpcServerConfig {
+            max_recv_message_size: opts.grpc.max_recv_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
+            max_send_message_size: opts.grpc.max_send_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
+            tls: opts.grpc.tls.clone(),
+        };
+        let service = flownode_server.create_flow_service();
+        let runtime = common_runtime::global_runtime();
+        let mut builder = GrpcServerBuilder::new(config, runtime);
+        add_service!(builder, service);
+        builder
+    }
 }
 
 /// Basically a tiny frontend that communicates with datanode, different from [`FrontendClient`] which

src/frontend/Cargo.toml

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 api.workspace = true
 arc-swap = "1.0"
+async-stream.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 auth.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true

src/frontend/src/error.rs

@@ -363,6 +363,12 @@ pub enum Error {
         #[snafu(implicit)]
         location: Location,
     },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Canceling statement due to statement timeout"))]
+    StatementTimeout {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
 }
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -443,6 +449,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             Error::DataFusion { error, .. } => datafusion_status_code::<Self>(error, None),
 
             Error::Cancelled { .. } => StatusCode::Cancelled,
+
+            Error::StatementTimeout { .. } => StatusCode::Cancelled,
         }
     }
 

src/frontend/src/instance.rs

@@ -25,9 +25,11 @@ mod promql;
 mod region_query;
 pub mod standalone;
 
+use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::SystemTime;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
 
+use async_stream::stream;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use auth::{PermissionChecker, PermissionCheckerRef, PermissionReq};
 use catalog::process_manager::ProcessManagerRef;
@@ -44,8 +46,11 @@ use common_procedure::local::{LocalManager, ManagerConfig};
 use common_procedure::options::ProcedureConfig;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use common_query::Output;
+use common_recordbatch::error::StreamTimeoutSnafu;
+use common_recordbatch::RecordBatchStreamWrapper;
 use common_telemetry::{debug, error, info, tracing};
 use datafusion_expr::LogicalPlan;
+use futures::{Stream, StreamExt};
 use log_store::raft_engine::RaftEngineBackend;
 use operator::delete::DeleterRef;
 use operator::insert::InserterRef;
@@ -65,20 +70,21 @@ use servers::interceptor::{
 };
 use servers::prometheus_handler::PrometheusHandler;
 use servers::query_handler::sql::SqlQueryHandler;
-use session::context::QueryContextRef;
+use session::context::{Channel, QueryContextRef};
 use session::table_name::table_idents_to_full_name;
 use snafu::prelude::*;
 use sql::dialect::Dialect;
 use sql::parser::{ParseOptions, ParserContext};
 use sql::statements::copy::{CopyDatabase, CopyTable};
 use sql::statements::statement::Statement;
+use sql::statements::tql::Tql;
 use sqlparser::ast::ObjectName;
 pub use standalone::StandaloneDatanodeManager;
 
 use crate::error::{
     self, Error, ExecLogicalPlanSnafu, ExecutePromqlSnafu, ExternalSnafu, InvalidSqlSnafu,
     ParseSqlSnafu, PermissionSnafu, PlanStatementSnafu, Result, SqlExecInterceptedSnafu,
-    TableOperationSnafu,
+    StatementTimeoutSnafu, TableOperationSnafu,
 };
 use crate::limiter::LimiterRef;
 use crate::slow_query_recorder::SlowQueryRecorder;
@@ -185,59 +191,10 @@ impl Instance {
             vec![query_ctx.current_schema()],
             stmt.to_string(),
             query_ctx.conn_info().to_string(),
-            None,
+            Some(query_ctx.process_id()),
         );
 
-        let query_fut = async {
-            match stmt {
-                Statement::Query(_) | Statement::Explain(_) | Statement::Delete(_) => {
-                    // TODO: remove this when format is supported in datafusion
-                    if let Statement::Explain(explain) = &stmt {
-                        if let Some(format) = explain.format() {
-                            query_ctx.set_explain_format(format.to_string());
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    let stmt = QueryStatement::Sql(stmt);
-                    let plan = self
-                        .statement_executor
-                        .plan(&stmt, query_ctx.clone())
-                        .await?;
-
-                    let QueryStatement::Sql(stmt) = stmt else {
-                        unreachable!()
-                    };
-                    query_interceptor.pre_execute(&stmt, Some(&plan), query_ctx.clone())?;
-                    self.statement_executor
-                        .exec_plan(plan, query_ctx)
-                        .await
-                        .context(TableOperationSnafu)
-                }
-                Statement::Tql(tql) => {
-                    let plan = self
-                        .statement_executor
-                        .plan_tql(tql.clone(), &query_ctx)
-                        .await?;
-
-                    query_interceptor.pre_execute(
-                        &Statement::Tql(tql),
-                        Some(&plan),
-                        query_ctx.clone(),
-                    )?;
-                    self.statement_executor
-                        .exec_plan(plan, query_ctx)
-                        .await
-                        .context(TableOperationSnafu)
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    query_interceptor.pre_execute(&stmt, None, query_ctx.clone())?;
-                    self.statement_executor
-                        .execute_sql(stmt, query_ctx)
-                        .await
-                        .context(TableOperationSnafu)
-                }
-            }
-        };
+        let query_fut = self.exec_statement_with_timeout(stmt, query_ctx, query_interceptor);
 
         CancellableFuture::new(query_fut, ticket.cancellation_handle.clone())
             .await
@@ -254,6 +211,153 @@ impl Instance {
                 Output { data, meta }
             })
     }
+
+    async fn exec_statement_with_timeout(
+        &self,
+        stmt: Statement,
+        query_ctx: QueryContextRef,
+        query_interceptor: Option<&SqlQueryInterceptorRef<Error>>,
+    ) -> Result<Output> {
+        let timeout = derive_timeout(&stmt, &query_ctx);
+        match timeout {
+            Some(timeout) => {
+                let start = tokio::time::Instant::now();
+                let output = tokio::time::timeout(
+                    timeout,
+                    self.exec_statement(stmt, query_ctx, query_interceptor),
+                )
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| StatementTimeoutSnafu.build())??;
+                // compute remaining timeout
+                let remaining_timeout = timeout.checked_sub(start.elapsed()).unwrap_or_default();
+                attach_timeout(output, remaining_timeout)
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.exec_statement(stmt, query_ctx, query_interceptor)
+                    .await
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn exec_statement(
+        &self,
+        stmt: Statement,
+        query_ctx: QueryContextRef,
+        query_interceptor: Option<&SqlQueryInterceptorRef<Error>>,
+    ) -> Result<Output> {
+        match stmt {
+            Statement::Query(_) | Statement::Explain(_) | Statement::Delete(_) => {
+                // TODO: remove this when format is supported in datafusion
+                if let Statement::Explain(explain) = &stmt {
+                    if let Some(format) = explain.format() {
+                        query_ctx.set_explain_format(format.to_string());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                self.plan_and_exec_sql(stmt, &query_ctx, query_interceptor)
+                    .await
+            }
+            Statement::Tql(tql) => {
+                self.plan_and_exec_tql(&query_ctx, query_interceptor, tql)
+                    .await
+            }
+            _ => {
+                query_interceptor.pre_execute(&stmt, None, query_ctx.clone())?;
+                self.statement_executor
+                    .execute_sql(stmt, query_ctx)
+                    .await
+                    .context(TableOperationSnafu)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn plan_and_exec_sql(
+        &self,
+        stmt: Statement,
+        query_ctx: &QueryContextRef,
+        query_interceptor: Option<&SqlQueryInterceptorRef<Error>>,
+    ) -> Result<Output> {
+        let stmt = QueryStatement::Sql(stmt);
+        let plan = self
+            .statement_executor
+            .plan(&stmt, query_ctx.clone())
+            .await?;
+        let QueryStatement::Sql(stmt) = stmt else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+        query_interceptor.pre_execute(&stmt, Some(&plan), query_ctx.clone())?;
+        self.statement_executor
+            .exec_plan(plan, query_ctx.clone())
+            .await
+            .context(TableOperationSnafu)
+    }
+
+    async fn plan_and_exec_tql(
+        &self,
+        query_ctx: &QueryContextRef,
+        query_interceptor: Option<&SqlQueryInterceptorRef<Error>>,
+        tql: Tql,
+    ) -> Result<Output> {
+        let plan = self
+            .statement_executor
+            .plan_tql(tql.clone(), query_ctx)
+            .await?;
+        query_interceptor.pre_execute(&Statement::Tql(tql), Some(&plan), query_ctx.clone())?;
+        self.statement_executor
+            .exec_plan(plan, query_ctx.clone())
+            .await
+            .context(TableOperationSnafu)
+    }
+}
+
+/// If the relevant variables are set, the timeout is enforced for all PostgreSQL statements.
+/// For MySQL, it applies only to read-only statements.
+fn derive_timeout(stmt: &Statement, query_ctx: &QueryContextRef) -> Option<Duration> {
+    let query_timeout = query_ctx.query_timeout()?;
+    if query_timeout.is_zero() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    match query_ctx.channel() {
+        Channel::Mysql if stmt.is_readonly() => Some(query_timeout),
+        Channel::Postgres => Some(query_timeout),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn attach_timeout(output: Output, mut timeout: Duration) -> Result<Output> {
+    if timeout.is_zero() {
+        return StatementTimeoutSnafu.fail();
+    }
+
+    let output = match output.data {
+        OutputData::AffectedRows(_) | OutputData::RecordBatches(_) => output,
+        OutputData::Stream(mut stream) => {
+            let schema = stream.schema();
+            let s = Box::pin(stream! {
+                let mut start = tokio::time::Instant::now();
+                while let Some(item) = tokio::time::timeout(timeout, stream.next()).await.map_err(|_| StreamTimeoutSnafu.build())? {
+                    yield item;
+
+                    let now = tokio::time::Instant::now();
+                    timeout = timeout.checked_sub(now - start).unwrap_or(Duration::ZERO);
+                    start = now;
+                    // tokio::time::timeout may not return an error immediately when timeout is 0.
+                    if timeout.is_zero() {
+                        StreamTimeoutSnafu.fail()?;
+                    }
+                }
+            }) as Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = _> + Send>>;
+            let stream = RecordBatchStreamWrapper {
+                schema,
+                stream: s,
+                output_ordering: None,
+                metrics: Default::default(),
+            };
+            Output::new(OutputData::Stream(Box::pin(stream)), output.meta)
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(output)
 }
 
 #[async_trait]

src/frontend/src/instance/jaeger.rs

@@ -24,12 +24,14 @@ use common_function::scalars::json::json_get::{
 };
 use common_function::scalars::udf::create_udf;
 use common_function::state::FunctionState;
-use common_query::Output;
+use common_query::{Output, OutputData};
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
+use common_recordbatch::util;
 use datafusion::dataframe::DataFrame;
 use datafusion::execution::context::SessionContext;
 use datafusion::execution::SessionStateBuilder;
 use datafusion_expr::{col, lit, lit_timestamp_nano, wildcard, Expr, SortExpr};
+use datatypes::value::ValueRef;
 use query::QueryEngineRef;
 use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
 use servers::error::{
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ impl JaegerQueryHandler for Instance {
             filters.push(col(TIMESTAMP_COLUMN).lt_eq(lit_timestamp_nano(end_time * 1_000)));
         }
 
-        // It's equivalent to
+        // It's equivalent to the following SQL query:
         //
         // ```
         // SELECT DISTINCT span_name, span_kind
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ impl JaegerQueryHandler for Instance {
         start_time: Option<i64>,
         end_time: Option<i64>,
     ) -> ServerResult<Output> {
-        // It's equivalent to
+        // It's equivalent to the following SQL query:
         //
         // ```
         // SELECT
@@ -156,13 +158,11 @@ impl JaegerQueryHandler for Instance {
         let mut filters = vec![col(TRACE_ID_COLUMN).eq(lit(trace_id))];
 
         if let Some(start_time) = start_time {
-            // Microseconds to nanoseconds.
-            filters.push(col(TIMESTAMP_COLUMN).gt_eq(lit_timestamp_nano(start_time * 1_000)));
+            filters.push(col(TIMESTAMP_COLUMN).gt_eq(lit_timestamp_nano(start_time)));
         }
 
         if let Some(end_time) = end_time {
-            // Microseconds to nanoseconds.
-            filters.push(col(TIMESTAMP_COLUMN).lt_eq(lit_timestamp_nano(end_time * 1_000)));
+            filters.push(col(TIMESTAMP_COLUMN).lt_eq(lit_timestamp_nano(end_time)));
         }
 
         Ok(query_trace_table(
@@ -184,10 +184,11 @@ impl JaegerQueryHandler for Instance {
         ctx: QueryContextRef,
         query_params: QueryTraceParams,
     ) -> ServerResult<Output> {
-        let selects = vec![wildcard()];
-
         let mut filters = vec![];
 
+        // `service_name` is already validated in `from_jaeger_query_params()`, so no additional check needed here.
+        filters.push(col(SERVICE_NAME_COLUMN).eq(lit(query_params.service_name)));
+
         if let Some(operation_name) = query_params.operation_name {
             filters.push(col(SPAN_NAME_COLUMN).eq(lit(operation_name)));
         }
@@ -208,15 +209,73 @@ impl JaegerQueryHandler for Instance {
             filters.push(col(DURATION_NANO_COLUMN).lt_eq(lit(max_duration)));
         }
 
+        // Get all distinct trace ids that match the filters.
+        // It's equivalent to the following SQL query:
+        //
+        // ```
+        // SELECT DISTINCT trace_id
+        // FROM
+        //   {db}.{trace_table}
+        // WHERE
+        //   service_name = '{service_name}' AND
+        //   operation_name = '{operation_name}' AND
+        //   timestamp >= {start_time} AND
+        //   timestamp <= {end_time} AND
+        //   duration >= {min_duration} AND
+        //   duration <= {max_duration}
+        // LIMIT {limit}
+        // ```.
+        let output = query_trace_table(
+            ctx.clone(),
+            self.catalog_manager(),
+            self.query_engine(),
+            vec![wildcard()],
+            filters,
+            vec![],
+            Some(query_params.limit.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_LIMIT)),
+            query_params.tags,
+            vec![col(TRACE_ID_COLUMN)],
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+        // Get all traces that match the trace ids from the previous query.
+        // It's equivalent to the following SQL query:
+        //
+        // ```
+        // SELECT *
+        // FROM
+        //   {db}.{trace_table}
+        // WHERE
+        //   trace_id IN ({trace_ids}) AND
+        //   timestamp >= {start_time} AND
+        //   timestamp <= {end_time}
+        // ```
+        let mut filters = vec![col(TRACE_ID_COLUMN).in_list(
+            trace_ids_from_output(output)
+                .await?
+                .iter()
+                .map(lit)
+                .collect::<Vec<Expr>>(),
+            false,
+        )];
+
+        if let Some(start_time) = query_params.start_time {
+            filters.push(col(TIMESTAMP_COLUMN).gt_eq(lit_timestamp_nano(start_time)));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(end_time) = query_params.end_time {
+            filters.push(col(TIMESTAMP_COLUMN).lt_eq(lit_timestamp_nano(end_time)));
+        }
+
         Ok(query_trace_table(
             ctx,
             self.catalog_manager(),
             self.query_engine(),
-            selects,
+            vec![wildcard()],
             filters,
-            vec![col(TIMESTAMP_COLUMN).sort(false, false)], // Sort by timestamp in descending order.
-            Some(DEFAULT_LIMIT),
-            query_params.tags,
+            vec![],
+            None,
+            None,
             vec![],
         )
         .await?)
@@ -458,3 +517,34 @@ fn tags_filters(
         json_tag_filters(dataframe, tags)
     }
 }
+
+// Get trace ids from the output in recordbatches.
+async fn trace_ids_from_output(output: Output) -> ServerResult<Vec<String>> {
+    if let OutputData::Stream(stream) = output.data {
+        let schema = stream.schema().clone();
+        let recordbatches = util::collect(stream)
+            .await
+            .context(CollectRecordbatchSnafu)?;
+
+        // Only contains `trace_id` column in string type.
+        if !recordbatches.is_empty()
+            && schema.num_columns() == 1
+            && schema.contains_column(TRACE_ID_COLUMN)
+        {
+            let mut trace_ids = vec![];
+            for recordbatch in recordbatches {
+                for col in recordbatch.columns().iter() {
+                    for row_idx in 0..recordbatch.num_rows() {
+                        if let ValueRef::String(value) = col.get_ref(row_idx) {
+                            trace_ids.push(value.to_string());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return Ok(trace_ids);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(vec![])
+}

src/frontend/src/server.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use servers::error::Error as ServerError;
 use servers::grpc::builder::GrpcServerBuilder;
 use servers::grpc::frontend_grpc_handler::FrontendGrpcHandler;
 use servers::grpc::greptime_handler::GreptimeRequestHandler;
-use servers::grpc::{GrpcOptions, GrpcServer, GrpcServerConfig};
+use servers::grpc::{GrpcOptions, GrpcServer};
 use servers::http::event::LogValidatorRef;
 use servers::http::{HttpServer, HttpServerBuilder};
 use servers::interceptor::LogIngestInterceptorRef;
@@ -66,12 +66,7 @@ where
     }
 
     pub fn grpc_server_builder(&self, opts: &GrpcOptions) -> Result<GrpcServerBuilder> {
-        let grpc_config = GrpcServerConfig {
-            max_recv_message_size: opts.max_recv_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
-            max_send_message_size: opts.max_send_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
-            tls: opts.tls.clone(),
-        };
-        let builder = GrpcServerBuilder::new(grpc_config, common_runtime::global_runtime())
+        let builder = GrpcServerBuilder::new(opts.as_config(), common_runtime::global_runtime())
             .with_tls_config(opts.tls.clone())
             .context(error::InvalidTlsConfigSnafu)?;
         Ok(builder)
@@ -235,6 +230,7 @@ where
                     opts.keep_alive.as_secs(),
                     opts.reject_no_database.unwrap_or(false),
                 )),
+                Some(instance.process_manager().clone()),
             );
             handlers.insert((mysql_server, mysql_addr));
         }
@@ -257,6 +253,7 @@ where
                 opts.keep_alive.as_secs(),
                 common_runtime::global_runtime(),
                 user_provider.clone(),
+                Some(self.instance.process_manager().clone()),
             )) as Box<dyn Server>;
 
             handlers.insert((pg_server, pg_addr));

src/index/src/bloom_filter/applier.rs

@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut writer = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
         let mut creator = BloomFilterCreator::new(
             4,
+            0.01,
             Arc::new(MockExternalTempFileProvider::new()),
             Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
             None,

src/index/src/bloom_filter/creator.rs

@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@ use crate::bloom_filter::SEED;
 use crate::external_provider::ExternalTempFileProvider;
 use crate::Bytes;
 
-/// The false positive rate of the Bloom filter.
-pub const FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE: f64 = 0.01;
-
 /// `BloomFilterCreator` is responsible for creating and managing bloom filters
 /// for a set of elements. It divides the rows into segments and creates
 /// bloom filters for each segment.
@@ -79,6 +76,7 @@ impl BloomFilterCreator {
     /// `rows_per_segment` <= 0
     pub fn new(
         rows_per_segment: usize,
+        false_positive_rate: f64,
         intermediate_provider: Arc<dyn ExternalTempFileProvider>,
         global_memory_usage: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
         global_memory_usage_threshold: Option<usize>,
@@ -95,6 +93,7 @@ impl BloomFilterCreator {
             cur_seg_distinct_elems_mem_usage: 0,
             global_memory_usage: global_memory_usage.clone(),
             finalized_bloom_filters: FinalizedBloomFilterStorage::new(
+                false_positive_rate,
                 intermediate_provider,
                 global_memory_usage,
                 global_memory_usage_threshold,
@@ -263,6 +262,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut writer = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
         let mut creator = BloomFilterCreator::new(
             2,
+            0.01,
             Arc::new(MockExternalTempFileProvider::new()),
             Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
             None,
@@ -337,6 +337,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut writer = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
         let mut creator: BloomFilterCreator = BloomFilterCreator::new(
             2,
+            0.01,
             Arc::new(MockExternalTempFileProvider::new()),
             Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
             None,
@@ -418,6 +419,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut writer = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
         let mut creator = BloomFilterCreator::new(
             2,
+            0.01,
             Arc::new(MockExternalTempFileProvider::new()),
             Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
             None,

src/index/src/bloom_filter/creator/finalize_segment.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use futures::{stream, AsyncWriteExt, Stream};
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 
 use crate::bloom_filter::creator::intermediate_codec::IntermediateBloomFilterCodecV1;
-use crate::bloom_filter::creator::{FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE, SEED};
+use crate::bloom_filter::creator::SEED;
 use crate::bloom_filter::error::{IntermediateSnafu, IoSnafu, Result};
 use crate::external_provider::ExternalTempFileProvider;
 use crate::Bytes;
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ const MIN_MEMORY_USAGE_THRESHOLD: usize = 1024 * 1024; // 1MB
 
 /// Storage for finalized Bloom filters.
 pub struct FinalizedBloomFilterStorage {
+    /// The false positive rate of the Bloom filter.
+    false_positive_rate: f64,
+
     /// Indices of the segments in the sequence of finalized Bloom filters.
     segment_indices: Vec<usize>,
 
@@ -65,12 +68,14 @@ pub struct FinalizedBloomFilterStorage {
 impl FinalizedBloomFilterStorage {
     /// Creates a new `FinalizedBloomFilterStorage`.
     pub fn new(
+        false_positive_rate: f64,
         intermediate_provider: Arc<dyn ExternalTempFileProvider>,
         global_memory_usage: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
         global_memory_usage_threshold: Option<usize>,
     ) -> Self {
         let external_prefix = format!("intm-bloom-filters-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
         Self {
+            false_positive_rate,
             segment_indices: Vec::new(),
             in_memory: Vec::new(),
             intermediate_file_id_counter: 0,
@@ -96,7 +101,7 @@ impl FinalizedBloomFilterStorage {
         elems: impl IntoIterator<Item = Bytes>,
         element_count: usize,
     ) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut bf = BloomFilter::with_false_pos(FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE)
+        let mut bf = BloomFilter::with_false_pos(self.false_positive_rate)
             .seed(&SEED)
             .expected_items(element_count);
         for elem in elems.into_iter() {
@@ -284,6 +289,7 @@ mod tests {
         let global_memory_usage_threshold = Some(1024 * 1024); // 1MB
         let provider = Arc::new(mock_provider);
         let mut storage = FinalizedBloomFilterStorage::new(
+            0.01,
             provider,
             global_memory_usage.clone(),
             global_memory_usage_threshold,
@@ -340,6 +346,7 @@ mod tests {
         let global_memory_usage_threshold = Some(1024 * 1024); // 1MB
         let provider = Arc::new(mock_provider);
         let mut storage = FinalizedBloomFilterStorage::new(
+            0.01,
             provider,
             global_memory_usage.clone(),
             global_memory_usage_threshold,

src/index/src/bloom_filter/reader.rs

@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut writer = Cursor::new(vec![]);
         let mut creator = BloomFilterCreator::new(
             2,
+            0.01,
             Arc::new(MockExternalTempFileProvider::new()),
             Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
             None,

src/index/src/fulltext_index/create/bloom_filter.rs

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ impl BloomFilterFulltextIndexCreator {
     pub fn new(
         config: Config,
         rows_per_segment: usize,
+        false_positive_rate: f64,
         intermediate_provider: Arc<dyn ExternalTempFileProvider>,
         global_memory_usage: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
         global_memory_usage_threshold: Option<usize>,
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ impl BloomFilterFulltextIndexCreator {
 
         let inner = BloomFilterCreator::new(
             rows_per_segment,
+            false_positive_rate,
             intermediate_provider,
             global_memory_usage,
             global_memory_usage_threshold,

src/log-store/src/raft_engine/log_store.rs

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl RaftEngineLogStore {
             .context(StartWalTaskSnafu { name: "sync_task" })
     }
 
-    fn span(&self, provider: &RaftEngineProvider) -> (Option<u64>, Option<u64>) {
+    pub fn span(&self, provider: &RaftEngineProvider) -> (Option<u64>, Option<u64>) {
         (
             self.engine.first_index(provider.id),
             self.engine.last_index(provider.id),

src/meta-client/src/client.rs

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use api::v1::meta::{ProcedureDetailResponse, Role};
-pub use ask_leader::AskLeader;
+pub use ask_leader::{AskLeader, LeaderProvider, LeaderProviderRef};
 use cluster::Client as ClusterClient;
 pub use cluster::ClusterKvBackend;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
@@ -247,6 +247,8 @@ pub trait RegionFollowerClient: Sync + Send + Debug {
     async fn remove_region_follower(&self, request: RemoveRegionFollowerRequest) -> Result<()>;
 
     async fn start(&self, urls: &[&str]) -> Result<()>;
+
+    async fn start_with(&self, leader_provider: LeaderProviderRef) -> Result<()>;
 }
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -469,6 +471,43 @@ impl MetaClient {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Start the client with a [LeaderProvider] and other Metasrv peers' addresses.
+    pub(crate) async fn start_with<U, A>(
+        &mut self,
+        leader_provider: LeaderProviderRef,
+        peers: A,
+    ) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        U: AsRef<str>,
+        A: AsRef<[U]> + Clone,
+    {
+        if let Some(client) = &self.region_follower {
+            info!("Starting region follower client ...");
+            client.start_with(leader_provider.clone()).await?;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(client) = &self.heartbeat {
+            info!("Starting heartbeat client ...");
+            client.start_with(leader_provider.clone()).await?;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(client) = &mut self.store {
+            info!("Starting store client ...");
+            client.start(peers.clone()).await?;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(client) = &self.procedure {
+            info!("Starting procedure client ...");
+            client.start_with(leader_provider.clone()).await?;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(client) = &mut self.cluster {
+            info!("Starting cluster client ...");
+            client.start_with(leader_provider).await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Ask the leader address of `metasrv`, and the heartbeat component
     /// needs to create a bidirectional streaming to the leader.
     pub async fn ask_leader(&self) -> Result<String> {

src/meta-client/src/client/ask_leader.rs

@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use api::v1::meta::heartbeat_client::HeartbeatClient;
 use api::v1::meta::{AskLeaderRequest, RequestHeader, Role};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use common_grpc::channel_manager::ChannelManager;
 use common_meta::distributed_time_constants::META_KEEP_ALIVE_INTERVAL_SECS;
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
@@ -30,6 +32,19 @@ use crate::client::Id;
 use crate::error;
 use crate::error::Result;
 
+pub type LeaderProviderRef = Arc<dyn LeaderProvider>;
+
+/// Provide [MetaClient] a Metasrv leader's address.
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait LeaderProvider: Debug + Send + Sync {
+    /// Get the leader of the Metasrv. If it returns `None`, or the leader is outdated,
+    /// you can use `ask_leader` to find a new one.
+    fn leader(&self) -> Option<String>;
+
+    /// Find the current leader of the Metasrv.
+    async fn ask_leader(&self) -> Result<String>;
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct LeadershipGroup {
     leader: Option<String>,
@@ -155,3 +170,14 @@ impl AskLeader {
         ))
     }
 }
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl LeaderProvider for AskLeader {
+    fn leader(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.get_leader()
+    }
+
+    async fn ask_leader(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        self.ask_leader().await
+    }
+}

src/meta-client/src/client/cluster.rs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ use tonic::transport::Channel;
 use tonic::Status;
 
 use crate::client::ask_leader::AskLeader;
-use crate::client::{util, Id};
+use crate::client::{util, Id, LeaderProviderRef};
 use crate::error::{
     ConvertMetaResponseSnafu, CreateChannelSnafu, Error, IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu,
     ReadOnlyKvBackendSnafu, Result, RetryTimesExceededSnafu,
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl Client {
             id,
             role,
             channel_manager,
-            ask_leader: None,
+            leader_provider: None,
             max_retry,
         }));
 
@@ -68,7 +68,13 @@ impl Client {
         A: AsRef<[U]>,
     {
         let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
-        inner.start(urls).await
+        inner.start(urls)
+    }
+
+    /// Start the client with a [LeaderProvider].
+    pub(crate) async fn start_with(&self, leader_provider: LeaderProviderRef) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
+        inner.start_with(leader_provider)
     }
 
     pub async fn range(&self, req: RangeRequest) -> Result<RangeResponse> {
@@ -144,37 +150,40 @@ struct Inner {
     id: Id,
     role: Role,
     channel_manager: ChannelManager,
-    ask_leader: Option<AskLeader>,
+    leader_provider: Option<LeaderProviderRef>,
     max_retry: usize,
 }
 
 impl Inner {
-    async fn start<U, A>(&mut self, urls: A) -> Result<()>
-    where
-        U: AsRef<str>,
-        A: AsRef<[U]>,
-    {
+    fn start_with(&mut self, leader_provider: LeaderProviderRef) -> Result<()> {
         ensure!(
             !self.is_started(),
             IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
                 err_msg: "Cluster client already started",
             }
         );
+        self.leader_provider = Some(leader_provider);
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
+    fn start<U, A>(&mut self, urls: A) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        U: AsRef<str>,
+        A: AsRef<[U]>,
+    {
         let peers = urls
             .as_ref()
             .iter()
             .map(|url| url.as_ref().to_string())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        self.ask_leader = Some(AskLeader::new(
+        let ask_leader = AskLeader::new(
             self.id,
             self.role,
             peers,
             self.channel_manager.clone(),
             self.max_retry,
-        ));
-
-        Ok(())
+        );
+        self.start_with(Arc::new(ask_leader))
     }
 
     fn make_client(&self, addr: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<ClusterClient<Channel>> {
@@ -188,18 +197,7 @@ impl Inner {
 
     #[inline]
     fn is_started(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ask_leader.is_some()
-    }
-
-    fn ask_leader(&self) -> Result<&AskLeader> {
-        ensure!(
-            self.is_started(),
-            IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
-                err_msg: "Cluster client not start"
-            }
-        );
-
-        Ok(self.ask_leader.as_ref().unwrap())
+        self.leader_provider.is_some()
     }
 
     async fn with_retry<T, F, R, H>(&self, task: &str, body_fn: F, get_header: H) -> Result<T>
@@ -208,19 +206,25 @@ impl Inner {
         F: Fn(ClusterClient<Channel>) -> R,
         H: Fn(&T) -> &Option<ResponseHeader>,
     {
-        let ask_leader = self.ask_leader()?;
+        let Some(leader_provider) = self.leader_provider.as_ref() else {
+            return IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
+                err_msg: "not started",
+            }
+            .fail();
+        };
+
         let mut times = 0;
         let mut last_error = None;
 
         while times < self.max_retry {
-            if let Some(leader) = &ask_leader.get_leader() {
+            if let Some(leader) = &leader_provider.leader() {
                 let client = self.make_client(leader)?;
                 match body_fn(client).await {
                     Ok(res) => {
                         if util::is_not_leader(get_header(&res)) {
                             last_error = Some(format!("{leader} is not a leader"));
                             warn!("Failed to {task} to {leader}, not a leader");
-                            let leader = ask_leader.ask_leader().await?;
+                            let leader = leader_provider.ask_leader().await?;
                             info!("Cluster client updated to new leader addr: {leader}");
                             times += 1;
                             continue;
@@ -232,7 +236,7 @@ impl Inner {
                         if util::is_unreachable(&status) {
                             last_error = Some(status.to_string());
                             warn!("Failed to {task} to {leader}, source: {status}");
-                            let leader = ask_leader.ask_leader().await?;
+                            let leader = leader_provider.ask_leader().await?;
                             info!("Cluster client updated to new leader addr: {leader}");
                             times += 1;
                             continue;
@@ -242,7 +246,7 @@ impl Inner {
                         }
                     }
                 }
-            } else if let Err(err) = ask_leader.ask_leader().await {
+            } else if let Err(err) = leader_provider.ask_leader().await {
                 return Err(err);
             }
         }

src/meta-client/src/client/heartbeat.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use tonic::transport::Channel;
 use tonic::Streaming;
 
 use crate::client::ask_leader::AskLeader;
-use crate::client::Id;
+use crate::client::{Id, LeaderProviderRef};
 use crate::error;
 use crate::error::{InvalidResponseHeaderSnafu, Result};
 
@@ -116,7 +116,13 @@ impl Client {
         A: AsRef<[U]>,
     {
         let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
-        inner.start(urls).await
+        inner.start(urls)
+    }
+
+    /// Start the client with a [LeaderProvider].
+    pub(crate) async fn start_with(&self, leader_provider: LeaderProviderRef) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
+        inner.start_with(leader_provider)
     }
 
     pub async fn ask_leader(&mut self) -> Result<String> {
@@ -136,7 +142,7 @@ struct Inner {
     id: Id,
     role: Role,
     channel_manager: ChannelManager,
-    ask_leader: Option<AskLeader>,
+    leader_provider: Option<LeaderProviderRef>,
     max_retry: usize,
 }
 
@@ -146,48 +152,50 @@ impl Inner {
             id,
             role,
             channel_manager,
-            ask_leader: None,
+            leader_provider: None,
             max_retry,
         }
     }
 
-    async fn start<U, A>(&mut self, urls: A) -> Result<()>
-    where
-        U: AsRef<str>,
-        A: AsRef<[U]>,
-    {
+    fn start_with(&mut self, leader_provider: LeaderProviderRef) -> Result<()> {
         ensure!(
             !self.is_started(),
             error::IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
                 err_msg: "Heartbeat client already started"
             }
         );
+        self.leader_provider = Some(leader_provider);
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
+    fn start<U, A>(&mut self, urls: A) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        U: AsRef<str>,
+        A: AsRef<[U]>,
+    {
         let peers = urls
             .as_ref()
             .iter()
             .map(|url| url.as_ref().to_string())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        self.ask_leader = Some(AskLeader::new(
+        let ask_leader = AskLeader::new(
             self.id,
             self.role,
             peers,
             self.channel_manager.clone(),
             self.max_retry,
-        ));
-
-        Ok(())
+        );
+        self.start_with(Arc::new(ask_leader))
     }
 
     async fn ask_leader(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        ensure!(
-            self.is_started(),
-            error::IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
-                err_msg: "Heartbeat client not start"
+        let Some(leader_provider) = self.leader_provider.as_ref() else {
+            return error::IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
+                err_msg: "not started",
             }
-        );
-
-        self.ask_leader.as_ref().unwrap().ask_leader().await
+            .fail();
+        };
+        leader_provider.ask_leader().await
     }
 
     async fn heartbeat(&self) -> Result<(HeartbeatSender, HeartbeatStream)> {
@@ -199,10 +207,10 @@ impl Inner {
         );
 
         let leader_addr = self
-            .ask_leader
+            .leader_provider
             .as_ref()
             .unwrap()
-            .get_leader()
+            .leader()
             .context(error::NoLeaderSnafu)?;
         let mut leader = self.make_client(&leader_addr)?;
 
@@ -262,7 +270,7 @@ impl Inner {
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn is_started(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ask_leader.is_some()
+        self.leader_provider.is_some()
     }
 }
 

src/meta-client/src/client/procedure.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ use tonic::transport::Channel;
 use tonic::Status;
 
 use crate::client::ask_leader::AskLeader;
-use crate::client::{util, Id};
+use crate::client::{util, Id, LeaderProviderRef};
 use crate::error;
 use crate::error::Result;
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl Client {
             id,
             role,
             channel_manager,
-            ask_leader: None,
+            leader_provider: None,
             max_retry,
         }));
 
@@ -60,7 +60,13 @@ impl Client {
         A: AsRef<[U]>,
     {
         let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
-        inner.start(urls).await
+        inner.start(urls)
+    }
+
+    /// Start the client with a [LeaderProvider].
+    pub(crate) async fn start_with(&self, leader_provider: LeaderProviderRef) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
+        inner.start_with(leader_provider)
     }
 
     pub async fn submit_ddl_task(&self, req: DdlTaskRequest) -> Result<DdlTaskResponse> {
@@ -103,37 +109,40 @@ struct Inner {
     id: Id,
     role: Role,
     channel_manager: ChannelManager,
-    ask_leader: Option<AskLeader>,
+    leader_provider: Option<LeaderProviderRef>,
     max_retry: usize,
 }
 
 impl Inner {
-    async fn start<U, A>(&mut self, urls: A) -> Result<()>
-    where
-        U: AsRef<str>,
-        A: AsRef<[U]>,
-    {
+    fn start_with(&mut self, leader_provider: LeaderProviderRef) -> Result<()> {
         ensure!(
             !self.is_started(),
             error::IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
                 err_msg: "DDL client already started",
             }
         );
+        self.leader_provider = Some(leader_provider);
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
+    fn start<U, A>(&mut self, urls: A) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        U: AsRef<str>,
+        A: AsRef<[U]>,
+    {
         let peers = urls
             .as_ref()
             .iter()
             .map(|url| url.as_ref().to_string())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        self.ask_leader = Some(AskLeader::new(
+        let ask_leader = AskLeader::new(
             self.id,
             self.role,
             peers,
             self.channel_manager.clone(),
             self.max_retry,
-        ));
-
-        Ok(())
+        );
+        self.start_with(Arc::new(ask_leader))
     }
 
     fn make_client(&self, addr: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<ProcedureServiceClient<Channel>> {
@@ -150,18 +159,7 @@ impl Inner {
 
     #[inline]
     fn is_started(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ask_leader.is_some()
-    }
-
-    fn ask_leader(&self) -> Result<&AskLeader> {
-        ensure!(
-            self.is_started(),
-            error::IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
-                err_msg: "DDL client not start"
-            }
-        );
-
-        Ok(self.ask_leader.as_ref().unwrap())
+        self.leader_provider.is_some()
     }
 
     async fn with_retry<T, F, R, H>(&self, task: &str, body_fn: F, get_header: H) -> Result<T>
@@ -170,19 +168,25 @@ impl Inner {
         F: Fn(ProcedureServiceClient<Channel>) -> R,
         H: Fn(&T) -> &Option<ResponseHeader>,
     {
-        let ask_leader = self.ask_leader()?;
+        let Some(leader_provider) = self.leader_provider.as_ref() else {
+            return error::IllegalGrpcClientStateSnafu {
+                err_msg: "not started",
+            }
+            .fail();
+        };
+
         let mut times = 0;
         let mut last_error = None;
 
         while times < self.max_retry {
-            if let Some(leader) = &ask_leader.get_leader() {
+            if let Some(leader) = &leader_provider.leader() {
                 let client = self.make_client(leader)?;
                 match body_fn(client).await {
                     Ok(res) => {
                         if util::is_not_leader(get_header(&res)) {
                             last_error = Some(format!("{leader} is not a leader"));
                             warn!("Failed to {task} to {leader}, not a leader");
-                            let leader = ask_leader.ask_leader().await?;
+                            let leader = leader_provider.ask_leader().await?;
                             info!("DDL client updated to new leader addr: {leader}");
                             times += 1;
                             continue;
@@ -194,7 +198,7 @@ impl Inner {
                         if util::is_unreachable(&status) {
                             last_error = Some(status.to_string());
                             warn!("Failed to {task} to {leader}, source: {status}");
-                            let leader = ask_leader.ask_leader().await?;
+                            let leader = leader_provider.ask_leader().await?;
                             info!("Procedure client updated to new leader addr: {leader}");
                             times += 1;
                             continue;
@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ impl Inner {
                         }
                     }
                 }
-            } else if let Err(err) = ask_leader.ask_leader().await {
+            } else if let Err(err) = leader_provider.ask_leader().await {
                 return Err(err);
             }
         }

src/meta-client/src/lib.rs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use common_grpc::channel_manager::{ChannelConfig, ChannelManager};
 use common_telemetry::{debug, info};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::client::MetaClientBuilder;
+use crate::client::{LeaderProviderRef, MetaClientBuilder};
 
 pub mod client;
 pub mod error;
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ pub async fn create_meta_client(
     client_type: MetaClientType,
     meta_client_options: &MetaClientOptions,
     plugins: Option<&Plugins>,
+    leader_provider: Option<LeaderProviderRef>,
 ) -> error::Result<MetaClientRef> {
     info!(
         "Creating {:?} instance with Metasrv addrs {:?}",
@@ -116,9 +117,15 @@ pub async fn create_meta_client(
 
     let mut meta_client = builder.build();
 
-    meta_client
-        .start(&meta_client_options.metasrv_addrs)
-        .await?;
+    if let Some(leader_provider) = leader_provider {
+        meta_client
+            .start_with(leader_provider, &meta_client_options.metasrv_addrs)
+            .await?;
+    } else {
+        meta_client
+            .start(&meta_client_options.metasrv_addrs)
+            .await?;
+    }
 
     meta_client.ask_leader().await?;
 

src/meta-srv/src/bootstrap.rs

@@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ use snafu::ResultExt;
 #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
 use sqlx::mysql::MySqlConnectOptions;
 #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
-use sqlx::mysql::{MySqlConnection, MySqlPool};
-#[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
-use sqlx::Connection;
+use sqlx::mysql::MySqlPool;
 use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender};
 use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex};
@@ -278,6 +276,7 @@ pub async fn metasrv_builder(
             let candidate_lease_ttl = Duration::from_secs(CANDIDATE_LEASE_SECS);
             let execution_timeout = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS);
             let statement_timeout = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS);
+            let idle_session_timeout = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS);
             let meta_lease_ttl = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS);
 
             let mut cfg = Config::new();
@@ -286,8 +285,12 @@ pub async fn metasrv_builder(
             // We use a separate pool for election since we need a different session keep-alive idle time.
             let pool = create_postgres_pool_with(&opts.store_addrs, cfg).await?;
 
-            let election_client =
-                ElectionPgClient::new(pool, execution_timeout, meta_lease_ttl, statement_timeout)?;
+            let election_client = ElectionPgClient::new(
+                pool,
+                execution_timeout,
+                idle_session_timeout,
+                statement_timeout,
+            )?;
             let election = PgElection::with_pg_client(
                 opts.grpc.server_addr.clone(),
                 election_client,
@@ -308,6 +311,10 @@ pub async fn metasrv_builder(
         }
         #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
         (None, BackendImpl::MysqlStore) => {
+            use std::time::Duration;
+
+            use crate::election::rds::mysql::ElectionMysqlClient;
+
             let pool = create_mysql_pool(&opts.store_addrs).await?;
             let kv_backend =
                 MySqlStore::with_mysql_pool(pool, &opts.meta_table_name, opts.max_txn_ops)
@@ -315,13 +322,29 @@ pub async fn metasrv_builder(
                     .context(error::KvBackendSnafu)?;
             // Since election will acquire a lock of the table, we need a separate table for election.
             let election_table_name = opts.meta_table_name.clone() + "_election";
-            let election_client = create_mysql_client(opts).await?;
+            // We use a separate pool for election since we need a different session keep-alive idle time.
+            let pool = create_mysql_pool(&opts.store_addrs).await?;
+            let execution_timeout = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS);
+            let statement_timeout = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS);
+            let idle_session_timeout = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS);
+            let innode_lock_wait_timeout = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS / 2);
+            let meta_lease_ttl = Duration::from_secs(META_LEASE_SECS);
+            let candidate_lease_ttl = Duration::from_secs(CANDIDATE_LEASE_SECS);
+
+            let election_client = ElectionMysqlClient::new(
+                pool,
+                execution_timeout,
+                statement_timeout,
+                innode_lock_wait_timeout,
+                idle_session_timeout,
+                &election_table_name,
+            );
             let election = MySqlElection::with_mysql_client(
                 opts.grpc.server_addr.clone(),
                 election_client,
                 opts.store_key_prefix.clone(),
-                CANDIDATE_LEASE_SECS,
-                META_LEASE_SECS,
+                candidate_lease_ttl,
+                meta_lease_ttl,
                 &election_table_name,
             )
             .await?;
@@ -438,14 +461,6 @@ pub async fn create_mysql_pool(store_addrs: &[String]) -> Result<MySqlPool> {
     let pool = MySqlPool::connect_with(opts)
         .await
         .context(error::CreateMySqlPoolSnafu)?;
+
     Ok(pool)
 }
-
-#[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
-async fn create_mysql_client(opts: &MetasrvOptions) -> Result<MySqlConnection> {
-    let opts = setup_mysql_options(&opts.store_addrs).await?;
-    let client = MySqlConnection::connect_with(&opts)
-        .await
-        .context(error::ConnectMySqlSnafu)?;
-    Ok(client)
-}

src/meta-srv/src/error.rs

@@ -382,6 +382,14 @@ pub enum Error {
         location: Location,
     },
 
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to decode sql value"))]
+    DecodeSqlValue {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: sqlx::error::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
     #[snafu(display("Failed to find table route for {table_id}"))]
     TableRouteNotFound {
         table_id: TableId,
@@ -417,6 +425,18 @@ pub enum Error {
         location: Location,
     },
 
+    #[snafu(display("Leader lease expired"))]
+    LeaderLeaseExpired {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Leader lease changed during election"))]
+    LeaderLeaseChanged {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
     #[snafu(display("Table {} not found", name))]
     TableNotFound {
         name: String,
@@ -766,7 +786,7 @@ pub enum Error {
         error: deadpool::managed::PoolError<tokio_postgres::Error>,
     },
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "pg_kvbackend", feature = "mysql_kvbackend"))]
     #[snafu(display("Sql execution timeout, sql: {}, duration: {:?}", sql, duration))]
     SqlExecutionTimeout {
         #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -812,8 +832,8 @@ pub enum Error {
     },
 
     #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
-    #[snafu(display("Failed to connect to mysql"))]
-    ConnectMySql {
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to acquire mysql client from pool"))]
+    AcquireMySqlClient {
         #[snafu(source)]
         error: sqlx::Error,
         #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -911,6 +931,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | Error::SerializeToJson { .. }
             | Error::DeserializeFromJson { .. }
             | Error::NoLeader { .. }
+            | Error::LeaderLeaseExpired { .. }
+            | Error::LeaderLeaseChanged { .. }
             | Error::CreateChannel { .. }
             | Error::BatchGet { .. }
             | Error::Range { .. }
@@ -928,7 +950,6 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | Error::RetryLater { .. }
             | Error::RetryLaterWithSource { .. }
             | Error::StartGrpc { .. }
-            | Error::NoEnoughAvailableNode { .. }
             | Error::PublishMessage { .. }
             | Error::Join { .. }
             | Error::PeerUnavailable { .. }
@@ -1013,17 +1034,21 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
 
             Error::Other { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
             Error::LookupPeer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::NoEnoughAvailableNode { .. } => StatusCode::RuntimeResourcesExhausted,
+
             #[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
             Error::CreatePostgresPool { .. }
             | Error::GetPostgresClient { .. }
             | Error::GetPostgresConnection { .. }
-            | Error::PostgresExecution { .. }
-            | Error::SqlExecutionTimeout { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            | Error::PostgresExecution { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
             #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
             Error::MySqlExecution { .. }
             | Error::CreateMySqlPool { .. }
-            | Error::ConnectMySql { .. }
-            | Error::ParseMySqlUrl { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            | Error::ParseMySqlUrl { .. }
+            | Error::DecodeSqlValue { .. }
+            | Error::AcquireMySqlClient { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            #[cfg(any(feature = "pg_kvbackend", feature = "mysql_kvbackend"))]
+            Error::SqlExecutionTimeout { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
         }
     }
 

src/meta-srv/src/metasrv.rs

@@ -417,6 +417,7 @@ pub struct Metasrv {
     meta_peer_client: MetaPeerClientRef,
     // The selector is used to select a target datanode.
     selector: SelectorRef,
+    selector_ctx: SelectorContext,
     // The flow selector is used to select a target flownode.
     flow_selector: SelectorRef,
     handler_group: RwLock<Option<HeartbeatHandlerGroupRef>>,
@@ -654,6 +655,10 @@ impl Metasrv {
         &self.selector
     }
 
+    pub fn selector_ctx(&self) -> &SelectorContext {
+        &self.selector_ctx
+    }
+
     pub fn flow_selector(&self) -> &SelectorRef {
         &self.flow_selector
     }

src/meta-srv/src/metasrv/builder.rs

@@ -353,30 +353,28 @@ impl MetasrvBuilder {
 
         let leader_region_registry = Arc::new(LeaderRegionRegistry::default());
 
+        let ddl_context = DdlContext {
+            node_manager,
+            cache_invalidator: cache_invalidator.clone(),
+            memory_region_keeper: memory_region_keeper.clone(),
+            leader_region_registry: leader_region_registry.clone(),
+            table_metadata_manager: table_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            table_metadata_allocator: table_metadata_allocator.clone(),
+            flow_metadata_manager: flow_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            flow_metadata_allocator: flow_metadata_allocator.clone(),
+            region_failure_detector_controller,
+        };
+        let procedure_manager_c = procedure_manager.clone();
+        let ddl_manager = DdlManager::try_new(ddl_context, procedure_manager_c, true)
+            .context(error::InitDdlManagerSnafu)?;
         #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-        let trigger_ddl_manager = plugins
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|plugins| plugins.get::<common_meta::ddl_manager::TriggerDdlManagerRef>());
-        let ddl_manager = Arc::new(
-            DdlManager::try_new(
-                DdlContext {
-                    node_manager,
-                    cache_invalidator: cache_invalidator.clone(),
-                    memory_region_keeper: memory_region_keeper.clone(),
-                    leader_region_registry: leader_region_registry.clone(),
-                    table_metadata_manager: table_metadata_manager.clone(),
-                    table_metadata_allocator: table_metadata_allocator.clone(),
-                    flow_metadata_manager: flow_metadata_manager.clone(),
-                    flow_metadata_allocator: flow_metadata_allocator.clone(),
-                    region_failure_detector_controller,
-                },
-                procedure_manager.clone(),
-                true,
-                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-                trigger_ddl_manager,
-            )
-            .context(error::InitDdlManagerSnafu)?,
-        );
+        let ddl_manager = {
+            let trigger_ddl_manager = plugins.as_ref().and_then(|plugins| {
+                plugins.get::<common_meta::ddl_manager::TriggerDdlManagerRef>()
+            });
+            ddl_manager.with_trigger_ddl_manager(trigger_ddl_manager)
+        };
+        let ddl_manager = Arc::new(ddl_manager);
 
         // remote WAL prune ticker and manager
         let wal_prune_ticker = if is_remote_wal && options.wal.enable_active_wal_pruning() {
@@ -452,6 +450,7 @@ impl MetasrvBuilder {
             leader_cached_kv_backend,
             meta_peer_client: meta_peer_client.clone(),
             selector,
+            selector_ctx,
             // TODO(jeremy): We do not allow configuring the flow selector.
             flow_selector,
             handler_group: RwLock::new(None),

src/metric-engine/src/data_region.rs

@@ -145,12 +145,19 @@ impl DataRegion {
                     IndexOptions::Inverted => {
                         c.column_schema.set_inverted_index(true);
                     }
-                    IndexOptions::Skipping { granularity } => {
+                    IndexOptions::Skipping {
+                        granularity,
+                        false_positive_rate,
+                    } => {
                         c.column_schema
-                            .set_skipping_options(&SkippingIndexOptions {
-                                granularity,
-                                index_type: SkippingIndexType::BloomFilter,
-                            })
+                            .set_skipping_options(
+                                &SkippingIndexOptions::new(
+                                    granularity,
+                                    false_positive_rate,
+                                    SkippingIndexType::BloomFilter,
+                                )
+                                .context(SetSkippingIndexOptionSnafu)?,
+                            )
                             .context(SetSkippingIndexOptionSnafu)?;
                     }
                 }

src/metric-engine/src/engine/catchup.rs

@@ -79,12 +79,7 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
             .context(MitoCatchupOperationSnafu)
             .map(|response| response.affected_rows)?;
 
-        let primary_key_encoding = self.mito.get_primary_key_encoding(data_region_id).context(
-            PhysicalRegionNotFoundSnafu {
-                region_id: data_region_id,
-            },
-        )?;
-        self.recover_states(region_id, primary_key_encoding, physical_region_options)
+        self.recover_states(region_id, physical_region_options)
             .await?;
         Ok(0)
     }

src/metric-engine/src/engine/create.rs

@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{
     METADATA_SCHEMA_TIMESTAMP_COLUMN_INDEX, METADATA_SCHEMA_TIMESTAMP_COLUMN_NAME,
     METADATA_SCHEMA_VALUE_COLUMN_INDEX, METADATA_SCHEMA_VALUE_COLUMN_NAME,
 };
-use store_api::mito_engine_options::{
-    APPEND_MODE_KEY, MEMTABLE_PARTITION_TREE_PRIMARY_KEY_ENCODING, SKIP_WAL_KEY, TTL_KEY,
-};
+use store_api::mito_engine_options::{TTL_KEY, WAL_OPTIONS_KEY};
 use store_api::region_engine::RegionEngine;
 use store_api::region_request::{AffectedRows, RegionCreateRequest, RegionRequest};
 use store_api::storage::consts::ReservedColumnId;
@@ -57,6 +55,7 @@ use crate::utils::{
 };
 
 const DEFAULT_TABLE_ID_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY: u32 = 1024;
+const DEFAULT_TABLE_ID_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE: f64 = 0.01;
 
 impl MetricEngineInner {
     pub async fn create_regions(
@@ -475,7 +474,7 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
         // concat region dir
         let metadata_region_dir = join_dir(&request.region_dir, METADATA_REGION_SUBDIR);
 
-        let options = region_options_for_metadata_region(request.options.clone());
+        let options = region_options_for_metadata_region(&request.options);
         RegionCreateRequest {
             engine: MITO_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
             column_metadatas: vec![
@@ -544,10 +543,11 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
                 ConcreteDataType::uint32_datatype(),
                 false,
             )
-            .with_skipping_options(SkippingIndexOptions {
-                granularity: DEFAULT_TABLE_ID_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY,
-                index_type: datatypes::schema::SkippingIndexType::BloomFilter,
-            })
+            .with_skipping_options(SkippingIndexOptions::new_unchecked(
+                DEFAULT_TABLE_ID_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY,
+                DEFAULT_TABLE_ID_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+                datatypes::schema::SkippingIndexType::BloomFilter,
+            ))
             .unwrap(),
         };
         let tsid_col = ColumnMetadata {
@@ -599,15 +599,16 @@ fn parse_physical_region_id(request: &RegionCreateRequest) -> Result<RegionId> {
 
 /// Creates the region options for metadata region in metric engine.
 pub(crate) fn region_options_for_metadata_region(
-    mut original: HashMap<String, String>,
+    original: &HashMap<String, String>,
 ) -> HashMap<String, String> {
-    // TODO(ruihang, weny): add whitelist for metric engine options.
-    original.remove(APPEND_MODE_KEY);
-    // Don't allow to set primary key encoding for metadata region.
-    original.remove(MEMTABLE_PARTITION_TREE_PRIMARY_KEY_ENCODING);
-    original.insert(TTL_KEY.to_string(), FOREVER.to_string());
-    original.remove(SKIP_WAL_KEY);
-    original
+    let mut metadata_region_options = HashMap::new();
+    metadata_region_options.insert(TTL_KEY.to_string(), FOREVER.to_string());
+
+    if let Some(wal_options) = original.get(WAL_OPTIONS_KEY) {
+        metadata_region_options.insert(WAL_OPTIONS_KEY.to_string(), wal_options.to_string());
+    }
+
+    metadata_region_options
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

src/metric-engine/src/engine/open.rs

@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@
 
 //! Open a metric region.
 
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-
+use api::region::RegionResponse;
 use api::v1::SemanticType;
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_telemetry::info;
+use datafusion::common::HashMap;
 use mito2::engine::MITO_ENGINE_NAME;
 use object_store::util::join_dir;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use store_api::codec::PrimaryKeyEncoding;
 use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{DATA_REGION_SUBDIR, METADATA_REGION_SUBDIR};
 use store_api::region_engine::{BatchResponses, RegionEngine};
 use store_api::region_request::{AffectedRows, RegionOpenRequest, RegionRequest};
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ use crate::engine::create::region_options_for_metadata_region;
 use crate::engine::options::{set_data_region_options, PhysicalRegionOptions};
 use crate::engine::MetricEngineInner;
 use crate::error::{
-    BatchOpenMitoRegionSnafu, OpenMitoRegionSnafu, PhysicalRegionNotFoundSnafu, Result,
+    BatchOpenMitoRegionSnafu, NoOpenRegionResultSnafu, OpenMitoRegionSnafu,
+    PhysicalRegionNotFoundSnafu, Result,
 };
 use crate::metrics::{LOGICAL_REGION_COUNT, PHYSICAL_REGION_COUNT};
 use crate::utils;
@@ -44,8 +45,7 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
     ) -> Result<BatchResponses> {
         // We need to open metadata region and data region for each request.
         let mut all_requests = Vec::with_capacity(requests.len() * 2);
-        let mut physical_region_ids = Vec::with_capacity(requests.len());
-        let mut data_region_ids = HashSet::with_capacity(requests.len());
+        let mut physical_region_ids = HashMap::with_capacity(requests.len());
 
         for (region_id, request) in requests {
             if !request.is_physical_table() {
@@ -58,35 +58,70 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
                 self.transform_open_physical_region_request(request);
             all_requests.push((metadata_region_id, open_metadata_region_request));
             all_requests.push((data_region_id, open_data_region_request));
-            physical_region_ids.push((region_id, physical_region_options));
-            data_region_ids.insert(data_region_id);
+            physical_region_ids.insert(region_id, physical_region_options);
         }
 
-        let results = self
+        let mut results = self
             .mito
             .handle_batch_open_requests(parallelism, all_requests)
             .await
             .context(BatchOpenMitoRegionSnafu {})?
             .into_iter()
-            .filter(|(region_id, _)| data_region_ids.contains(region_id))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
 
+        let mut responses = Vec::with_capacity(physical_region_ids.len());
         for (physical_region_id, physical_region_options) in physical_region_ids {
-            let primary_key_encoding = self
-                .mito
-                .get_primary_key_encoding(physical_region_id)
-                .context(PhysicalRegionNotFoundSnafu {
-                    region_id: physical_region_id,
-                })?;
-            self.recover_states(
-                physical_region_id,
-                primary_key_encoding,
-                physical_region_options,
-            )
-            .await?;
+            let metadata_region_id = utils::to_metadata_region_id(physical_region_id);
+            let data_region_id = utils::to_data_region_id(physical_region_id);
+            let metadata_region_result = results.remove(&metadata_region_id);
+            let data_region_result = results.remove(&data_region_id);
+            // Pass the optional `metadata_region_result` and `data_region_result` to
+            // `open_physical_region_with_results`. This function handles errors for each
+            // open physical region request, allowing the process to continue with the
+            // remaining regions even if some requests fail.
+            let response = self
+                .open_physical_region_with_results(
+                    metadata_region_result,
+                    data_region_result,
+                    physical_region_id,
+                    physical_region_options,
+                )
+                .await
+                .map_err(BoxedError::new);
+            responses.push((physical_region_id, response));
         }
 
-        Ok(results)
+        Ok(responses)
+    }
+
+    async fn open_physical_region_with_results(
+        &self,
+        metadata_region_result: Option<std::result::Result<RegionResponse, BoxedError>>,
+        data_region_result: Option<std::result::Result<RegionResponse, BoxedError>>,
+        physical_region_id: RegionId,
+        physical_region_options: PhysicalRegionOptions,
+    ) -> Result<RegionResponse> {
+        let metadata_region_id = utils::to_metadata_region_id(physical_region_id);
+        let data_region_id = utils::to_data_region_id(physical_region_id);
+        let _ = metadata_region_result
+            .context(NoOpenRegionResultSnafu {
+                region_id: metadata_region_id,
+            })?
+            .context(OpenMitoRegionSnafu {
+                region_type: "metadata",
+            })?;
+
+        let data_region_response = data_region_result
+            .context(NoOpenRegionResultSnafu {
+                region_id: data_region_id,
+            })?
+            .context(OpenMitoRegionSnafu {
+                region_type: "data",
+            })?;
+
+        self.recover_states(physical_region_id, physical_region_options)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(data_region_response)
     }
 
     /// Open a metric region.
@@ -107,13 +142,7 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
             // open physical region and recover states
             let physical_region_options = PhysicalRegionOptions::try_from(&request.options)?;
             self.open_physical_region(region_id, request).await?;
-            let data_region_id = utils::to_data_region_id(region_id);
-            let primary_key_encoding = self.mito.get_primary_key_encoding(data_region_id).context(
-                PhysicalRegionNotFoundSnafu {
-                    region_id: data_region_id,
-                },
-            )?;
-            self.recover_states(region_id, primary_key_encoding, physical_region_options)
+            self.recover_states(region_id, physical_region_options)
                 .await?;
 
             Ok(0)
@@ -138,7 +167,7 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
         let metadata_region_dir = join_dir(&request.region_dir, METADATA_REGION_SUBDIR);
         let data_region_dir = join_dir(&request.region_dir, DATA_REGION_SUBDIR);
 
-        let metadata_region_options = region_options_for_metadata_region(request.options.clone());
+        let metadata_region_options = region_options_for_metadata_region(&request.options);
         let open_metadata_region_request = RegionOpenRequest {
             region_dir: metadata_region_dir,
             options: metadata_region_options,
@@ -208,7 +237,6 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
     pub(crate) async fn recover_states(
         &self,
         physical_region_id: RegionId,
-        primary_key_encoding: PrimaryKeyEncoding,
         physical_region_options: PhysicalRegionOptions,
     ) -> Result<Vec<RegionId>> {
         // load logical regions and physical column names
@@ -220,6 +248,12 @@ impl MetricEngineInner {
             .data_region
             .physical_columns(physical_region_id)
             .await?;
+        let primary_key_encoding = self
+            .mito
+            .get_primary_key_encoding(physical_region_id)
+            .context(PhysicalRegionNotFoundSnafu {
+                region_id: physical_region_id,
+            })?;
 
         {
             let mut state = self.state.write().unwrap();

src/metric-engine/src/engine/options.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{
+    METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE_OPTION,
+    METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE_OPTION_DEFAULT,
     METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY_OPTION,
     METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY_OPTION_DEFAULT, METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_TYPE_OPTION,
 };
@@ -31,19 +33,20 @@ use crate::error::{Error, ParseRegionOptionsSnafu, Result};
 const SEG_ROW_COUNT_FOR_DATA_REGION: u32 = 256;
 
 /// Physical region options.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PhysicalRegionOptions {
     pub index: IndexOptions,
 }
 
 /// Index options for auto created columns
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq)]
 pub enum IndexOptions {
     #[default]
     None,
     Inverted,
     Skipping {
         granularity: u32,
+        false_positive_rate: f64,
     },
 }
 
@@ -54,6 +57,7 @@ pub fn set_data_region_options(
 ) {
     options.remove(METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_TYPE_OPTION);
     options.remove(METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY_OPTION);
+    options.remove(METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE_OPTION);
     options.insert(
         "index.inverted_index.segment_row_count".to_string(),
         SEG_ROW_COUNT_FOR_DATA_REGION.to_string(),
@@ -93,7 +97,23 @@ impl TryFrom<&HashMap<String, String>> for PhysicalRegionOptions {
                             })
                         },
                     )?;
-                Ok(IndexOptions::Skipping { granularity })
+                let false_positive_rate = value
+                    .get(METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE_OPTION)
+                    .map_or(
+                        Ok(METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE_OPTION_DEFAULT),
+                        |f| {
+                            f.parse().ok().filter(|f| *f > 0.0 && *f <= 1.0).ok_or(
+                                ParseRegionOptionsSnafu {
+                                    reason: format!("Invalid false positive rate: {}", f),
+                                }
+                                .build(),
+                            )
+                        },
+                    )?;
+                Ok(IndexOptions::Skipping {
+                    granularity,
+                    false_positive_rate,
+                })
             }
             Some(index_type) => ParseRegionOptionsSnafu {
                 reason: format!("Invalid index type: {}", index_type),
@@ -121,11 +141,16 @@ mod tests {
             METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY_OPTION.to_string(),
             "102400".to_string(),
         );
+        options.insert(
+            METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE_OPTION.to_string(),
+            "0.01".to_string(),
+        );
         set_data_region_options(&mut options, false);
 
         for key in [
             METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_TYPE_OPTION,
             METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY_OPTION,
+            METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE_OPTION,
         ] {
             assert_eq!(options.get(key), None);
         }
@@ -154,11 +179,16 @@ mod tests {
             METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_GRANULARITY_OPTION.to_string(),
             "102400".to_string(),
         );
+        options.insert(
+            METRIC_ENGINE_INDEX_SKIPPING_INDEX_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE_OPTION.to_string(),
+            "0.01".to_string(),
+        );
         let physical_region_options = PhysicalRegionOptions::try_from(&options).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             physical_region_options.index,
             IndexOptions::Skipping {
-                granularity: 102400
+                granularity: 102400,
+                false_positive_rate: 0.01,
             }
         );
     }