feat: async decode

Signed-off-by: yihong0618 <zouzou0208@gmail.com>

.github/actions/build-linux-artifacts/action.yml

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ runs:
       uses: ./.github/actions/build-greptime-binary
       with:
         base-image: ubuntu
-        features: servers/dashboard,pg_kvbackend
+        features: servers/dashboard,pg_kvbackend,mysql_kvbackend
         cargo-profile: ${{ inputs.cargo-profile }}
         artifacts-dir: greptime-linux-${{ inputs.arch }}-${{ inputs.version }}
         version: ${{ inputs.version }}
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ runs:
       if: ${{ inputs.arch == 'amd64' && inputs.dev-mode == 'false' }} # Builds greptime for centos if the host machine is amd64.
       with:
         base-image: centos
-        features: servers/dashboard,pg_kvbackend
+        features: servers/dashboard,pg_kvbackend,mysql_kvbackend
         cargo-profile: ${{ inputs.cargo-profile }}
         artifacts-dir: greptime-linux-${{ inputs.arch }}-centos-${{ inputs.version }}
         version: ${{ inputs.version }}

.github/workflows/dev-build.yml

@@ -238,6 +238,13 @@ jobs:
           version: ${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.version }}
           push-latest-tag: false # Don't push the latest tag to registry.
           dev-mode: true # Only build the standard images.
+          
+      - name: Echo Docker image tag to step summary
+        run: |
+          echo "## Docker Image Tag" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          echo "Image Tag: \`${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.version }}\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          echo "Full Image Name: \`docker.io/${{ vars.IMAGE_NAMESPACE }}/${{ vars.DEV_BUILD_IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.version }}\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          echo "Pull Command: \`docker pull docker.io/${{ vars.IMAGE_NAMESPACE }}/${{ vars.DEV_BUILD_IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.version }}\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
 
       - name: Set build result
         id: set-build-result

.github/workflows/develop.yml

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build greptime binaries
         shell: bash
         # `cargo gc` will invoke `cargo build` with specified args
-        run: cargo gc -- --bin greptime --bin sqlness-runner --features pg_kvbackend
+        run: cargo gc -- --bin greptime --bin sqlness-runner --features "pg_kvbackend,mysql_kvbackend"
       - name: Pack greptime binaries
         shell: bash
         run: |
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build greptime bianry
         shell: bash
         # `cargo gc` will invoke `cargo build` with specified args
-        run: cargo gc --profile ci -- --bin greptime --features pg_kvbackend
+        run: cargo gc --profile ci -- --bin greptime --features "pg_kvbackend,mysql_kvbackend"
       - name: Pack greptime binary
         shell: bash
         run: |
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: tests-integration/fixtures
         run: docker compose up -d --wait
       - name: Run nextest cases
-        run: cargo nextest run --workspace -F dashboard -F pg_kvbackend
+        run: cargo nextest run --workspace -F dashboard -F pg_kvbackend -F mysql_kvbackend
         env:
           CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS: "-C link-arg=-fuse-ld=mold"
           RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
@@ -704,6 +704,7 @@ jobs:
           GT_MINIO_ENDPOINT_URL: http://127.0.0.1:9000
           GT_ETCD_ENDPOINTS: http://127.0.0.1:2379
           GT_POSTGRES_ENDPOINTS: postgres://greptimedb:admin@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres
+          GT_MYSQL_ENDPOINTS: mysql://greptimedb:admin@127.0.0.1:3306/mysql
           GT_KAFKA_ENDPOINTS: 127.0.0.1:9092
           GT_KAFKA_SASL_ENDPOINTS: 127.0.0.1:9093
           UNITTEST_LOG_DIR: "__unittest_logs"
@@ -739,7 +740,7 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: tests-integration/fixtures
         run: docker compose up -d --wait
       - name: Run nextest cases
-        run: cargo llvm-cov nextest --workspace --lcov --output-path lcov.info -F dashboard -F pg_kvbackend
+        run: cargo llvm-cov nextest --workspace --lcov --output-path lcov.info -F dashboard -F pg_kvbackend -F mysql_kvbackend
         env:
           CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS: "-C link-arg=-fuse-ld=mold"
           RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
@@ -755,6 +756,7 @@ jobs:
           GT_MINIO_ENDPOINT_URL: http://127.0.0.1:9000
           GT_ETCD_ENDPOINTS: http://127.0.0.1:2379
           GT_POSTGRES_ENDPOINTS: postgres://greptimedb:admin@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres
+          GT_MYSQL_ENDPOINTS: mysql://greptimedb:admin@127.0.0.1:3306/mysql
           GT_KAFKA_ENDPOINTS: 127.0.0.1:9092
           GT_KAFKA_SASL_ENDPOINTS: 127.0.0.1:9093
           UNITTEST_LOG_DIR: "__unittest_logs"

Cargo.lock

@@ -1693,6 +1693,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "humantime",
  "meta-client",
  "nu-ansi-term",
+ "opendal",
  "query",
  "rand",
  "reqwest",
@@ -2015,6 +2016,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "arc-swap",
  "async-trait",
  "bincode",
+ "chrono",
  "common-base",
  "common-catalog",
  "common-error",
@@ -2196,6 +2198,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_with",
  "session",
  "snafu 0.8.5",
+ "sqlx",
  "store-api",
  "strum 0.25.0",
  "table",
@@ -4116,11 +4119,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.0.34"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1b589b4dc103969ad3cf85c950899926ec64300a1a46d76c03a6072957036f0"
+checksum = "11faaf5a5236997af9848be0bef4db95824b1d534ebc64d0f0c6cf3e67bd38dc"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
+ "libz-rs-sys",
  "libz-sys",
  "miniz_oxide",
 ]
@@ -4167,6 +4171,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "cache",
  "catalog",
+ "chrono",
  "client",
  "common-base",
  "common-catalog",
@@ -4701,7 +4706,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "greptime-proto"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=d92c9ac4e90ef4abdcf5c2eaf5a164e18ba09486#d92c9ac4e90ef4abdcf5c2eaf5a164e18ba09486"
+source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=c5419bbd20cb42e568ec325a4d71a3c94cc327e1#c5419bbd20cb42e568ec325a4d71a3c94cc327e1"
 dependencies = [
  "prost 0.13.3",
  "serde",
@@ -6274,6 +6279,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "vcpkg",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libz-rs-sys"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "902bc563b5d65ad9bba616b490842ef0651066a1a1dc3ce1087113ffcb873c8d"
+dependencies = [
+ "zlib-rs",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libz-sys"
 version = "1.1.20"
@@ -6717,6 +6731,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "session",
  "snafu 0.8.5",
  "store-api",
+ "strum 0.25.0",
  "table",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-postgres",
@@ -6817,9 +6832,9 @@ checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2d80299ef12ff69b16a84bb182e3b9df68b5a91574d3d4fa6e41b65deec4df1"
+checksum = "8e3e04debbb59698c15bacbb6d93584a8c0ca9cc3213cb423d31f760d8843ce5"
 dependencies = [
  "adler2",
 ]
@@ -13949,6 +13964,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.96",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "zlib-rs"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b20717f0917c908dc63de2e44e97f1e6b126ca58d0e391cee86d504eb8fbd05"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "zstd"
 version = "0.11.2+zstd.1.5.2"

Cargo.toml

@@ -126,10 +126,11 @@ deadpool-postgres = "0.12"
 derive_builder = "0.12"
 dotenv = "0.15"
 etcd-client = "0.14"
+flate2 = { version = "1.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs"] }
 fst = "0.4.7"
 futures = "0.3"
 futures-util = "0.3"
-greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "d92c9ac4e90ef4abdcf5c2eaf5a164e18ba09486" }
+greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "c5419bbd20cb42e568ec325a4d71a3c94cc327e1" }
 hex = "0.4"
 http = "1"
 humantime = "2.1"
@@ -188,6 +189,10 @@ shadow-rs = "0.38"
 similar-asserts = "1.6.0"
 smallvec = { version = "1", features = ["serde"] }
 snafu = "0.8"
+sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [
+    "runtime-tokio-rustls",
+    "mysql",
+] }
 sysinfo = "0.30"
 # on branch v0.52.x
 sqlparser = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git", rev = "71dd86058d2af97b9925093d40c4e03360403170", features = [

config/datanode.example.toml

@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@ overwrite_entry_start_id = false
 # secret_access_key = "123456"
 # endpoint = "https://s3.amazonaws.com"
 # region = "us-west-2"
+# enable_virtual_host_style = false
 
 # Example of using Oss as the storage.
 # [storage]

config/standalone.example.toml

@@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ retry_delay = "500ms"
 # secret_access_key = "123456"
 # endpoint = "https://s3.amazonaws.com"
 # region = "us-west-2"
+# enable_virtual_host_style = false
 
 # Example of using Oss as the storage.
 # [storage]

src/api/src/helper.rs

@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@ use common_decimal::decimal128::{DECIMAL128_DEFAULT_SCALE, DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECIS
 use common_decimal::Decimal128;
 use common_time::time::Time;
 use common_time::timestamp::TimeUnit;
-use common_time::{
-    Date, DateTime, IntervalDayTime, IntervalMonthDayNano, IntervalYearMonth, Timestamp,
-};
+use common_time::{Date, IntervalDayTime, IntervalMonthDayNano, IntervalYearMonth, Timestamp};
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ValueRef};
 use datatypes::scalars::ScalarVector;
 use datatypes::types::{
@@ -29,8 +27,8 @@ use datatypes::types::{
 };
 use datatypes::value::{OrderedF32, OrderedF64, Value};
 use datatypes::vectors::{
-    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector, Float32Vector,
-    Float64Vector, Int32Vector, Int64Vector, IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalMonthDayNanoVector,
+    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector, Float32Vector, Float64Vector,
+    Int32Vector, Int64Vector, IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalMonthDayNanoVector,
     IntervalYearMonthVector, PrimitiveVector, StringVector, TimeMicrosecondVector,
     TimeMillisecondVector, TimeNanosecondVector, TimeSecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector,
     TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, UInt32Vector,
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ impl From<ColumnDataTypeWrapper> for ConcreteDataType {
             ColumnDataType::Json => ConcreteDataType::json_datatype(),
             ColumnDataType::String => ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
             ColumnDataType::Date => ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataType::Datetime => ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
+            ColumnDataType::Datetime => ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
             ColumnDataType::TimestampSecond => ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
             ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond => {
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()
@@ -271,7 +269,6 @@ impl TryFrom<ConcreteDataType> for ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
             ConcreteDataType::Binary(_) => ColumnDataType::Binary,
             ConcreteDataType::String(_) => ColumnDataType::String,
             ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => ColumnDataType::Date,
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => ColumnDataType::Datetime,
             ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(t) => match t {
                 TimestampType::Second(_) => ColumnDataType::TimestampSecond,
                 TimestampType::Millisecond(_) => ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond,
@@ -476,7 +473,6 @@ pub fn push_vals(column: &mut Column, origin_count: usize, vector: VectorRef) {
         Value::String(val) => values.string_values.push(val.as_utf8().to_string()),
         Value::Binary(val) => values.binary_values.push(val.to_vec()),
         Value::Date(val) => values.date_values.push(val.val()),
-        Value::DateTime(val) => values.datetime_values.push(val.val()),
         Value::Timestamp(val) => match val.unit() {
             TimeUnit::Second => values.timestamp_second_values.push(val.value()),
             TimeUnit::Millisecond => values.timestamp_millisecond_values.push(val.value()),
@@ -577,12 +573,11 @@ pub fn pb_value_to_value_ref<'a>(
         ValueData::BinaryValue(bytes) => ValueRef::Binary(bytes.as_slice()),
         ValueData::StringValue(string) => ValueRef::String(string.as_str()),
         ValueData::DateValue(d) => ValueRef::Date(Date::from(*d)),
-        ValueData::DatetimeValue(d) => ValueRef::DateTime(DateTime::new(*d)),
         ValueData::TimestampSecondValue(t) => ValueRef::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_second(*t)),
         ValueData::TimestampMillisecondValue(t) => {
             ValueRef::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_millisecond(*t))
         }
-        ValueData::TimestampMicrosecondValue(t) => {
+        ValueData::DatetimeValue(t) | ValueData::TimestampMicrosecondValue(t) => {
             ValueRef::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_microsecond(*t))
         }
         ValueData::TimestampNanosecondValue(t) => {
@@ -651,7 +646,6 @@ pub fn pb_values_to_vector_ref(data_type: &ConcreteDataType, values: Values) ->
         ConcreteDataType::Binary(_) => Arc::new(BinaryVector::from(values.binary_values)),
         ConcreteDataType::String(_) => Arc::new(StringVector::from_vec(values.string_values)),
         ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => Arc::new(DateVector::from_vec(values.date_values)),
-        ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => Arc::new(DateTimeVector::from_vec(values.datetime_values)),
         ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(unit) => match unit {
             TimestampType::Second(_) => Arc::new(TimestampSecondVector::from_vec(
                 values.timestamp_second_values,
@@ -787,11 +781,6 @@ pub fn pb_values_to_values(data_type: &ConcreteDataType, values: Values) -> Vec<
             .into_iter()
             .map(|val| val.into())
             .collect(),
-        ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => values
-            .datetime_values
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| Value::DateTime(v.into()))
-            .collect(),
         ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => values
             .date_values
             .into_iter()
@@ -947,9 +936,6 @@ pub fn to_proto_value(value: Value) -> Option<v1::Value> {
         Value::Date(v) => v1::Value {
             value_data: Some(ValueData::DateValue(v.val())),
         },
-        Value::DateTime(v) => v1::Value {
-            value_data: Some(ValueData::DatetimeValue(v.val())),
-        },
         Value::Timestamp(v) => match v.unit() {
             TimeUnit::Second => v1::Value {
                 value_data: Some(ValueData::TimestampSecondValue(v.value())),
@@ -1066,7 +1052,6 @@ pub fn value_to_grpc_value(value: Value) -> GrpcValue {
             Value::String(v) => Some(ValueData::StringValue(v.as_utf8().to_string())),
             Value::Binary(v) => Some(ValueData::BinaryValue(v.to_vec())),
             Value::Date(v) => Some(ValueData::DateValue(v.val())),
-            Value::DateTime(v) => Some(ValueData::DatetimeValue(v.val())),
             Value::Timestamp(v) => Some(match v.unit() {
                 TimeUnit::Second => ValueData::TimestampSecondValue(v.value()),
                 TimeUnit::Millisecond => ValueData::TimestampMillisecondValue(v.value()),
@@ -1248,7 +1233,7 @@ mod tests {
             ColumnDataTypeWrapper::date_datatype().into()
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
             ColumnDataTypeWrapper::datetime_datatype().into()
         );
         assert_eq!(
@@ -1339,10 +1324,6 @@ mod tests {
             ColumnDataTypeWrapper::date_datatype(),
             ConcreteDataType::date_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::datetime_datatype(),
-            ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             ColumnDataTypeWrapper::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
             ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()
@@ -1830,17 +1811,6 @@ mod tests {
         ]
     );
 
-    test_convert_values!(
-        datetime,
-        vec![1.into(), 2.into(), 3.into()],
-        datetime,
-        vec![
-            Value::DateTime(1.into()),
-            Value::DateTime(2.into()),
-            Value::DateTime(3.into())
-        ]
-    );
-
     #[test]
     fn test_vectors_to_rows_for_different_types() {
         let boolean_vec = BooleanVector::from_vec(vec![true, false, true]);

src/api/src/v1/column_def.rs

@@ -132,6 +132,15 @@ pub fn options_from_skipping(skipping: &SkippingIndexOptions) -> Result<Option<C
     Ok((!options.options.is_empty()).then_some(options))
 }
 
+/// Tries to construct a `ColumnOptions` for inverted index.
+pub fn options_from_inverted() -> ColumnOptions {
+    let mut options = ColumnOptions::default();
+    options
+        .options
+        .insert(INVERTED_INDEX_GRPC_KEY.to_string(), "true".to_string());
+    options
+}
+
 /// Tries to construct a `FulltextAnalyzer` from the given analyzer.
 pub fn as_fulltext_option(analyzer: Analyzer) -> FulltextAnalyzer {
     match analyzer {

src/catalog/src/system_schema.rs

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ trait SystemSchemaProviderInner {
     fn system_table(&self, name: &str) -> Option<SystemTableRef>;
 
     fn table_info(catalog_name: String, table: &SystemTableRef) -> TableInfoRef {
-        let table_meta = TableMetaBuilder::default()
+        let table_meta = TableMetaBuilder::empty()
             .schema(table.schema())
             .primary_key_indices(vec![])
             .next_column_id(0)

src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/columns.rs

@@ -365,10 +365,6 @@ impl InformationSchemaColumnsBuilder {
             self.numeric_scales.push(None);
 
             match &column_schema.data_type {
-                ConcreteDataType::DateTime(datetime_type) => {
-                    self.datetime_precisions
-                        .push(Some(datetime_type.precision() as i64));
-                }
                 ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(ts_type) => {
                     self.datetime_precisions
                         .push(Some(ts_type.precision() as i64));

src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/flows.rs

@@ -28,16 +28,19 @@ use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType as CDT;
 use datatypes::scalars::ScalarVectorBuilder;
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
+use datatypes::timestamp::TimestampMillisecond;
 use datatypes::value::Value;
 use datatypes::vectors::{
-    Int64VectorBuilder, StringVectorBuilder, UInt32VectorBuilder, UInt64VectorBuilder, VectorRef,
+    Int64VectorBuilder, StringVectorBuilder, TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder,
+    UInt32VectorBuilder, UInt64VectorBuilder, VectorRef,
 };
 use futures::TryStreamExt;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};
 
 use crate::error::{
-    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, FlowInfoNotFoundSnafu, InternalSnafu, JsonSnafu, ListFlowsSnafu, Result,
+    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, FlowInfoNotFoundSnafu, InternalSnafu, JsonSnafu, ListFlowsSnafu,
+    Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
 use crate::information_schema::{Predicates, FLOWS};
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::InformationTable;
@@ -59,6 +62,10 @@ pub const SOURCE_TABLE_IDS: &str = "source_table_ids";
 pub const SINK_TABLE_NAME: &str = "sink_table_name";
 pub const FLOWNODE_IDS: &str = "flownode_ids";
 pub const OPTIONS: &str = "options";
+pub const CREATED_TIME: &str = "created_time";
+pub const UPDATED_TIME: &str = "updated_time";
+pub const LAST_EXECUTION_TIME: &str = "last_execution_time";
+pub const SOURCE_TABLE_NAMES: &str = "source_table_names";
 
 /// The `information_schema.flows` to provides information about flows in databases.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -99,6 +106,14 @@ impl InformationSchemaFlows {
                 (SINK_TABLE_NAME, CDT::string_datatype(), false),
                 (FLOWNODE_IDS, CDT::string_datatype(), true),
                 (OPTIONS, CDT::string_datatype(), true),
+                (CREATED_TIME, CDT::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(), false),
+                (UPDATED_TIME, CDT::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(), false),
+                (
+                    LAST_EXECUTION_TIME,
+                    CDT::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                    true,
+                ),
+                (SOURCE_TABLE_NAMES, CDT::string_datatype(), true),
             ]
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(name, ty, nullable)| ColumnSchema::new(name, ty, nullable))
@@ -170,6 +185,10 @@ struct InformationSchemaFlowsBuilder {
     sink_table_names: StringVectorBuilder,
     flownode_id_groups: StringVectorBuilder,
     option_groups: StringVectorBuilder,
+    created_time: TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder,
+    updated_time: TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder,
+    last_execution_time: TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder,
+    source_table_names: StringVectorBuilder,
 }
 
 impl InformationSchemaFlowsBuilder {
@@ -196,6 +215,10 @@ impl InformationSchemaFlowsBuilder {
             sink_table_names: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             flownode_id_groups: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             option_groups: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            created_time: TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            updated_time: TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            last_execution_time: TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            source_table_names: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
         }
     }
 
@@ -235,13 +258,14 @@ impl InformationSchemaFlowsBuilder {
                     catalog_name: catalog_name.to_string(),
                     flow_name: flow_name.to_string(),
                 })?;
-            self.add_flow(&predicates, flow_id.flow_id(), flow_info, &flow_stat)?;
+            self.add_flow(&predicates, flow_id.flow_id(), flow_info, &flow_stat)
+                .await?;
         }
 
         self.finish()
     }
 
-    fn add_flow(
+    async fn add_flow(
         &mut self,
         predicates: &Predicates,
         flow_id: FlowId,
@@ -290,6 +314,36 @@ impl InformationSchemaFlowsBuilder {
                     input: format!("{:?}", flow_info.options()),
                 },
             )?));
+        self.created_time
+            .push(Some(flow_info.created_time().timestamp_millis().into()));
+        self.updated_time
+            .push(Some(flow_info.updated_time().timestamp_millis().into()));
+        self.last_execution_time
+            .push(flow_stat.as_ref().and_then(|state| {
+                state
+                    .last_exec_time_map
+                    .get(&flow_id)
+                    .map(|v| TimestampMillisecond::new(*v))
+            }));
+
+        let mut source_table_names = vec![];
+        let catalog_name = self.catalog_name.clone();
+        let catalog_manager = self
+            .catalog_manager
+            .upgrade()
+            .context(UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu)?;
+        for schema_name in catalog_manager.schema_names(&catalog_name, None).await? {
+            source_table_names.extend(
+                catalog_manager
+                    .tables_by_ids(&catalog_name, &schema_name, flow_info.source_table_ids())
+                    .await?
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|table| table.table_info().full_table_name()),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let source_table_names = source_table_names.join(",");
+        self.source_table_names.push(Some(&source_table_names));
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -307,6 +361,10 @@ impl InformationSchemaFlowsBuilder {
             Arc::new(self.sink_table_names.finish()),
             Arc::new(self.flownode_id_groups.finish()),
             Arc::new(self.option_groups.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.created_time.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.updated_time.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.last_execution_time.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.source_table_names.finish()),
         ];
         RecordBatch::new(self.schema.clone(), columns).context(CreateRecordBatchSnafu)
     }

src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/information_memory_table.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use datatypes::vectors::{Int64Vector, StringVector, VectorRef};
 
 use super::table_names::*;
 use crate::system_schema::utils::tables::{
-    bigint_column, datetime_column, string_column, string_columns,
+    bigint_column, string_column, string_columns, timestamp_micro_column,
 };
 
 const NO_VALUE: &str = "NO";
@@ -163,17 +163,17 @@ pub(super) fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>
                 string_column("EVENT_BODY"),
                 string_column("EVENT_DEFINITION"),
                 string_column("EVENT_TYPE"),
-                datetime_column("EXECUTE_AT"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("EXECUTE_AT"),
                 bigint_column("INTERVAL_VALUE"),
                 string_column("INTERVAL_FIELD"),
                 string_column("SQL_MODE"),
-                datetime_column("STARTS"),
-                datetime_column("ENDS"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("STARTS"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("ENDS"),
                 string_column("STATUS"),
                 string_column("ON_COMPLETION"),
-                datetime_column("CREATED"),
-                datetime_column("LAST_ALTERED"),
-                datetime_column("LAST_EXECUTED"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("CREATED"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("LAST_ALTERED"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("LAST_EXECUTED"),
                 string_column("EVENT_COMMENT"),
                 bigint_column("ORIGINATOR"),
                 string_column("CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT"),
@@ -204,10 +204,10 @@ pub(super) fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>
                 bigint_column("INITIAL_SIZE"),
                 bigint_column("MAXIMUM_SIZE"),
                 bigint_column("AUTOEXTEND_SIZE"),
-                datetime_column("CREATION_TIME"),
-                datetime_column("LAST_UPDATE_TIME"),
-                datetime_column("LAST_ACCESS_TIME"),
-                datetime_column("RECOVER_TIME"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("CREATION_TIME"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("LAST_UPDATE_TIME"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("LAST_ACCESS_TIME"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("RECOVER_TIME"),
                 bigint_column("TRANSACTION_COUNTER"),
                 string_column("VERSION"),
                 string_column("ROW_FORMAT"),
@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@ pub(super) fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>
                 bigint_column("MAX_DATA_LENGTH"),
                 bigint_column("INDEX_LENGTH"),
                 bigint_column("DATA_FREE"),
-                datetime_column("CREATE_TIME"),
-                datetime_column("UPDATE_TIME"),
-                datetime_column("CHECK_TIME"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("CREATE_TIME"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("UPDATE_TIME"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("CHECK_TIME"),
                 string_column("CHECKSUM"),
                 string_column("STATUS"),
                 string_column("EXTRA"),
@@ -330,8 +330,8 @@ pub(super) fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>
                 string_column("SQL_DATA_ACCESS"),
                 string_column("SQL_PATH"),
                 string_column("SECURITY_TYPE"),
-                datetime_column("CREATED"),
-                datetime_column("LAST_ALTERED"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("CREATED"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("LAST_ALTERED"),
                 string_column("SQL_MODE"),
                 string_column("ROUTINE_COMMENT"),
                 string_column("DEFINER"),
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ pub(super) fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>
                 string_column("ACTION_REFERENCE_NEW_TABLE"),
                 string_column("ACTION_REFERENCE_OLD_ROW"),
                 string_column("ACTION_REFERENCE_NEW_ROW"),
-                datetime_column("CREATED"),
+                timestamp_micro_column("CREATED"),
                 string_column("SQL_MODE"),
                 string_column("DEFINER"),
                 string_column("CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT"),

src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/partitions.rs

@@ -20,17 +20,18 @@ use common_catalog::consts::INFORMATION_SCHEMA_PARTITIONS_TABLE_ID;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
-use common_time::datetime::DateTime;
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
+use datatypes::timestamp::TimestampMicrosecond;
 use datatypes::value::Value;
 use datatypes::vectors::{
-    ConstantVector, DateTimeVector, DateTimeVectorBuilder, Int64Vector, Int64VectorBuilder,
-    MutableVector, StringVector, StringVectorBuilder, UInt64VectorBuilder,
+    ConstantVector, Int64Vector, Int64VectorBuilder, MutableVector, StringVector,
+    StringVectorBuilder, TimestampMicrosecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder,
+    UInt64VectorBuilder,
 };
 use futures::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use partition::manager::PartitionInfo;
@@ -127,9 +128,21 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitions {
             ColumnSchema::new("max_data_length", ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(), true),
             ColumnSchema::new("index_length", ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(), true),
             ColumnSchema::new("data_free", ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(), true),
-            ColumnSchema::new("create_time", ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), true),
-            ColumnSchema::new("update_time", ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), true),
-            ColumnSchema::new("check_time", ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), true),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                "create_time",
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                "update_time",
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                "check_time",
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
             ColumnSchema::new("checksum", ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(), true),
             ColumnSchema::new(
                 "partition_comment",
@@ -200,7 +213,7 @@ struct InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
     partition_names: StringVectorBuilder,
     partition_ordinal_positions: Int64VectorBuilder,
     partition_expressions: StringVectorBuilder,
-    create_times: DateTimeVectorBuilder,
+    create_times: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder,
     partition_ids: UInt64VectorBuilder,
 }
 
@@ -220,7 +233,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
             partition_names: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             partition_ordinal_positions: Int64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             partition_expressions: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            create_times: DateTimeVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            create_times: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             partition_ids: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
         }
     }
@@ -324,7 +337,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
             };
 
             self.partition_expressions.push(expressions.as_deref());
-            self.create_times.push(Some(DateTime::from(
+            self.create_times.push(Some(TimestampMicrosecond::from(
                 table_info.meta.created_on.timestamp_millis(),
             )));
             self.partition_ids.push(Some(partition.id.as_u64()));
@@ -342,8 +355,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
             Arc::new(Int64Vector::from(vec![None])),
             rows_num,
         ));
-        let null_datetime_vector = Arc::new(ConstantVector::new(
-            Arc::new(DateTimeVector::from(vec![None])),
+        let null_timestampmicrosecond_vector = Arc::new(ConstantVector::new(
+            Arc::new(TimestampMicrosecondVector::from(vec![None])),
             rows_num,
         ));
         let partition_methods = Arc::new(ConstantVector::new(
@@ -373,8 +386,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
             null_i64_vector.clone(),
             Arc::new(self.create_times.finish()),
             // TODO(dennis): supports update_time
-            null_datetime_vector.clone(),
-            null_datetime_vector,
+            null_timestampmicrosecond_vector.clone(),
+            null_timestampmicrosecond_vector,
             null_i64_vector,
             null_string_vector.clone(),
             null_string_vector.clone(),

src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/tables.rs

@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::value::Value;
 use datatypes::vectors::{
-    DateTimeVectorBuilder, StringVectorBuilder, UInt32VectorBuilder, UInt64VectorBuilder,
+    StringVectorBuilder, TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder, UInt32VectorBuilder,
+    UInt64VectorBuilder,
 };
 use futures::TryStreamExt;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
@@ -105,9 +106,21 @@ impl InformationSchemaTables {
             ColumnSchema::new(TABLE_ROWS, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
             ColumnSchema::new(DATA_FREE, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
             ColumnSchema::new(AUTO_INCREMENT, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
-            ColumnSchema::new(CREATE_TIME, ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), true),
-            ColumnSchema::new(UPDATE_TIME, ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), true),
-            ColumnSchema::new(CHECK_TIME, ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), true),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                CREATE_TIME,
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                UPDATE_TIME,
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                CHECK_TIME,
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
             ColumnSchema::new(TABLE_COLLATION, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
             ColumnSchema::new(CHECKSUM, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
             ColumnSchema::new(CREATE_OPTIONS, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
@@ -182,9 +195,9 @@ struct InformationSchemaTablesBuilder {
     max_index_length: UInt64VectorBuilder,
     data_free: UInt64VectorBuilder,
     auto_increment: UInt64VectorBuilder,
-    create_time: DateTimeVectorBuilder,
-    update_time: DateTimeVectorBuilder,
-    check_time: DateTimeVectorBuilder,
+    create_time: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder,
+    update_time: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder,
+    check_time: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder,
     table_collation: StringVectorBuilder,
     checksum: UInt64VectorBuilder,
     create_options: StringVectorBuilder,
@@ -219,9 +232,9 @@ impl InformationSchemaTablesBuilder {
             max_index_length: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             data_free: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             auto_increment: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            create_time: DateTimeVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            update_time: DateTimeVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            check_time: DateTimeVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            create_time: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            update_time: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            check_time: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             table_collation: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             checksum: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
             create_options: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),

src/catalog/src/system_schema/utils/tables.rs

@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ pub fn bigint_column(name: &str) -> ColumnSchema {
     )
 }
 
-pub fn datetime_column(name: &str) -> ColumnSchema {
+pub fn timestamp_micro_column(name: &str) -> ColumnSchema {
     ColumnSchema::new(
         str::to_lowercase(name),
-        ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
+        ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
         false,
     )
 }

src/cli/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 
 [features]
 pg_kvbackend = ["common-meta/pg_kvbackend"]
+mysql_kvbackend = ["common-meta/mysql_kvbackend"]
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
@@ -43,6 +44,10 @@ futures.workspace = true
 humantime.workspace = true
 meta-client.workspace = true
 nu-ansi-term = "0.46"
+opendal = { version = "0.51.1", features = [
+    "services-fs",
+    "services-s3",
+] }
 query.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
 reqwest.workspace = true

src/cli/src/bench.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::etcd::EtcdStore;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+#[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+use common_meta::kv_backend::rds::MySqlStore;
 #[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
 use common_meta::kv_backend::rds::PgStore;
 use common_meta::peer::Peer;
@@ -63,6 +65,9 @@ pub struct BenchTableMetadataCommand {
     #[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
     #[clap(long)]
     postgres_addr: Option<String>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+    #[clap(long)]
+    mysql_addr: Option<String>,
     #[clap(long)]
     count: u32,
 }
@@ -86,6 +91,16 @@ impl BenchTableMetadataCommand {
             kv_backend
         };
 
+        #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+        let kv_backend = if let Some(mysql_addr) = &self.mysql_addr {
+            info!("Using mysql as kv backend");
+            MySqlStore::with_url(mysql_addr, "greptime_metakv", 128)
+                .await
+                .unwrap()
+        } else {
+            kv_backend
+        };
+
         let table_metadata_manager = Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(kv_backend));
 
         let tool = BenchTableMetadata {

src/cli/src/error.rs

@@ -276,6 +276,24 @@ pub enum Error {
         #[snafu(implicit)]
         location: Location,
     },
+
+    #[snafu(display("OpenDAL operator failed"))]
+    OpenDal {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: opendal::Error,
+    },
+    #[snafu(display("S3 config need be set"))]
+    S3ConfigNotSet {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+    #[snafu(display("Output directory not set"))]
+    OutputDirNotSet {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
 }
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -319,6 +337,9 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | Error::BuildClient { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
 
             Error::Other { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::OpenDal { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            Error::S3ConfigNotSet { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
+            Error::OutputDirNotSet { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
 
             Error::BuildRuntime { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
 

src/cli/src/export.rs

@@ -21,15 +21,18 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use clap::{Parser, ValueEnum};
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_telemetry::{debug, error, info};
+use opendal::layers::LoggingLayer;
+use opendal::{services, Operator};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use tokio::fs::File;
-use tokio::io::{AsyncWriteExt, BufWriter};
 use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
 use tokio::time::Instant;
 
 use crate::database::{parse_proxy_opts, DatabaseClient};
-use crate::error::{EmptyResultSnafu, Error, FileIoSnafu, Result, SchemaNotFoundSnafu};
+use crate::error::{
+    EmptyResultSnafu, Error, OpenDalSnafu, OutputDirNotSetSnafu, Result, S3ConfigNotSetSnafu,
+    SchemaNotFoundSnafu,
+};
 use crate::{database, Tool};
 
 type TableReference = (String, String, String);
@@ -52,8 +55,9 @@ pub struct ExportCommand {
     addr: String,
 
     /// Directory to put the exported data. E.g.: /tmp/greptimedb-export
+    /// for local export.
     #[clap(long)]
-    output_dir: String,
+    output_dir: Option<String>,
 
     /// The name of the catalog to export.
     #[clap(long, default_value = "greptime-*")]
@@ -101,10 +105,51 @@ pub struct ExportCommand {
     /// Disable proxy server, if set, will not use any proxy.
     #[clap(long)]
     no_proxy: bool,
+
+    /// if export data to s3
+    #[clap(long)]
+    s3: bool,
+
+    /// The s3 bucket name
+    /// if s3 is set, this is required
+    #[clap(long)]
+    s3_bucket: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The s3 endpoint
+    /// if s3 is set, this is required
+    #[clap(long)]
+    s3_endpoint: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The s3 access key
+    /// if s3 is set, this is required
+    #[clap(long)]
+    s3_access_key: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The s3 secret key
+    /// if s3 is set, this is required
+    #[clap(long)]
+    s3_secret_key: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The s3 region
+    /// if s3 is set, this is required
+    #[clap(long)]
+    s3_region: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl ExportCommand {
     pub async fn build(&self) -> std::result::Result<Box<dyn Tool>, BoxedError> {
+        if self.s3
+            && (self.s3_bucket.is_none()
+                || self.s3_endpoint.is_none()
+                || self.s3_access_key.is_none()
+                || self.s3_secret_key.is_none()
+                || self.s3_region.is_none())
+        {
+            return Err(BoxedError::new(S3ConfigNotSetSnafu {}.build()));
+        }
+        if !self.s3 && self.output_dir.is_none() {
+            return Err(BoxedError::new(OutputDirNotSetSnafu {}.build()));
+        }
         let (catalog, schema) =
             database::split_database(&self.database).map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
         let proxy = parse_proxy_opts(self.proxy.clone(), self.no_proxy)?;
@@ -126,24 +171,43 @@ impl ExportCommand {
             target: self.target.clone(),
             start_time: self.start_time.clone(),
             end_time: self.end_time.clone(),
+            s3: self.s3,
+            s3_bucket: self.s3_bucket.clone(),
+            s3_endpoint: self.s3_endpoint.clone(),
+            s3_access_key: self.s3_access_key.clone(),
+            s3_secret_key: self.s3_secret_key.clone(),
+            s3_region: self.s3_region.clone(),
         }))
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Export {
     catalog: String,
     schema: Option<String>,
     database_client: DatabaseClient,
-    output_dir: String,
+    output_dir: Option<String>,
     parallelism: usize,
     target: ExportTarget,
     start_time: Option<String>,
     end_time: Option<String>,
+    s3: bool,
+    s3_bucket: Option<String>,
+    s3_endpoint: Option<String>,
+    s3_access_key: Option<String>,
+    s3_secret_key: Option<String>,
+    s3_region: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl Export {
     fn catalog_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        PathBuf::from(&self.output_dir).join(&self.catalog)
+        if self.s3 {
+            PathBuf::from(&self.catalog)
+        } else if let Some(dir) = &self.output_dir {
+            PathBuf::from(dir).join(&self.catalog)
+        } else {
+            unreachable!("catalog_path: output_dir must be set when not using s3")
+        }
     }
 
     async fn get_db_names(&self) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
@@ -300,19 +364,23 @@ impl Export {
         let timer = Instant::now();
         let db_names = self.get_db_names().await?;
         let db_count = db_names.len();
+        let operator = self.build_operator().await?;
+
         for schema in db_names {
-            let db_dir = self.catalog_path().join(format!("{schema}/"));
-            tokio::fs::create_dir_all(&db_dir)
-                .await
-                .context(FileIoSnafu)?;
-            let file = db_dir.join("create_database.sql");
-            let mut file = File::create(file).await.context(FileIoSnafu)?;
             let create_database = self
                 .show_create("DATABASE", &self.catalog, &schema, None)
                 .await?;
-            file.write_all(create_database.as_bytes())
-                .await
-                .context(FileIoSnafu)?;
+
+            let file_path = self.get_file_path(&schema, "create_database.sql");
+            self.write_to_storage(&operator, &file_path, create_database.into_bytes())
+                .await?;
+
+            info!(
+                "Exported {}.{} database creation SQL to {}",
+                self.catalog,
+                schema,
+                self.format_output_path(&file_path)
+            );
         }
 
         let elapsed = timer.elapsed();
@@ -326,149 +394,267 @@ impl Export {
         let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(self.parallelism));
         let db_names = self.get_db_names().await?;
         let db_count = db_names.len();
+        let operator = Arc::new(self.build_operator().await?);
         let mut tasks = Vec::with_capacity(db_names.len());
+
         for schema in db_names {
             let semaphore_moved = semaphore.clone();
+            let export_self = self.clone();
+            let operator = operator.clone();
             tasks.push(async move {
                 let _permit = semaphore_moved.acquire().await.unwrap();
-                let (metric_physical_tables, remaining_tables, views) =
-                    self.get_table_list(&self.catalog, &schema).await?;
-                let table_count =
-                    metric_physical_tables.len() + remaining_tables.len() + views.len();
-                let db_dir = self.catalog_path().join(format!("{schema}/"));
-                tokio::fs::create_dir_all(&db_dir)
-                    .await
-                    .context(FileIoSnafu)?;
-                let file = db_dir.join("create_tables.sql");
-                let mut file = File::create(file).await.context(FileIoSnafu)?;
-                for (c, s, t) in metric_physical_tables.into_iter().chain(remaining_tables) {
-                    let create_table = self.show_create("TABLE", &c, &s, Some(&t)).await?;
-                    file.write_all(create_table.as_bytes())
-                        .await
-                        .context(FileIoSnafu)?;
-                }
-                for (c, s, v) in views {
-                    let create_view = self.show_create("VIEW", &c, &s, Some(&v)).await?;
-                    file.write_all(create_view.as_bytes())
-                        .await
-                        .context(FileIoSnafu)?;
+                let (metric_physical_tables, remaining_tables, views) = export_self
+                    .get_table_list(&export_self.catalog, &schema)
+                    .await?;
+
+                // Create directory if needed for file system storage
+                if !export_self.s3 {
+                    let db_dir = format!("{}/{}/", export_self.catalog, schema);
+                    operator.create_dir(&db_dir).await.context(OpenDalSnafu)?;
                 }
 
+                let file_path = export_self.get_file_path(&schema, "create_tables.sql");
+                let mut content = Vec::new();
+
+                // Add table creation SQL
+                for (c, s, t) in metric_physical_tables.iter().chain(&remaining_tables) {
+                    let create_table = export_self.show_create("TABLE", c, s, Some(t)).await?;
+                    content.extend_from_slice(create_table.as_bytes());
+                }
+
+                // Add view creation SQL
+                for (c, s, v) in &views {
+                    let create_view = export_self.show_create("VIEW", c, s, Some(v)).await?;
+                    content.extend_from_slice(create_view.as_bytes());
+                }
+
+                // Write to storage
+                export_self
+                    .write_to_storage(&operator, &file_path, content)
+                    .await?;
+
                 info!(
-                    "Finished exporting {}.{schema} with {table_count} table schemas to path: {}",
-                    self.catalog,
-                    db_dir.to_string_lossy()
+                    "Finished exporting {}.{schema} with {} table schemas to path: {}",
+                    export_self.catalog,
+                    metric_physical_tables.len() + remaining_tables.len() + views.len(),
+                    export_self.format_output_path(&file_path)
                 );
 
                 Ok::<(), Error>(())
             });
         }
 
-        let success = futures::future::join_all(tasks)
-            .await
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|r| match r {
-                Ok(_) => true,
-                Err(e) => {
-                    error!(e; "export schema job failed");
-                    false
-                }
-            })
-            .count();
-
+        let success = self.execute_tasks(tasks).await;
         let elapsed = timer.elapsed();
         info!("Success {success}/{db_count} jobs, cost: {elapsed:?}");
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    async fn build_operator(&self) -> Result<Operator> {
+        if self.s3 {
+            self.build_s3_operator().await
+        } else {
+            self.build_fs_operator().await
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn build_s3_operator(&self) -> Result<Operator> {
+        let mut builder = services::S3::default().root("").bucket(
+            self.s3_bucket
+                .as_ref()
+                .expect("s3_bucket must be provided when s3 is enabled"),
+        );
+
+        if let Some(endpoint) = self.s3_endpoint.as_ref() {
+            builder = builder.endpoint(endpoint);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(region) = self.s3_region.as_ref() {
+            builder = builder.region(region);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(key_id) = self.s3_access_key.as_ref() {
+            builder = builder.access_key_id(key_id);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(secret_key) = self.s3_secret_key.as_ref() {
+            builder = builder.secret_access_key(secret_key);
+        }
+
+        let op = Operator::new(builder)
+            .context(OpenDalSnafu)?
+            .layer(LoggingLayer::default())
+            .finish();
+        Ok(op)
+    }
+
+    async fn build_fs_operator(&self) -> Result<Operator> {
+        let root = self
+            .output_dir
+            .as_ref()
+            .context(OutputDirNotSetSnafu)?
+            .clone();
+        let op = Operator::new(services::Fs::default().root(&root))
+            .context(OpenDalSnafu)?
+            .layer(LoggingLayer::default())
+            .finish();
+        Ok(op)
+    }
+
     async fn export_database_data(&self) -> Result<()> {
         let timer = Instant::now();
         let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(self.parallelism));
         let db_names = self.get_db_names().await?;
         let db_count = db_names.len();
         let mut tasks = Vec::with_capacity(db_count);
+        let operator = Arc::new(self.build_operator().await?);
+        let with_options = build_with_options(&self.start_time, &self.end_time);
+
         for schema in db_names {
             let semaphore_moved = semaphore.clone();
+            let export_self = self.clone();
+            let with_options_clone = with_options.clone();
+            let operator = operator.clone();
+
             tasks.push(async move {
                 let _permit = semaphore_moved.acquire().await.unwrap();
-                let db_dir = self.catalog_path().join(format!("{schema}/"));
-                tokio::fs::create_dir_all(&db_dir)
-                    .await
-                    .context(FileIoSnafu)?;
 
-                let with_options = match (&self.start_time, &self.end_time) {
-                    (Some(start_time), Some(end_time)) => {
-                        format!(
-                            "WITH (FORMAT='parquet', start_time='{}', end_time='{}')",
-                            start_time, end_time
-                        )
-                    }
-                    (Some(start_time), None) => {
-                        format!("WITH (FORMAT='parquet', start_time='{}')", start_time)
-                    }
-                    (None, Some(end_time)) => {
-                        format!("WITH (FORMAT='parquet', end_time='{}')", end_time)
-                    }
-                    (None, None) => "WITH (FORMAT='parquet')".to_string(),
-                };
+                // Create directory if not using S3
+                if !export_self.s3 {
+                    let db_dir = format!("{}/{}/", export_self.catalog, schema);
+                    operator.create_dir(&db_dir).await.context(OpenDalSnafu)?;
+                }
 
+                let (path, connection_part) = export_self.get_storage_params(&schema);
+
+                // Execute COPY DATABASE TO command
                 let sql = format!(
-                    r#"COPY DATABASE "{}"."{}" TO '{}' {};"#,
-                    self.catalog,
-                    schema,
-                    db_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
-                    with_options
+                    r#"COPY DATABASE "{}"."{}" TO '{}' WITH ({}){};"#,
+                    export_self.catalog, schema, path, with_options_clone, connection_part
+                );
+                info!("Executing sql: {sql}");
+                export_self.database_client.sql_in_public(&sql).await?;
+                info!(
+                    "Finished exporting {}.{} data to {}",
+                    export_self.catalog, schema, path
                 );
 
-                info!("Executing sql: {sql}");
+                // Create copy_from.sql file
+                let copy_database_from_sql = format!(
+                    r#"COPY DATABASE "{}"."{}" FROM '{}' WITH ({}){};"#,
+                    export_self.catalog, schema, path, with_options_clone, connection_part
+                );
 
-                self.database_client.sql_in_public(&sql).await?;
+                let copy_from_path = export_self.get_file_path(&schema, "copy_from.sql");
+                export_self
+                    .write_to_storage(
+                        &operator,
+                        &copy_from_path,
+                        copy_database_from_sql.into_bytes(),
+                    )
+                    .await?;
 
                 info!(
-                    "Finished exporting {}.{schema} data into path: {}",
-                    self.catalog,
-                    db_dir.to_string_lossy()
-                );
-
-                // The export copy from sql
-                let copy_from_file = db_dir.join("copy_from.sql");
-                let mut writer =
-                    BufWriter::new(File::create(copy_from_file).await.context(FileIoSnafu)?);
-                let copy_database_from_sql = format!(
-                    r#"COPY DATABASE "{}"."{}" FROM '{}' WITH (FORMAT='parquet');"#,
-                    self.catalog,
+                    "Finished exporting {}.{} copy_from.sql to {}",
+                    export_self.catalog,
                     schema,
-                    db_dir.to_str().unwrap()
+                    export_self.format_output_path(&copy_from_path)
                 );
-                writer
-                    .write(copy_database_from_sql.as_bytes())
-                    .await
-                    .context(FileIoSnafu)?;
-                writer.flush().await.context(FileIoSnafu)?;
-
-                info!("Finished exporting {}.{schema} copy_from.sql", self.catalog);
 
                 Ok::<(), Error>(())
-            })
+            });
         }
 
-        let success = futures::future::join_all(tasks)
+        let success = self.execute_tasks(tasks).await;
+        let elapsed = timer.elapsed();
+        info!("Success {success}/{db_count} jobs, costs: {elapsed:?}");
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get_file_path(&self, schema: &str, file_name: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{}/{}/{}", self.catalog, schema, file_name)
+    }
+
+    fn format_output_path(&self, file_path: &str) -> String {
+        if self.s3 {
+            format!(
+                "s3://{}/{}",
+                self.s3_bucket.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
+                file_path
+            )
+        } else {
+            format!(
+                "{}/{}",
+                self.output_dir.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
+                file_path
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn write_to_storage(
+        &self,
+        op: &Operator,
+        file_path: &str,
+        content: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        op.write(file_path, content).await.context(OpenDalSnafu)
+    }
+
+    fn get_storage_params(&self, schema: &str) -> (String, String) {
+        if self.s3 {
+            let s3_path = format!(
+                "s3://{}/{}/{}/",
+                // Safety: s3_bucket is required when s3 is enabled
+                self.s3_bucket.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                self.catalog,
+                schema
+            );
+
+            // endpoint is optional
+            let endpoint_option = if let Some(endpoint) = self.s3_endpoint.as_ref() {
+                format!(", ENDPOINT='{}'", endpoint)
+            } else {
+                String::new()
+            };
+
+            // Safety: All s3 options are required
+            let connection_options = format!(
+                "ACCESS_KEY_ID='{}', SECRET_ACCESS_KEY='{}', REGION='{}'{}",
+                self.s3_access_key.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                self.s3_secret_key.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                self.s3_region.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                endpoint_option
+            );
+
+            (s3_path, format!(" CONNECTION ({})", connection_options))
+        } else {
+            (
+                self.catalog_path()
+                    .join(format!("{schema}/"))
+                    .to_string_lossy()
+                    .to_string(),
+                String::new(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn execute_tasks(
+        &self,
+        tasks: Vec<impl std::future::Future<Output = Result<()>>>,
+    ) -> usize {
+        futures::future::join_all(tasks)
             .await
             .into_iter()
             .filter(|r| match r {
                 Ok(_) => true,
                 Err(e) => {
-                    error!(e; "export database job failed");
+                    error!(e; "export job failed");
                     false
                 }
             })
-            .count();
-        let elapsed = timer.elapsed();
-
-        info!("Success {success}/{db_count} jobs, costs: {elapsed:?}");
-
-        Ok(())
+            .count()
     }
 }
 
@@ -493,3 +679,15 @@ impl Tool for Export {
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// Builds the WITH options string for SQL commands, assuming consistent syntax across S3 and local exports.
+fn build_with_options(start_time: &Option<String>, end_time: &Option<String>) -> String {
+    let mut options = vec!["format = 'parquet'".to_string()];
+    if let Some(start) = start_time {
+        options.push(format!("start_time = '{}'", start));
+    }
+    if let Some(end) = end_time {
+        options.push(format!("end_time = '{}'", end));
+    }
+    options.join(", ")
+}

src/common/function/Cargo.toml

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ api.workspace = true
 arc-swap = "1.0"
 async-trait.workspace = true
 bincode = "1.3"
+chrono.workspace = true
 common-base.workspace = true
 common-catalog.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true

src/common/function/src/scalars/date/date_format.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ impl Function for DateFormatFunction {
         helper::one_of_sigs2(
             vec![
                 ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
-                ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
@@ -105,22 +104,6 @@ impl Function for DateFormatFunction {
                     results.push(result.as_deref());
                 }
             }
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => {
-                for i in 0..size {
-                    let datetime = left.get(i).as_datetime();
-                    let format = formats.get(i).as_string();
-
-                    let result = match (datetime, format) {
-                        (Some(datetime), Some(fmt)) => datetime
-                            .as_formatted_string(&fmt, Some(&func_ctx.query_ctx.timezone()))
-                            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
-                            .context(error::ExecuteSnafu)?,
-                        _ => None,
-                    };
-
-                    results.push(result.as_deref());
-                }
-            }
             _ => {
                 return UnsupportedInputDataTypeSnafu {
                     function: NAME,
@@ -147,7 +130,7 @@ mod tests {
     use common_query::prelude::{TypeSignature, Volatility};
     use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVector};
     use datatypes::value::Value;
-    use datatypes::vectors::{DateTimeVector, DateVector, StringVector, TimestampSecondVector};
+    use datatypes::vectors::{DateVector, StringVector, TimestampSecondVector};
 
     use super::{DateFormatFunction, *};
 
@@ -169,16 +152,11 @@ mod tests {
             ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
             f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::date_datatype()]).unwrap()
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
-            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()])
-                .unwrap()
-        );
         assert!(matches!(f.signature(),
                          Signature {
                              type_signature: TypeSignature::OneOf(sigs),
                              volatility: Volatility::Immutable
-                         } if  sigs.len() == 6));
+                         } if  sigs.len() == 5));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -262,45 +240,4 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_datetime_date_format() {
-        let f = DateFormatFunction;
-
-        let dates = vec![Some(123), None, Some(42), None];
-        let formats = vec![
-            "%Y-%m-%d %T.%3f",
-            "%Y-%m-%d %T.%3f",
-            "%Y-%m-%d %T.%3f",
-            "%Y-%m-%d %T.%3f",
-        ];
-        let results = [
-            Some("1970-01-01 00:00:00.123"),
-            None,
-            Some("1970-01-01 00:00:00.042"),
-            None,
-        ];
-
-        let date_vector = DateTimeVector::from(dates.clone());
-        let interval_vector = StringVector::from_vec(formats);
-        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![Arc::new(date_vector), Arc::new(interval_vector)];
-        let vector = f.eval(&FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(4, vector.len());
-        for (i, _t) in dates.iter().enumerate() {
-            let v = vector.get(i);
-            let result = results.get(i).unwrap();
-
-            if result.is_none() {
-                assert_eq!(Value::Null, v);
-                continue;
-            }
-            match v {
-                Value::String(s) => {
-                    assert_eq!(s.as_utf8(), result.unwrap());
-                }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            }
-        }
-    }
 }

src/common/function/src/scalars/date/date_sub.rs

@@ -118,11 +118,6 @@ mod tests {
             ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
             f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::date_datatype()]).unwrap()
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
-            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()])
-                .unwrap()
-        );
         assert!(
             matches!(f.signature(),
                          Signature {

src/common/function/src/scalars/timestamp/greatest.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use datatypes::arrow::array::AsArray;
 use datatypes::arrow::compute::cast;
 use datatypes::arrow::compute::kernels::zip;
 use datatypes::arrow::datatypes::{
-    DataType as ArrowDataType, Date32Type, Date64Type, TimestampMicrosecondType,
+    DataType as ArrowDataType, Date32Type, TimeUnit, TimestampMicrosecondType,
     TimestampMillisecondType, TimestampNanosecondType, TimestampSecondType,
 };
 use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
@@ -69,9 +69,8 @@ impl Function for GreatestFunction {
         );
 
         match &input_types[0] {
-            ConcreteDataType::String(_) => Ok(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()),
+            ConcreteDataType::String(_) => Ok(ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()),
             ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => Ok(ConcreteDataType::date_datatype()),
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => Ok(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()),
             ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(ts_type) => Ok(ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(*ts_type)),
             _ => UnsupportedInputDataTypeSnafu {
                 function: NAME,
@@ -87,7 +86,6 @@ impl Function for GreatestFunction {
             vec![
                 ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
-                ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_nanosecond_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
@@ -109,20 +107,24 @@ impl Function for GreatestFunction {
         );
         match columns[0].data_type() {
             ConcreteDataType::String(_) => {
-                // Treats string as `DateTime` type.
-                let column1 = cast(&columns[0].to_arrow_array(), &ArrowDataType::Date64)
-                    .context(ArrowComputeSnafu)?;
-                let column1 = column1.as_primitive::<Date64Type>();
-                let column2 = cast(&columns[1].to_arrow_array(), &ArrowDataType::Date64)
-                    .context(ArrowComputeSnafu)?;
-                let column2 = column2.as_primitive::<Date64Type>();
+                let column1 = cast(
+                    &columns[0].to_arrow_array(),
+                    &ArrowDataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None),
+                )
+                .context(ArrowComputeSnafu)?;
+                let column1 = column1.as_primitive::<TimestampMillisecondType>();
+                let column2 = cast(
+                    &columns[1].to_arrow_array(),
+                    &ArrowDataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None),
+                )
+                .context(ArrowComputeSnafu)?;
+                let column2 = column2.as_primitive::<TimestampMillisecondType>();
                 let boolean_array = gt(&column1, &column2).context(ArrowComputeSnafu)?;
                 let result =
                     zip::zip(&boolean_array, &column1, &column2).context(ArrowComputeSnafu)?;
                 Ok(Helper::try_into_vector(&result).context(error::FromArrowArraySnafu)?)
             }
             ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => gt_time_types!(Date32Type, columns),
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => gt_time_types!(Date64Type, columns),
             ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(ts_type) => match ts_type {
                 TimestampType::Second(_) => gt_time_types!(TimestampSecondType, columns),
                 TimestampType::Millisecond(_) => {
@@ -155,15 +157,15 @@ mod tests {
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
     use common_time::timestamp::TimeUnit;
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime, Timestamp};
+    use common_time::{Date, Timestamp};
     use datatypes::types::{
-        DateTimeType, DateType, TimestampMicrosecondType, TimestampMillisecondType,
-        TimestampNanosecondType, TimestampSecondType,
+        DateType, TimestampMicrosecondType, TimestampMillisecondType, TimestampNanosecondType,
+        TimestampSecondType,
     };
     use datatypes::value::Value;
     use datatypes::vectors::{
-        DateTimeVector, DateVector, StringVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector,
-        TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, Vector,
+        DateVector, StringVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector, TimestampMillisecondVector,
+        TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, Vector,
     };
     use paste::paste;
 
@@ -178,7 +180,7 @@ mod tests {
                     ConcreteDataType::string_datatype()
                 ])
                 .unwrap(),
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(DateTimeType)
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()
         );
         let columns = vec![
             Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![
@@ -194,15 +196,18 @@ mod tests {
         let result = function
             .eval(&FunctionContext::default(), &columns)
             .unwrap();
-        let result = result.as_any().downcast_ref::<DateTimeVector>().unwrap();
+        let result = result
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<TimestampMillisecondVector>()
+            .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(
             result.get(0),
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::from_str("2001-02-01 00:00:00", None).unwrap())
+            Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from_str("2001-02-01 00:00:00", None).unwrap())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             result.get(1),
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::from_str("2012-12-23 00:00:00", None).unwrap())
+            Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from_str("2012-12-23 00:00:00", None).unwrap())
         );
     }
 
@@ -245,30 +250,33 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(
             function
                 .return_type(&[
-                    ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
-                    ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()
+                    ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                    ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()
                 ])
                 .unwrap(),
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(DateTimeType)
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()
         );
 
         let columns = vec![
-            Arc::new(DateTimeVector::from_slice(vec![-1, 2])) as _,
-            Arc::new(DateTimeVector::from_slice(vec![0, 1])) as _,
+            Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondVector::from_slice(vec![-1, 2])) as _,
+            Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondVector::from_slice(vec![0, 1])) as _,
         ];
 
         let result = function
             .eval(&FunctionContext::default(), &columns)
             .unwrap();
-        let result = result.as_any().downcast_ref::<DateTimeVector>().unwrap();
+        let result = result
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<TimestampMillisecondVector>()
+            .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(
             result.get(0),
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::from_str("1970-01-01 00:00:00", None).unwrap())
+            Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from_str("1970-01-01 00:00:00", None).unwrap())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             result.get(1),
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::from_str("1970-01-01 00:00:00.002", None).unwrap())
+            Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from_str("1970-01-01 00:00:00.002", None).unwrap())
         );
     }
 

src/common/function/src/scalars/timestamp/to_unixtime.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use common_query::error::{InvalidFuncArgsSnafu, Result, UnsupportedInputDataTypeSnafu};
 use common_query::prelude::{Signature, Volatility};
-use common_time::{Date, DateTime, Timestamp};
+use common_time::{Date, Timestamp};
 use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
 use datatypes::vectors::{Int64Vector, VectorRef};
 use snafu::ensure;
@@ -32,10 +32,6 @@ const NAME: &str = "to_unixtime";
 
 fn convert_to_seconds(arg: &str, func_ctx: &FunctionContext) -> Option<i64> {
     let timezone = &func_ctx.query_ctx.timezone();
-    if let Ok(dt) = DateTime::from_str(arg, Some(timezone)) {
-        return Some(dt.val() / 1000);
-    }
-
     if let Ok(ts) = Timestamp::from_str(arg, Some(timezone)) {
         return Some(ts.split().0);
     }
@@ -59,12 +55,6 @@ fn convert_dates_to_seconds(vector: &VectorRef) -> Vec<Option<i64>> {
         .collect::<Vec<Option<i64>>>()
 }
 
-fn convert_datetimes_to_seconds(vector: &VectorRef) -> Vec<Option<i64>> {
-    (0..vector.len())
-        .map(|i| vector.get(i).as_datetime().map(|dt| dt.val() / 1000))
-        .collect::<Vec<Option<i64>>>()
-}
-
 impl Function for ToUnixtimeFunction {
     fn name(&self) -> &str {
         NAME
@@ -82,7 +72,6 @@ impl Function for ToUnixtimeFunction {
                 ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
-                ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
@@ -119,10 +108,6 @@ impl Function for ToUnixtimeFunction {
                 let seconds = convert_dates_to_seconds(vector);
                 Ok(Arc::new(Int64Vector::from(seconds)))
             }
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => {
-                let seconds = convert_datetimes_to_seconds(vector);
-                Ok(Arc::new(Int64Vector::from(seconds)))
-            }
             ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => {
                 let seconds = convert_timestamps_to_seconds(vector);
                 Ok(Arc::new(Int64Vector::from(seconds)))
@@ -148,7 +133,7 @@ mod tests {
     use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
     use datatypes::value::Value;
     use datatypes::vectors::{
-        DateTimeVector, DateVector, StringVector, TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampSecondVector,
+        DateVector, StringVector, TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampSecondVector,
     };
 
     use super::{ToUnixtimeFunction, *};
@@ -171,7 +156,6 @@ mod tests {
                              ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype(),
                              ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(),
                              ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
-                             ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
                              ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
                              ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
                              ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
@@ -253,31 +237,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_datetime_to_unixtime() {
-        let f = ToUnixtimeFunction;
-
-        let times = vec![Some(123000), None, Some(42000), None];
-        let results = [Some(123), None, Some(42), None];
-        let date_vector = DateTimeVector::from(times.clone());
-        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![Arc::new(date_vector)];
-        let vector = f.eval(&FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(4, vector.len());
-        for (i, _t) in times.iter().enumerate() {
-            let v = vector.get(i);
-            if i == 1 || i == 3 {
-                assert_eq!(Value::Null, v);
-                continue;
-            }
-            match v {
-                Value::Int64(ts) => {
-                    assert_eq!(ts, (*results.get(i).unwrap()).unwrap());
-                }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_timestamp_to_unixtime() {
         let f = ToUnixtimeFunction;

src/common/grpc/src/select.rs

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ use api::v1::column::Values;
 use common_base::BitVec;
 use datatypes::types::{IntervalType, TimeType, TimestampType, WrapperType};
 use datatypes::vectors::{
-    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector, Float32Vector,
-    Float64Vector, Int16Vector, Int32Vector, Int64Vector, Int8Vector, IntervalDayTimeVector,
+    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector, Float32Vector, Float64Vector,
+    Int16Vector, Int32Vector, Int64Vector, Int8Vector, IntervalDayTimeVector,
     IntervalMonthDayNanoVector, IntervalYearMonthVector, StringVector, TimeMicrosecondVector,
     TimeMillisecondVector, TimeNanosecondVector, TimeSecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector,
     TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, UInt16Vector,
@@ -141,12 +141,6 @@ pub fn values(arrays: &[VectorRef]) -> Result<Values> {
         (ConcreteDataType::Date(_), DateVector, date_values, |x| {
             x.val()
         }),
-        (
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_),
-            DateTimeVector,
-            datetime_values,
-            |x| { x.val() }
-        ),
         (
             ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(TimestampType::Second(_)),
             TimestampSecondVector,

src/common/macro/src/lib.rs

@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ mod print_caller;
 mod range_fn;
 mod stack_trace_debug;
 mod utils;
+
 use aggr_func::{impl_aggr_func_type_store, impl_as_aggr_func_creator};
 use print_caller::process_print_caller;
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use quote::quote;
 use range_fn::process_range_fn;
-use syn::{parse_macro_input, DeriveInput};
+use syn::{parse_macro_input, Data, DeriveInput, Fields};
 
 use crate::admin_fn::process_admin_fn;
 
@@ -136,3 +138,51 @@ pub fn print_caller(args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 pub fn stack_trace_debug(args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     stack_trace_debug::stack_trace_style_impl(args.into(), input.into()).into()
 }
+
+/// Generates implementation for `From<&TableMeta> for TableMetaBuilder`
+#[proc_macro_derive(ToMetaBuilder)]
+pub fn derive_meta_builder(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input = parse_macro_input!(input as DeriveInput);
+
+    let Data::Struct(data_struct) = input.data else {
+        panic!("ToMetaBuilder can only be derived for structs");
+    };
+
+    let Fields::Named(fields) = data_struct.fields else {
+        panic!("ToMetaBuilder can only be derived for structs with named fields");
+    };
+
+    // Check that this is being applied to TableMeta struct
+    if input.ident != "TableMeta" {
+        panic!("ToMetaBuilder can only be derived for TableMeta struct");
+    }
+
+    let field_init = fields.named.iter().map(|field| {
+        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        quote! {
+            #field_name: Default::default(),
+        }
+    });
+
+    let field_assignments = fields.named.iter().map(|field| {
+        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        quote! {
+            builder.#field_name(meta.#field_name.clone());
+        }
+    });
+
+    let gen = quote! {
+        impl From<&TableMeta> for TableMetaBuilder {
+            fn from(meta: &TableMeta) -> Self {
+                let mut builder = Self {
+                    #(#field_init)*
+                };
+
+                #(#field_assignments)*
+                builder
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    gen.into()
+}

src/common/meta/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 [features]
 testing = []
 pg_kvbackend = ["dep:tokio-postgres", "dep:backon", "dep:deadpool-postgres", "dep:deadpool"]
+mysql_kvbackend = ["dep:sqlx", "dep:backon"]
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
@@ -57,9 +58,10 @@ serde_json.workspace = true
 serde_with.workspace = true
 session.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
+sqlx = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 store-api.workspace = true
 strum.workspace = true
-table.workspace = true
+table = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 tokio.workspace = true
 tokio-postgres = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 tonic.workspace = true

src/common/meta/src/cache/flow/table_flownode.rs

@@ -192,6 +192,8 @@ mod tests {
                     expire_after: Some(300),
                     comment: "comment".to_string(),
                     options: Default::default(),
+                    created_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
+                    updated_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
                 },
                 (1..=3)
                     .map(|i| {

src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_flow.rs

@@ -425,7 +425,14 @@ impl From<&CreateFlowData> for (FlowInfoValue, Vec<(FlowPartitionId, FlowRouteVa
         let flow_type = value.flow_type.unwrap_or_default().to_string();
         options.insert("flow_type".to_string(), flow_type);
 
-        let flow_info = FlowInfoValue {
+        let mut create_time = chrono::Utc::now();
+        if let Some(prev_flow_value) = value.prev_flow_info_value.as_ref()
+            && value.task.or_replace
+        {
+            create_time = prev_flow_value.get_inner_ref().created_time;
+        }
+
+        let flow_info: FlowInfoValue = FlowInfoValue {
             source_table_ids: value.source_table_ids.clone(),
             sink_table_name,
             flownode_ids,
@@ -435,6 +442,8 @@ impl From<&CreateFlowData> for (FlowInfoValue, Vec<(FlowPartitionId, FlowRouteVa
             expire_after,
             comment,
             options,
+            created_time: create_time,
+            updated_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
         };
 
         (flow_info, flow_routes)

src/common/meta/src/error.rs

@@ -685,7 +685,36 @@ pub enum Error {
         operation: String,
     },
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
+    #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to execute via MySql, sql: {}", sql))]
+    MySqlExecution {
+        sql: String,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: sqlx::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to create connection pool for MySql"))]
+    CreateMySqlPool {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: sqlx::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to {} MySql transaction", operation))]
+    MySqlTransaction {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: sqlx::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        operation: String,
+    },
+
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "pg_kvbackend", feature = "mysql_kvbackend"))]
     #[snafu(display("Rds transaction retry failed"))]
     RdsTransactionRetryFailed {
         #[snafu(implicit)]
@@ -823,8 +852,13 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             PostgresExecution { .. }
             | CreatePostgresPool { .. }
             | GetPostgresConnection { .. }
-            | PostgresTransaction { .. }
-            | RdsTransactionRetryFailed { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            | PostgresTransaction { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+            MySqlExecution { .. } | CreateMySqlPool { .. } | MySqlTransaction { .. } => {
+                StatusCode::Internal
+            }
+            #[cfg(any(feature = "pg_kvbackend", feature = "mysql_kvbackend"))]
+            RdsTransactionRetryFailed { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
             Error::DatanodeTableInfoNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
         }
     }
@@ -835,16 +869,29 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
 }
 
 impl Error {
-    #[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "pg_kvbackend", feature = "mysql_kvbackend"))]
     /// Check if the error is a serialization error.
     pub fn is_serialization_error(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
+            #[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
             Error::PostgresTransaction { error, .. } => {
                 error.code() == Some(&tokio_postgres::error::SqlState::T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE)
             }
+            #[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
             Error::PostgresExecution { error, .. } => {
                 error.code() == Some(&tokio_postgres::error::SqlState::T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE)
             }
+            #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+            Error::MySqlExecution {
+                error: sqlx::Error::Database(database_error),
+                ..
+            } => {
+                matches!(
+                    database_error.message(),
+                    "Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction"
+                        | "can't serialize access for this transaction"
+                )
+            }
             _ => false,
         }
     }

src/common/meta/src/key/flow.rs

@@ -461,6 +461,8 @@ mod tests {
             expire_after: Some(300),
             comment: "hi".to_string(),
             options: Default::default(),
+            created_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
+            updated_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -632,6 +634,8 @@ mod tests {
             expire_after: Some(300),
             comment: "hi".to_string(),
             options: Default::default(),
+            created_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
+            updated_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
         };
         let err = flow_metadata_manager
             .create_flow_metadata(flow_id, flow_value, flow_routes.clone())
@@ -869,6 +873,8 @@ mod tests {
             expire_after: Some(300),
             comment: "hi".to_string(),
             options: Default::default(),
+            created_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
+            updated_time: chrono::Utc::now(),
         };
         let err = flow_metadata_manager
             .update_flow_metadata(

src/common/meta/src/key/flow/flow_info.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use regex::Regex;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -131,6 +132,12 @@ pub struct FlowInfoValue {
     pub(crate) comment: String,
     /// The options.
     pub(crate) options: HashMap<String, String>,
+    /// The created time
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) created_time: DateTime<Utc>,
+    /// The updated time.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) updated_time: DateTime<Utc>,
 }
 
 impl FlowInfoValue {
@@ -171,6 +178,14 @@ impl FlowInfoValue {
     pub fn options(&self) -> &HashMap<String, String> {
         &self.options
     }
+
+    pub fn created_time(&self) -> &DateTime<Utc> {
+        &self.created_time
+    }
+
+    pub fn updated_time(&self) -> &DateTime<Utc> {
+        &self.updated_time
+    }
 }
 
 pub type FlowInfoManagerRef = Arc<FlowInfoManager>;

src/common/meta/src/key/flow/flow_state.rs

@@ -97,11 +97,19 @@ impl<'a> MetadataKey<'a, FlowStateKey> for FlowStateKey {
 pub struct FlowStateValue {
     /// For each key, the bytes of the state in memory
     pub state_size: BTreeMap<FlowId, usize>,
+    /// For each key, the last execution time of flow in unix timestamp milliseconds.
+    pub last_exec_time_map: BTreeMap<FlowId, i64>,
 }
 
 impl FlowStateValue {
-    pub fn new(state_size: BTreeMap<FlowId, usize>) -> Self {
-        Self { state_size }
+    pub fn new(
+        state_size: BTreeMap<FlowId, usize>,
+        last_exec_time_map: BTreeMap<FlowId, i64>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            state_size,
+            last_exec_time_map,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -143,12 +151,15 @@ impl FlowStateManager {
 pub struct FlowStat {
     /// For each key, the bytes of the state in memory
     pub state_size: BTreeMap<u32, usize>,
+    /// For each key, the last execution time of flow in unix timestamp milliseconds.
+    pub last_exec_time_map: BTreeMap<FlowId, i64>,
 }
 
 impl From<FlowStateValue> for FlowStat {
     fn from(value: FlowStateValue) -> Self {
         Self {
             state_size: value.state_size,
+            last_exec_time_map: value.last_exec_time_map,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -157,6 +168,7 @@ impl From<FlowStat> for FlowStateValue {
     fn from(value: FlowStat) -> Self {
         Self {
             state_size: value.state_size,
+            last_exec_time_map: value.last_exec_time_map,
         }
     }
 }

src/common/meta/src/key/test_utils.rs

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn new_test_table_info_with_name<I: IntoIterator<Item = u32>>(
         .build()
         .unwrap();
 
-    let meta = TableMetaBuilder::default()
+    let meta = TableMetaBuilder::empty()
         .schema(Arc::new(schema))
         .primary_key_indices(vec![0])
         .engine("engine")

src/common/meta/src/kv_backend.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::rpc::KeyValue;
 pub mod chroot;
 pub mod etcd;
 pub mod memory;
-#[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
+#[cfg(any(feature = "mysql_kvbackend", feature = "pg_kvbackend"))]
 pub mod rds;
 pub mod test;
 pub mod txn;

src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/memory.rs

@@ -14,13 +14,11 @@
 
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
-use serde::Serializer;
 
 use super::{KvBackendRef, ResettableKvBackend};
 use crate::kv_backend::txn::{Txn, TxnOp, TxnOpResponse, TxnRequest, TxnResponse};
@@ -38,19 +36,6 @@ pub struct MemoryKvBackend<T> {
     _phantom: PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T> Display for MemoryKvBackend<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        let kvs = self.kvs.read().unwrap();
-        for (k, v) in kvs.iter() {
-            f.serialize_str(&String::from_utf8_lossy(k))?;
-            f.serialize_str(" -> ")?;
-            f.serialize_str(&String::from_utf8_lossy(v))?;
-            f.serialize_str("\n")?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T> Default for MemoryKvBackend<T> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {

src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/rds.rs

@@ -33,10 +33,16 @@ use crate::rpc::store::{
 };
 use crate::rpc::KeyValue;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
 mod postgres;
-
+#[cfg(feature = "pg_kvbackend")]
 pub use postgres::PgStore;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+mod mysql;
+#[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+pub use mysql::MySqlStore;
+
 const RDS_STORE_TXN_RETRY_COUNT: usize = 3;
 
 /// Query executor for rds. It can execute queries or generate a transaction executor.
@@ -106,6 +112,14 @@ impl<T: Executor> ExecutorImpl<'_, T> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[warn(dead_code)] // Used in #[cfg(feature = "mysql_kvbackend")]
+    async fn execute(&mut self, query: &str, params: &Vec<&Vec<u8>>) -> Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Default(executor) => executor.execute(query, params).await,
+            Self::Txn(executor) => executor.execute(query, params).await,
+        }
+    }
+
     async fn commit(self) -> Result<()> {
         match self {
             Self::Txn(executor) => executor.commit().await,

src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/rds/mysql.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use common_telemetry::debug;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use sqlx::mysql::MySqlRow;
+use sqlx::pool::Pool;
+use sqlx::{MySql, MySqlPool, Row, Transaction as MySqlTransaction};
+
+use crate::error::{CreateMySqlPoolSnafu, MySqlExecutionSnafu, MySqlTransactionSnafu, Result};
+use crate::kv_backend::rds::{
+    Executor, ExecutorFactory, ExecutorImpl, KvQueryExecutor, RdsStore, Transaction,
+    RDS_STORE_TXN_RETRY_COUNT,
+};
+use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use crate::rpc::store::{
+    BatchDeleteRequest, BatchDeleteResponse, BatchGetRequest, BatchGetResponse, BatchPutRequest,
+    BatchPutResponse, DeleteRangeRequest, DeleteRangeResponse, RangeRequest, RangeResponse,
+};
+use crate::rpc::KeyValue;
+
+type MySqlClient = Arc<Pool<MySql>>;
+pub struct MySqlTxnClient(MySqlTransaction<'static, MySql>);
+
+fn key_value_from_row(row: MySqlRow) -> KeyValue {
+    // Safety: key and value are the first two columns in the row
+    KeyValue {
+        key: row.get_unchecked(0),
+        value: row.get_unchecked(1),
+    }
+}
+
+const EMPTY: &[u8] = &[0];
+
+/// Type of range template.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum RangeTemplateType {
+    Point,
+    Range,
+    Full,
+    LeftBounded,
+    Prefix,
+}
+
+/// Builds params for the given range template type.
+impl RangeTemplateType {
+    fn build_params(&self, mut key: Vec<u8>, range_end: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+        match self {
+            RangeTemplateType::Point => vec![key],
+            RangeTemplateType::Range => vec![key, range_end],
+            RangeTemplateType::Full => vec![],
+            RangeTemplateType::LeftBounded => vec![key],
+            RangeTemplateType::Prefix => {
+                key.push(b'%');
+                vec![key]
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Templates for range request.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct RangeTemplate {
+    point: String,
+    range: String,
+    full: String,
+    left_bounded: String,
+    prefix: String,
+}
+
+impl RangeTemplate {
+    /// Gets the template for the given type.
+    fn get(&self, typ: RangeTemplateType) -> &str {
+        match typ {
+            RangeTemplateType::Point => &self.point,
+            RangeTemplateType::Range => &self.range,
+            RangeTemplateType::Full => &self.full,
+            RangeTemplateType::LeftBounded => &self.left_bounded,
+            RangeTemplateType::Prefix => &self.prefix,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds limit to the template.
+    fn with_limit(template: &str, limit: i64) -> String {
+        if limit == 0 {
+            return format!("{};", template);
+        }
+        format!("{} LIMIT {};", template, limit)
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_prefix_range(start: &[u8], end: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    if start.len() != end.len() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let l = start.len();
+    let same_prefix = start[0..l - 1] == end[0..l - 1];
+    if let (Some(rhs), Some(lhs)) = (start.last(), end.last()) {
+        return same_prefix && (*rhs + 1) == *lhs;
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+/// Determine the template type for range request.
+fn range_template(key: &[u8], range_end: &[u8]) -> RangeTemplateType {
+    match (key, range_end) {
+        (_, &[]) => RangeTemplateType::Point,
+        (EMPTY, EMPTY) => RangeTemplateType::Full,
+        (_, EMPTY) => RangeTemplateType::LeftBounded,
+        (start, end) => {
+            if is_prefix_range(start, end) {
+                RangeTemplateType::Prefix
+            } else {
+                RangeTemplateType::Range
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generate in placeholders for MySQL.
+fn mysql_generate_in_placeholders(from: usize, to: usize) -> Vec<String> {
+    (from..=to).map(|_| "?".to_string()).collect()
+}
+
+/// Factory for building sql templates.
+struct MySqlTemplateFactory<'a> {
+    table_name: &'a str,
+}
+
+impl<'a> MySqlTemplateFactory<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new [`SqlTemplateFactory`] with the given table name.
+    fn new(table_name: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self { table_name }
+    }
+
+    /// Builds the template set for the given table name.
+    fn build(&self) -> MySqlTemplateSet {
+        let table_name = self.table_name;
+        // Some of queries don't end with `;`, because we need to add `LIMIT` clause.
+        MySqlTemplateSet {
+            table_name: table_name.to_string(),
+            create_table_statement: format!(
+                // Cannot be more than 3072 bytes in PRIMARY KEY
+                "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}(k VARBINARY(3072) PRIMARY KEY, v BLOB);",
+            ),
+            range_template: RangeTemplate {
+                point: format!("SELECT k, v FROM {table_name} WHERE k = ?"),
+                range: format!("SELECT k, v FROM {table_name} WHERE k >= ? AND k < ? ORDER BY k"),
+                full: format!("SELECT k, v FROM {table_name} ? ORDER BY k"),
+                left_bounded: format!("SELECT k, v FROM {table_name} WHERE k >= ? ORDER BY k"),
+                prefix: format!("SELECT k, v FROM {table_name} WHERE k LIKE ? ORDER BY k"),
+            },
+            delete_template: RangeTemplate {
+                point: format!("DELETE FROM {table_name} WHERE k = ?;"),
+                range: format!("DELETE FROM {table_name} WHERE k >= ? AND k < ?;"),
+                full: format!("DELETE FROM {table_name}"),
+                left_bounded: format!("DELETE FROM {table_name} WHERE k >= ?;"),
+                prefix: format!("DELETE FROM {table_name} WHERE k LIKE ?;"),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Templates for the given table name.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct MySqlTemplateSet {
+    table_name: String,
+    create_table_statement: String,
+    range_template: RangeTemplate,
+    delete_template: RangeTemplate,
+}
+
+impl MySqlTemplateSet {
+    /// Generates the sql for batch get.
+    fn generate_batch_get_query(&self, key_len: usize) -> String {
+        let table_name = &self.table_name;
+        let in_clause = mysql_generate_in_placeholders(1, key_len).join(", ");
+        format!("SELECT k, v FROM {table_name} WHERE k in ({});", in_clause)
+    }
+
+    /// Generates the sql for batch delete.
+    fn generate_batch_delete_query(&self, key_len: usize) -> String {
+        let table_name = &self.table_name;
+        let in_clause = mysql_generate_in_placeholders(1, key_len).join(", ");
+        format!("DELETE FROM {table_name} WHERE k in ({});", in_clause)
+    }
+
+    /// Generates the sql for batch upsert.
+    /// For MySQL, it also generates a select query to get the previous values.
+    fn generate_batch_upsert_query(&self, kv_len: usize) -> (String, String) {
+        let table_name = &self.table_name;
+        let in_placeholders: Vec<String> = (1..=kv_len).map(|_| "?".to_string()).collect();
+        let in_clause = in_placeholders.join(", ");
+        let mut values_placeholders = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..kv_len {
+            values_placeholders.push("(?, ?)".to_string());
+        }
+        let values_clause = values_placeholders.join(", ");
+
+        (
+            format!(r#"SELECT k, v FROM {table_name} WHERE k IN ({in_clause})"#,),
+            format!(
+                r#"INSERT INTO {table_name} (k, v) VALUES {values_clause} ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE v = VALUES(v);"#,
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl Executor for MySqlClient {
+    type Transaction<'a>
+        = MySqlTxnClient
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    fn name() -> &'static str {
+        "MySql"
+    }
+
+    async fn query(&mut self, raw_query: &str, params: &[&Vec<u8>]) -> Result<Vec<KeyValue>> {
+        let query = sqlx::query(raw_query);
+        let query = params.iter().fold(query, |query, param| query.bind(param));
+        let rows = query
+            .fetch_all(&**self)
+            .await
+            .context(MySqlExecutionSnafu { sql: raw_query })?;
+        Ok(rows.into_iter().map(key_value_from_row).collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn execute(&mut self, raw_query: &str, params: &[&Vec<u8>]) -> Result<()> {
+        let query = sqlx::query(raw_query);
+        let query = params.iter().fold(query, |query, param| query.bind(param));
+        query
+            .execute(&**self)
+            .await
+            .context(MySqlExecutionSnafu { sql: raw_query })?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn txn_executor<'a>(&'a mut self) -> Result<Self::Transaction<'a>> {
+        // sqlx has no isolation level support for now, so we have to set it manually.
+        // TODO(CookiePie): Waiting for https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/pull/3614 and remove this.
+        sqlx::query("SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE")
+            .execute(&**self)
+            .await
+            .context(MySqlExecutionSnafu {
+                sql: "SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE",
+            })?;
+        let txn = self
+            .begin()
+            .await
+            .context(MySqlExecutionSnafu { sql: "begin" })?;
+        Ok(MySqlTxnClient(txn))
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl Transaction<'_> for MySqlTxnClient {
+    async fn query(&mut self, raw_query: &str, params: &[&Vec<u8>]) -> Result<Vec<KeyValue>> {
+        let query = sqlx::query(raw_query);
+        let query = params.iter().fold(query, |query, param| query.bind(param));
+        // As said in https://docs.rs/sqlx/latest/sqlx/trait.Executor.html, we need a `&mut *transaction`. Weird.
+        let rows = query
+            .fetch_all(&mut *(self.0))
+            .await
+            .context(MySqlExecutionSnafu { sql: raw_query })?;
+        Ok(rows.into_iter().map(key_value_from_row).collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn execute(&mut self, raw_query: &str, params: &[&Vec<u8>]) -> Result<()> {
+        let query = sqlx::query(raw_query);
+        let query = params.iter().fold(query, |query, param| query.bind(param));
+        // As said in https://docs.rs/sqlx/latest/sqlx/trait.Executor.html, we need a `&mut *transaction`. Weird.
+        query
+            .execute(&mut *(self.0))
+            .await
+            .context(MySqlExecutionSnafu { sql: raw_query })?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Caution: sqlx will stuck on the query if two transactions conflict with each other.
+    /// Don't know if it's a feature or it depends on the database. Be careful.
+    async fn commit(self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.0.commit().await.context(MySqlTransactionSnafu {
+            operation: "commit",
+        })?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct MySqlExecutorFactory {
+    pool: Arc<Pool<MySql>>,
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl ExecutorFactory<MySqlClient> for MySqlExecutorFactory {
+    async fn default_executor(&self) -> Result<MySqlClient> {
+        Ok(self.pool.clone())
+    }
+
+    async fn txn_executor<'a>(
+        &self,
+        default_executor: &'a mut MySqlClient,
+    ) -> Result<MySqlTxnClient> {
+        default_executor.txn_executor().await
+    }
+}
+
+/// A MySQL-backed key-value store.
+/// It uses [sqlx::Pool<MySql>] as the connection pool for [RdsStore].
+pub type MySqlStore = RdsStore<MySqlClient, MySqlExecutorFactory, MySqlTemplateSet>;
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl KvQueryExecutor<MySqlClient> for MySqlStore {
+    async fn range_with_query_executor(
+        &self,
+        query_executor: &mut ExecutorImpl<'_, MySqlClient>,
+        req: RangeRequest,
+    ) -> Result<RangeResponse> {
+        let template_type = range_template(&req.key, &req.range_end);
+        let template = self.sql_template_set.range_template.get(template_type);
+        let params = template_type.build_params(req.key, req.range_end);
+        let params_ref = params.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        // Always add 1 to limit to check if there is more data
+        let query =
+            RangeTemplate::with_limit(template, if req.limit == 0 { 0 } else { req.limit + 1 });
+        let limit = req.limit as usize;
+        debug!("query: {:?}, params: {:?}", query, params);
+        let mut kvs = query_executor.query(&query, &params_ref).await?;
+        if req.keys_only {
+            kvs.iter_mut().for_each(|kv| kv.value = vec![]);
+        }
+        // If limit is 0, we always return all data
+        if limit == 0 || kvs.len() <= limit {
+            return Ok(RangeResponse { kvs, more: false });
+        }
+        // If limit is greater than the number of rows, we remove the last row and set more to true
+        let removed = kvs.pop();
+        debug_assert!(removed.is_some());
+        Ok(RangeResponse { kvs, more: true })
+    }
+
+    async fn batch_put_with_query_executor(
+        &self,
+        query_executor: &mut ExecutorImpl<'_, MySqlClient>,
+        req: BatchPutRequest,
+    ) -> Result<BatchPutResponse> {
+        let mut in_params = Vec::with_capacity(req.kvs.len() * 3);
+        let mut values_params = Vec::with_capacity(req.kvs.len() * 2);
+
+        for kv in &req.kvs {
+            let processed_key = &kv.key;
+            in_params.push(processed_key);
+
+            let processed_value = &kv.value;
+            values_params.push(processed_key);
+            values_params.push(processed_value);
+        }
+        let in_params = in_params.iter().map(|x| x as _).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let values_params = values_params.iter().map(|x| x as _).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let (select, update) = self
+            .sql_template_set
+            .generate_batch_upsert_query(req.kvs.len());
+
+        // Fast path: if we don't need previous kvs, we can just upsert the keys.
+        if !req.prev_kv {
+            query_executor.execute(&update, &values_params).await?;
+            return Ok(BatchPutResponse::default());
+        }
+        // Should use transaction to ensure atomicity.
+        if let ExecutorImpl::Default(query_executor) = query_executor {
+            let txn = query_executor.txn_executor().await?;
+            let mut txn = ExecutorImpl::Txn(txn);
+            let res = self.batch_put_with_query_executor(&mut txn, req).await;
+            txn.commit().await?;
+            return res;
+        }
+        let prev_kvs = query_executor.query(&select, &in_params).await?;
+        query_executor.execute(&update, &values_params).await?;
+        Ok(BatchPutResponse { prev_kvs })
+    }
+
+    async fn batch_get_with_query_executor(
+        &self,
+        query_executor: &mut ExecutorImpl<'_, MySqlClient>,
+        req: BatchGetRequest,
+    ) -> Result<BatchGetResponse> {
+        if req.keys.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(BatchGetResponse { kvs: vec![] });
+        }
+        let query = self
+            .sql_template_set
+            .generate_batch_get_query(req.keys.len());
+        let params = req.keys.iter().map(|x| x as _).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let kvs = query_executor.query(&query, &params).await?;
+        Ok(BatchGetResponse { kvs })
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_range_with_query_executor(
+        &self,
+        query_executor: &mut ExecutorImpl<'_, MySqlClient>,
+        req: DeleteRangeRequest,
+    ) -> Result<DeleteRangeResponse> {
+        // Since we need to know the number of deleted keys, we have no fast path here.
+        // Should use transaction to ensure atomicity.
+        if let ExecutorImpl::Default(query_executor) = query_executor {
+            let txn = query_executor.txn_executor().await?;
+            let mut txn = ExecutorImpl::Txn(txn);
+            let res = self.delete_range_with_query_executor(&mut txn, req).await;
+            txn.commit().await?;
+            return res;
+        }
+        let range_get_req = RangeRequest {
+            key: req.key.clone(),
+            range_end: req.range_end.clone(),
+            limit: 0,
+            keys_only: false,
+        };
+        let prev_kvs = self
+            .range_with_query_executor(query_executor, range_get_req)
+            .await?
+            .kvs;
+        let template_type = range_template(&req.key, &req.range_end);
+        let template = self.sql_template_set.delete_template.get(template_type);
+        let params = template_type.build_params(req.key, req.range_end);
+        let params_ref = params.iter().map(|x| x as _).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        query_executor.execute(template, &params_ref).await?;
+        let mut resp = DeleteRangeResponse::new(prev_kvs.len() as i64);
+        if req.prev_kv {
+            resp.with_prev_kvs(prev_kvs);
+        }
+        Ok(resp)
+    }
+
+    async fn batch_delete_with_query_executor(
+        &self,
+        query_executor: &mut ExecutorImpl<'_, MySqlClient>,
+        req: BatchDeleteRequest,
+    ) -> Result<BatchDeleteResponse> {
+        if req.keys.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(BatchDeleteResponse::default());
+        }
+        let query = self
+            .sql_template_set
+            .generate_batch_delete_query(req.keys.len());
+        let params = req.keys.iter().map(|x| x as _).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        // Fast path: if we don't need previous kvs, we can just delete the keys.
+        if !req.prev_kv {
+            query_executor.execute(&query, &params).await?;
+            return Ok(BatchDeleteResponse::default());
+        }
+        // Should use transaction to ensure atomicity.
+        if let ExecutorImpl::Default(query_executor) = query_executor {
+            let txn = query_executor.txn_executor().await?;
+            let mut txn = ExecutorImpl::Txn(txn);
+            let res = self.batch_delete_with_query_executor(&mut txn, req).await;
+            txn.commit().await?;
+            return res;
+        }
+        // Should get previous kvs first
+        let batch_get_req = BatchGetRequest {
+            keys: req.keys.clone(),
+        };
+        let prev_kvs = self
+            .batch_get_with_query_executor(query_executor, batch_get_req)
+            .await?
+            .kvs;
+        // Pure `DELETE` has no return value, so we need to use `execute` instead of `query`.
+        query_executor.execute(&query, &params).await?;
+        if req.prev_kv {
+            Ok(BatchDeleteResponse { prev_kvs })
+        } else {
+            Ok(BatchDeleteResponse::default())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl MySqlStore {
+    /// Create [MySqlStore] impl of [KvBackendRef] from url.
+    pub async fn with_url(url: &str, table_name: &str, max_txn_ops: usize) -> Result<KvBackendRef> {
+        let pool = MySqlPool::connect(url)
+            .await
+            .context(CreateMySqlPoolSnafu)?;
+        Self::with_mysql_pool(pool, table_name, max_txn_ops).await
+    }
+
+    /// Create [MySqlStore] impl of [KvBackendRef] from [sqlx::Pool<MySql>].
+    pub async fn with_mysql_pool(
+        pool: Pool<MySql>,
+        table_name: &str,
+        max_txn_ops: usize,
+    ) -> Result<KvBackendRef> {
+        // This step ensures the mysql metadata backend is ready to use.
+        // We check if greptime_metakv table exists, and we will create a new table
+        // if it does not exist.
+        let sql_template_set = MySqlTemplateFactory::new(table_name).build();
+        sqlx::query(&sql_template_set.create_table_statement)
+            .execute(&pool)
+            .await
+            .context(MySqlExecutionSnafu {
+                sql: sql_template_set.create_table_statement.to_string(),
+            })?;
+        Ok(Arc::new(MySqlStore {
+            max_txn_ops,
+            sql_template_set,
+            txn_retry_count: RDS_STORE_TXN_RETRY_COUNT,
+            executor_factory: MySqlExecutorFactory {
+                pool: Arc::new(pool),
+            },
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::kv_backend::test::{
+        prepare_kv_with_prefix, test_kv_batch_delete_with_prefix, test_kv_batch_get_with_prefix,
+        test_kv_compare_and_put_with_prefix, test_kv_delete_range_with_prefix,
+        test_kv_put_with_prefix, test_kv_range_2_with_prefix, test_kv_range_with_prefix,
+        test_txn_compare_equal, test_txn_compare_greater, test_txn_compare_less,
+        test_txn_compare_not_equal, test_txn_one_compare_op, text_txn_multi_compare_op,
+        unprepare_kv,
+    };
+
+    async fn build_mysql_kv_backend(table_name: &str) -> Option<MySqlStore> {
+        init_default_ut_logging();
+        let endpoints = std::env::var("GT_MYSQL_ENDPOINTS").unwrap_or_default();
+        if endpoints.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let pool = MySqlPool::connect(&endpoints).await.unwrap();
+        let sql_templates = MySqlTemplateFactory::new(table_name).build();
+        sqlx::query(&sql_templates.create_table_statement)
+            .execute(&pool)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        Some(MySqlStore {
+            max_txn_ops: 128,
+            sql_template_set: sql_templates,
+            txn_retry_count: RDS_STORE_TXN_RETRY_COUNT,
+            executor_factory: MySqlExecutorFactory {
+                pool: Arc::new(pool),
+            },
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_put() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("put_test").await.unwrap();
+        let prefix = b"put/";
+        prepare_kv_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        test_kv_put_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        unprepare_kv(&kv_backend, prefix).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_range() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("range_test").await.unwrap();
+        let prefix = b"range/";
+        prepare_kv_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        test_kv_range_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        unprepare_kv(&kv_backend, prefix).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_range_2() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("range2_test").await.unwrap();
+        let prefix = b"range2/";
+        test_kv_range_2_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        unprepare_kv(&kv_backend, prefix).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_batch_get() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("batch_get_test").await.unwrap();
+        let prefix = b"batch_get/";
+        prepare_kv_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        test_kv_batch_get_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        unprepare_kv(&kv_backend, prefix).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_batch_delete() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("batch_delete_test").await.unwrap();
+        let prefix = b"batch_delete/";
+        prepare_kv_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        test_kv_delete_range_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        unprepare_kv(&kv_backend, prefix).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_batch_delete_with_prefix() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("batch_delete_with_prefix_test")
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let prefix = b"batch_delete/";
+        prepare_kv_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        test_kv_batch_delete_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        unprepare_kv(&kv_backend, prefix).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_delete_range() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("delete_range_test").await.unwrap();
+        let prefix = b"delete_range/";
+        prepare_kv_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        test_kv_delete_range_with_prefix(&kv_backend, prefix.to_vec()).await;
+        unprepare_kv(&kv_backend, prefix).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_compare_and_put() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("compare_and_put_test")
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let prefix = b"compare_and_put/";
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(kv_backend);
+        test_kv_compare_and_put_with_prefix(kv_backend.clone(), prefix.to_vec()).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_mysql_txn() {
+        let kv_backend = build_mysql_kv_backend("txn_test").await.unwrap();
+        test_txn_one_compare_op(&kv_backend).await;
+        text_txn_multi_compare_op(&kv_backend).await;
+        test_txn_compare_equal(&kv_backend).await;
+        test_txn_compare_greater(&kv_backend).await;
+        test_txn_compare_less(&kv_backend).await;
+        test_txn_compare_not_equal(&kv_backend).await;
+    }
+}

src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/rds/postgres.rs

@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ impl<'a> PgSqlTemplateFactory<'a> {
     /// Builds the template set for the given table name.
     fn build(&self) -> PgSqlTemplateSet {
         let table_name = self.table_name;
+        // Some of queries don't end with `;`, because we need to add `LIMIT` clause.
         PgSqlTemplateSet {
             table_name: table_name.to_string(),
             create_table_statement: format!(

src/common/meta/src/rpc/procedure.rs

@@ -34,6 +34,24 @@ pub struct MigrateRegionRequest {
     pub timeout: Duration,
 }
 
+/// A request to add region follower.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AddRegionFollowerRequest {
+    /// The region id to add follower.
+    pub region_id: u64,
+    /// The peer id to add follower.
+    pub peer_id: u64,
+}
+
+/// A request to remove region follower.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RemoveRegionFollowerRequest {
+    /// The region id to remove follower.
+    pub region_id: u64,
+    /// The peer id to remove follower.
+    pub peer_id: u64,
+}
+
 /// Cast the protobuf [`ProcedureId`] to common [`ProcedureId`].
 pub fn pb_pid_to_pid(pid: &PbProcedureId) -> Result<ProcedureId> {
     ProcedureId::parse_str(&String::from_utf8_lossy(&pid.key)).with_context(|_| {

src/common/recordbatch/src/filter.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use datafusion_common::cast::{as_boolean_array, as_null_array};
 use datafusion_common::{internal_err, DataFusionError, ScalarValue};
 use datatypes::arrow::array::{Array, BooleanArray, RecordBatch};
 use datatypes::arrow::compute::filter_record_batch;
+use datatypes::compute::or_kleene;
 use datatypes::vectors::VectorRef;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ pub struct SimpleFilterEvaluator {
     literal: Scalar<ArrayRef>,
     /// The operator.
     op: Operator,
+    /// Only used when the operator is `Or`-chain.
+    literal_list: Vec<Scalar<ArrayRef>>,
 }
 
 impl SimpleFilterEvaluator {
@@ -69,6 +72,7 @@ impl SimpleFilterEvaluator {
             column_name,
             literal: val.to_scalar().ok()?,
             op,
+            literal_list: vec![],
         })
     }
 
@@ -83,6 +87,35 @@ impl SimpleFilterEvaluator {
                     | Operator::LtEq
                     | Operator::Gt
                     | Operator::GtEq => {}
+                    Operator::Or => {
+                        let lhs = Self::try_new(&binary.left)?;
+                        let rhs = Self::try_new(&binary.right)?;
+                        if lhs.column_name != rhs.column_name
+                            || !matches!(lhs.op, Operator::Eq | Operator::Or)
+                            || !matches!(rhs.op, Operator::Eq | Operator::Or)
+                        {
+                            return None;
+                        }
+                        let mut list = vec![];
+                        let placeholder_literal = lhs.literal.clone();
+                        // above check guarantees the op is either `Eq` or `Or`
+                        if matches!(lhs.op, Operator::Or) {
+                            list.extend(lhs.literal_list);
+                        } else {
+                            list.push(lhs.literal);
+                        }
+                        if matches!(rhs.op, Operator::Or) {
+                            list.extend(rhs.literal_list);
+                        } else {
+                            list.push(rhs.literal);
+                        }
+                        return Some(Self {
+                            column_name: lhs.column_name,
+                            literal: placeholder_literal,
+                            op: Operator::Or,
+                            literal_list: list,
+                        });
+                    }
                     _ => return None,
                 }
 
@@ -103,6 +136,7 @@ impl SimpleFilterEvaluator {
                     column_name: lhs.name.clone(),
                     literal,
                     op,
+                    literal_list: vec![],
                 })
             }
             _ => None,
@@ -118,19 +152,19 @@ impl SimpleFilterEvaluator {
         let input = input
             .to_scalar()
             .with_context(|_| ToArrowScalarSnafu { v: input.clone() })?;
-        let result = self.evaluate_datum(&input)?;
+        let result = self.evaluate_datum(&input, 1)?;
         Ok(result.value(0))
     }
 
     pub fn evaluate_array(&self, input: &ArrayRef) -> Result<BooleanBuffer> {
-        self.evaluate_datum(input)
+        self.evaluate_datum(input, input.len())
     }
 
     pub fn evaluate_vector(&self, input: &VectorRef) -> Result<BooleanBuffer> {
-        self.evaluate_datum(&input.to_arrow_array())
+        self.evaluate_datum(&input.to_arrow_array(), input.len())
     }
 
-    fn evaluate_datum(&self, input: &impl Datum) -> Result<BooleanBuffer> {
+    fn evaluate_datum(&self, input: &impl Datum, input_len: usize) -> Result<BooleanBuffer> {
         let result = match self.op {
             Operator::Eq => cmp::eq(input, &self.literal),
             Operator::NotEq => cmp::neq(input, &self.literal),
@@ -138,6 +172,15 @@ impl SimpleFilterEvaluator {
             Operator::LtEq => cmp::lt_eq(input, &self.literal),
             Operator::Gt => cmp::gt(input, &self.literal),
             Operator::GtEq => cmp::gt_eq(input, &self.literal),
+            Operator::Or => {
+                // OR operator stands for OR-chained EQs (or INLIST in other words)
+                let mut result: BooleanArray = vec![false; input_len].into();
+                for literal in &self.literal_list {
+                    let rhs = cmp::eq(input, literal).context(ArrowComputeSnafu)?;
+                    result = or_kleene(&result, &rhs).context(ArrowComputeSnafu)?;
+                }
+                Ok(result)
+            }
             _ => {
                 return UnsupportedOperationSnafu {
                     reason: format!("{:?}", self.op),
@@ -349,4 +392,49 @@ mod test {
         let expected = datatypes::arrow::array::Int32Array::from(vec![5, 6]);
         assert_eq!(first_column_values, &expected);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_complex_filter_expression() {
+        // Create an expression tree for: col = 'B' OR col = 'C' OR col = 'D'
+        let col_eq_b = col("col").eq(lit("B"));
+        let col_eq_c = col("col").eq(lit("C"));
+        let col_eq_d = col("col").eq(lit("D"));
+
+        // Build the OR chain
+        let col_or_expr = col_eq_b.or(col_eq_c).or(col_eq_d);
+
+        // Check that SimpleFilterEvaluator can handle OR chain
+        let or_evaluator = SimpleFilterEvaluator::try_new(&col_or_expr).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(or_evaluator.column_name, "col");
+        assert_eq!(or_evaluator.op, Operator::Or);
+        assert_eq!(or_evaluator.literal_list.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", or_evaluator.literal_list), "[Scalar(StringArray\n[\n  \"B\",\n]), Scalar(StringArray\n[\n  \"C\",\n]), Scalar(StringArray\n[\n  \"D\",\n])]");
+
+        // Create a schema and batch for testing
+        let schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new("col", DataType::Utf8, false)]);
+        let df_schema = DFSchema::try_from(schema.clone()).unwrap();
+        let props = ExecutionProps::new();
+        let physical_expr = create_physical_expr(&col_or_expr, &df_schema, &props).unwrap();
+
+        // Create test data
+        let col_data = Arc::new(datatypes::arrow::array::StringArray::from(vec![
+            "B", "C", "E", "B", "C", "D", "F",
+        ]));
+        let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(Arc::new(schema), vec![col_data]).unwrap();
+        let expected = datatypes::arrow::array::StringArray::from(vec!["B", "C", "B", "C", "D"]);
+
+        // Filter the batch
+        let filtered_batch = batch_filter(&batch, &physical_expr).unwrap();
+
+        // Expected: rows with col in ("B", "C", "D")
+        // That would be rows 0, 1, 3, 4, 5
+        assert_eq!(filtered_batch.num_rows(), 5);
+
+        let col_filtered = filtered_batch
+            .column(0)
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<datatypes::arrow::array::StringArray>()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(col_filtered, &expected);
+    }
 }

src/common/time/src/datetime.rs

@@ -1,407 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Write};
-
-use chrono::{
-    Days, LocalResult, Months, NaiveDateTime, TimeDelta, TimeZone as ChronoTimeZone, Utc,
-};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use snafu::ResultExt;
-
-use crate::error::{InvalidDateStrSnafu, Result};
-use crate::interval::{IntervalDayTime, IntervalMonthDayNano, IntervalYearMonth};
-use crate::timezone::{get_timezone, Timezone};
-use crate::util::{datetime_to_utc, format_utc_datetime};
-use crate::Date;
-
-const DATETIME_FORMAT: &str = "%F %H:%M:%S%.f";
-const DATETIME_FORMAT_WITH_TZ: &str = "%F %H:%M:%S%.f%z";
-
-/// [DateTime] represents the **milliseconds elapsed since "1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC" (UNIX Epoch)**.
-#[derive(
-    Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Default, Serialize, Deserialize,
-)]
-pub struct DateTime(i64);
-
-impl Display for DateTime {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        if let Some(abs_time) = chrono::DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(self.0) {
-            write!(
-                f,
-                "{}",
-                format_utc_datetime(&abs_time.naive_utc(), DATETIME_FORMAT_WITH_TZ)
-            )
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "DateTime({})", self.0)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<DateTime> for serde_json::Value {
-    fn from(d: DateTime) -> Self {
-        serde_json::Value::String(d.to_string())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<NaiveDateTime> for DateTime {
-    fn from(value: NaiveDateTime) -> Self {
-        DateTime::from(value.and_utc().timestamp_millis())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<i64> for DateTime {
-    fn from(v: i64) -> Self {
-        Self(v)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Date> for DateTime {
-    fn from(value: Date) -> Self {
-        // It's safe, i32 * 86400000 won't be overflow
-        Self(value.to_secs() * 1000)
-    }
-}
-
-impl DateTime {
-    /// Try parsing a string into [`DateTime`] with the system timezone.
-    /// See `DateTime::from_str`.
-    pub fn from_str_system(s: &str) -> Result<Self> {
-        Self::from_str(s, None)
-    }
-
-    /// Try parsing a string into [`DateTime`] with the given timezone.
-    /// Supported format:
-    /// - RFC3339 in the naive UTC timezone.
-    /// - `%F %T`  with the given timezone
-    /// - `%F %T%z`  with the timezone in string
-    pub fn from_str(s: &str, timezone: Option<&Timezone>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let s = s.trim();
-        let timestamp_millis = if let Ok(dt) = chrono::DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(s) {
-            dt.naive_utc().and_utc().timestamp_millis()
-        } else if let Ok(d) = NaiveDateTime::parse_from_str(s, DATETIME_FORMAT) {
-            match datetime_to_utc(&d, get_timezone(timezone)) {
-                LocalResult::None => {
-                    return InvalidDateStrSnafu { raw: s }.fail();
-                }
-                LocalResult::Single(t) | LocalResult::Ambiguous(t, _) => {
-                    t.and_utc().timestamp_millis()
-                }
-            }
-        } else if let Ok(v) = chrono::DateTime::parse_from_str(s, DATETIME_FORMAT_WITH_TZ) {
-            v.timestamp_millis()
-        } else {
-            return InvalidDateStrSnafu { raw: s }.fail();
-        };
-
-        Ok(Self(timestamp_millis))
-    }
-
-    /// Create a new [DateTime] from milliseconds elapsed since "1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC" (UNIX Epoch).
-    pub fn new(millis: i64) -> Self {
-        Self(millis)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the milliseconds elapsed since "1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC" (UNIX Epoch).
-    pub fn val(&self) -> i64 {
-        self.0
-    }
-
-    /// Convert to [NaiveDateTime].
-    pub fn to_chrono_datetime(&self) -> Option<NaiveDateTime> {
-        chrono::DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(self.0).map(|x| x.naive_utc())
-    }
-
-    /// Format DateTime for given format and timezone.
-    /// If `tz==None`, the server default timezone will used.
-    pub fn as_formatted_string(
-        self,
-        pattern: &str,
-        timezone: Option<&Timezone>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<String>> {
-        if let Some(v) = self.to_chrono_datetime() {
-            let mut formatted = String::new();
-
-            match get_timezone(timezone) {
-                Timezone::Offset(offset) => {
-                    write!(
-                        formatted,
-                        "{}",
-                        offset.from_utc_datetime(&v).format(pattern)
-                    )
-                    .context(crate::error::FormatSnafu { pattern })?;
-                }
-                Timezone::Named(tz) => {
-                    write!(formatted, "{}", tz.from_utc_datetime(&v).format(pattern))
-                        .context(crate::error::FormatSnafu { pattern })?;
-                }
-            }
-
-            return Ok(Some(formatted));
-        }
-
-        Ok(None)
-    }
-
-    pub fn to_chrono_datetime_with_timezone(&self, tz: Option<&Timezone>) -> Option<NaiveDateTime> {
-        let datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime();
-        datetime.map(|v| match tz {
-            Some(Timezone::Offset(offset)) => offset.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
-            Some(Timezone::Named(tz)) => tz.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
-            None => Utc.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    // FIXME(yingwen): remove add/sub intervals later
-    /// Adds given [IntervalYearMonth] to the current datetime.
-    pub fn add_year_month(&self, interval: IntervalYearMonth) -> Option<Self> {
-        let naive_datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime()?;
-
-        naive_datetime
-            .checked_add_months(Months::new(interval.months as u32))
-            .map(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    /// Adds given [IntervalDayTime] to the current datetime.
-    pub fn add_day_time(&self, interval: IntervalDayTime) -> Option<Self> {
-        let naive_datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime()?;
-
-        naive_datetime
-            .checked_add_days(Days::new(interval.days as u64))?
-            .checked_add_signed(TimeDelta::milliseconds(interval.milliseconds as i64))
-            .map(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    /// Adds given [IntervalMonthDayNano] to the current datetime.
-    pub fn add_month_day_nano(&self, interval: IntervalMonthDayNano) -> Option<Self> {
-        let naive_datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime()?;
-
-        naive_datetime
-            .checked_add_months(Months::new(interval.months as u32))?
-            .checked_add_days(Days::new(interval.days as u64))?
-            .checked_add_signed(TimeDelta::nanoseconds(interval.nanoseconds))
-            .map(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    /// Subtracts given [IntervalYearMonth] to the current datetime.
-    pub fn sub_year_month(&self, interval: IntervalYearMonth) -> Option<Self> {
-        let naive_datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime()?;
-
-        naive_datetime
-            .checked_sub_months(Months::new(interval.months as u32))
-            .map(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    /// Subtracts given [IntervalDayTime] to the current datetime.
-    pub fn sub_day_time(&self, interval: IntervalDayTime) -> Option<Self> {
-        let naive_datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime()?;
-
-        naive_datetime
-            .checked_sub_days(Days::new(interval.days as u64))?
-            .checked_sub_signed(TimeDelta::milliseconds(interval.milliseconds as i64))
-            .map(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    /// Subtracts given [IntervalMonthDayNano] to the current datetime.
-    pub fn sub_month_day_nano(&self, interval: IntervalMonthDayNano) -> Option<Self> {
-        let naive_datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime()?;
-
-        naive_datetime
-            .checked_sub_months(Months::new(interval.months as u32))?
-            .checked_sub_days(Days::new(interval.days as u64))?
-            .checked_sub_signed(TimeDelta::nanoseconds(interval.nanoseconds))
-            .map(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    /// Convert to [common_time::date].
-    pub fn to_date(&self) -> Option<Date> {
-        self.to_chrono_datetime().map(|d| Date::from(d.date()))
-    }
-
-    pub fn negative(&self) -> Self {
-        Self(-self.0)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::timezone::set_default_timezone;
-
-    #[test]
-    pub fn test_new_date_time() {
-        set_default_timezone(Some("Asia/Shanghai")).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!("1970-01-01 08:00:00+0800", DateTime::new(0).to_string());
-        assert_eq!("1970-01-01 08:00:01+0800", DateTime::new(1000).to_string());
-        assert_eq!("1970-01-01 07:59:59+0800", DateTime::new(-1000).to_string());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    pub fn test_parse_from_string() {
-        set_default_timezone(Some("Asia/Shanghai")).unwrap();
-        let time = "1970-01-01 00:00:00+0800";
-        let dt = DateTime::from_str(time, None).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(time, &dt.to_string());
-        let dt = DateTime::from_str("      1970-01-01       00:00:00+0800       ", None).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(time, &dt.to_string());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    pub fn test_from() {
-        let d: DateTime = 42.into();
-        assert_eq!(42, d.val());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_sub_interval() {
-        let datetime = DateTime::new(1000);
-
-        let interval = IntervalDayTime::new(1, 200);
-
-        let new_datetime = datetime.add_day_time(interval).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(new_datetime.val(), 1000 + 3600 * 24 * 1000 + 200);
-
-        assert_eq!(datetime, new_datetime.sub_day_time(interval).unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_local_date_time() {
-        set_default_timezone(Some("Asia/Shanghai")).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            -28800000,
-            DateTime::from_str("1970-01-01 00:00:00", None)
-                .unwrap()
-                .val()
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            0,
-            DateTime::from_str("1970-01-01 08:00:00", None)
-                .unwrap()
-                .val()
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            42,
-            DateTime::from_str("1970-01-01 08:00:00.042", None)
-                .unwrap()
-                .val()
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            42,
-            DateTime::from_str("1970-01-01 08:00:00.042424", None)
-                .unwrap()
-                .val()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            0,
-            DateTime::from_str(
-                "1970-01-01 08:00:00",
-                Some(&Timezone::from_tz_string("Asia/Shanghai").unwrap())
-            )
-            .unwrap()
-            .val()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            -28800000,
-            DateTime::from_str(
-                "1970-01-01 00:00:00",
-                Some(&Timezone::from_tz_string("Asia/Shanghai").unwrap())
-            )
-            .unwrap()
-            .val()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            28800000,
-            DateTime::from_str(
-                "1970-01-01 00:00:00",
-                Some(&Timezone::from_tz_string("-8:00").unwrap())
-            )
-            .unwrap()
-            .val()
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_local_date_time_with_tz() {
-        let ts = DateTime::from_str("1970-01-01 08:00:00+0000", None)
-            .unwrap()
-            .val();
-        assert_eq!(28800000, ts);
-        let ts = DateTime::from_str("1970-01-01 00:00:00.042+0000", None)
-            .unwrap()
-            .val();
-        assert_eq!(42, ts);
-
-        // the string has the time zone info, the argument doesn't change the result
-        let ts = DateTime::from_str(
-            "1970-01-01 08:00:00+0000",
-            Some(&Timezone::from_tz_string("-8:00").unwrap()),
-        )
-        .unwrap()
-        .val();
-        assert_eq!(28800000, ts);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_as_formatted_string() {
-        let d: DateTime = DateTime::new(1000);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            "1970-01-01",
-            d.as_formatted_string("%Y-%m-%d", None).unwrap().unwrap()
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "1970-01-01 00:00:01",
-            d.as_formatted_string("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", None)
-                .unwrap()
-                .unwrap()
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "1970-01-01T00:00:01:000",
-            d.as_formatted_string("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S:%3f", None)
-                .unwrap()
-                .unwrap()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            "1970-01-01T08:00:01:000",
-            d.as_formatted_string(
-                "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S:%3f",
-                Some(&Timezone::from_tz_string("Asia/Shanghai").unwrap())
-            )
-            .unwrap()
-            .unwrap()
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_from_max_date() {
-        let date = Date::new(i32::MAX);
-        let datetime = DateTime::from(date);
-        assert_eq!(datetime.val(), 185542587100800000);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_conversion_between_datetime_and_chrono_datetime() {
-        let cases = [1, 10, 100, 1000, 100000];
-        for case in cases {
-            let dt = DateTime::new(case);
-            let ndt = dt.to_chrono_datetime().unwrap();
-            let dt2 = DateTime::from(ndt);
-            assert_eq!(dt, dt2);
-        }
-    }
-}

src/common/time/src/lib.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 pub mod date;
-pub mod datetime;
 pub mod duration;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod interval;
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ pub mod ttl;
 pub mod util;
 
 pub use date::Date;
-pub use datetime::DateTime;
 pub use duration::Duration;
 pub use interval::{IntervalDayTime, IntervalMonthDayNano, IntervalYearMonth};
 pub use range::RangeMillis;

src/datanode/src/config.rs

@@ -171,6 +171,10 @@ pub struct S3Config {
     pub secret_access_key: SecretString,
     pub endpoint: Option<String>,
     pub region: Option<String>,
+    /// Enable virtual host style so that opendal will send API requests in virtual host style instead of path style.
+    /// By default, opendal will send API to https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/bucket_name
+    /// Enabled, opendal will send API to https://bucket_name.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
+    pub enable_virtual_host_style: bool,
     #[serde(flatten)]
     pub cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig,
     pub http_client: HttpClientConfig,
@@ -185,6 +189,7 @@ impl PartialEq for S3Config {
             && self.secret_access_key.expose_secret() == other.secret_access_key.expose_secret()
             && self.endpoint == other.endpoint
             && self.region == other.region
+            && self.enable_virtual_host_style == other.enable_virtual_host_style
             && self.cache == other.cache
             && self.http_client == other.http_client
     }
@@ -289,6 +294,7 @@ impl Default for S3Config {
             root: String::default(),
             access_key_id: SecretString::from(String::default()),
             secret_access_key: SecretString::from(String::default()),
+            enable_virtual_host_style: false,
             endpoint: Option::default(),
             region: Option::default(),
             cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig::default(),

src/datanode/src/store/s3.rs

@@ -41,10 +41,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn new_s3_object_store(s3_config: &S3Config) -> Result<ObjectSt
 
     if s3_config.endpoint.is_some() {
         builder = builder.endpoint(s3_config.endpoint.as_ref().unwrap());
-    };
+    }
     if s3_config.region.is_some() {
         builder = builder.region(s3_config.region.as_ref().unwrap());
-    };
+    }
+    if s3_config.enable_virtual_host_style {
+        builder = builder.enable_virtual_host_style();
+    }
 
     Ok(ObjectStore::new(builder)
         .context(error::InitBackendSnafu)?

src/datatypes/src/data_type.rs

@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use crate::error::{self, Error, Result};
 use crate::type_id::LogicalTypeId;
 use crate::types::{
-    BinaryType, BooleanType, DateTimeType, DateType, Decimal128Type, DictionaryType,
-    DurationMicrosecondType, DurationMillisecondType, DurationNanosecondType, DurationSecondType,
-    DurationType, Float32Type, Float64Type, Int16Type, Int32Type, Int64Type, Int8Type,
-    IntervalDayTimeType, IntervalMonthDayNanoType, IntervalType, IntervalYearMonthType, JsonType,
-    ListType, NullType, StringType, TimeMillisecondType, TimeType, TimestampMicrosecondType,
-    TimestampMillisecondType, TimestampNanosecondType, TimestampSecondType, TimestampType,
-    UInt16Type, UInt32Type, UInt64Type, UInt8Type, VectorType,
+    BinaryType, BooleanType, DateType, Decimal128Type, DictionaryType, DurationMicrosecondType,
+    DurationMillisecondType, DurationNanosecondType, DurationSecondType, DurationType, Float32Type,
+    Float64Type, Int16Type, Int32Type, Int64Type, Int8Type, IntervalDayTimeType,
+    IntervalMonthDayNanoType, IntervalType, IntervalYearMonthType, JsonType, ListType, NullType,
+    StringType, TimeMillisecondType, TimeType, TimestampMicrosecondType, TimestampMillisecondType,
+    TimestampNanosecondType, TimestampSecondType, TimestampType, UInt16Type, UInt32Type,
+    UInt64Type, UInt8Type, VectorType,
 };
 use crate::value::Value;
 use crate::vectors::MutableVector;
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ pub enum ConcreteDataType {
 
     // Date and time types:
     Date(DateType),
-    DateTime(DateTimeType),
     Timestamp(TimestampType),
     Time(TimeType),
 
@@ -107,7 +106,6 @@ impl fmt::Display for ConcreteDataType {
             ConcreteDataType::Binary(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
             ConcreteDataType::String(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
             ConcreteDataType::Date(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
             ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(t) => match t {
                 TimestampType::Second(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
                 TimestampType::Millisecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
@@ -163,7 +161,6 @@ impl ConcreteDataType {
             self,
             ConcreteDataType::String(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Date(_)
-                | ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Time(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Interval(_)
@@ -183,7 +180,6 @@ impl ConcreteDataType {
                 | ConcreteDataType::Int32(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Int64(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Date(_)
-                | ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Time(_)
                 | ConcreteDataType::Interval(_)
@@ -385,7 +381,7 @@ impl ConcreteDataType {
             &ConcreteDataType::Binary(_) | &ConcreteDataType::Vector(_) => "BYTEA",
             &ConcreteDataType::String(_) => "VARCHAR",
             &ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => "DATE",
-            &ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) | &ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => "TIMESTAMP",
+            &ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => "TIMESTAMP",
             &ConcreteDataType::Time(_) => "TIME",
             &ConcreteDataType::Interval(_) => "INTERVAL",
             &ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_) => "NUMERIC",
@@ -402,7 +398,7 @@ impl ConcreteDataType {
                 &ConcreteDataType::Binary(_) => "_BYTEA",
                 &ConcreteDataType::String(_) => "_VARCHAR",
                 &ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => "_DATE",
-                &ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) | &ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => "_TIMESTAMP",
+                &ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => "_TIMESTAMP",
                 &ConcreteDataType::Time(_) => "_TIME",
                 &ConcreteDataType::Interval(_) => "_INTERVAL",
                 &ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_) => "_NUMERIC",
@@ -441,7 +437,6 @@ impl TryFrom<&ArrowDataType> for ConcreteDataType {
             ArrowDataType::Float32 => Self::float32_datatype(),
             ArrowDataType::Float64 => Self::float64_datatype(),
             ArrowDataType::Date32 => Self::date_datatype(),
-            ArrowDataType::Date64 => Self::datetime_datatype(),
             ArrowDataType::Timestamp(u, _) => ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_time_unit(u),
             ArrowDataType::Interval(u) => ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_interval_unit(u),
             ArrowDataType::Binary | ArrowDataType::LargeBinary => Self::binary_datatype(),
@@ -490,7 +485,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_new_concrete_type_functions {
 
 impl_new_concrete_type_functions!(
     Null, Boolean, UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, Float32, Float64,
-    Binary, Date, DateTime, String, Json
+    Binary, Date, String, Json
 );
 
 impl ConcreteDataType {
@@ -814,7 +809,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::string_datatype().is_stringifiable());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::binary_datatype().is_stringifiable());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::date_datatype().is_stringifiable());
-        assert!(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype().is_stringifiable());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype().is_stringifiable());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype().is_stringifiable());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype().is_stringifiable());
@@ -843,7 +837,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype().is_signed());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype().is_signed());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::date_datatype().is_signed());
-        assert!(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype().is_signed());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype().is_signed());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype().is_signed());
         assert!(ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype().is_signed());
@@ -878,7 +871,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype().is_unsigned());
         assert!(!ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype().is_unsigned());
         assert!(!ConcreteDataType::date_datatype().is_unsigned());
-        assert!(!ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype().is_unsigned());
         assert!(!ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype().is_unsigned());
         assert!(!ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype().is_unsigned());
         assert!(!ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype().is_unsigned());

src/datatypes/src/scalars.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 use std::any::Any;
 
 use common_decimal::Decimal128;
-use common_time::{Date, DateTime};
+use common_time::Date;
 
 use crate::types::{
     Float32Type, Float64Type, Int16Type, Int32Type, Int64Type, Int8Type, UInt16Type, UInt32Type,
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ use crate::types::{
 };
 use crate::value::{ListValue, ListValueRef, Value};
 use crate::vectors::{
-    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector, ListVector,
-    MutableVector, PrimitiveVector, StringVector, Vector,
+    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector, ListVector, MutableVector,
+    PrimitiveVector, StringVector, Vector,
 };
 
 fn get_iter_capacity<T, I: Iterator<Item = T>>(iter: &I) -> usize {
@@ -302,27 +302,6 @@ impl ScalarRef<'_> for Decimal128 {
     }
 }
 
-impl Scalar for DateTime {
-    type VectorType = DateTimeVector;
-    type RefType<'a> = DateTime;
-
-    fn as_scalar_ref(&self) -> Self::RefType<'_> {
-        *self
-    }
-
-    fn upcast_gat<'short, 'long: 'short>(long: Self::RefType<'long>) -> Self::RefType<'short> {
-        long
-    }
-}
-
-impl ScalarRef<'_> for DateTime {
-    type ScalarType = DateTime;
-
-    fn to_owned_scalar(&self) -> Self::ScalarType {
-        *self
-    }
-}
-
 // Timestamp types implement Scalar and ScalarRef in `src/timestamp.rs`.
 
 impl Scalar for ListValue {
@@ -428,13 +407,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(decimal, decimal.to_owned_scalar());
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_datetime_scalar() {
-        let dt = DateTime::new(123);
-        assert_eq!(dt, dt.as_scalar_ref());
-        assert_eq!(dt, dt.to_owned_scalar());
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_list_value_scalar() {
         let list_value =

src/datatypes/src/type_id.rs

@@ -40,9 +40,6 @@ pub enum LogicalTypeId {
     /// Date representing the elapsed time since UNIX epoch (1970-01-01)
     /// in days (32 bits).
     Date,
-    /// Datetime representing the elapsed time since UNIX epoch (1970-01-01) in
-    /// seconds/milliseconds/microseconds/nanoseconds, determined by precision.
-    DateTime,
 
     TimestampSecond,
     TimestampMillisecond,
@@ -100,7 +97,6 @@ impl LogicalTypeId {
             LogicalTypeId::String => ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
             LogicalTypeId::Binary => ConcreteDataType::binary_datatype(),
             LogicalTypeId::Date => ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
-            LogicalTypeId::DateTime => ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
             LogicalTypeId::TimestampSecond => ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
             LogicalTypeId::TimestampMillisecond => {
                 ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()

src/datatypes/src/types.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ mod binary_type;
 mod boolean_type;
 pub mod cast;
 mod date_type;
-mod datetime_type;
 mod decimal_type;
 mod dictionary_type;
 mod duration_type;
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ pub use binary_type::BinaryType;
 pub use boolean_type::BooleanType;
 pub use cast::{cast, cast_with_opt};
 pub use date_type::DateType;
-pub use datetime_type::DateTimeType;
 pub use decimal_type::Decimal128Type;
 pub use dictionary_type::DictionaryType;
 pub use duration_type::{

src/datatypes/src/types/cast.rs

@@ -119,10 +119,6 @@ pub fn can_cast_type(src_value: &Value, dest_type: &ConcreteDataType) -> bool {
         (Date(_), Int32(_) | Timestamp(_) | String(_)) => true,
         (Int32(_) | String(_) | Timestamp(_), Date(_)) => true,
         (Date(_), Date(_)) => true,
-        // DateTime type
-        (DateTime(_), Int64(_) | Timestamp(_) | String(_)) => true,
-        (Int64(_) | Timestamp(_) | String(_), DateTime(_)) => true,
-        (DateTime(_), DateTime(_)) => true,
         // Timestamp type
         (Timestamp(_), Int64(_) | String(_)) => true,
         (Int64(_) | String(_), Timestamp(_)) => true,
@@ -175,7 +171,7 @@ mod tests {
     use common_base::bytes::StringBytes;
     use common_time::time::Time;
     use common_time::timezone::set_default_timezone;
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime, Timestamp};
+    use common_time::{Date, Timestamp};
     use ordered_float::OrderedFloat;
 
     use super::*;
@@ -274,7 +270,6 @@ mod tests {
             null_datatype,
             boolean_datatype,
             date_datatype,
-            datetime_datatype,
             timestamp_second_datatype,
             binary_datatype
         );
@@ -287,23 +282,12 @@ mod tests {
             timestamp_second_datatype,
             string_datatype
         );
-
-        // datetime -> other types
-        test_can_cast!(
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::from_str_system("2021-01-01 00:00:00").unwrap()),
-            null_datatype,
-            int64_datatype,
-            timestamp_second_datatype,
-            string_datatype
-        );
-
         // timestamp -> other types
         test_can_cast!(
             Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from_str_utc("2021-01-01 00:00:00").unwrap()),
             null_datatype,
             int64_datatype,
             date_datatype,
-            datetime_datatype,
             string_datatype
         );
 

src/datatypes/src/types/date_type.rs

@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ impl DataType for DateType {
             Value::Int32(v) => Some(Value::Date(Date::from(v))),
             Value::String(v) => Date::from_str_utc(v.as_utf8()).map(Value::Date).ok(),
             Value::Timestamp(v) => v.to_chrono_date().map(|date| Value::Date(date.into())),
-            Value::DateTime(v) => Some(Value::DateTime(v)),
             _ => None,
         }
     }

src/datatypes/src/types/datetime_type.rs

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use arrow::datatypes::{DataType as ArrowDataType, Date64Type};
-use common_time::DateTime;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use snafu::OptionExt;
-
-use crate::data_type::{ConcreteDataType, DataType};
-use crate::error::{self, Result};
-use crate::prelude::{LogicalTypeId, MutableVector, ScalarVectorBuilder, Value, ValueRef, Vector};
-use crate::types::LogicalPrimitiveType;
-use crate::vectors::{DateTimeVector, DateTimeVectorBuilder, PrimitiveVector};
-
-const MILLISECOND_VARIATION: u64 = 3;
-/// Data type for [`DateTime`].
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct DateTimeType;
-
-impl DateTimeType {
-    pub fn precision(&self) -> u64 {
-        MILLISECOND_VARIATION
-    }
-}
-
-impl DataType for DateTimeType {
-    fn name(&self) -> String {
-        "DateTime".to_string()
-    }
-
-    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
-        LogicalTypeId::DateTime
-    }
-
-    fn default_value(&self) -> Value {
-        Value::DateTime(DateTime::default())
-    }
-
-    fn as_arrow_type(&self) -> ArrowDataType {
-        ArrowDataType::Date64
-    }
-
-    fn create_mutable_vector(&self, capacity: usize) -> Box<dyn MutableVector> {
-        Box::new(DateTimeVectorBuilder::with_capacity(capacity))
-    }
-
-    fn try_cast(&self, from: Value) -> Option<Value> {
-        match from {
-            Value::Int64(v) => Some(Value::DateTime(DateTime::from(v))),
-            Value::Timestamp(v) => v.to_chrono_datetime().map(|d| Value::DateTime(d.into())),
-            Value::String(v) => DateTime::from_str_system(v.as_utf8())
-                .map(Value::DateTime)
-                .ok(),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl LogicalPrimitiveType for DateTimeType {
-    type ArrowPrimitive = Date64Type;
-    type Native = i64;
-    type Wrapper = DateTime;
-    type LargestType = Self;
-
-    fn build_data_type() -> ConcreteDataType {
-        ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()
-    }
-
-    fn type_name() -> &'static str {
-        "DateTime"
-    }
-
-    fn cast_vector(vector: &dyn Vector) -> Result<&PrimitiveVector<Self>> {
-        vector
-            .as_any()
-            .downcast_ref::<DateTimeVector>()
-            .with_context(|| error::CastTypeSnafu {
-                msg: format!(
-                    "Failed to cast {} to DateTimeVector",
-                    vector.vector_type_name()
-                ),
-            })
-    }
-
-    fn cast_value_ref(value: ValueRef) -> Result<Option<Self::Wrapper>> {
-        match value {
-            ValueRef::Null => Ok(None),
-            ValueRef::DateTime(v) => Ok(Some(v)),
-            other => error::CastTypeSnafu {
-                msg: format!("Failed to cast value {other:?} to DateTime"),
-            }
-            .fail(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-
-    use common_time::timezone::set_default_timezone;
-    use common_time::Timestamp;
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_datetime_cast() {
-        // cast from Int64
-        let val = Value::Int64(1000);
-        let dt = ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype().try_cast(val).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(dt, Value::DateTime(DateTime::from(1000)));
-
-        // cast from String
-        set_default_timezone(Some("Asia/Shanghai")).unwrap();
-        let val = Value::String("1970-01-01 00:00:00+0800".into());
-        let dt = ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype().try_cast(val).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            dt,
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::from_str_system("1970-01-01 00:00:00+0800").unwrap())
-        );
-
-        // cast from Timestamp
-        let val = Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from_str_utc("2020-09-08 21:42:29+0800").unwrap());
-        let dt = ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype().try_cast(val).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            dt,
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::from_str_system("2020-09-08 21:42:29+0800").unwrap())
-        );
-    }
-}

src/datatypes/src/types/primitive_type.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt;
 
 use arrow::datatypes::{ArrowNativeType, ArrowPrimitiveType, DataType as ArrowDataType};
-use common_time::{Date, DateTime};
+use common_time::Date;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::scalars::{Scalar, ScalarRef, ScalarVectorBuilder};
 use crate::type_id::LogicalTypeId;
 use crate::types::boolean_type::bool_to_numeric;
-use crate::types::{DateTimeType, DateType};
+use crate::types::DateType;
 use crate::value::{Value, ValueRef};
 use crate::vectors::{MutableVector, PrimitiveVector, PrimitiveVectorBuilder, Vector};
 
@@ -157,19 +157,6 @@ impl WrapperType for Date {
     }
 }
 
-impl WrapperType for DateTime {
-    type LogicalType = DateTimeType;
-    type Native = i64;
-
-    fn from_native(value: Self::Native) -> Self {
-        DateTime::new(value)
-    }
-
-    fn into_native(self) -> Self::Native {
-        self.val()
-    }
-}
-
 macro_rules! define_logical_primitive_type {
     ($Native: ident, $TypeId: ident, $DataType: ident, $Largest: ident) => {
         // We need to define it as an empty struct `struct DataType {}` instead of a struct-unit
@@ -362,7 +349,6 @@ impl DataType for Int64Type {
             Value::Float32(v) => num::cast::cast(v).map(Value::Int64),
             Value::Float64(v) => num::cast::cast(v).map(Value::Int64),
             Value::String(v) => v.as_utf8().parse::<i64>().map(Value::Int64).ok(),
-            Value::DateTime(v) => Some(Value::Int64(v.val())),
             Value::Timestamp(v) => Some(Value::Int64(v.value())),
             Value::Time(v) => Some(Value::Int64(v.value())),
             // We don't allow casting interval type to int.

src/datatypes/src/types/string_type.rs

@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ impl DataType for StringType {
             Value::Float64(v) => Some(Value::String(StringBytes::from(v.to_string()))),
             Value::String(v) => Some(Value::String(v)),
             Value::Date(v) => Some(Value::String(StringBytes::from(v.to_string()))),
-            Value::DateTime(v) => Some(Value::String(StringBytes::from(v.to_string()))),
             Value::Timestamp(v) => Some(Value::String(StringBytes::from(v.to_iso8601_string()))),
             Value::Time(v) => Some(Value::String(StringBytes::from(v.to_iso8601_string()))),
             Value::IntervalYearMonth(v) => {

src/datatypes/src/types/timestamp_type.rs

@@ -132,7 +132,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_timestamp {
                         Value::Timestamp(v) => v.convert_to(TimeUnit::$unit).map(Value::Timestamp),
                         Value::String(v) => Timestamp::from_str_utc(v.as_utf8()).map(Value::Timestamp).ok(),
                         Value::Int64(v) => Some(Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new(v, TimeUnit::$unit))),
-                        Value::DateTime(v) => Timestamp::new_second(v.val()).convert_to(TimeUnit::$unit).map(Value::Timestamp),
                         Value::Date(v) => Timestamp::new_second(v.to_secs()).convert_to(TimeUnit::$unit).map(Value::Timestamp),
                         _ => None
                     }
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ impl_data_type_for_timestamp!(Microsecond);
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use common_time::timezone::set_default_timezone;
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime};
+    use common_time::Date;
 
     use super::*;
 
@@ -249,13 +248,6 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(ts, Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_second(1694589525)));
 
-        // Datetime -> TimestampSecond
-        let dt = Value::DateTime(DateTime::from(1234567));
-        let ts = ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype()
-            .try_cast(dt)
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(ts, Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_second(1234567)));
-
         // Date -> TimestampMillisecond
         let d = Value::Date(Date::from_str_utc("1970-01-01").unwrap());
         let ts = ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()

src/datatypes/src/value.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ use common_base::bytes::{Bytes, StringBytes};
 use common_decimal::Decimal128;
 use common_telemetry::error;
 use common_time::date::Date;
-use common_time::datetime::DateTime;
 use common_time::interval::IntervalUnit;
 use common_time::time::Time;
 use common_time::timestamp::{TimeUnit, Timestamp};
@@ -75,7 +74,6 @@ pub enum Value {
 
     // Date & Time types:
     Date(Date),
-    DateTime(DateTime),
     Timestamp(Timestamp),
     Time(Time),
     Duration(Duration),
@@ -112,7 +110,6 @@ impl Display for Value {
                 write!(f, "{hex}")
             }
             Value::Date(v) => write!(f, "{v}"),
-            Value::DateTime(v) => write!(f, "{v}"),
             Value::Timestamp(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.to_iso8601_string()),
             Value::Time(t) => write!(f, "{}", t.to_iso8601_string()),
             Value::IntervalYearMonth(v) => {
@@ -162,7 +159,6 @@ macro_rules! define_data_type_func {
                 $struct::String(_) => ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
                 $struct::Binary(_) => ConcreteDataType::binary_datatype(),
                 $struct::Date(_) => ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
-                $struct::DateTime(_) => ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
                 $struct::Time(t) => ConcreteDataType::time_datatype(*t.unit()),
                 $struct::Timestamp(v) => ConcreteDataType::timestamp_datatype(v.unit()),
                 $struct::IntervalYearMonth(_) => {
@@ -222,7 +218,6 @@ impl Value {
             Value::String(v) => ValueRef::String(v.as_utf8()),
             Value::Binary(v) => ValueRef::Binary(v),
             Value::Date(v) => ValueRef::Date(*v),
-            Value::DateTime(v) => ValueRef::DateTime(*v),
             Value::List(v) => ValueRef::List(ListValueRef::Ref { val: v }),
             Value::Timestamp(v) => ValueRef::Timestamp(*v),
             Value::Time(v) => ValueRef::Time(*v),
@@ -258,14 +253,6 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Cast Value to DateTime. Return None if value is not a valid datetime data type.
-    pub fn as_datetime(&self) -> Option<DateTime> {
-        match self {
-            Value::DateTime(t) => Some(*t),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Cast Value to [Time]. Return None if value is not a valid time data type.
     pub fn as_time(&self) -> Option<Time> {
         match self {
@@ -345,7 +332,6 @@ impl Value {
             Value::Binary(_) => LogicalTypeId::Binary,
             Value::List(_) => LogicalTypeId::List,
             Value::Date(_) => LogicalTypeId::Date,
-            Value::DateTime(_) => LogicalTypeId::DateTime,
             Value::Timestamp(t) => match t.unit() {
                 TimeUnit::Second => LogicalTypeId::TimestampSecond,
                 TimeUnit::Millisecond => LogicalTypeId::TimestampMillisecond,
@@ -401,7 +387,6 @@ impl Value {
             Value::String(v) => ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(v.as_utf8().to_string())),
             Value::Binary(v) => ScalarValue::Binary(Some(v.to_vec())),
             Value::Date(v) => ScalarValue::Date32(Some(v.val())),
-            Value::DateTime(v) => ScalarValue::Date64(Some(v.val())),
             Value::Null => to_null_scalar_value(output_type)?,
             Value::List(list) => {
                 // Safety: The logical type of the value and output_type are the same.
@@ -463,7 +448,6 @@ impl Value {
             Value::Float64(x) => Some(Value::Float64(-*x)),
             Value::Decimal128(x) => Some(Value::Decimal128(x.negative())),
             Value::Date(x) => Some(Value::Date(x.negative())),
-            Value::DateTime(x) => Some(Value::DateTime(x.negative())),
             Value::Timestamp(x) => Some(Value::Timestamp(x.negative())),
             Value::Time(x) => Some(Value::Time(x.negative())),
             Value::Duration(x) => Some(Value::Duration(x.negative())),
@@ -525,7 +509,6 @@ pub fn to_null_scalar_value(output_type: &ConcreteDataType) -> Result<ScalarValu
         }
         ConcreteDataType::String(_) => ScalarValue::Utf8(None),
         ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => ScalarValue::Date32(None),
-        ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => ScalarValue::Date64(None),
         ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(t) => timestamp_to_scalar_value(t.unit(), None),
         ConcreteDataType::Interval(v) => match v {
             IntervalType::YearMonth(_) => ScalarValue::IntervalYearMonth(None),
@@ -631,7 +614,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_ord_for_value_like {
                 ($Type::String(v1), $Type::String(v2)) => v1.cmp(v2),
                 ($Type::Binary(v1), $Type::Binary(v2)) => v1.cmp(v2),
                 ($Type::Date(v1), $Type::Date(v2)) => v1.cmp(v2),
-                ($Type::DateTime(v1), $Type::DateTime(v2)) => v1.cmp(v2),
                 ($Type::Timestamp(v1), $Type::Timestamp(v2)) => v1.cmp(v2),
                 ($Type::Time(v1), $Type::Time(v2)) => v1.cmp(v2),
                 ($Type::IntervalYearMonth(v1), $Type::IntervalYearMonth(v2)) => v1.cmp(v2),
@@ -712,7 +694,6 @@ impl_try_from_value!(String, StringBytes);
 impl_try_from_value!(Binary, Bytes);
 impl_try_from_value!(Date, Date);
 impl_try_from_value!(Time, Time);
-impl_try_from_value!(DateTime, DateTime);
 impl_try_from_value!(Timestamp, Timestamp);
 impl_try_from_value!(IntervalYearMonth, IntervalYearMonth);
 impl_try_from_value!(IntervalDayTime, IntervalDayTime);
@@ -756,7 +737,6 @@ impl_value_from!(String, StringBytes);
 impl_value_from!(Binary, Bytes);
 impl_value_from!(Date, Date);
 impl_value_from!(Time, Time);
-impl_value_from!(DateTime, DateTime);
 impl_value_from!(Timestamp, Timestamp);
 impl_value_from!(IntervalYearMonth, IntervalYearMonth);
 impl_value_from!(IntervalDayTime, IntervalDayTime);
@@ -803,7 +783,6 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for serde_json::Value {
             Value::String(bytes) => serde_json::Value::String(bytes.into_string()),
             Value::Binary(bytes) => serde_json::to_value(bytes)?,
             Value::Date(v) => serde_json::Value::Number(v.val().into()),
-            Value::DateTime(v) => serde_json::Value::Number(v.val().into()),
             Value::List(v) => serde_json::to_value(v)?,
             Value::Timestamp(v) => serde_json::to_value(v.value())?,
             Value::Time(v) => serde_json::to_value(v.value())?,
@@ -933,9 +912,6 @@ impl TryFrom<ScalarValue> for Value {
                 Value::List(ListValue::new(items, datatype))
             }
             ScalarValue::Date32(d) => d.map(|x| Value::Date(Date::new(x))).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
-            ScalarValue::Date64(d) => d
-                .map(|x| Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(x)))
-                .unwrap_or(Value::Null),
             ScalarValue::TimestampSecond(t, _) => t
                 .map(|x| Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new(x, TimeUnit::Second)))
                 .unwrap_or(Value::Null),
@@ -994,7 +970,8 @@ impl TryFrom<ScalarValue> for Value {
             | ScalarValue::Float16(_)
             | ScalarValue::Utf8View(_)
             | ScalarValue::BinaryView(_)
-            | ScalarValue::Map(_) => {
+            | ScalarValue::Map(_)
+            | ScalarValue::Date64(_) => {
                 return error::UnsupportedArrowTypeSnafu {
                     arrow_type: v.data_type(),
                 }
@@ -1023,7 +1000,6 @@ impl From<ValueRef<'_>> for Value {
             ValueRef::String(v) => Value::String(v.into()),
             ValueRef::Binary(v) => Value::Binary(v.into()),
             ValueRef::Date(v) => Value::Date(v),
-            ValueRef::DateTime(v) => Value::DateTime(v),
             ValueRef::Timestamp(v) => Value::Timestamp(v),
             ValueRef::Time(v) => Value::Time(v),
             ValueRef::IntervalYearMonth(v) => Value::IntervalYearMonth(v),
@@ -1063,7 +1039,6 @@ pub enum ValueRef<'a> {
 
     // Date & Time types:
     Date(Date),
-    DateTime(DateTime),
     Timestamp(Timestamp),
     Time(Time),
     Duration(Duration),
@@ -1175,11 +1150,6 @@ impl<'a> ValueRef<'a> {
         impl_as_for_value_ref!(self, Date)
     }
 
-    /// Cast itself to [DateTime].
-    pub fn as_datetime(&self) -> Result<Option<DateTime>> {
-        impl_as_for_value_ref!(self, DateTime)
-    }
-
     /// Cast itself to [Timestamp].
     pub fn as_timestamp(&self) -> Result<Option<Timestamp>> {
         impl_as_for_value_ref!(self, Timestamp)
@@ -1263,7 +1233,6 @@ impl_value_ref_from!(Int64, i64);
 impl_value_ref_from!(Float32, f32);
 impl_value_ref_from!(Float64, f64);
 impl_value_ref_from!(Date, Date);
-impl_value_ref_from!(DateTime, DateTime);
 impl_value_ref_from!(Timestamp, Timestamp);
 impl_value_ref_from!(Time, Time);
 impl_value_ref_from!(IntervalYearMonth, IntervalYearMonth);
@@ -1327,7 +1296,6 @@ pub fn transform_value_ref_to_json_value<'a>(
             }
         }
         ValueRef::Date(v) => serde_json::Value::Number(v.val().into()),
-        ValueRef::DateTime(v) => serde_json::Value::Number(v.val().into()),
         ValueRef::List(v) => serde_json::to_value(v)?,
         ValueRef::Timestamp(v) => serde_json::to_value(v.value())?,
         ValueRef::Time(v) => serde_json::to_value(v.value())?,
@@ -1426,7 +1394,6 @@ impl ValueRef<'_> {
             ValueRef::String(v) => std::mem::size_of_val(v),
             ValueRef::Binary(v) => std::mem::size_of_val(v),
             ValueRef::Date(_) => 4,
-            ValueRef::DateTime(_) => 8,
             ValueRef::Timestamp(_) => 16,
             ValueRef::Time(_) => 16,
             ValueRef::Duration(_) => 16,
@@ -1462,7 +1429,9 @@ pub fn column_data_to_json(data: ValueData) -> JsonValue {
             .unwrap_or(JsonValue::Null),
         ValueData::StringValue(s) => JsonValue::String(s),
         ValueData::DateValue(d) => JsonValue::String(Date::from(d).to_string()),
-        ValueData::DatetimeValue(d) => JsonValue::String(DateTime::from(d).to_string()),
+        ValueData::DatetimeValue(d) => {
+            JsonValue::String(Timestamp::new_microsecond(d).to_iso8601_string())
+        }
         ValueData::TimeSecondValue(d) => JsonValue::String(Time::new_second(d).to_iso8601_string()),
         ValueData::TimeMillisecondValue(d) => {
             JsonValue::String(Time::new_millisecond(d).to_iso8601_string())
@@ -1511,6 +1480,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_column_data_to_json() {
+        set_default_timezone(Some("Asia/Shanghai")).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::BinaryValue(b"hello".to_vec())),
             JsonValue::String("aGVsbG8=".to_string())
@@ -1569,31 +1539,31 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::DatetimeValue(456)),
-            JsonValue::String("1970-01-01 00:00:00.456+0000".to_string())
+            JsonValue::String("1970-01-01 08:00:00.000456+0800".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::TimeSecondValue(789)),
-            JsonValue::String("00:13:09+0000".to_string())
+            JsonValue::String("08:13:09+0800".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::TimeMillisecondValue(789)),
-            JsonValue::String("00:00:00.789+0000".to_string())
+            JsonValue::String("08:00:00.789+0800".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::TimeMicrosecondValue(789)),
-            JsonValue::String("00:00:00.000789+0000".to_string())
+            JsonValue::String("08:00:00.000789+0800".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::TimestampMillisecondValue(1234567890)),
-            JsonValue::String("1970-01-15 06:56:07.890+0000".to_string())
+            JsonValue::String("1970-01-15 14:56:07.890+0800".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::TimestampNanosecondValue(1234567890123456789)),
-            JsonValue::String("2009-02-13 23:31:30.123456789+0000".to_string())
+            JsonValue::String("2009-02-14 07:31:30.123456789+0800".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::TimestampSecondValue(1234567890)),
-            JsonValue::String("2009-02-13 23:31:30+0000".to_string())
+            JsonValue::String("2009-02-14 07:31:30+0800".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             column_data_to_json(ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValue(12)),
@@ -1758,12 +1728,6 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert_eq!(Value::Null, ScalarValue::Date32(None).try_into().unwrap());
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(456)),
-            ScalarValue::Date64(Some(456)).try_into().unwrap()
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Value::Null, ScalarValue::Date64(None).try_into().unwrap());
-
         assert_eq!(
             Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new(1, TimeUnit::Second)),
             ScalarValue::TimestampSecond(Some(1), None)
@@ -2027,10 +1991,6 @@ mod tests {
             &ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
             &Value::Date(Date::new(1)),
         );
-        check_type_and_value(
-            &ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
-            &Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(1)),
-        );
         check_type_and_value(
             &ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
             &Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_millisecond(1)),
@@ -2169,11 +2129,6 @@ mod tests {
             serde_json::Value::Number(5000i32.into()),
             to_json(Value::Date(Date::new(5000)))
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            serde_json::Value::Number(5000i64.into()),
-            to_json(Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(5000)))
-        );
-
         assert_eq!(
             serde_json::Value::Number(1.into()),
             to_json(Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_millisecond(1)))
@@ -2259,7 +2214,6 @@ mod tests {
         );
 
         check_as_value_ref!(Date, Date::new(103));
-        check_as_value_ref!(DateTime, DateTime::new(1034));
 
         let list = ListValue {
             items: vec![],
@@ -2291,7 +2245,6 @@ mod tests {
         check_as_null!(as_string);
         check_as_null!(as_boolean);
         check_as_null!(as_date);
-        check_as_null!(as_datetime);
         check_as_null!(as_list);
 
         macro_rules! check_as_correct {
@@ -2304,7 +2257,6 @@ mod tests {
         check_as_correct!("hello".as_bytes(), Binary, as_binary);
         check_as_correct!(true, Boolean, as_boolean);
         check_as_correct!(Date::new(123), Date, as_date);
-        check_as_correct!(DateTime::new(12), DateTime, as_datetime);
         check_as_correct!(Time::new_second(12), Time, as_time);
         check_as_correct!(Duration::new_second(12), Duration, as_duration);
         let list = ListValue {
@@ -2318,7 +2270,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(wrong_value.as_string().is_err());
         assert!(wrong_value.as_boolean().is_err());
         assert!(wrong_value.as_date().is_err());
-        assert!(wrong_value.as_datetime().is_err());
         assert!(wrong_value.as_list().is_err());
         assert!(wrong_value.as_time().is_err());
         assert!(wrong_value.as_timestamp().is_err());
@@ -2346,10 +2297,6 @@ mod tests {
             "010203"
         );
         assert_eq!(Value::Date(Date::new(0)).to_string(), "1970-01-01");
-        assert_eq!(
-            Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(0)).to_string(),
-            "1970-01-01 08:00:00+0800"
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new(1000, TimeUnit::Millisecond)).to_string(),
             "1970-01-01 08:00:01+0800"
@@ -2755,7 +2702,6 @@ mod tests {
         check_value_ref_size_eq(&ValueRef::String("greptimedb"), 10);
         check_value_ref_size_eq(&ValueRef::Binary(b"greptimedb"), 10);
         check_value_ref_size_eq(&ValueRef::Date(Date::new(1)), 4);
-        check_value_ref_size_eq(&ValueRef::DateTime(DateTime::new(1)), 8);
         check_value_ref_size_eq(&ValueRef::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_millisecond(1)), 16);
         check_value_ref_size_eq(&ValueRef::Time(Time::new_millisecond(1)), 16);
         check_value_ref_size_eq(&ValueRef::IntervalYearMonth(IntervalYearMonth::new(1)), 4);

src/datatypes/src/vectors.rs

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ mod binary;
 mod boolean;
 mod constant;
 mod date;
-mod datetime;
 mod decimal;
 mod duration;
 mod eq;
@@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ pub use binary::{BinaryVector, BinaryVectorBuilder};
 pub use boolean::{BooleanVector, BooleanVectorBuilder};
 pub use constant::ConstantVector;
 pub use date::{DateVector, DateVectorBuilder};
-pub use datetime::{DateTimeVector, DateTimeVectorBuilder};
 pub use decimal::{Decimal128Vector, Decimal128VectorBuilder};
 pub use duration::{
     DurationMicrosecondVector, DurationMicrosecondVectorBuilder, DurationMillisecondVector,
@@ -377,7 +375,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         // Test Primitive types
         mutable_primitive_data_type_eq_with_lower!(
             Boolean, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64, Float32, Float64,
-            Date, DateTime, Binary, String
+            Date, Binary, String
         );
 
         // Test types about time

src/datatypes/src/vectors/datetime.rs

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use crate::types::DateTimeType;
-use crate::vectors::{PrimitiveVector, PrimitiveVectorBuilder};
-
-/// Vector of [`DateTime`](common_time::Date)
-pub type DateTimeVector = PrimitiveVector<DateTimeType>;
-/// Builder for [`DateTimeVector`].
-pub type DateTimeVectorBuilder = PrimitiveVectorBuilder<DateTimeType>;
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use std::sync::Arc;
-
-    use arrow::array::{Array, PrimitiveArray};
-    use arrow_array::ArrayRef;
-    use common_time::timezone::set_default_timezone;
-    use common_time::DateTime;
-
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::data_type::DataType;
-    use crate::prelude::{
-        ConcreteDataType, ScalarVector, ScalarVectorBuilder, Value, ValueRef, Vector, VectorRef,
-    };
-    use crate::serialize::Serializable;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_datetime_vector() {
-        set_default_timezone(Some("Asia/Shanghai")).unwrap();
-        let v = DateTimeVector::new(PrimitiveArray::from(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]));
-        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), v.data_type());
-        assert_eq!(3, v.len());
-        assert_eq!("DateTimeVector", v.vector_type_name());
-        assert_eq!(
-            &arrow::datatypes::DataType::Date64,
-            v.to_arrow_array().data_type()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(Some(DateTime::new(1000)), v.get_data(0));
-        assert_eq!(Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(1000)), v.get(0));
-        assert_eq!(ValueRef::DateTime(DateTime::new(1000)), v.get_ref(0));
-
-        let mut iter = v.iter_data();
-        assert_eq!(Some(DateTime::new(1000)), iter.next().unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(Some(DateTime::new(2000)), iter.next().unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(Some(DateTime::new(3000)), iter.next().unwrap());
-        assert!(!v.is_null(0));
-        assert_eq!(24, v.memory_size());
-
-        if let Value::DateTime(d) = v.get(0) {
-            assert_eq!(1000, d.val());
-        } else {
-            unreachable!()
-        }
-        assert_eq!(
-            "[\"1970-01-01 08:00:01+0800\",\"1970-01-01 08:00:02+0800\",\"1970-01-01 08:00:03+0800\"]",
-            serde_json::to_string(&v.serialize_to_json().unwrap()).unwrap()
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_datetime_vector_builder() {
-        let mut builder = DateTimeVectorBuilder::with_capacity(3);
-        builder.push(Some(DateTime::new(1)));
-        builder.push(None);
-        builder.push(Some(DateTime::new(-1)));
-
-        let v = builder.finish();
-        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), v.data_type());
-        assert_eq!(Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(1)), v.get(0));
-        assert_eq!(Value::Null, v.get(1));
-        assert_eq!(Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(-1)), v.get(2));
-
-        let input = DateTimeVector::from_wrapper_slice([
-            DateTime::new(1),
-            DateTime::new(2),
-            DateTime::new(3),
-        ]);
-
-        let mut builder = DateTimeType.create_mutable_vector(3);
-        builder.push_value_ref(ValueRef::DateTime(DateTime::new(5)));
-        assert!(builder.try_push_value_ref(ValueRef::Int32(123)).is_err());
-        builder.extend_slice_of(&input, 1, 2).unwrap();
-        assert!(builder
-            .extend_slice_of(&crate::vectors::Int32Vector::from_slice([13]), 0, 1)
-            .is_err());
-        let vector = builder.to_vector();
-
-        let expect: VectorRef = Arc::new(DateTimeVector::from_wrapper_slice([
-            DateTime::new(5),
-            DateTime::new(2),
-            DateTime::new(3),
-        ]));
-        assert_eq!(expect, vector);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_datetime_from_arrow() {
-        let vector = DateTimeVector::from_wrapper_slice([DateTime::new(1), DateTime::new(2)]);
-        let arrow: ArrayRef = Arc::new(vector.as_arrow().slice(0, vector.len())) as _;
-        let vector2 = DateTimeVector::try_from_arrow_array(arrow).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(vector, vector2);
-    }
-}

src/datatypes/src/vectors/eq.rs

@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ use crate::data_type::DataType;
 use crate::types::{DurationType, TimeType, TimestampType};
 use crate::vectors::constant::ConstantVector;
 use crate::vectors::{
-    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector,
-    DurationMicrosecondVector, DurationMillisecondVector, DurationNanosecondVector,
-    DurationSecondVector, IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalMonthDayNanoVector,
-    IntervalYearMonthVector, ListVector, PrimitiveVector, StringVector, TimeMicrosecondVector,
-    TimeMillisecondVector, TimeNanosecondVector, TimeSecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector,
-    TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, Vector,
+    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector, DurationMicrosecondVector,
+    DurationMillisecondVector, DurationNanosecondVector, DurationSecondVector,
+    IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalMonthDayNanoVector, IntervalYearMonthVector, ListVector,
+    PrimitiveVector, StringVector, TimeMicrosecondVector, TimeMillisecondVector,
+    TimeNanosecondVector, TimeSecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector, TimestampMillisecondVector,
+    TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, Vector,
 };
 use crate::with_match_primitive_type_id;
 
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ fn equal(lhs: &dyn Vector, rhs: &dyn Vector) -> bool {
         Binary(_) | Json(_) | Vector(_) => is_vector_eq!(BinaryVector, lhs, rhs),
         String(_) => is_vector_eq!(StringVector, lhs, rhs),
         Date(_) => is_vector_eq!(DateVector, lhs, rhs),
-        DateTime(_) => is_vector_eq!(DateTimeVector, lhs, rhs),
         Timestamp(t) => match t {
             TimestampType::Second(_) => {
                 is_vector_eq!(TimestampSecondVector, lhs, rhs)
@@ -195,7 +194,6 @@ mod tests {
         )));
         assert_vector_ref_eq(Arc::new(BooleanVector::from(vec![true, false])));
         assert_vector_ref_eq(Arc::new(DateVector::from(vec![Some(100), Some(120)])));
-        assert_vector_ref_eq(Arc::new(DateTimeVector::from(vec![Some(100), Some(120)])));
         assert_vector_ref_eq(Arc::new(TimestampSecondVector::from_values([100, 120])));
         assert_vector_ref_eq(Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondVector::from_values([
             100, 120,

src/datatypes/src/vectors/helper.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::prelude::DataType;
 use crate::scalars::{Scalar, ScalarVectorBuilder};
 use crate::value::{ListValue, ListValueRef, Value};
 use crate::vectors::{
-    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, ConstantVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector,
+    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, ConstantVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector,
     DurationMicrosecondVector, DurationMillisecondVector, DurationNanosecondVector,
     DurationSecondVector, Float32Vector, Float64Vector, Int16Vector, Int32Vector, Int64Vector,
     Int8Vector, IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalMonthDayNanoVector, IntervalYearMonthVector,
@@ -179,9 +179,6 @@ impl Helper {
             ScalarValue::Date32(v) => {
                 ConstantVector::new(Arc::new(DateVector::from(vec![v])), length)
             }
-            ScalarValue::Date64(v) => {
-                ConstantVector::new(Arc::new(DateTimeVector::from(vec![v])), length)
-            }
             ScalarValue::TimestampSecond(v, _) => {
                 // Timezone is unimplemented now.
                 ConstantVector::new(Arc::new(TimestampSecondVector::from(vec![v])), length)
@@ -244,7 +241,8 @@ impl Helper {
             | ScalarValue::Float16(_)
             | ScalarValue::Utf8View(_)
             | ScalarValue::BinaryView(_)
-            | ScalarValue::Map(_) => {
+            | ScalarValue::Map(_)
+            | ScalarValue::Date64(_) => {
                 return error::ConversionSnafu {
                     from: format!("Unsupported scalar value: {value}"),
                 }
@@ -286,7 +284,6 @@ impl Helper {
                 Arc::new(StringVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
             }
             ArrowDataType::Date32 => Arc::new(DateVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
-            ArrowDataType::Date64 => Arc::new(DateTimeVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
             ArrowDataType::List(_) => Arc::new(ListVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
             ArrowDataType::Timestamp(unit, _) => match unit {
                 TimeUnit::Second => Arc::new(TimestampSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
@@ -362,7 +359,8 @@ impl Helper {
             | ArrowDataType::BinaryView
             | ArrowDataType::Utf8View
             | ArrowDataType::ListView(_)
-            | ArrowDataType::LargeListView(_) => {
+            | ArrowDataType::LargeListView(_)
+            | ArrowDataType::Date64 => {
                 return error::UnsupportedArrowTypeSnafu {
                     arrow_type: array.as_ref().data_type().clone(),
                 }
@@ -411,9 +409,9 @@ impl Helper {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use arrow::array::{
-        ArrayRef, BooleanArray, Date32Array, Date64Array, Float32Array, Float64Array, Int16Array,
-        Int32Array, Int64Array, Int8Array, LargeBinaryArray, ListArray, NullArray,
-        Time32MillisecondArray, Time32SecondArray, Time64MicrosecondArray, Time64NanosecondArray,
+        ArrayRef, BooleanArray, Date32Array, Float32Array, Float64Array, Int16Array, Int32Array,
+        Int64Array, Int8Array, LargeBinaryArray, ListArray, NullArray, Time32MillisecondArray,
+        Time32SecondArray, Time64MicrosecondArray, Time64NanosecondArray,
         TimestampMicrosecondArray, TimestampMillisecondArray, TimestampNanosecondArray,
         TimestampSecondArray, UInt16Array, UInt32Array, UInt64Array, UInt8Array,
     };
@@ -424,7 +422,7 @@ mod tests {
     use common_decimal::Decimal128;
     use common_time::time::Time;
     use common_time::timestamp::TimeUnit;
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime, Duration};
+    use common_time::{Date, Duration};
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::value::Value;
@@ -466,16 +464,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_try_from_scalar_datetime_value() {
-        let vector = Helper::try_from_scalar_value(ScalarValue::Date64(Some(42)), 3).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(), vector.data_type());
-        assert_eq!(3, vector.len());
-        for i in 0..vector.len() {
-            assert_eq!(Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(42)), vector.get(i));
-        }
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_try_from_scalar_duration_value() {
         let vector =
@@ -606,7 +594,6 @@ mod tests {
         check_try_into_vector(Float64Array::from(vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0]));
         check_try_into_vector(StringArray::from(vec!["hello", "world"]));
         check_try_into_vector(Date32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3]));
-        check_try_into_vector(Date64Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3]));
         let data = vec![None, Some(vec![Some(6), Some(7)])];
         let list_array = ListArray::from_iter_primitive::<Int32Type, _, _>(data);
         check_try_into_vector(list_array);
@@ -734,7 +721,6 @@ mod tests {
         check_into_and_from(Float64Array::from(vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0]));
         check_into_and_from(StringArray::from(vec!["hello", "world"]));
         check_into_and_from(Date32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3]));
-        check_into_and_from(Date64Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3]));
 
         check_into_and_from(TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![1, 2, 3]));
         check_into_and_from(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![1, 2, 3]));

src/datatypes/src/vectors/operations/filter.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub(crate) use filter_non_constant;
 mod tests {
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime};
+    use common_time::Date;
 
     use crate::scalars::ScalarVector;
     use crate::timestamp::{
@@ -127,8 +127,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_filter_date_like() {
         impl_filter_date_like_test!(DateVector, Date, new);
-        impl_filter_date_like_test!(DateTimeVector, DateTime, new);
-
         impl_filter_date_like_test!(TimestampSecondVector, TimestampSecond, from_native);
         impl_filter_date_like_test!(
             TimestampMillisecondVector,

src/datatypes/src/vectors/operations/find_unique.rs

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub(crate) fn find_unique_constant(
 mod tests {
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime};
+    use common_time::Date;
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::timestamp::*;
@@ -358,7 +358,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_find_unique_date_like() {
         impl_find_unique_date_like_test!(DateVector, Date, new);
-        impl_find_unique_date_like_test!(DateTimeVector, DateTime, new);
         impl_find_unique_date_like_test!(TimestampSecondVector, TimestampSecond, from);
         impl_find_unique_date_like_test!(TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampMillisecond, from);
         impl_find_unique_date_like_test!(TimestampMicrosecondVector, TimestampMicrosecond, from);

src/datatypes/src/vectors/operations/replicate.rs

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ mod tests {
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
     use common_time::timestamp::TimeUnit;
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime, Timestamp};
+    use common_time::{Date, Timestamp};
     use paste::paste;
 
     use super::*;
@@ -161,8 +161,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_replicate_date_like() {
         impl_replicate_date_like_test!(DateVector, Date, new);
-        impl_replicate_date_like_test!(DateTimeVector, DateTime, new);
-
         impl_replicate_timestamp_test!(Second);
         impl_replicate_timestamp_test!(Millisecond);
         impl_replicate_timestamp_test!(Microsecond);

src/datatypes/src/vectors/operations/take.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ mod tests {
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
     use arrow::array::{PrimitiveArray, UInt32Array};
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime};
+    use common_time::Date;
 
     use crate::prelude::VectorRef;
     use crate::scalars::ScalarVector;
@@ -105,7 +105,6 @@ mod tests {
 
         // test date like type
         take_time_like_test!(DateVector, Date, new);
-        take_time_like_test!(DateTimeVector, DateTime, new);
         take_time_like_test!(TimestampSecondVector, TimestampSecond, from_native);
         take_time_like_test!(
             TimestampMillisecondVector,

src/flow/Cargo.toml

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ get-size2 = "0.1.2"
 greptime-proto.workspace = true
 # This fork of hydroflow is simply for keeping our dependency in our org, and pin the version
 # otherwise it is the same with upstream repo
+chrono.workspace = true
 http.workspace = true
 hydroflow = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/hydroflow.git", branch = "main" }
 itertools.workspace = true

src/flow/src/adapter/flownode_impl.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 //! impl `FlowNode` trait for FlowNodeManager so standalone can call them
-
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use api::v1::flow::{

src/flow/src/adapter/stat.rs

@@ -21,19 +21,31 @@ use crate::FlowWorkerManager;
 impl FlowWorkerManager {
     pub async fn gen_state_report(&self) -> FlowStat {
         let mut full_report = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut last_exec_time_map = BTreeMap::new();
         for worker in self.worker_handles.iter() {
             match worker.get_state_size().await {
                 Ok(state_size) => {
-                    full_report.extend(state_size.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k as u32, v)))
+                    full_report.extend(state_size.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k as u32, v)));
                 }
                 Err(err) => {
                     common_telemetry::error!(err; "Get flow stat size error");
                 }
             }
+
+            match worker.get_last_exec_time_map().await {
+                Ok(last_exec_time) => {
+                    last_exec_time_map
+                        .extend(last_exec_time.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k as u32, v)));
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    common_telemetry::error!(err; "Get last exec time error");
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         FlowStat {
             state_size: full_report,
+            last_exec_time_map,
         }
     }
 }

src/flow/src/adapter/tests.rs

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub fn new_test_table_info_with_name<I: IntoIterator<Item = u32>>(
         .build()
         .unwrap();
 
-    let meta = TableMetaBuilder::default()
+    let meta = TableMetaBuilder::empty()
         .schema(Arc::new(schema))
         .primary_key_indices(vec![0])
         .engine("engine")

src/flow/src/adapter/worker.rs

@@ -98,6 +98,10 @@ impl<'subgraph> ActiveDataflowState<'subgraph> {
         self.state.set_current_ts(ts);
     }
 
+    pub fn set_last_exec_time(&mut self, ts: repr::Timestamp) {
+        self.state.set_last_exec_time(ts);
+    }
+
     /// Run all available subgraph
     ///
     /// return true if any subgraph actually executed
@@ -212,6 +216,21 @@ impl WorkerHandle {
             .build()
         })
     }
+
+    pub async fn get_last_exec_time_map(&self) -> Result<BTreeMap<FlowId, i64>, Error> {
+        let ret = self
+            .itc_client
+            .call_with_resp(Request::QueryLastExecTimeMap)
+            .await?;
+        ret.into_query_last_exec_time_map().map_err(|ret| {
+            InternalSnafu {
+                reason: format!(
+                    "Flow Node/Worker get_last_exec_time_map failed, expect Response::QueryLastExecTimeMap, found {ret:?}"
+                ),
+            }
+            .build()
+        })
+    }
 }
 
 impl Drop for WorkerHandle {
@@ -335,6 +354,7 @@ impl<'s> Worker<'s> {
     pub fn run_tick(&mut self, now: repr::Timestamp) {
         for (_flow_id, task_state) in self.task_states.iter_mut() {
             task_state.set_current_ts(now);
+            task_state.set_last_exec_time(now);
             task_state.run_available();
         }
     }
@@ -395,6 +415,15 @@ impl<'s> Worker<'s> {
                 }
                 Some(Response::QueryStateSize { result: ret })
             }
+            Request::QueryLastExecTimeMap => {
+                let mut ret = BTreeMap::new();
+                for (flow_id, task_state) in self.task_states.iter() {
+                    if let Some(last_exec_time) = task_state.state.last_exec_time() {
+                        ret.insert(*flow_id, last_exec_time);
+                    }
+                }
+                Some(Response::QueryLastExecTimeMap { result: ret })
+            }
         };
         Ok(ret)
     }
@@ -427,6 +456,7 @@ pub enum Request {
     },
     Shutdown,
     QueryStateSize,
+    QueryLastExecTimeMap,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, EnumAsInner)]
@@ -446,6 +476,10 @@ enum Response {
         /// each flow tasks' state size
         result: BTreeMap<FlowId, usize>,
     },
+    QueryLastExecTimeMap {
+        /// each flow tasks' last execution time
+        result: BTreeMap<FlowId, i64>,
+    },
 }
 
 fn create_inter_thread_call() -> (InterThreadCallClient, InterThreadCallServer) {

src/flow/src/compute/render/map.rs

@@ -290,7 +290,9 @@ mod test {
         let mfp = MapFilterProject::new(1)
             .filter(vec![
                 ScalarExpr::Column(0)
-                    .call_unary(expr::UnaryFunc::Cast(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()))
+                    .call_unary(expr::UnaryFunc::Cast(
+                        ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                    ))
                     .call_binary(
                         ScalarExpr::CallUnmaterializable(expr::UnmaterializableFunc::Now),
                         BinaryFunc::Gte,
@@ -300,7 +302,9 @@ mod test {
                         ScalarExpr::literal(4i64.into(), ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype()),
                         BinaryFunc::SubInt64,
                     )
-                    .call_unary(expr::UnaryFunc::Cast(ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()))
+                    .call_unary(expr::UnaryFunc::Cast(
+                        ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                    ))
                     .call_binary(
                         ScalarExpr::CallUnmaterializable(expr::UnmaterializableFunc::Now),
                         BinaryFunc::Lt,

src/flow/src/compute/state.rs

@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ pub struct DataflowState {
     arrange_used: Vec<ArrangeHandler>,
     /// the time arrangement need to be expired after a certain time in milliseconds
     expire_after: Option<Timestamp>,
+    /// the last time each subgraph executed
+    last_exec_time: Option<Timestamp>,
 }
 
 impl DataflowState {
@@ -114,6 +116,14 @@ impl DataflowState {
     pub fn get_state_size(&self) -> usize {
         self.arrange_used.iter().map(|x| x.read().get_size()).sum()
     }
+
+    pub fn set_last_exec_time(&mut self, time: Timestamp) {
+        self.last_exec_time = Some(time);
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_exec_time(&self) -> Option<Timestamp> {
+        self.last_exec_time
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]

src/flow/src/df_optimizer.rs

@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ impl ScalarUDFImpl for TumbleExpand {
         match (arg_types.first(), arg_types.get(1), arg_types.get(2)) {
             (Some(ts), Some(window), opt) => {
                 use arrow_schema::DataType::*;
-                if !matches!(ts, Date32 | Date64 | Timestamp(_, _)) {
+                if !matches!(ts, Date32 | Timestamp(_, _)) {
                     return Err(DataFusionError::Plan(
                         format!("Expect timestamp column as first arg for tumble_start, found {:?}", ts)
                     ));
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ impl ScalarUDFImpl for TumbleExpand {
                 }
 
                 if let Some(start_time) = opt{
-                    if !matches!(start_time,  Utf8 | Date32 | Date64 | Timestamp(_, _)){
+                    if !matches!(start_time,  Utf8 | Date32 | Timestamp(_, _)){
                         return Err(DataFusionError::Plan(
                             format!("Expect start_time to either be date, timestamp or string, found {:?}", start_time)
                         ));

src/flow/src/expr/func.rs

@@ -554,8 +554,6 @@ fn get_ts_as_millisecond(arg: Value) -> Result<repr::Timestamp, EvalError> {
         ts.convert_to(TimeUnit::Millisecond)
             .context(OverflowSnafu)?
             .value()
-    } else if let Some(ts) = arg.as_datetime() {
-        ts.val()
     } else {
         InvalidArgumentSnafu {
             reason: "Expect input to be timestamp or datetime type",

src/flow/src/expr/relation/accum.rs

@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ fn ty_eq_without_precision(left: ConcreteDataType, right: ConcreteDataType) -> b
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use common_time::DateTime;
+    use common_time::Timestamp;
 
     use super::*;
 
@@ -813,13 +813,13 @@ mod test {
             (
                 AggregateFunc::MaxDateTime,
                 vec![
-                    (Value::DateTime(DateTime::from(0)), 1),
-                    (Value::DateTime(DateTime::from(1)), 1),
+                    (Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from(0)), 1),
+                    (Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from(1)), 1),
                     (Value::Null, 1),
                 ],
                 (
-                    Value::DateTime(DateTime::from(1)),
-                    vec![Value::DateTime(DateTime::from(1)), 2i64.into()],
+                    Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from(1)),
+                    vec![Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::from(1)), 2i64.into()],
                 ),
             ),
             (

src/flow/src/expr/relation/func.rs

@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ impl AggregateFunc {
             MaxBool => (boolean_datatype, Max),
             MaxString => (string_datatype, Max),
             MaxDate => (date_datatype, Max),
-            MaxDateTime => (datetime_datatype, Max),
+            MaxDateTime => (timestamp_microsecond_datatype, Max),
             MaxTimestamp => (timestamp_second_datatype, Max),
             MaxTime => (time_second_datatype, Max),
             MaxDuration => (duration_second_datatype, Max),
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ impl AggregateFunc {
             MinBool => (boolean_datatype, Min),
             MinString => (string_datatype, Min),
             MinDate => (date_datatype, Min),
-            MinDateTime => (datetime_datatype, Min),
+            MinDateTime => (timestamp_microsecond_datatype, Min),
             MinTimestamp => (timestamp_second_datatype, Min),
             MinTime => (time_second_datatype, Min),
             MinDuration => (duration_second_datatype, Min),

src/flow/src/heartbeat.rs

@@ -154,14 +154,18 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
         };
         let flow_stat = latest_report
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|report| {
-                report
+            .map(|report| api::v1::meta::FlowStat {
+                flow_stat_size: report
                     .state_size
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v as u64))
-                    .collect()
-            })
-            .map(|f| api::v1::meta::FlowStat { flow_stat_size: f });
+                    .collect(),
+                flow_last_exec_time_map: report
+                    .last_exec_time_map
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v))
+                    .collect(),
+            });
 
         Some(HeartbeatRequest {
             mailbox_message,

src/flow/src/repr.rs

@@ -68,13 +68,10 @@ pub fn value_to_internal_ts(value: Value) -> Result<i64, EvalError> {
         let ty = arg.data_type();
         matches!(
             ty,
-            ConcreteDataType::Date(..)
-                | ConcreteDataType::DateTime(..)
-                | ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(..)
+            ConcreteDataType::Date(..) | ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(..)
         )
     };
     match value {
-        Value::DateTime(ts) => Ok(ts.val()),
         Value::Int64(ts) => Ok(ts),
         arg if is_supported_time_type(&arg) => {
             let arg_ty = arg.data_type();
@@ -214,7 +211,7 @@ impl From<Row> for ProtoRow {
 }
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use common_time::{Date, DateTime};
+    use common_time::{Date, Timestamp};
 
     use super::*;
 
@@ -244,7 +241,7 @@ mod test {
         {
             let a = Value::from(1i32);
             let b = Value::from(1i64);
-            let c = Value::DateTime(DateTime::new(1i64));
+            let c = Value::Timestamp(Timestamp::new_millisecond(1i64));
             let d = Value::from(1.0);
 
             assert!(value_to_internal_ts(a).is_err());

src/frontend/src/instance/builder.rs

@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ impl FrontendBuilder {
                 .context(error::CacheRequiredSnafu {
                     name: TABLE_FLOWNODE_SET_CACHE_NAME,
                 })?;
+
         let inserter = Arc::new(Inserter::new(
             self.catalog_manager.clone(),
             partition_manager.clone(),

src/meta-srv/Cargo.toml

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ serde_json.workspace = true
 servers.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
 store-api.workspace = true
+strum.workspace = true
 table.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 tokio-postgres = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["with-chrono-0_4"] }

src/meta-srv/src/error.rs

@@ -749,6 +749,41 @@ pub enum Error {
         location: Location,
         source: common_meta::error::Error,
     },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Logical table cannot add follower: {table_id}"))]
+    LogicalTableCannotAddFollower {
+        table_id: TableId,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display(
+        "A region follower cannot be placed on the same node as the leader: {region_id}, {peer_id}"
+    ))]
+    RegionFollowerLeaderConflict {
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        peer_id: u64,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display(
+        "Multiple region followers cannot be placed on the same node: {region_id}, {peer_id}"
+    ))]
+    MultipleRegionFollowersOnSameNode {
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        peer_id: u64,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Region follower not exists: {region_id}, {peer_id}"))]
+    RegionFollowerNotExists {
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        peer_id: u64,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
 }
 
 impl Error {
@@ -818,6 +853,10 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | Error::ProcedureNotFound { .. }
             | Error::TooManyPartitions { .. }
             | Error::TomlFormat { .. }
+            | Error::LogicalTableCannotAddFollower { .. }
+            | Error::RegionFollowerLeaderConflict { .. }
+            | Error::MultipleRegionFollowersOnSameNode { .. }
+            | Error::RegionFollowerNotExists { .. }
             | Error::HandlerNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
             Error::LeaseKeyFromUtf8 { .. }
             | Error::LeaseValueFromUtf8 { .. }

src/meta-srv/src/handler/flow_state_handler.rs

@@ -42,12 +42,20 @@ impl HeartbeatHandler for FlowStateHandler {
         _ctx: &mut Context,
         _acc: &mut HeartbeatAccumulator,
     ) -> Result<HandleControl> {
-        if let Some(FlowStat { flow_stat_size }) = &req.flow_stat {
+        if let Some(FlowStat {
+            flow_stat_size,
+            flow_last_exec_time_map,
+        }) = &req.flow_stat
+        {
             let state_size = flow_stat_size
                 .iter()
                 .map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v as usize))
                 .collect();
-            let value = FlowStateValue::new(state_size);
+            let last_exec_time_map = flow_last_exec_time_map
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v))
+                .collect();
+            let value: FlowStateValue = FlowStateValue::new(state_size, last_exec_time_map);
             self.flow_state_manager
                 .put(value)
                 .await

src/meta-srv/src/metasrv/builder.rs

@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ use crate::lease::MetaPeerLookupService;
 use crate::metasrv::{
     ElectionRef, Metasrv, MetasrvInfo, MetasrvOptions, SelectorContext, SelectorRef, TABLE_ID_SEQ,
 };
+use crate::procedure::region_follower::manager::RegionFollowerManager;
+use crate::procedure::region_follower::Context as ArfContext;
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::manager::RegionMigrationManager;
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::DefaultContextFactory;
 use crate::region::supervisor::{
@@ -292,6 +294,7 @@ impl MetasrvBuilder {
             (Arc::new(NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl) as _, None as _)
         };
 
+        // region migration manager
         let region_migration_manager = Arc::new(RegionMigrationManager::new(
             procedure_manager.clone(),
             DefaultContextFactory::new(
@@ -342,6 +345,19 @@ impl MetasrvBuilder {
             .context(error::InitDdlManagerSnafu)?,
         );
 
+        // alter region follower manager
+        let region_follower_manager = Arc::new(RegionFollowerManager::new(
+            procedure_manager.clone(),
+            ArfContext {
+                table_metadata_manager: table_metadata_manager.clone(),
+                mailbox: mailbox.clone(),
+                server_addr: options.server_addr.clone(),
+                cache_invalidator: cache_invalidator.clone(),
+                meta_peer_client: meta_peer_client.clone(),
+            },
+        ));
+        region_follower_manager.try_start()?;
+
         let handler_group_builder = match handler_group_builder {
             Some(handler_group_builder) => handler_group_builder,
             None => {

src/meta-srv/src/metrics.rs

@@ -60,5 +60,10 @@ lazy_static! {
     /// The migration fail counter.
     pub static ref METRIC_META_REGION_MIGRATION_FAIL: IntCounter =
         register_int_counter!("greptime_meta_region_migration_fail", "meta region migration fail").unwrap();
-
+    /// The add region follower execute histogram.
+    pub static ref METRIC_META_ADD_REGION_FOLLOWER_EXECUTE: HistogramVec =
+        register_histogram_vec!("greptime_meta_add_region_follower_execute", "meta add region follower execute", &["state"]).unwrap();
+    /// The remove region follower execute histogram.
+    pub static ref METRIC_META_REMOVE_REGION_FOLLOWER_EXECUTE: HistogramVec =
+        register_histogram_vec!("greptime_meta_remove_region_follower_execute", "meta remove region follower execute", &["state"]).unwrap();
 }

src/meta-srv/src/procedure.rs

@@ -18,8 +18,11 @@ use common_meta::leadership_notifier::LeadershipChangeListener;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 
+pub mod region_follower;
 pub mod region_migration;
 #[cfg(test)]
+mod test_util;
+#[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 pub mod utils;
 

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_follower.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+pub mod manager;
+
+pub mod add_region_follower;
+mod create;
+mod remove;
+pub mod remove_region_follower;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_util;
+
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_meta::cache_invalidator::CacheInvalidatorRef;
+use common_meta::distributed_time_constants;
+use common_meta::key::datanode_table::{DatanodeTableKey, DatanodeTableValue, RegionInfo};
+use common_meta::key::table_route::{PhysicalTableRouteValue, TableRouteValue};
+use common_meta::key::{DeserializedValueWithBytes, TableMetadataManagerRef};
+use common_meta::lock_key::{CatalogLock, RegionLock, SchemaLock, TableLock};
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+use common_procedure::StringKey;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use strum::AsRefStr;
+
+use crate::cluster::MetaPeerClientRef;
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::lease::lookup_datanode_peer;
+use crate::service::mailbox::MailboxRef;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+/// The context of add/remove region follower procedure.
+pub struct Context {
+    /// The table metadata manager.
+    pub table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
+    /// The mailbox.
+    pub mailbox: MailboxRef,
+    /// The metasrv's address.
+    pub server_addr: String,
+    /// The cache invalidator.
+    pub cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
+    /// The meta peer client.
+    pub meta_peer_client: MetaPeerClientRef,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AlterRegionFollowerData {
+    /// The catalog name.
+    pub(crate) catalog: String,
+    /// The schema name.
+    pub(crate) schema: String,
+    /// The region id.
+    pub(crate) region_id: RegionId,
+    /// The peer id of the datanode to add region follower.
+    pub(crate) peer_id: u64,
+    /// The peer of the datanode to add region follower.
+    pub(crate) peer: Option<Peer>,
+    /// The datanode table value of the region.
+    pub(crate) datanode_table_value: Option<DatanodeTableValue>,
+    /// The physical table route of the region.
+    pub(crate) table_route: Option<(
+        DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
+        PhysicalTableRouteValue,
+    )>,
+    /// The state.
+    pub(crate) state: AlterRegionFollowerState,
+}
+
+impl AlterRegionFollowerData {
+    pub fn lock_key(&self) -> Vec<StringKey> {
+        let region_id = self.region_id;
+        let lock_key = vec![
+            CatalogLock::Read(&self.catalog).into(),
+            SchemaLock::read(&self.catalog, &self.schema).into(),
+            // The optimistic updating of table route is not working very well,
+            // so we need to use the write lock here.
+            TableLock::Write(region_id.table_id()).into(),
+            RegionLock::Write(region_id).into(),
+        ];
+
+        lock_key
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn datanode_peer(&self) -> Option<&Peer> {
+        self.peer.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn physical_table_route(&self) -> Option<&PhysicalTableRouteValue> {
+        self.table_route
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|(_, table_route)| table_route)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the region info of the region.
+    pub(crate) fn region_info(&self) -> Option<RegionInfo> {
+        self.datanode_table_value
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|datanode_table_value| datanode_table_value.region_info.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Loads the datanode peer.
+    pub(crate) async fn load_datanode_peer(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Result<Option<Peer>> {
+        let peer = lookup_datanode_peer(
+            self.peer_id,
+            &ctx.meta_peer_client,
+            distributed_time_constants::DATANODE_LEASE_SECS,
+        )
+        .await?
+        .context(error::PeerUnavailableSnafu {
+            peer_id: self.peer_id,
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(Some(peer))
+    }
+
+    /// Loads the datanode table value of the region.
+    pub(crate) async fn load_datanode_table_value(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &Context,
+    ) -> Result<Option<DatanodeTableValue>> {
+        let table_id = self.region_id.table_id();
+        let datanode_id = self.peer_id;
+        let datanode_table_key = DatanodeTableKey {
+            datanode_id,
+            table_id,
+        };
+
+        let datanode_table_value = ctx
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .datanode_table_manager()
+            .get(&datanode_table_key)
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)
+            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+            .with_context(|_| error::RetryLaterWithSourceSnafu {
+                reason: format!("Failed to get DatanodeTable: ({datanode_id},{table_id})"),
+            })?
+            .context(error::DatanodeTableNotFoundSnafu {
+                table_id,
+                datanode_id,
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(Some(datanode_table_value))
+    }
+
+    /// Loads the table route of the region, returns the physical table id.
+    pub(crate) async fn load_table_route(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &Context,
+    ) -> Result<
+        Option<(
+            DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
+            PhysicalTableRouteValue,
+        )>,
+    > {
+        let table_id = self.region_id.table_id();
+        let raw_table_route = ctx
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .table_route_storage()
+            .get_with_raw_bytes(table_id)
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)
+            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+            .with_context(|_| error::RetryLaterWithSourceSnafu {
+                reason: format!("Failed to get TableRoute: {table_id}"),
+            })?
+            .context(error::TableRouteNotFoundSnafu { table_id })?;
+        let table_route = raw_table_route.clone().into_inner();
+
+        ensure!(
+            table_route.is_physical(),
+            error::LogicalTableCannotAddFollowerSnafu { table_id }
+        );
+
+        Ok(Some((
+            raw_table_route,
+            table_route.into_physical_table_route(),
+        )))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, AsRefStr)]
+pub enum AlterRegionFollowerState {
+    /// Prepares to alter region follower.
+    Prepare,
+    /// Sends alter region follower request to Datanode.
+    SubmitRequest,
+    /// Updates table metadata.
+    UpdateMetadata,
+    /// Broadcasts the invalidate table route cache message.
+    InvalidateTableCache,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_data_serialization() {
+        let data = AlterRegionFollowerData {
+            catalog: "test_catalog".to_string(),
+            schema: "test_schema".to_string(),
+            region_id: RegionId::new(1, 1),
+            peer_id: 1,
+            peer: None,
+            datanode_table_value: None,
+            table_route: None,
+            state: AlterRegionFollowerState::Prepare,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(data.region_id.as_u64(), 4294967297);
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&data).unwrap();
+        let expected = r#"{"catalog":"test_catalog","schema":"test_schema","region_id":4294967297,"peer_id":1,"peer":null,"datanode_table_value":null,"table_route":null,"state":"Prepare"}"#;
+        assert_eq!(expected, serialized);
+    }
+}

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_follower/add_region_follower.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use common_meta::instruction::CacheIdent;
+use common_procedure::error::ToJsonSnafu;
+use common_procedure::{
+    Context as ProcedureContext, Error as ProcedureError, LockKey, Procedure,
+    Result as ProcedureResult, Status,
+};
+use common_telemetry::info;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+
+use super::create::CreateFollower;
+use super::{AlterRegionFollowerData, AlterRegionFollowerState, Context};
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::metrics;
+
+/// The procedure to add a region follower.
+pub struct AddRegionFollowerProcedure {
+    pub data: AlterRegionFollowerData,
+    pub context: Context,
+}
+
+impl AddRegionFollowerProcedure {
+    pub const TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "metasrv-procedure::AddRegionFollower";
+
+    pub fn new(
+        catalog: String,
+        schema: String,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        peer_id: u64,
+        context: Context,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: AlterRegionFollowerData {
+                catalog,
+                schema,
+                region_id,
+                peer_id,
+                peer: None,
+                datanode_table_value: None,
+                table_route: None,
+                state: AlterRegionFollowerState::Prepare,
+            },
+            context,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_json(json: &str, context: Context) -> ProcedureResult<Self> {
+        let data: AlterRegionFollowerData = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        Ok(Self { data, context })
+    }
+
+    pub async fn on_prepare(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        // loads the datanode peer and check peer is alive
+        self.data.peer = self.data.load_datanode_peer(&self.context).await?;
+
+        // loads the datanode table value
+        self.data.datanode_table_value = self.data.load_datanode_table_value(&self.context).await?;
+
+        // loads the table route of the region
+        self.data.table_route = self.data.load_table_route(&self.context).await?;
+        let table_route = self.data.physical_table_route().unwrap();
+        let datanode_peer = self.data.datanode_peer().unwrap();
+
+        // check if the destination peer is already a leader/follower of the region
+        for region_route in &table_route.region_routes {
+            if region_route.region.id != self.data.region_id {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(leader_peer) = &region_route.leader_peer else {
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            // check if the destination peer is already a leader of the region
+            if leader_peer.id == datanode_peer.id {
+                return error::RegionFollowerLeaderConflictSnafu {
+                    region_id: self.data.region_id,
+                    peer_id: datanode_peer.id,
+                }
+                .fail();
+            }
+
+            // check if the destination peer is already a follower of the region
+            if region_route
+                .follower_peers
+                .iter()
+                .any(|peer| peer.id == datanode_peer.id)
+            {
+                return error::MultipleRegionFollowersOnSameNodeSnafu {
+                    region_id: self.data.region_id,
+                    peer_id: datanode_peer.id,
+                }
+                .fail();
+            }
+        }
+
+        info!(
+            "Add region({}) follower procedure is preparing, peer: {datanode_peer:?}",
+            self.data.region_id
+        );
+
+        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn on_submit_request(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        let region_id = self.data.region_id;
+        // Safety: we have already set the peer in `on_prepare``.
+        let peer = self.data.peer.clone().unwrap();
+        let create_follower = CreateFollower::new(region_id, peer);
+        let instruction = create_follower
+            .build_open_region_instruction(self.data.region_info().unwrap())
+            .await?;
+        create_follower
+            .send_open_region_instruction(&self.context, instruction)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn on_update_metadata(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        // Safety: we have already load the table route in `on_prepare``.
+        let (current_table_route_value, phy_table_route) = self.data.table_route.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        let mut new_region_routes = phy_table_route.region_routes.clone();
+        for region_route in &mut new_region_routes {
+            if region_route.region.id != self.data.region_id {
+                continue;
+            }
+            region_route
+                .follower_peers
+                .push(self.data.peer.clone().unwrap());
+        }
+
+        // Safety: we have already load the region info in `on_prepare`.
+        let region_info = self.data.region_info().unwrap();
+        let new_region_options = region_info.region_options.clone();
+        let new_region_wal_options = region_info.region_wal_options.clone();
+
+        self.context
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .update_table_route(
+                self.data.region_id.table_id(),
+                region_info,
+                current_table_route_value,
+                new_region_routes,
+                &new_region_options,
+                &new_region_wal_options,
+            )
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?;
+
+        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn on_broadcast(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        let table_id = self.data.region_id.table_id();
+        // ignore the result
+        let ctx = common_meta::cache_invalidator::Context::default();
+        let _ = self
+            .context
+            .cache_invalidator
+            .invalidate(&ctx, &[CacheIdent::TableId(table_id)])
+            .await;
+        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl Procedure for AddRegionFollowerProcedure {
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &str {
+        Self::TYPE_NAME
+    }
+
+    async fn execute(&mut self, _ctx: &ProcedureContext) -> ProcedureResult<Status> {
+        let state = &self.data.state;
+
+        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_META_ADD_REGION_FOLLOWER_EXECUTE
+            .with_label_values(&[state.as_ref()])
+            .start_timer();
+
+        match state {
+            AlterRegionFollowerState::Prepare => self.on_prepare().await,
+            AlterRegionFollowerState::SubmitRequest => self.on_submit_request().await,
+            AlterRegionFollowerState::UpdateMetadata => self.on_update_metadata().await,
+            AlterRegionFollowerState::InvalidateTableCache => self.on_broadcast().await,
+        }
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            if e.is_retryable() {
+                ProcedureError::retry_later(e)
+            } else {
+                ProcedureError::external(e)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn dump(&self) -> ProcedureResult<String> {
+        serde_json::to_string(&self.data).context(ToJsonSnafu)
+    }
+
+    fn lock_key(&self) -> LockKey {
+        LockKey::new(self.data.lock_key())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use common_meta::lock_key::{CatalogLock, RegionLock, SchemaLock, TableLock};
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::procedure::region_follower::test_util::TestingEnv;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_lock_key() {
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let context = env.new_context();
+
+        let procedure = AddRegionFollowerProcedure::new(
+            "test_catalog".to_string(),
+            "test_schema".to_string(),
+            RegionId::new(1, 1),
+            1,
+            context,
+        );
+
+        let key = procedure.lock_key();
+        let keys = key.keys_to_lock().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        assert_eq!(keys.len(), 4);
+        assert!(keys.contains(&CatalogLock::Read("test_catalog").into()));
+        assert!(keys.contains(&SchemaLock::read("test_catalog", "test_schema").into()));
+        assert!(keys.contains(&TableLock::Write(1).into()));
+        assert!(keys.contains(&RegionLock::Write(RegionId::new(1, 1)).into()));
+    }
+}

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_follower/create.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use api::v1::meta::MailboxMessage;
+use common_meta::distributed_time_constants::REGION_LEASE_SECS;
+use common_meta::instruction::{Instruction, InstructionReply, OpenRegion, SimpleReply};
+use common_meta::key::datanode_table::RegionInfo;
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+use common_meta::RegionIdent;
+use common_telemetry::info;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+
+use super::Context;
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::handler::HeartbeatMailbox;
+use crate::service::mailbox::Channel;
+
+/// Uses lease time of a region as the timeout of opening a follower region.
+const OPEN_REGION_FOLLOWER_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(REGION_LEASE_SECS);
+
+pub(crate) struct CreateFollower {
+    region_id: RegionId,
+    // The peer of the datanode to add region follower.
+    peer: Peer,
+}
+
+impl CreateFollower {
+    pub fn new(region_id: RegionId, peer: Peer) -> Self {
+        Self { region_id, peer }
+    }
+
+    /// Builds the open region instruction for the region follower.
+    pub(crate) async fn build_open_region_instruction(
+        &self,
+        region_info: RegionInfo,
+    ) -> Result<Instruction> {
+        let datanode_id = self.peer.id;
+        let table_id = self.region_id.table_id();
+        let region_number = self.region_id.region_number();
+
+        let RegionInfo {
+            region_storage_path,
+            region_options,
+            region_wal_options,
+            engine,
+        } = region_info;
+
+        let region_ident = RegionIdent {
+            datanode_id,
+            table_id,
+            region_number,
+            engine,
+        };
+
+        let open_instruction = Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion::new(
+            region_ident,
+            &region_storage_path,
+            region_options,
+            region_wal_options,
+            true,
+        ));
+
+        Ok(open_instruction)
+    }
+
+    /// Sends the open region instruction to the datanode.
+    pub(crate) async fn send_open_region_instruction(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &Context,
+        instruction: Instruction,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // TODO(jeremy): register the opening_region_keeper
+        let msg = MailboxMessage::json_message(
+            &format!("Open a follower region: {}", self.region_id),
+            &format!("Metasrv@{}", ctx.server_addr),
+            &format!("Datanode-{}@{}", self.peer.id, self.peer.addr),
+            common_time::util::current_time_millis(),
+            &instruction,
+        )
+        .with_context(|_| error::SerializeToJsonSnafu {
+            input: instruction.to_string(),
+        })?;
+
+        let ch = Channel::Datanode(self.peer.id);
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        let receiver = ctx
+            .mailbox
+            .send(&ch, msg, OPEN_REGION_FOLLOWER_TIMEOUT)
+            .await?;
+
+        match receiver.await? {
+            Ok(msg) => {
+                let reply = HeartbeatMailbox::json_reply(&msg)?;
+                info!(
+                    "Received open region follower reply: {:?}, region: {}, elapsed: {:?}",
+                    reply,
+                    self.region_id,
+                    now.elapsed()
+                );
+                let InstructionReply::OpenRegion(SimpleReply { result, error }) = reply else {
+                    return error::UnexpectedInstructionReplySnafu {
+                        mailbox_message: msg.to_string(),
+                        reason: "expect open region follower reply",
+                    }
+                    .fail();
+                };
+
+                if result {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    error::RetryLaterSnafu {
+                        reason: format!(
+                            "Region {} is not opened by datanode {:?}, error: {error:?}, elapsed: {:?}",
+                            self.region_id,
+                            &self.peer,
+                            now.elapsed()
+                        ),
+                    }
+                    .fail()
+                }
+            }
+            Err(error::Error::MailboxTimeout { .. }) => {
+                let reason = format!(
+                    "Mailbox received timeout for open region follower {} on datanode {:?}, elapsed: {:?}",
+                    self.region_id,
+                    &self.peer,
+                    now.elapsed()
+                );
+                error::RetryLaterSnafu { reason }.fail()
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+
+    use common_meta::DatanodeId;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error::Error;
+    use crate::procedure::region_follower::test_util::TestingEnv;
+    use crate::procedure::test_util::{new_close_region_reply, send_mock_reply};
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_datanode_is_unreachable() {
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.new_context();
+
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
+        let peer = Peer::new(1, "127.0.0.1:8080");
+        let create_follower = CreateFollower::new(region_id, peer.clone());
+        let instruction = mock_open_region_instruction(peer.id, region_id);
+        let err = create_follower
+            .send_open_region_instruction(&ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::PusherNotFound { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_unexpected_instruction_reply() {
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.new_context();
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context_mut();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
+        let peer = Peer::new(1, "127.0.0.1:8080");
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(peer.id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        // Sends an timeout error.
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| Ok(new_close_region_reply(id)));
+
+        let create_follower = CreateFollower::new(region_id, peer.clone());
+        let instruction = mock_open_region_instruction(peer.id, region_id);
+        let err = create_follower
+            .send_open_region_instruction(&ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::UnexpectedInstructionReply { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_instruction_exceeded_deadline() {
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.new_context();
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context_mut();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
+        let peer = Peer::new(1, "127.0.0.1:8080");
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(peer.id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        // Sends an timeout error.
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id }.build())
+        });
+
+        let create_follower = CreateFollower::new(region_id, peer.clone());
+        let instruction = mock_open_region_instruction(peer.id, region_id);
+        let err = create_follower
+            .send_open_region_instruction(&ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    fn mock_open_region_instruction(datanode_id: DatanodeId, region_id: RegionId) -> Instruction {
+        Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion {
+            region_ident: RegionIdent {
+                datanode_id,
+                table_id: region_id.table_id(),
+                region_number: region_id.region_number(),
+                engine: "mito2".to_string(),
+            },
+            region_storage_path: "/tmp".to_string(),
+            region_options: Default::default(),
+            region_wal_options: Default::default(),
+            skip_wal_replay: true,
+        })
+    }
+}

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_follower/manager.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use common_meta::rpc::procedure::{AddRegionFollowerRequest, RemoveRegionFollowerRequest};
+use common_procedure::{watcher, Output, ProcedureId, ProcedureManagerRef, ProcedureWithId};
+use common_telemetry::info;
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use table::table_name::TableName;
+
+use super::remove_region_follower::RemoveRegionFollowerProcedure;
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::procedure::region_follower::add_region_follower::AddRegionFollowerProcedure;
+use crate::procedure::region_follower::Context;
+
+pub struct RegionFollowerManager {
+    procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
+    default_context: Context,
+}
+
+impl RegionFollowerManager {
+    pub fn new(procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef, default_context: Context) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            procedure_manager,
+            default_context,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_context(&self) -> Context {
+        self.default_context.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn try_start(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        // register add region follower procedure
+        let context = self.new_context();
+        let type_name = AddRegionFollowerProcedure::TYPE_NAME;
+        self.procedure_manager
+            .register_loader(
+                type_name,
+                Box::new(move |json| {
+                    let context = context.clone();
+                    AddRegionFollowerProcedure::from_json(json, context).map(|p| Box::new(p) as _)
+                }),
+            )
+            .context(error::RegisterProcedureLoaderSnafu { type_name })?;
+
+        // register remove region follower procedure
+        let context = self.new_context();
+        let type_name = RemoveRegionFollowerProcedure::TYPE_NAME;
+        self.procedure_manager
+            .register_loader(
+                type_name,
+                Box::new(move |json| {
+                    let context = context.clone();
+                    RemoveRegionFollowerProcedure::from_json(json, context)
+                        .map(|p| Box::new(p) as _)
+                }),
+            )
+            .context(error::RegisterProcedureLoaderSnafu { type_name })?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn submit_add_follower_procedure(
+        &self,
+        req: AddRegionFollowerRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(ProcedureId, Option<Output>)> {
+        let AddRegionFollowerRequest { region_id, peer_id } = req;
+        let region_id = RegionId::from_u64(region_id);
+        let table_id = region_id.table_id();
+        let ctx = self.new_context();
+
+        // get the table info
+        let table_info = ctx
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .table_info_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?
+            .context(error::TableInfoNotFoundSnafu { table_id })?
+            .into_inner();
+
+        let TableName {
+            catalog_name,
+            schema_name,
+            ..
+        } = table_info.table_name();
+
+        let procedure =
+            AddRegionFollowerProcedure::new(catalog_name, schema_name, region_id, peer_id, ctx);
+
+        let procedure_with_id = ProcedureWithId::with_random_id(Box::new(procedure));
+        let procedure_id = procedure_with_id.id;
+        info!("Starting add region follower procedure {procedure_id} for {req:?}");
+        let mut watcher = self
+            .procedure_manager
+            .submit(procedure_with_id)
+            .await
+            .context(error::SubmitProcedureSnafu)?;
+        let output = watcher::wait(&mut watcher)
+            .await
+            .context(error::WaitProcedureSnafu)?;
+
+        Ok((procedure_id, output))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn submit_remove_follower_procedure(
+        &self,
+        req: RemoveRegionFollowerRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(ProcedureId, Option<Output>)> {
+        let RemoveRegionFollowerRequest { region_id, peer_id } = req;
+        let region_id = RegionId::from_u64(region_id);
+        let table_id = region_id.table_id();
+        let ctx = self.new_context();
+
+        // get the table info
+        let table_info = ctx
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .table_info_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?
+            .context(error::TableInfoNotFoundSnafu { table_id })?
+            .into_inner();
+
+        let TableName {
+            catalog_name,
+            schema_name,
+            ..
+        } = table_info.table_name();
+
+        let procedure =
+            RemoveRegionFollowerProcedure::new(catalog_name, schema_name, region_id, peer_id, ctx);
+
+        let procedure_with_id = ProcedureWithId::with_random_id(Box::new(procedure));
+        let procedure_id = procedure_with_id.id;
+        info!("Starting remove region follower procedure {procedure_id} for {req:?}");
+        let mut watcher = self
+            .procedure_manager
+            .submit(procedure_with_id)
+            .await
+            .context(error::SubmitProcedureSnafu)?;
+        let output = watcher::wait(&mut watcher)
+            .await
+            .context(error::WaitProcedureSnafu)?;
+
+        Ok((procedure_id, output))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::procedure::region_follower::test_util::TestingEnv;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_submit_procedure_table_not_found() {
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.new_context();
+        let region_follower_manager = RegionFollowerManager::new(env.procedure_manager(), ctx);
+        let req = AddRegionFollowerRequest {
+            region_id: 1,
+            peer_id: 2,
+        };
+        let err = region_follower_manager
+            .submit_add_follower_procedure(req)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, error::Error::TableInfoNotFound { .. });
+
+        let req = RemoveRegionFollowerRequest {
+            region_id: 1,
+            peer_id: 2,
+        };
+        let err = region_follower_manager
+            .submit_remove_follower_procedure(req)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, error::Error::TableInfoNotFound { .. });
+    }
+}

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_follower/remove.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use api::v1::meta::MailboxMessage;
+use common_meta::distributed_time_constants::REGION_LEASE_SECS;
+use common_meta::instruction::{Instruction, InstructionReply, SimpleReply};
+use common_meta::key::datanode_table::RegionInfo;
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+use common_meta::RegionIdent;
+use common_telemetry::info;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+
+use super::Context;
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::handler::HeartbeatMailbox;
+use crate::service::mailbox::Channel;
+
+/// Uses lease time of a region as the timeout of closing a follower region.
+const CLOSE_REGION_FOLLOWER_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(REGION_LEASE_SECS);
+
+pub(crate) struct RemoveFollower {
+    region_id: RegionId,
+    // The peer of the datanode to add region follower.
+    peer: Peer,
+}
+
+impl RemoveFollower {
+    pub fn new(region_id: RegionId, peer: Peer) -> Self {
+        Self { region_id, peer }
+    }
+
+    /// Builds the close region instruction for the region follower.
+    pub(crate) async fn build_close_region_instruction(
+        &self,
+        region_info: RegionInfo,
+    ) -> Result<Instruction> {
+        let datanode_id = self.peer.id;
+        let table_id = self.region_id.table_id();
+        let region_number = self.region_id.region_number();
+
+        let RegionInfo { engine, .. } = region_info;
+
+        let region_ident = RegionIdent {
+            datanode_id,
+            table_id,
+            region_number,
+            engine,
+        };
+
+        let close_instruction = Instruction::CloseRegion(region_ident);
+
+        Ok(close_instruction)
+    }
+
+    /// Sends the close region instruction to the datanode.
+    pub(crate) async fn send_close_region_instruction(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &Context,
+        instruction: Instruction,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let msg = MailboxMessage::json_message(
+            &format!("Close a follower region: {}", self.region_id),
+            &format!("Metasrv@{}", ctx.server_addr),
+            &format!("Datanode-{}@{}", self.peer.id, self.peer.addr),
+            common_time::util::current_time_millis(),
+            &instruction,
+        )
+        .with_context(|_| error::SerializeToJsonSnafu {
+            input: instruction.to_string(),
+        })?;
+
+        let ch = Channel::Datanode(self.peer.id);
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        let receiver = ctx
+            .mailbox
+            .send(&ch, msg, CLOSE_REGION_FOLLOWER_TIMEOUT)
+            .await?;
+
+        match receiver.await? {
+            Ok(msg) => {
+                let reply = HeartbeatMailbox::json_reply(&msg)?;
+                info!(
+                    "Received close region follower reply: {:?}, region: {}, elapsed: {:?}",
+                    reply,
+                    self.region_id,
+                    now.elapsed()
+                );
+                let InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply { result, error }) = reply else {
+                    return error::UnexpectedInstructionReplySnafu {
+                        mailbox_message: msg.to_string(),
+                        reason: "expect close region follower reply",
+                    }
+                    .fail();
+                };
+
+                if result {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    error::RetryLaterSnafu {
+                        reason: format!(
+                            "Region {} is not closed by datanode {:?}, error: {error:?}, elapsed: {:?}",
+                            self.region_id,
+                            &self.peer,
+                            now.elapsed()
+                        ),
+                    }
+                    .fail()
+                }
+            }
+            Err(error::Error::MailboxTimeout { .. }) => {
+                let reason = format!(
+                    "Mailbox received timeout for close region follower {} on datanode {:?}, elapsed: {:?}",
+                    self.region_id,
+                    &self.peer,
+                    now.elapsed()
+                );
+                error::RetryLaterSnafu { reason }.fail()
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+
+    use common_meta::DatanodeId;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error::Error;
+    use crate::procedure::region_follower::test_util::TestingEnv;
+    use crate::procedure::test_util::{new_open_region_reply, send_mock_reply};
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_datanode_is_unreachable() {
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.new_context();
+
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
+        let peer = Peer::new(1, "127.0.0.1:8080");
+        let remove_follower = RemoveFollower::new(region_id, peer.clone());
+        let instruction = mock_close_region_instruction(peer.id, region_id);
+        let err = remove_follower
+            .send_close_region_instruction(&ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::PusherNotFound { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_unexpected_instruction_reply() {
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.new_context();
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context_mut();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
+        let peer = Peer::new(1, "127.0.0.1:8080");
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(peer.id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        // Sends an timeout error.
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| Ok(new_open_region_reply(id, false, None)));
+
+        let remove_follower = RemoveFollower::new(region_id, peer.clone());
+        let instruction = mock_close_region_instruction(peer.id, region_id);
+        let err = remove_follower
+            .send_close_region_instruction(&ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::UnexpectedInstructionReply { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_instruction_exceeded_deadline() {
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.new_context();
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context_mut();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1, 1);
+        let peer = Peer::new(1, "127.0.0.1:8080");
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(peer.id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        // Sends an timeout error.
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id }.build())
+        });
+
+        let remove_follower = RemoveFollower::new(region_id, peer.clone());
+        let instruction = mock_close_region_instruction(peer.id, region_id);
+        let err = remove_follower
+            .send_close_region_instruction(&ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    fn mock_close_region_instruction(datanode_id: DatanodeId, region_id: RegionId) -> Instruction {
+        Instruction::CloseRegion(RegionIdent {
+            datanode_id,
+            table_id: region_id.table_id(),
+            region_number: region_id.region_number(),
+            engine: "mito2".to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+}

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_follower/remove_region_follower.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use common_meta::instruction::CacheIdent;
+use common_procedure::error::ToJsonSnafu;
+use common_procedure::{
+    Context as ProcedureContext, Error as ProcedureError, LockKey, Procedure,
+    Result as ProcedureResult, Status,
+};
+use common_telemetry::info;
+use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+
+use super::remove::RemoveFollower;
+use super::{AlterRegionFollowerData, AlterRegionFollowerState, Context};
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::metrics;
+
+/// The procedure to remove a region follower.
+pub struct RemoveRegionFollowerProcedure {
+    pub data: AlterRegionFollowerData,
+    pub context: Context,
+}
+
+impl RemoveRegionFollowerProcedure {
+    pub const TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "metasrv-procedure::RemoveRegionFollower";
+
+    pub fn new(
+        catalog: String,
+        schema: String,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        peer_id: u64,
+        context: Context,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: AlterRegionFollowerData {
+                catalog,
+                schema,
+                region_id,
+                peer_id,
+                peer: None,
+                datanode_table_value: None,
+                table_route: None,
+                state: AlterRegionFollowerState::Prepare,
+            },
+            context,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_json(json: &str, context: Context) -> ProcedureResult<Self> {
+        let data: AlterRegionFollowerData = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        Ok(Self { data, context })
+    }
+
+    pub async fn on_prepare(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        // loads the datanode peer and check peer is alive
+        self.data.peer = self.data.load_datanode_peer(&self.context).await?;
+
+        // loads the datanode table value
+        self.data.datanode_table_value = self.data.load_datanode_table_value(&self.context).await?;
+
+        // loads the table route of the region
+        self.data.table_route = self.data.load_table_route(&self.context).await?;
+        let table_route = self.data.physical_table_route().unwrap();
+
+        // check if the destination peer has this region
+        for region_route in &table_route.region_routes {
+            if region_route.region.id != self.data.region_id {
+                continue;
+            }
+            ensure!(
+                !region_route
+                    .follower_peers
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|peer| peer.id == self.data.peer_id),
+                error::RegionFollowerNotExistsSnafu {
+                    region_id: self.data.region_id,
+                    peer_id: self.data.peer_id,
+                }
+            );
+        }
+
+        info!(
+            "Remove region({}) follower procedure is preparing, peer: {:?}",
+            self.data.region_id,
+            self.data.datanode_peer()
+        );
+
+        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn on_submit_request(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        let region_id = self.data.region_id;
+        // Safety: we have already set the peer in `on_prepare``.
+        let peer = self.data.peer.clone().unwrap();
+        let remove_follower = RemoveFollower::new(region_id, peer);
+        let instruction = remove_follower
+            .build_close_region_instruction(self.data.region_info().unwrap())
+            .await?;
+        remove_follower
+            .send_close_region_instruction(&self.context, instruction)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn on_update_metadata(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        // Safety: we have already load the table route in `on_prepare``.
+        let (current_table_route_value, phy_table_route) = self.data.table_route.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        let mut new_region_routes = phy_table_route.region_routes.clone();
+        for region_route in &mut new_region_routes {
+            if region_route.region.id != self.data.region_id {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // remove the follower peer from the region route
+            region_route
+                .follower_peers
+                .retain(|peer| peer.id != self.data.peer_id);
+        }
+
+        // Safety: we have already load the region info in `on_prepare`.
+        let region_info = self.data.region_info().unwrap();
+        let new_region_options = region_info.region_options.clone();
+        let new_region_wal_options = region_info.region_wal_options.clone();
+
+        self.context
+            .table_metadata_manager
+            .update_table_route(
+                self.data.region_id.table_id(),
+                region_info,
+                current_table_route_value,
+                new_region_routes,
+                &new_region_options,
+                &new_region_wal_options,
+            )
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?;
+
+        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn on_broadcast(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        let table_id = self.data.region_id.table_id();
+        // ignore the result
+        let ctx = common_meta::cache_invalidator::Context::default();
+        let _ = self
+            .context
+            .cache_invalidator
+            .invalidate(&ctx, &[CacheIdent::TableId(table_id)])
+            .await;
+        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl Procedure for RemoveRegionFollowerProcedure {
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &str {
+        Self::TYPE_NAME
+    }
+
+    async fn execute(&mut self, _ctx: &ProcedureContext) -> ProcedureResult<Status> {
+        let state = &self.data.state;
+
+        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_META_REMOVE_REGION_FOLLOWER_EXECUTE
+            .with_label_values(&[state.as_ref()])
+            .start_timer();
+
+        match state {
+            AlterRegionFollowerState::Prepare => self.on_prepare().await,
+            AlterRegionFollowerState::SubmitRequest => self.on_submit_request().await,
+            AlterRegionFollowerState::UpdateMetadata => self.on_update_metadata().await,
+            AlterRegionFollowerState::InvalidateTableCache => self.on_broadcast().await,
+        }
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            if e.is_retryable() {
+                ProcedureError::retry_later(e)
+            } else {
+                ProcedureError::external(e)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn dump(&self) -> ProcedureResult<String> {
+        serde_json::to_string(&self.data).context(ToJsonSnafu)
+    }
+
+    fn lock_key(&self) -> LockKey {
+        LockKey::new(self.data.lock_key())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use common_meta::lock_key::{CatalogLock, RegionLock, SchemaLock, TableLock};
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::procedure::region_follower::test_util::TestingEnv;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_lock_key() {
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let context = env.new_context();
+
+        let procedure = RemoveRegionFollowerProcedure::new(
+            "test_catalog".to_string(),
+            "test_schema".to_string(),
+            RegionId::new(1, 1),
+            1,
+            context,
+        );
+
+        let key = procedure.lock_key();
+        let keys = key.keys_to_lock().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        assert_eq!(keys.len(), 4);
+        assert!(keys.contains(&CatalogLock::Read("test_catalog").into()));
+        assert!(keys.contains(&SchemaLock::read("test_catalog", "test_schema").into()));
+        assert!(keys.contains(&TableLock::Write(1).into()));
+        assert!(keys.contains(&RegionLock::Write(RegionId::new(1, 1)).into()));
+    }
+}

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_follower/test_util.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
+use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::ResettableKvBackendRef;
+use common_meta::sequence::SequenceBuilder;
+use common_meta::state_store::KvStateStore;
+use common_procedure::local::{LocalManager, ManagerConfig};
+use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
+
+use super::Context;
+use crate::cache_invalidator::MetasrvCacheInvalidator;
+use crate::cluster::MetaPeerClientBuilder;
+use crate::metasrv::MetasrvInfo;
+use crate::procedure::test_util::MailboxContext;
+
+/// `TestingEnv` provides components during the tests.
+pub struct TestingEnv {
+    table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
+    mailbox_ctx: MailboxContext,
+    server_addr: String,
+    procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
+    in_memory: ResettableKvBackendRef,
+}
+
+impl Default for TestingEnv {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TestingEnv {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new());
+        let in_memory = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new());
+        let table_metadata_manager = Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(kv_backend.clone()));
+
+        let mailbox_sequence =
+            SequenceBuilder::new("test_heartbeat_mailbox", kv_backend.clone()).build();
+
+        let mailbox_ctx = MailboxContext::new(mailbox_sequence);
+
+        let state_store = Arc::new(KvStateStore::new(kv_backend));
+        let procedure_manager = Arc::new(LocalManager::new(ManagerConfig::default(), state_store));
+
+        Self {
+            table_metadata_manager,
+            mailbox_ctx,
+            server_addr: "localhost".to_string(),
+            procedure_manager,
+            in_memory,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_context(&self) -> Context {
+        Context {
+            table_metadata_manager: self.table_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            mailbox: self.mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone(),
+            server_addr: self.server_addr.clone(),
+            cache_invalidator: Arc::new(MetasrvCacheInvalidator::new(
+                self.mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone(),
+                MetasrvInfo {
+                    server_addr: self.server_addr.to_string(),
+                },
+            )),
+            meta_peer_client: MetaPeerClientBuilder::default()
+                .election(None)
+                .in_memory(self.in_memory.clone())
+                .build()
+                .map(Arc::new)
+                // Safety: all required fields set at initialization
+                .unwrap(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn mailbox_context_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MailboxContext {
+        &mut self.mailbox_ctx
+    }
+
+    pub fn procedure_manager(&self) -> ProcedureManagerRef {
+        self.procedure_manager.clone()
+    }
+}

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration.rs

@@ -579,6 +579,9 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::handler::HeartbeatMailbox;
     use crate::procedure::region_migration::open_candidate_region::OpenCandidateRegion;
     use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::*;
+    use crate::procedure::test_util::{
+        new_downgrade_region_reply, new_open_region_reply, new_upgrade_region_reply,
+    };
     use crate::service::mailbox::Channel;
 
     fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/close_downgraded_region.rs

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl CloseDowngradedRegion {
         let downgrade_leader_datanode = &pc.from_peer;
         let msg = MailboxMessage::json_message(
             &format!("Close downgraded region: {}", region_id),
-            &format!("Meta@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
+            &format!("Metasrv@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
             &format!(
                 "Datanode-{}@{}",
                 downgrade_leader_datanode.id, downgrade_leader_datanode.addr

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/downgrade_leader_region.rs

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ impl DowngradeLeaderRegion {
         let leader = &ctx.persistent_ctx.from_peer;
         let msg = MailboxMessage::json_message(
             &format!("Downgrade leader region: {}", region_id),
-            &format!("Meta@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
+            &format!("Metasrv@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
             &format!("Datanode-{}@{}", leader.id, leader.addr),
             common_time::util::current_time_millis(),
             &downgrade_instruction,
@@ -282,10 +282,11 @@ mod tests {
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::error::Error;
-    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{
-        new_close_region_reply, new_downgrade_region_reply, send_mock_reply, TestingEnv,
-    };
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::TestingEnv;
     use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext};
+    use crate::procedure::test_util::{
+        new_close_region_reply, new_downgrade_region_reply, send_mock_reply,
+    };
 
     fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
         PersistentContext {

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/open_candidate_region.rs

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl OpenCandidateRegion {
 
         let msg = MailboxMessage::json_message(
             &format!("Open candidate region: {}", region_id),
-            &format!("Meta@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
+            &format!("Metasrv@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
             &format!("Datanode-{}@{}", candidate.id, candidate.addr),
             common_time::util::current_time_millis(),
             &open_instruction,
@@ -200,10 +200,11 @@ mod tests {
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::error::Error;
-    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{
-        self, new_close_region_reply, new_open_region_reply, send_mock_reply, TestingEnv,
-    };
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{self, TestingEnv};
     use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext};
+    use crate::procedure::test_util::{
+        new_close_region_reply, new_open_region_reply, send_mock_reply,
+    };
 
     fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
         test_util::new_persistent_context(1, 2, RegionId::new(1024, 1))

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/test_util.rs

@@ -18,12 +18,8 @@ use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use api::v1::meta::mailbox_message::Payload;
-use api::v1::meta::{HeartbeatResponse, MailboxMessage};
+use api::v1::meta::MailboxMessage;
 use common_meta::ddl::NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl;
-use common_meta::instruction::{
-    DowngradeRegionReply, InstructionReply, SimpleReply, UpgradeRegionReply,
-};
 use common_meta::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
@@ -31,22 +27,19 @@ use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_meta::peer::Peer;
 use common_meta::region_keeper::{MemoryRegionKeeper, MemoryRegionKeeperRef};
 use common_meta::rpc::router::RegionRoute;
-use common_meta::sequence::{Sequence, SequenceBuilder};
+use common_meta::sequence::SequenceBuilder;
 use common_meta::state_store::KvStateStore;
 use common_meta::DatanodeId;
 use common_procedure::local::{LocalManager, ManagerConfig};
 use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, ProcedureId, ProcedureManagerRef, Status};
 use common_procedure_test::MockContextProvider;
 use common_telemetry::debug;
-use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
 use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender};
 
 use crate::cache_invalidator::MetasrvCacheInvalidator;
 use crate::error::{self, Error, Result};
-use crate::handler::{HeartbeatMailbox, Pusher, Pushers};
 use crate::metasrv::MetasrvInfo;
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::close_downgraded_region::CloseDowngradedRegion;
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::downgrade_leader_region::DowngradeLeaderRegion;
@@ -59,40 +52,8 @@ use crate::procedure::region_migration::upgrade_candidate_region::UpgradeCandida
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::{
     Context, ContextFactory, DefaultContextFactory, PersistentContext, State, VolatileContext,
 };
-use crate::service::mailbox::{Channel, MailboxRef};
-
-pub type MockHeartbeatReceiver = Receiver<std::result::Result<HeartbeatResponse, tonic::Status>>;
-
-/// The context of mailbox.
-pub struct MailboxContext {
-    mailbox: MailboxRef,
-    // The pusher is used in the mailbox.
-    pushers: Pushers,
-}
-
-impl MailboxContext {
-    pub fn new(sequence: Sequence) -> Self {
-        let pushers = Pushers::default();
-        let mailbox = HeartbeatMailbox::create(pushers.clone(), sequence);
-
-        Self { mailbox, pushers }
-    }
-
-    /// Inserts a pusher for `datanode_id`
-    pub async fn insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(
-        &mut self,
-        channel: Channel,
-        tx: Sender<std::result::Result<HeartbeatResponse, tonic::Status>>,
-    ) {
-        let pusher_id = channel.pusher_id();
-        let pusher = Pusher::new(tx);
-        let _ = self.pushers.insert(pusher_id.string_key(), pusher).await;
-    }
-
-    pub fn mailbox(&self) -> &MailboxRef {
-        &self.mailbox
-    }
-}
+use crate::procedure::test_util::{send_mock_reply, MailboxContext};
+use crate::service::mailbox::Channel;
 
 /// `TestingEnv` provides components during the tests.
 pub struct TestingEnv {
@@ -157,7 +118,7 @@ impl TestingEnv {
             server_addr: self.server_addr.to_string(),
             region_failure_detector_controller: Arc::new(NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl),
             cache_invalidator: Arc::new(MetasrvCacheInvalidator::new(
-                self.mailbox_ctx.mailbox.clone(),
+                self.mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone(),
                 MetasrvInfo {
                     server_addr: self.server_addr.to_string(),
                 },
@@ -210,105 +171,6 @@ impl TestingEnv {
     }
 }
 
-/// Generates a [InstructionReply::OpenRegion] reply.
-pub(crate) fn new_open_region_reply(
-    id: u64,
-    result: bool,
-    error: Option<String>,
-) -> MailboxMessage {
-    MailboxMessage {
-        id,
-        subject: "mock".to_string(),
-        from: "datanode".to_string(),
-        to: "meta".to_string(),
-        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
-        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
-            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::OpenRegion(SimpleReply { result, error }))
-                .unwrap(),
-        )),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Generates a [InstructionReply::CloseRegion] reply.
-pub fn new_close_region_reply(id: u64) -> MailboxMessage {
-    MailboxMessage {
-        id,
-        subject: "mock".to_string(),
-        from: "datanode".to_string(),
-        to: "meta".to_string(),
-        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
-        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
-            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
-                result: false,
-                error: None,
-            }))
-            .unwrap(),
-        )),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Generates a [InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion] reply.
-pub fn new_downgrade_region_reply(
-    id: u64,
-    last_entry_id: Option<u64>,
-    exist: bool,
-    error: Option<String>,
-) -> MailboxMessage {
-    MailboxMessage {
-        id,
-        subject: "mock".to_string(),
-        from: "datanode".to_string(),
-        to: "meta".to_string(),
-        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
-        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
-            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
-                last_entry_id,
-                exists: exist,
-                error,
-            }))
-            .unwrap(),
-        )),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Generates a [InstructionReply::UpgradeRegion] reply.
-pub fn new_upgrade_region_reply(
-    id: u64,
-    ready: bool,
-    exists: bool,
-    error: Option<String>,
-) -> MailboxMessage {
-    MailboxMessage {
-        id,
-        subject: "mock".to_string(),
-        from: "datanode".to_string(),
-        to: "meta".to_string(),
-        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
-        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
-            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegionReply {
-                ready,
-                exists,
-                error,
-            }))
-            .unwrap(),
-        )),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Sends a mock reply.
-pub fn send_mock_reply(
-    mailbox: MailboxRef,
-    mut rx: MockHeartbeatReceiver,
-    msg: impl Fn(u64) -> Result<MailboxMessage> + Send + 'static,
-) {
-    common_runtime::spawn_global(async move {
-        while let Some(Ok(resp)) = rx.recv().await {
-            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
-            mailbox.on_recv(reply_id, msg(reply_id)).await.unwrap();
-        }
-    });
-}
-
 /// Generates a [PersistentContext].
 pub fn new_persistent_context(from: u64, to: u64, region_id: RegionId) -> PersistentContext {
     PersistentContext {

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/upgrade_candidate_region.rs

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ impl UpgradeCandidateRegion {
 
         let msg = MailboxMessage::json_message(
             &format!("Upgrade candidate region: {}", region_id),
-            &format!("Meta@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
+            &format!("Metasrv@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
             &format!("Datanode-{}@{}", candidate.id, candidate.addr),
             common_time::util::current_time_millis(),
             &upgrade_instruction,
@@ -226,10 +226,11 @@ mod tests {
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::error::Error;
-    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{
-        new_close_region_reply, new_upgrade_region_reply, send_mock_reply, TestingEnv,
-    };
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::TestingEnv;
     use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext};
+    use crate::procedure::test_util::{
+        new_close_region_reply, new_upgrade_region_reply, send_mock_reply,
+    };
 
     fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
         PersistentContext {

src/meta-srv/src/procedure/test_util.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use api::v1::meta::mailbox_message::Payload;
+use api::v1::meta::{HeartbeatResponse, MailboxMessage};
+use common_meta::instruction::{
+    DowngradeRegionReply, InstructionReply, SimpleReply, UpgradeRegionReply,
+};
+use common_meta::sequence::Sequence;
+use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender};
+
+use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::handler::{HeartbeatMailbox, Pusher, Pushers};
+use crate::service::mailbox::{Channel, MailboxRef};
+
+pub type MockHeartbeatReceiver = Receiver<std::result::Result<HeartbeatResponse, tonic::Status>>;
+
+/// The context of mailbox.
+pub struct MailboxContext {
+    mailbox: MailboxRef,
+    // The pusher is used in the mailbox.
+    pushers: Pushers,
+}
+
+impl MailboxContext {
+    pub fn new(sequence: Sequence) -> Self {
+        let pushers = Pushers::default();
+        let mailbox = HeartbeatMailbox::create(pushers.clone(), sequence);
+
+        Self { mailbox, pushers }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a pusher for `datanode_id`
+    pub async fn insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(
+        &mut self,
+        channel: Channel,
+        tx: Sender<std::result::Result<HeartbeatResponse, tonic::Status>>,
+    ) {
+        let pusher_id = channel.pusher_id();
+        let pusher = Pusher::new(tx);
+        let _ = self.pushers.insert(pusher_id.string_key(), pusher).await;
+    }
+
+    pub fn mailbox(&self) -> &MailboxRef {
+        &self.mailbox
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sends a mock reply.
+pub fn send_mock_reply(
+    mailbox: MailboxRef,
+    mut rx: MockHeartbeatReceiver,
+    msg: impl Fn(u64) -> Result<MailboxMessage> + Send + 'static,
+) {
+    common_runtime::spawn_global(async move {
+        while let Some(Ok(resp)) = rx.recv().await {
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox.on_recv(reply_id, msg(reply_id)).await.unwrap();
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/// Generates a [InstructionReply::OpenRegion] reply.
+pub(crate) fn new_open_region_reply(
+    id: u64,
+    result: bool,
+    error: Option<String>,
+) -> MailboxMessage {
+    MailboxMessage {
+        id,
+        subject: "mock".to_string(),
+        from: "datanode".to_string(),
+        to: "meta".to_string(),
+        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
+        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
+            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::OpenRegion(SimpleReply { result, error }))
+                .unwrap(),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates a [InstructionReply::CloseRegion] reply.
+pub fn new_close_region_reply(id: u64) -> MailboxMessage {
+    MailboxMessage {
+        id,
+        subject: "mock".to_string(),
+        from: "datanode".to_string(),
+        to: "meta".to_string(),
+        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
+        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
+            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
+                result: false,
+                error: None,
+            }))
+            .unwrap(),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates a [InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion] reply.
+pub fn new_downgrade_region_reply(
+    id: u64,
+    last_entry_id: Option<u64>,
+    exist: bool,
+    error: Option<String>,
+) -> MailboxMessage {
+    MailboxMessage {
+        id,
+        subject: "mock".to_string(),
+        from: "datanode".to_string(),
+        to: "meta".to_string(),
+        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
+        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
+            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                last_entry_id,
+                exists: exist,
+                error,
+            }))
+            .unwrap(),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates a [InstructionReply::UpgradeRegion] reply.
+pub fn new_upgrade_region_reply(
+    id: u64,
+    ready: bool,
+    exists: bool,
+    error: Option<String>,
+) -> MailboxMessage {
+    MailboxMessage {
+        id,
+        subject: "mock".to_string(),
+        from: "datanode".to_string(),
+        to: "meta".to_string(),
+        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
+        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
+            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegionReply {
+                ready,
+                exists,
+                error,
+            }))
+            .unwrap(),
+        )),
+    }
+}

src/meta-srv/src/service/admin/node_lease.rs

@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ impl HttpHandler for NodeLeaseHandler {
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(k, v)| HumanLease {
                 name: k,
-                human_time: common_time::DateTime::new(v.timestamp_millis).to_string(),
+                human_time: common_time::Timestamp::new_millisecond(v.timestamp_millis)
+                    .to_local_string(),
                 lease: v,
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();