feat(remote_wal): introduce kafka remote wal (#3001)

* feat: integrate remote wal to standalone

* fix: test

* chore: ready to debug kafka remote wal

* fix: test

* chore: add some logs for remote wal

* chore: add logs for topic manager

* fix: properly terminate stream consumer

* fix: properly handle TopicAlreadyExists error

* fix: parse config file error

* fix: properly handle last entry id

* chore: prepare for merge

* fix: test

* fix: typo

* fix: set replication_factor properly

* fix: CR

* test: tmp for test

* Revert "test: tmp for test"

This reverts commit 093a3e0038.

* fix: serde

* fix selector type deserialize

.github/actions/build-greptime-binary/action.yml

@@ -40,9 +40,11 @@ runs:
     - name: Upload artifacts
       uses: ./.github/actions/upload-artifacts
       if: ${{ inputs.build-android-artifacts == 'false' }}
+      env:
+        PROFILE_TARGET: ${{ inputs.cargo-profile == 'dev' && 'debug' || inputs.cargo-profile }}
       with:
         artifacts-dir: ${{ inputs.artifacts-dir }}
-        target-file: ./target/${{ inputs.cargo-profile }}/greptime
+        target-file: ./target/$PROFILE_TARGET/greptime
         version: ${{ inputs.version }}
         working-dir: ${{ inputs.working-dir }}
 

.github/actions/upload-artifacts/action.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ runs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         mkdir -p ${{ inputs.artifacts-dir }} && \
-        mv ${{ inputs.target-file }} ${{ inputs.artifacts-dir }}
+        cp ${{ inputs.target-file }} ${{ inputs.artifacts-dir }}
 
     # The compressed artifacts will use the following layout:
     # greptime-linux-amd64-pyo3-v0.3.0sha256sum

.github/doc-label-config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Doc not needed:
+    - '- \[x\]  This PR does not require documentation updates.'
+Doc update required:
+    - '- \[ \]  This PR does not require documentation updates.'

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@ Please explain IN DETAIL what the changes are in this PR and why they are needed
 
 - [ ]  I have written the necessary rustdoc comments.
 - [ ]  I have added the necessary unit tests and integration tests.
+- [ ]  This PR does not require documentation updates.
 
 ## Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

.github/scripts/deploy-greptimedb.sh

@@ -107,12 +107,9 @@ function deploy_greptimedb_cluster_with_s3_storage() {
     --set storage.s3.bucket="$AWS_CI_TEST_BUCKET" \
     --set storage.s3.region="$AWS_REGION" \
     --set storage.s3.root="$DATA_ROOT" \
-    --set storage.s3.secretName=s3-credentials \
     --set storage.credentials.secretName=s3-credentials \
-    --set storage.credentials.secretCreation.enabled=true \
-    --set storage.credentials.secretCreation.enableEncryption=false \
-    --set storage.credentials.secretCreation.data.access-key-id="$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" \
-    --set storage.credentials.secretCreation.data.secret-access-key="$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
+    --set storage.credentials.accessKeyId="$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" \
+    --set storage.credentials.secretAccessKey="$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
 
   # Wait for greptimedb cluster to be ready.
   while true; do

.github/workflows/apidoc.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ on:
 name: Build API docs
 
 env:
-  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-10-21
+  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-12-19
 
 jobs:
   apidoc:

.github/workflows/dev-build.yml

@@ -55,10 +55,18 @@ on:
         description: Build and push images to DockerHub and ACR
         required: false
         default: true
+      cargo_profile:
+        type: choice
+        description: The cargo profile to use in building GreptimeDB.
+        default: nightly
+        options:
+          - dev
+          - release
+          - nightly
 
 # Use env variables to control all the release process.
 env:
-  CARGO_PROFILE: nightly
+  CARGO_PROFILE: ${{ inputs.cargo_profile }}
 
   # Controls whether to run tests, include unit-test, integration-test and sqlness.
   DISABLE_RUN_TESTS: ${{ inputs.skip_test || vars.DEFAULT_SKIP_TEST }}

.github/workflows/develop.yml

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 env:
-  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-10-21
+  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-12-19
 
 jobs:
   typos:
@@ -175,6 +175,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup etcd server
         working-directory: tests-integration/fixtures/etcd
         run: docker compose -f docker-compose-standalone.yml up -d --wait
+      - name: Setup kafka server
+        working-directory: tests-integration/fixtures/kafka
+        run: docker compose -f docker-compose-standalone.yml up -d --wait
       - name: Run nextest cases
         run: cargo llvm-cov nextest --workspace --lcov --output-path lcov.info -F pyo3_backend -F dashboard
         env:
@@ -186,6 +189,7 @@ jobs:
           GT_S3_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.S3_ACCESS_KEY }}
           GT_S3_REGION: ${{ secrets.S3_REGION }}
           GT_ETCD_ENDPOINTS: http://127.0.0.1:2379
+          GT_KAFKA_ENDPOINTS: 127.0.0.1:9092
           UNITTEST_LOG_DIR: "__unittest_logs"
       - name: Codecov upload
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@v2

.github/workflows/doc-label.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+name: "PR Doc Labeler"
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, edited, synchronize, ready_for_review, auto_merge_enabled, labeled, unlabeled]
+
+permissions:
+  pull-requests: write
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  triage:
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'GreptimeTeam/greptimedb' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: github/issue-labeler@v3.3
+      with:
+        configuration-path: .github/doc-label-config.yml
+        enable-versioned-regex: false
+        repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        sync-labels: 1

.github/workflows/nightly-ci.yml

@@ -12,11 +12,12 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 env:
-  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-10-21
+  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-12-19
 
 jobs:
   sqlness:
     name: Sqlness Test
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'GreptimeTeam/greptimedb' }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ jobs:
           retention-days: 3
 
   test-on-windows:
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'GreptimeTeam/greptimedb' }}
     runs-on: windows-latest-8-cores
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:

.github/workflows/nightly-funtional-tests.yml

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
   sqlness-test:
     name: Run sqlness test
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'GreptimeTeam/greptimedb' }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - name: Checkout

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ on:
 # Use env variables to control all the release process.
 env:
   # The arguments of building greptime.
-  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-10-21
+  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-12-19
   CARGO_PROFILE: nightly
 
   # Controls whether to run tests, include unit-test, integration-test and sqlness.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ env:
   # The scheduled version is '${{ env.NEXT_RELEASE_VERSION }}-nightly-YYYYMMDD', like v0.2.0-nigthly-20230313;
   NIGHTLY_RELEASE_PREFIX: nightly
   # Note: The NEXT_RELEASE_VERSION should be modified manually by every formal release.
-  NEXT_RELEASE_VERSION: v0.5.0
+  NEXT_RELEASE_VERSION: v0.6.0
 
 jobs:
   allocate-runners:

.github/workflows/user-doc-label-checker.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+name: Check user doc labels
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - reopened
+      - labeled
+      - unlabeled
+
+jobs:
+
+  check_labels:
+    name: Check doc labels
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: docker://agilepathway/pull-request-label-checker:latest
+        with:
+          one_of: Doc update required,Doc not needed
+          repo_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

Cargo.toml

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ members = [
 resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.4.4"
+version = "0.5.0"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
 
@@ -75,7 +75,9 @@ base64 = "0.21"
 bigdecimal = "0.4.2"
 bitflags = "2.4.1"
 bytemuck = "1.12"
+bytes = { version = "1.5", features = ["serde"] }
 chrono = { version = "0.4", features = ["serde"] }
+dashmap = "5.4"
 datafusion = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "26e43acac3a96cec8dd4c8365f22dfb1a84306e9" }
 datafusion-common = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "26e43acac3a96cec8dd4c8365f22dfb1a84306e9" }
 datafusion-expr = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "26e43acac3a96cec8dd4c8365f22dfb1a84306e9" }
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ etcd-client = "0.12"
 fst = "0.4.7"
 futures = "0.3"
 futures-util = "0.3"
-greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "b1d403088f02136bcebde53d604f491c260ca8e2" }
+greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "a31ea166fc015ea7ff111ac94e26c3a5d64364d2" }
 humantime-serde = "1.1"
 itertools = "0.10"
 lazy_static = "1.4"
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ reqwest = { version = "0.11", default-features = false, features = [
     "rustls-tls-native-roots",
     "stream",
 ] }
+rskafka = "0.5"
 rust_decimal = "1.33"
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1.0"
@@ -127,8 +130,9 @@ sqlparser = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git", rev = "6
 strum = { version = "0.25", features = ["derive"] }
 tempfile = "3"
 tokio = { version = "1.28", features = ["full"] }
+tokio-stream = { version = "0.1" }
 tokio-util = { version = "0.7", features = ["io-util", "compat"] }
-toml = "0.7"
+toml = "0.8.8"
 tonic = { version = "0.10", features = ["tls"] }
 uuid = { version = "1", features = ["serde", "v4", "fast-rng"] }
 
@@ -168,7 +172,7 @@ frontend = { path = "src/frontend" }
 log-store = { path = "src/log-store" }
 meta-client = { path = "src/meta-client" }
 meta-srv = { path = "src/meta-srv" }
-mito = { path = "src/mito" }
+metric-engine = { path = "src/metric-engine" }
 mito2 = { path = "src/mito2" }
 object-store = { path = "src/object-store" }
 operator = { path = "src/operator" }
@@ -189,7 +193,7 @@ git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-meter.git"
 rev = "abbd357c1e193cd270ea65ee7652334a150b628f"
 
 [profile.release]
-debug = true
+debug = 1
 
 [profile.nightly]
 inherits = "release"

config/datanode.example.toml

@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ rpc_runtime_size = 8
 # It will block the datanode start if it can't receive leases in the heartbeat from metasrv.
 require_lease_before_startup = false
 
+# Initialize all regions in the background during the startup.
+# By default, it provides services after all regions have been initialized.
+initialize_region_in_background = false
+
 [heartbeat]
 # Interval for sending heartbeat messages to the Metasrv, 3 seconds by default.
 interval = "3s"
@@ -29,9 +33,15 @@ connect_timeout = "1s"
 # `TCP_NODELAY` option for accepted connections, true by default.
 tcp_nodelay = true
 
-# WAL options, see `standalone.example.toml`.
+# WAL options.
+# Currently, users are expected to choose the wal through the provider field. 
+# When a wal provider is chose, the user should comment out all other wal config 
+# except those corresponding to the chosen one.
 [wal]
 # WAL data directory
+provider = "raft_engine"
+
+# Raft-engine wal options, see `standalone.example.toml`.
 # dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/wal"
 file_size = "256MB"
 purge_threshold = "4GB"
@@ -39,10 +49,21 @@ purge_interval = "10m"
 read_batch_size = 128
 sync_write = false
 
+# Kafka wal options, see `standalone.example.toml`.
+# broker_endpoints = ["127.0.0.1:9092"]
+# max_batch_size = "4MB"
+# linger = "200ms"
+# produce_record_timeout = "100ms"
+# backoff_init = "500ms"
+# backoff_max = "10s"
+# backoff_base = 2
+# backoff_deadline = "5mins"
+
 # Storage options, see `standalone.example.toml`.
 [storage]
 # The working home directory.
 data_home = "/tmp/greptimedb/"
+# Storage type.
 type = "File"
 # TTL for all tables. Disabled by default.
 # global_ttl = "7d"
@@ -53,6 +74,12 @@ type = "File"
 # The local file cache capacity in bytes.
 # cache_capacity = "256MB"
 
+# Custom storage options
+#[[storage.providers]]
+#type = "S3"
+#[[storage.providers]]
+#type = "Gcs"
+
 # Mito engine options
 [[region_engine]]
 [region_engine.mito]
@@ -82,8 +109,31 @@ vector_cache_size = "512MB"
 page_cache_size = "512MB"
 # Buffer size for SST writing.
 sst_write_buffer_size = "8MB"
+# Parallelism to scan a region (default: 1/4 of cpu cores).
+# - 0: using the default value (1/4 of cpu cores).
+# - 1: scan in current thread.
+# - n: scan in parallelism n.
+scan_parallelism = 0
+# Capacity of the channel to send data from parallel scan tasks to the main task (default 32).
+parallel_scan_channel_size = 32
 
 # Log options, see `standalone.example.toml`
 # [logging]
 # dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/logs"
 # level = "info"
+
+# Datanode export the metrics generated by itself
+# encoded to Prometheus remote-write format
+# and send to Prometheus remote-write compatible receiver (e.g. send to `greptimedb` itself)
+# This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape.
+# [export_metrics]
+# whether enable export metrics, default is false
+# enable = false
+# The url of metrics export endpoint, default is `frontend` default HTTP endpoint.
+# endpoint = "127.0.0.1:4000"
+# The database name of exported metrics stores, user needs to specify a valid database
+# db = ""
+# The interval of export metrics
+# write_interval = "30s"
+# HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry
+# headers = {}

config/frontend.example.toml

@@ -77,3 +77,19 @@ tcp_nodelay = true
 timeout = "10s"
 connect_timeout = "10s"
 tcp_nodelay = true
+
+# Frontend export the metrics generated by itself
+# encoded to Prometheus remote-write format
+# and send to Prometheus remote-write compatible receiver (e.g. send to `greptimedb` itself)
+# This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape.
+# [export_metrics]
+# whether enable export metrics, default is false
+# enable = false
+# The url of metrics export endpoint, default is `frontend` default HTTP endpoint.
+# endpoint = "127.0.0.1:4000"
+# The database name of exported metrics stores, user needs to specify a valid database
+# db = ""
+# The interval of export metrics
+# write_interval = "30s"
+# HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry
+# headers = {}

config/metasrv.example.toml

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ server_addr = "127.0.0.1:3002"
 # Etcd server address, "127.0.0.1:2379" by default.
 store_addr = "127.0.0.1:2379"
 # Datanode selector type.
-# - "LeaseBased" (default value).
-# - "LoadBased"
-# For details, please see "https://docs.greptime.com/developer-guide/meta/selector".
-selector = "LeaseBased"
+# - "lease_based" (default value).
+# - "load_based"
+# For details, please see "https://docs.greptime.com/developer-guide/metasrv/selector".
+selector = "lease_based"
 # Store data in memory, false by default.
 use_memory_store = false
 # Whether to enable greptimedb telemetry, true by default.
@@ -42,3 +42,53 @@ first_heartbeat_estimate = "1000ms"
 # timeout = "10s"
 # connect_timeout = "10s"
 # tcp_nodelay = true
+
+[wal]
+# Available wal providers:
+# - "raft_engine" (default)
+# - "kafka"
+provider = "raft_engine"
+
+# There're none raft-engine wal config since meta srv only involves in remote wal currently.
+
+# Kafka wal config.
+# The broker endpoints of the Kafka cluster. ["127.0.0.1:9092"] by default.
+# broker_endpoints = ["127.0.0.1:9092"]
+# Number of topics to be created upon start.
+# num_topics = 64
+# Topic selector type.
+# Available selector types: 
+# - "round_robin" (default)
+# selector_type = "round_robin"
+# A Kafka topic is constructed by concatenating `topic_name_prefix` and `topic_id`.
+# topic_name_prefix = "greptimedb_wal_topic"
+# Number of partitions per topic.
+# num_partitions = 1
+# Expected number of replicas of each partition.
+# replication_factor = 1
+# Above which a topic creation operation will be cancelled.
+# create_topic_timeout = "30s"
+# The initial backoff for kafka clients.
+# backoff_init = "500ms"
+# The maximum backoff for kafka clients.
+# backoff_max = "10s"
+# Exponential backoff rate, i.e. next backoff = base * current backoff.
+# backoff_base = 2
+# Stop reconnecting if the total wait time reaches the deadline. If this config is missing, the reconnecting won't terminate.
+# backoff_deadline = "5mins"
+
+# Metasrv export the metrics generated by itself
+# encoded to Prometheus remote-write format
+# and send to Prometheus remote-write compatible receiver (e.g. send to `greptimedb` itself)
+# This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape.
+# [export_metrics]
+# whether enable export metrics, default is false
+# enable = false
+# The url of metrics export endpoint, default is `frontend` default HTTP endpoint.
+# endpoint = "127.0.0.1:4000"
+# The database name of exported metrics stores, user needs to specify a valid database
+# db = ""
+# The interval of export metrics
+# write_interval = "30s"
+# HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry
+# headers = {}

config/standalone.example.toml

@@ -80,8 +80,49 @@ enable = true
 # Whether to enable Prometheus remote write and read in HTTP API, true by default.
 enable = true
 
-# WAL options.
 [wal]
+# Available wal providers:
+# - "raft_engine" (default)
+# - "kafka"
+provider = "raft_engine"
+
+# There're none raft-engine wal config since meta srv only involves in remote wal currently.
+
+# Kafka wal options.
+# The broker endpoints of the Kafka cluster. ["127.0.0.1:9092"] by default.
+# broker_endpoints = ["127.0.0.1:9092"]
+
+# Number of topics to be created upon start.
+# num_topics = 64
+# Topic selector type.
+# Available selector types: 
+# - "round_robin" (default)
+# selector_type = "round_robin"
+# A Kafka topic is constructed by concatenating `topic_name_prefix` and `topic_id`.
+# topic_name_prefix = "greptimedb_wal_topic"
+# Number of partitions per topic.
+# num_partitions = 1
+# Expected number of replicas of each partition.
+# replication_factor = 1
+
+# The maximum log size a kafka batch producer could buffer.
+# max_batch_size = "4MB"
+# The linger duration of a kafka batch producer.
+# linger = "200ms"
+# The maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait for Kafka records to be returned.
+# produce_record_timeout = "100ms"
+# Above which a topic creation operation will be cancelled.
+# create_topic_timeout = "30s"
+
+# The initial backoff for kafka clients.
+# backoff_init = "500ms"
+# The maximum backoff for kafka clients.
+# backoff_max = "10s"
+# Exponential backoff rate, i.e. next backoff = base * current backoff.
+# backoff_base = 2
+# Stop reconnecting if the total wait time reaches the deadline. If this config is missing, the reconnecting won't terminate.
+# backoff_deadline = "5mins"
+
 # WAL data directory
 # dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/wal"
 # WAL file size in bytes.
@@ -122,6 +163,12 @@ type = "File"
 # The local file cache capacity in bytes.
 # cache_capacity = "256MB"
 
+# Custom storage options
+#[[storage.providers]]
+#type = "S3"
+#[[storage.providers]]
+#type = "Gcs"
+
 # Mito engine options
 [[region_engine]]
 [region_engine.mito]
@@ -151,6 +198,13 @@ vector_cache_size = "512MB"
 page_cache_size = "512MB"
 # Buffer size for SST writing.
 sst_write_buffer_size = "8MB"
+# Parallelism to scan a region (default: 1/4 of cpu cores).
+# - 0: using the default value (1/4 of cpu cores).
+# - 1: scan in current thread.
+# - n: scan in parallelism n.
+scan_parallelism = 0
+# Capacity of the channel to send data from parallel scan tasks to the main task (default 32).
+parallel_scan_channel_size = 32
 
 # Log options
 # [logging]
@@ -164,3 +218,21 @@ sst_write_buffer_size = "8MB"
 # otlp_endpoint = "localhost:4317"
 # The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported. Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1. ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0
 # tracing_sample_ratio = 1.0
+# Whether to append logs to stdout. Defaults to true.
+# append_stdout = true
+
+# Standalone export the metrics generated by itself
+# encoded to Prometheus remote-write format
+# and send to Prometheus remote-write compatible receiver (e.g. send to `greptimedb` itself)
+# This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape.
+# [export_metrics]
+# whether enable export metrics, default is false
+# enable = false
+# The url of metrics export endpoint, default is `frontend` default HTTP endpoint.
+# endpoint = "127.0.0.1:4000"
+# The database name of exported metrics stores, user needs to specify a valid database
+# db = ""
+# The interval of export metrics
+# write_interval = "30s"
+# HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry
+# headers = {}

docker/dev-builder/centos/Dockerfile

@@ -26,4 +26,5 @@ ARG RUST_TOOLCHAIN
 RUN rustup toolchain install ${RUST_TOOLCHAIN}
 
 # Install nextest.
-RUN cargo install cargo-nextest --locked
+RUN cargo install cargo-binstall --locked
+RUN cargo binstall cargo-nextest --no-confirm

docker/dev-builder/ubuntu/Dockerfile

@@ -43,4 +43,5 @@ ARG RUST_TOOLCHAIN
 RUN rustup toolchain install ${RUST_TOOLCHAIN}
 
 # Install nextest.
-RUN cargo install cargo-nextest --locked
+RUN cargo install cargo-binstall --locked
+RUN cargo binstall cargo-nextest --no-confirm

docker/dev-builder/ubuntu/Dockerfile-18.10

@@ -44,4 +44,5 @@ ARG RUST_TOOLCHAIN
 RUN rustup toolchain install ${RUST_TOOLCHAIN}
 
 # Install nextest.
-RUN cargo install cargo-nextest --locked
+RUN cargo install cargo-binstall --locked
+RUN cargo binstall cargo-nextest --no-confirm

rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 [toolchain]
-channel = "nightly-2023-10-21"
+channel = "nightly-2023-12-19"

scripts/run-pyo3-greptime.sh

@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# This script configures the environment to run 'greptime' with the required Python version
-
-# This script should be compatible both in Linux and macOS
-OS_TYPE="$(uname)"
-readonly OS_TYPE
-
-check_command_existence() {
-    command -v "$1" &> /dev/null
-}
-
-get_python_version() {
-    case "$OS_TYPE" in
-        Darwin)
-            otool -L $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH | grep -o 'Python.framework/Versions/3.[0-9]\+/Python' | grep -o '3.[0-9]\+'
-            ;;
-        Linux)
-            ldd $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH | grep -o 'libpython3\.[0-9]\+' | grep -o '3\.[0-9]\+'
-            ;;
-        *)
-            echo "Unsupported OS type: $OS_TYPE"
-            exit 1
-            ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-setup_virtualenv() {
-    local req_py_version="$1"
-    local env_name="GreptimeTmpVenv$req_py_version"
-    virtualenv --python=python"$req_py_version" "$env_name"
-    source "$env_name/bin/activate"
-}
-
-setup_conda_env() {
-    local req_py_version="$1"
-    local conda_base
-    conda_base=$(conda info --base) || { echo "Error obtaining conda base directory"; exit 1; }
-    . "$conda_base/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
-
-    if ! conda list --name "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version" &> /dev/null; then
-        conda create --yes --name "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version" python="$req_py_version"
-    fi
-
-    conda activate "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version"
-}
-
-GREPTIME_BIN_PATH="./greptime"
-YES="false"
-
-usage() {
-  echo "Usage:"
-  echo "  $0 -f <greptime-bin-path> [-y] <args-pass-to-greptime>"
-  echo "Set $PY_ENV_MAN to 1 to use virtualenv, 2 to use conda"
-  exit 1
-}
-
-function parse_args() {
-  while getopts ":f:y" opt; do
-    case $opt in
-      f)
-        GREPTIME_BIN_PATH=$OPTARG
-        ;;
-      y)
-        YES="yes"
-        ;;
-      \?)
-        echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" >&2
-        exit 1
-        ;;
-      :)
-        echo "Option -$OPTARG requires an argument." >&2
-        exit 1
-        ;;
-    esac
-  done
-
-  shift $((OPTIND -1))
-
-  REST_ARGS=$*
-
-  if [ -z "$GREPTIME_BIN_PATH" ]; then
-    usage
-  fi
-
-  echo "Run greptime binary at '$GREPTIME_BIN_PATH' (yes=$YES)..."
-  echo "The args pass to greptime: '$REST_ARGS'"
-}
-
-# Set library path and pass all arguments to greptime to run it
-execute_greptime() {
-    if [[ "$OS_TYPE" == "Darwin" ]]; then
-        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH="${CONDA_PREFIX:-$PREFIX}/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}" $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $@
-    elif [[ "$OS_TYPE" == "Linux" ]]; then
-        LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${CONDA_PREFIX:-$PREFIX}/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}" $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $@
-    fi
-}
-
-main() {
-    parse_args $@
-
-    local req_py_version
-    req_py_version=$(get_python_version)
-    readonly req_py_version
-
-    if [[ -z "$req_py_version" ]]; then
-        if $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH --version &> /dev/null; then
-            $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $REST_ARGS
-        else
-            echo "The 'greptime' binary is not valid or encountered an error."
-            $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH --version
-            exit 1
-        fi
-        return
-    fi
-
-    echo "The required version of Python shared library is $req_py_version"
-
-    # if YES exist, assign it to yn, else read from stdin
-    if [[ -z "$YES" ]]; then
-        echo "Now this script will try to install or find correct Python Version"
-        echo "Do you want to continue? (yes/no): "
-        read -r yn
-    else
-        yn="$YES"
-    fi
-    case $yn in
-        [Yy]* ) ;;
-        [Nn]* ) exit;;
-        * ) echo "Please answer yes or no.";;
-    esac
-
-    # if USE_ENV exist, assign it to option
-    # else read from stdin
-    if [[ -z "$PY_ENV_MAN" ]]; then
-        echo "Do you want to use virtualenv or conda? (virtualenv(1)/conda(2)): "
-        read -r option
-    else
-        option="$PY_ENV_MAN"
-    fi
-    
-    case $option in 
-        1) 
-        setup_virtualenv "$req_py_version"
-        ;;
-        2) 
-        setup_conda_env "$req_py_version"
-        ;;
-        *) 
-        echo "Please input 1 or 2"; exit 1
-        ;;
-    esac
-
-    execute_greptime $REST_ARGS
-}
-
-main "$@"

src/api/src/helper.rs

@@ -535,11 +535,8 @@ pub fn convert_i128_to_interval(v: i128) -> v1::IntervalMonthDayNano {
 
 /// Convert common decimal128 to grpc decimal128 without precision and scale.
 pub fn convert_to_pb_decimal128(v: Decimal128) -> v1::Decimal128 {
-    let value = v.val();
-    v1::Decimal128 {
-        hi: (value >> 64) as i64,
-        lo: value as i64,
-    }
+    let (hi, lo) = v.split_value();
+    v1::Decimal128 { hi, lo }
 }
 
 pub fn pb_value_to_value_ref<'a>(
@@ -580,9 +577,9 @@ pub fn pb_value_to_value_ref<'a>(
         ValueData::TimeMillisecondValue(t) => ValueRef::Time(Time::new_millisecond(*t)),
         ValueData::TimeMicrosecondValue(t) => ValueRef::Time(Time::new_microsecond(*t)),
         ValueData::TimeNanosecondValue(t) => ValueRef::Time(Time::new_nanosecond(*t)),
-        ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValues(v) => ValueRef::Interval(Interval::from_i32(*v)),
-        ValueData::IntervalDayTimeValues(v) => ValueRef::Interval(Interval::from_i64(*v)),
-        ValueData::IntervalMonthDayNanoValues(v) => {
+        ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValue(v) => ValueRef::Interval(Interval::from_i32(*v)),
+        ValueData::IntervalDayTimeValue(v) => ValueRef::Interval(Interval::from_i64(*v)),
+        ValueData::IntervalMonthDayNanoValue(v) => {
             let interval = Interval::from_month_day_nano(v.months, v.days, v.nanoseconds);
             ValueRef::Interval(interval)
         }
@@ -986,13 +983,13 @@ pub fn to_proto_value(value: Value) -> Option<v1::Value> {
         },
         Value::Interval(v) => match v.unit() {
             IntervalUnit::YearMonth => v1::Value {
-                value_data: Some(ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValues(v.to_i32())),
+                value_data: Some(ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValue(v.to_i32())),
             },
             IntervalUnit::DayTime => v1::Value {
-                value_data: Some(ValueData::IntervalDayTimeValues(v.to_i64())),
+                value_data: Some(ValueData::IntervalDayTimeValue(v.to_i64())),
             },
             IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano => v1::Value {
-                value_data: Some(ValueData::IntervalMonthDayNanoValues(
+                value_data: Some(ValueData::IntervalMonthDayNanoValue(
                     convert_i128_to_interval(v.to_i128()),
                 )),
             },
@@ -1011,12 +1008,9 @@ pub fn to_proto_value(value: Value) -> Option<v1::Value> {
                 value_data: Some(ValueData::DurationNanosecondValue(v.value())),
             },
         },
-        Value::Decimal128(v) => {
-            let (hi, lo) = v.split_value();
-            v1::Value {
-                value_data: Some(ValueData::Decimal128Value(v1::Decimal128 { hi, lo })),
-            }
-        }
+        Value::Decimal128(v) => v1::Value {
+            value_data: Some(ValueData::Decimal128Value(convert_to_pb_decimal128(v))),
+        },
         Value::List(_) => return None,
     };
 
@@ -1051,9 +1045,9 @@ pub fn proto_value_type(value: &v1::Value) -> Option<ColumnDataType> {
         ValueData::TimeMillisecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::TimeMillisecond,
         ValueData::TimeMicrosecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::TimeMicrosecond,
         ValueData::TimeNanosecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::TimeNanosecond,
-        ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValues(_) => ColumnDataType::IntervalYearMonth,
-        ValueData::IntervalDayTimeValues(_) => ColumnDataType::IntervalDayTime,
-        ValueData::IntervalMonthDayNanoValues(_) => ColumnDataType::IntervalMonthDayNano,
+        ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValue(_) => ColumnDataType::IntervalYearMonth,
+        ValueData::IntervalDayTimeValue(_) => ColumnDataType::IntervalDayTime,
+        ValueData::IntervalMonthDayNanoValue(_) => ColumnDataType::IntervalMonthDayNano,
         ValueData::DurationSecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::DurationSecond,
         ValueData::DurationMillisecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::DurationMillisecond,
         ValueData::DurationMicrosecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::DurationMicrosecond,
@@ -1109,10 +1103,10 @@ pub fn value_to_grpc_value(value: Value) -> GrpcValue {
                 TimeUnit::Nanosecond => ValueData::TimeNanosecondValue(v.value()),
             }),
             Value::Interval(v) => Some(match v.unit() {
-                IntervalUnit::YearMonth => ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValues(v.to_i32()),
-                IntervalUnit::DayTime => ValueData::IntervalDayTimeValues(v.to_i64()),
+                IntervalUnit::YearMonth => ValueData::IntervalYearMonthValue(v.to_i32()),
+                IntervalUnit::DayTime => ValueData::IntervalDayTimeValue(v.to_i64()),
                 IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano => {
-                    ValueData::IntervalMonthDayNanoValues(convert_i128_to_interval(v.to_i128()))
+                    ValueData::IntervalMonthDayNanoValue(convert_i128_to_interval(v.to_i128()))
                 }
             }),
             Value::Duration(v) => Some(match v.unit() {
@@ -1121,10 +1115,7 @@ pub fn value_to_grpc_value(value: Value) -> GrpcValue {
                 TimeUnit::Microsecond => ValueData::DurationMicrosecondValue(v.value()),
                 TimeUnit::Nanosecond => ValueData::DurationNanosecondValue(v.value()),
             }),
-            Value::Decimal128(v) => {
-                let (hi, lo) = v.split_value();
-                Some(ValueData::Decimal128Value(v1::Decimal128 { hi, lo }))
-            }
+            Value::Decimal128(v) => Some(ValueData::Decimal128Value(convert_to_pb_decimal128(v))),
             Value::List(_) => unreachable!(),
         },
     }

src/catalog/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ arc-swap = "1.0"
 arrow-schema.workspace = true
 async-stream.workspace = true
 async-trait = "0.1"
+build-data = "0.1"
 common-catalog.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
 common-grpc.workspace = true
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ common-recordbatch.workspace = true
 common-runtime.workspace = true
 common-telemetry.workspace = true
 common-time.workspace = true
-dashmap = "5.4"
+dashmap.workspace = true
 datafusion.workspace = true
 datatypes.workspace = true
 futures = "0.3"
@@ -33,10 +34,11 @@ meta-client.workspace = true
 moka = { workspace = true, features = ["future"] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
 partition.workspace = true
+paste = "1.0"
 prometheus.workspace = true
 regex.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
-serde_json = "1.0"
+serde_json.workspace = true
 session.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
 store-api.workspace = true

src/catalog/src/information_schema.rs

@@ -13,16 +13,20 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 mod columns;
+mod memory_table;
+mod table_names;
 mod tables;
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 
-use common_catalog::consts::INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME;
+use common_catalog::consts::{self, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
-use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatchStreamAdaptor, SendableRecordBatchStream};
+use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatchStreamWrapper, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datatypes::schema::SchemaRef;
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+use paste::paste;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 use store_api::data_source::DataSource;
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};
@@ -32,43 +36,102 @@ use table::metadata::{
 };
 use table::thin_table::{ThinTable, ThinTableAdapter};
 use table::TableRef;
+pub use table_names::*;
 
 use self::columns::InformationSchemaColumns;
 use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::information_schema::memory_table::{get_schema_columns, MemoryTable};
 use crate::information_schema::tables::InformationSchemaTables;
 use crate::CatalogManager;
 
-pub const TABLES: &str = "tables";
-pub const COLUMNS: &str = "columns";
+lazy_static! {
+    // Memory tables in `information_schema`.
+    static ref MEMORY_TABLES: &'static [&'static str] = &[
+        ENGINES,
+        COLUMN_PRIVILEGES,
+        COLUMN_STATISTICS,
+        BUILD_INFO,
+    ];
+}
 
+macro_rules! setup_memory_table {
+    ($name: expr) => {
+        paste! {
+            {
+                let (schema, columns) = get_schema_columns($name);
+                Some(Arc::new(MemoryTable::new(
+                    consts::[<INFORMATION_SCHEMA_ $name  _TABLE_ID>],
+                    $name,
+                    schema,
+                    columns
+                )) as _)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// The `information_schema` tables info provider.
 pub struct InformationSchemaProvider {
     catalog_name: String,
     catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
+    tables: HashMap<String, TableRef>,
 }
 
 impl InformationSchemaProvider {
     pub fn new(catalog_name: String, catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        let mut provider = Self {
             catalog_name,
             catalog_manager,
-        }
+            tables: HashMap::new(),
+        };
+
+        provider.build_tables();
+
+        provider
     }
 
-    /// Build a map of [TableRef] in information schema.
-    /// Including `tables` and `columns`.
-    pub fn build(
-        catalog_name: String,
-        catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
-    ) -> HashMap<String, TableRef> {
-        let provider = Self::new(catalog_name, catalog_manager);
+    /// Returns table names in the order of table id.
+    pub fn table_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut tables = self.tables.values().clone().collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        let mut schema = HashMap::new();
-        schema.insert(TABLES.to_owned(), provider.table(TABLES).unwrap());
-        schema.insert(COLUMNS.to_owned(), provider.table(COLUMNS).unwrap());
-        schema
+        tables.sort_by(|t1, t2| {
+            t1.table_info()
+                .table_id()
+                .partial_cmp(&t2.table_info().table_id())
+                .unwrap()
+        });
+        tables
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|t| t.table_info().name.clone())
+            .collect()
     }
 
+    /// Returns a map of [TableRef] in information schema.
+    pub fn tables(&self) -> &HashMap<String, TableRef> {
+        assert!(!self.tables.is_empty());
+
+        &self.tables
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [TableRef] by table name.
     pub fn table(&self, name: &str) -> Option<TableRef> {
+        self.tables.get(name).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn build_tables(&mut self) {
+        let mut tables = HashMap::new();
+        tables.insert(TABLES.to_string(), self.build_table(TABLES).unwrap());
+        tables.insert(COLUMNS.to_string(), self.build_table(COLUMNS).unwrap());
+
+        // Add memory tables
+        for name in MEMORY_TABLES.iter() {
+            tables.insert((*name).to_string(), self.build_table(name).unwrap());
+        }
+
+        self.tables = tables;
+    }
+
+    fn build_table(&self, name: &str) -> Option<TableRef> {
         self.information_table(name).map(|table| {
             let table_info = Self::table_info(self.catalog_name.clone(), &table);
             let filter_pushdown = FilterPushDownType::Unsupported;
@@ -89,6 +152,10 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
                 self.catalog_name.clone(),
                 self.catalog_manager.clone(),
             )) as _),
+            ENGINES => setup_memory_table!(ENGINES),
+            COLUMN_PRIVILEGES => setup_memory_table!(COLUMN_PRIVILEGES),
+            COLUMN_STATISTICS => setup_memory_table!(COLUMN_STATISTICS),
+            BUILD_INFO => setup_memory_table!(BUILD_INFO),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
@@ -102,9 +169,9 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
             .unwrap();
         let table_info = TableInfoBuilder::default()
             .table_id(table.table_id())
-            .name(table.table_name().to_owned())
+            .name(table.table_name().to_string())
             .catalog_name(catalog_name)
-            .schema_name(INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME.to_owned())
+            .schema_name(INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME.to_string())
             .meta(table_meta)
             .table_type(table.table_type())
             .build()
@@ -171,11 +238,12 @@ impl DataSource for InformationTableDataSource {
                 None => batch,
             });
 
-        let stream = RecordBatchStreamAdaptor {
+        let stream = RecordBatchStreamWrapper {
             schema: projected_schema,
             stream: Box::pin(stream),
             output_ordering: None,
         };
+
         Ok(Box::pin(stream))
     }
 }

src/catalog/src/information_schema/columns.rs

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 
 use arrow_schema::SchemaRef as ArrowSchemaRef;
 use common_catalog::consts::{
-    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_COLUMNS_TABLE_ID, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME, SEMANTIC_TYPE_FIELD,
-    SEMANTIC_TYPE_PRIMARY_KEY, SEMANTIC_TYPE_TIME_INDEX,
+    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_COLUMNS_TABLE_ID, SEMANTIC_TYPE_FIELD, SEMANTIC_TYPE_PRIMARY_KEY,
+    SEMANTIC_TYPE_TIME_INDEX,
 };
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_query::physical_plan::TaskContext;
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ use datatypes::vectors::{StringVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::TableId;
 
-use super::tables::InformationSchemaTables;
-use super::{InformationTable, COLUMNS, TABLES};
+use super::{InformationTable, COLUMNS};
 use crate::error::{
     CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ impl InformationTable for InformationSchemaColumns {
             schema,
             futures::stream::once(async move {
                 builder
-                    .make_tables()
+                    .make_columns()
                     .await
                     .map(|x| x.into_df_record_batch())
                     .map_err(Into::into)
@@ -148,8 +147,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaColumnsBuilder {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Construct the `information_schema.tables` virtual table
-    async fn make_tables(&mut self) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
+    /// Construct the `information_schema.columns` virtual table
+    async fn make_columns(&mut self) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
         let catalog_name = self.catalog_name.clone();
         let catalog_manager = self
             .catalog_manager
@@ -163,48 +162,38 @@ impl InformationSchemaColumnsBuilder {
             {
                 continue;
             }
+
             for table_name in catalog_manager
                 .table_names(&catalog_name, &schema_name)
                 .await?
             {
-                let (keys, schema) = if let Some(table) = catalog_manager
+                if let Some(table) = catalog_manager
                     .table(&catalog_name, &schema_name, &table_name)
                     .await?
                 {
                     let keys = &table.table_info().meta.primary_key_indices;
                     let schema = table.schema();
-                    (keys.clone(), schema)
-                } else {
-                    // TODO: this specific branch is only a workaround for FrontendCatalogManager.
-                    if schema_name == INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME {
-                        if table_name == COLUMNS {
-                            (vec![], InformationSchemaColumns::schema())
-                        } else if table_name == TABLES {
-                            (vec![], InformationSchemaTables::schema())
-                        } else {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                };
 
-                for (idx, column) in schema.column_schemas().iter().enumerate() {
-                    let semantic_type = if column.is_time_index() {
-                        SEMANTIC_TYPE_TIME_INDEX
-                    } else if keys.contains(&idx) {
-                        SEMANTIC_TYPE_PRIMARY_KEY
-                    } else {
-                        SEMANTIC_TYPE_FIELD
-                    };
-                    self.add_column(
-                        &catalog_name,
-                        &schema_name,
-                        &table_name,
-                        &column.name,
-                        &column.data_type.name(),
-                        semantic_type,
-                    );
+                    for (idx, column) in schema.column_schemas().iter().enumerate() {
+                        let semantic_type = if column.is_time_index() {
+                            SEMANTIC_TYPE_TIME_INDEX
+                        } else if keys.contains(&idx) {
+                            SEMANTIC_TYPE_PRIMARY_KEY
+                        } else {
+                            SEMANTIC_TYPE_FIELD
+                        };
+
+                        self.add_column(
+                            &catalog_name,
+                            &schema_name,
+                            &table_name,
+                            &column.name,
+                            &column.data_type.name(),
+                            semantic_type,
+                        );
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!();
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -238,6 +227,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaColumnsBuilder {
             Arc::new(self.data_types.finish()),
             Arc::new(self.semantic_types.finish()),
         ];
+
         RecordBatch::new(self.schema.clone(), columns).context(CreateRecordBatchSnafu)
     }
 }
@@ -254,7 +244,7 @@ impl DfPartitionStream for InformationSchemaColumns {
             schema,
             futures::stream::once(async move {
                 builder
-                    .make_tables()
+                    .make_columns()
                     .await
                     .map(|x| x.into_df_record_batch())
                     .map_err(Into::into)

src/catalog/src/information_schema/memory_table.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+mod tables;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow_schema::SchemaRef as ArrowSchemaRef;
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_query::physical_plan::TaskContext;
+use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
+use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
+use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
+use datatypes::schema::SchemaRef;
+use datatypes::vectors::VectorRef;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::storage::TableId;
+pub use tables::get_schema_columns;
+
+use crate::error::{CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result};
+use crate::information_schema::InformationTable;
+
+/// A memory table with specified schema and columns.
+pub(super) struct MemoryTable {
+    table_id: TableId,
+    table_name: &'static str,
+    schema: SchemaRef,
+    columns: Vec<VectorRef>,
+}
+
+impl MemoryTable {
+    /// Creates a memory table with table id, name, schema and columns.
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        table_id: TableId,
+        table_name: &'static str,
+        schema: SchemaRef,
+        columns: Vec<VectorRef>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            table_id,
+            table_name,
+            schema,
+            columns,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn builder(&self) -> MemoryTableBuilder {
+        MemoryTableBuilder::new(self.schema.clone(), self.columns.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl InformationTable for MemoryTable {
+    fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
+        self.table_id
+    }
+
+    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.table_name
+    }
+
+    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
+        self.schema.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn to_stream(&self) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
+        let schema = self.schema.arrow_schema().clone();
+        let mut builder = self.builder();
+        let stream = Box::pin(DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
+            schema,
+            futures::stream::once(async move {
+                builder
+                    .memory_records()
+                    .await
+                    .map(|x| x.into_df_record_batch())
+                    .map_err(Into::into)
+            }),
+        ));
+        Ok(Box::pin(
+            RecordBatchStreamAdapter::try_new(stream)
+                .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                .context(InternalSnafu)?,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+struct MemoryTableBuilder {
+    schema: SchemaRef,
+    columns: Vec<VectorRef>,
+}
+
+impl MemoryTableBuilder {
+    fn new(schema: SchemaRef, columns: Vec<VectorRef>) -> Self {
+        Self { schema, columns }
+    }
+
+    /// Construct the `information_schema.{table_name}` virtual table
+    async fn memory_records(&mut self) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
+        if self.columns.is_empty() {
+            RecordBatch::new_empty(self.schema.clone()).context(CreateRecordBatchSnafu)
+        } else {
+            RecordBatch::new(self.schema.clone(), std::mem::take(&mut self.columns))
+                .context(CreateRecordBatchSnafu)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DfPartitionStream for MemoryTable {
+    fn schema(&self) -> &ArrowSchemaRef {
+        self.schema.arrow_schema()
+    }
+
+    fn execute(&self, _: Arc<TaskContext>) -> DfSendableRecordBatchStream {
+        let schema = self.schema.arrow_schema().clone();
+        let mut builder = self.builder();
+        Box::pin(DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
+            schema,
+            futures::stream::once(async move {
+                builder
+                    .memory_records()
+                    .await
+                    .map(|x| x.into_df_record_batch())
+                    .map_err(Into::into)
+            }),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use common_recordbatch::RecordBatches;
+    use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+    use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema};
+    use datatypes::vectors::StringVector;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_memory_table() {
+        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
+            ColumnSchema::new("a", ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
+            ColumnSchema::new("b", ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
+        ]));
+
+        let table = MemoryTable::new(
+            42,
+            "test",
+            schema.clone(),
+            vec![
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec!["a1", "a2"])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec!["b1", "b2"])),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(42, table.table_id());
+        assert_eq!("test", table.table_name());
+        assert_eq!(schema, InformationTable::schema(&table));
+
+        let stream = table.to_stream().unwrap();
+
+        let batches = RecordBatches::try_collect(stream).await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "\
++----+----+
+| a  | b  |
++----+----+
+| a1 | b1 |
+| a2 | b2 |
++----+----+",
+            batches.pretty_print().unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_empty_memory_table() {
+        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
+            ColumnSchema::new("a", ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
+            ColumnSchema::new("b", ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
+        ]));
+
+        let table = MemoryTable::new(42, "test", schema.clone(), vec![]);
+
+        assert_eq!(42, table.table_id());
+        assert_eq!("test", table.table_name());
+        assert_eq!(schema, InformationTable::schema(&table));
+
+        let stream = table.to_stream().unwrap();
+
+        let batches = RecordBatches::try_collect(stream).await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "\
++---+---+
+| a | b |
++---+---+
++---+---+",
+            batches.pretty_print().unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+}

src/catalog/src/information_schema/memory_table/tables.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use common_catalog::consts::MITO_ENGINE;
+use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, VectorRef};
+use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
+use datatypes::vectors::StringVector;
+
+use crate::information_schema::table_names::*;
+
+const UNKNOWN: &str = "unknown";
+
+/// Find the schema and columns by the table_name, only valid for memory tables.
+/// Safety: the user MUST ensure the table schema exists, panic otherwise.
+pub fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>) {
+    let (column_schemas, columns): (_, Vec<VectorRef>) = match table_name {
+        COLUMN_PRIVILEGES => (
+            string_columns(&[
+                "GRANTEE",
+                "TABLE_CATALOG",
+                "TABLE_SCHEMA",
+                "TABLE_NAME",
+                "COLUMN_NAME",
+                "PRIVILEGE_TYPE",
+                "IS_GRANTABLE",
+            ]),
+            vec![],
+        ),
+
+        COLUMN_STATISTICS => (
+            string_columns(&[
+                "SCHEMA_NAME",
+                "TABLE_NAME",
+                "COLUMN_NAME",
+                // TODO(dennis): It must be a JSON type, but we don't support it yet
+                "HISTOGRAM",
+            ]),
+            vec![],
+        ),
+
+        ENGINES => (
+            string_columns(&[
+                "ENGINE",
+                "SUPPORT",
+                "COMMENT",
+                "TRANSACTIONS",
+                "XA",
+                "SAVEPOINTS",
+            ]),
+            vec![
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![MITO_ENGINE])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec!["DEFAULT"])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![
+                    "Storage engine for time-series data",
+                ])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec!["NO"])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec!["NO"])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec!["NO"])),
+            ],
+        ),
+
+        BUILD_INFO => (
+            string_columns(&[
+                "GIT_BRANCH",
+                "GIT_COMMIT",
+                "GIT_COMMIT_SHORT",
+                "GIT_DIRTY",
+                "PKG_VERSION",
+            ]),
+            vec![
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![
+                    build_data::get_git_branch().unwrap_or_else(|_| UNKNOWN.to_string())
+                ])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![
+                    build_data::get_git_commit().unwrap_or_else(|_| UNKNOWN.to_string())
+                ])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![
+                    build_data::get_git_commit_short().unwrap_or_else(|_| UNKNOWN.to_string())
+                ])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![
+                    build_data::get_git_dirty().map_or(UNKNOWN.to_string(), |v| v.to_string())
+                ])),
+                Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![option_env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")])),
+            ],
+        ),
+
+        _ => unreachable!("Unknown table in information_schema: {}", table_name),
+    };
+
+    (Arc::new(Schema::new(column_schemas)), columns)
+}
+
+fn string_columns(names: &[&'static str]) -> Vec<ColumnSchema> {
+    names.iter().map(|name| string_column(name)).collect()
+}
+
+fn string_column(name: &str) -> ColumnSchema {
+    ColumnSchema::new(
+        str::to_lowercase(name),
+        ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
+        false,
+    )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_string_columns() {
+        let columns = ["a", "b", "c"];
+        let column_schemas = string_columns(&columns);
+
+        assert_eq!(3, column_schemas.len());
+        for (i, name) in columns.iter().enumerate() {
+            let cs = column_schemas.get(i).unwrap();
+
+            assert_eq!(*name, cs.name);
+            assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), cs.data_type);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/catalog/src/information_schema/table_names.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+/// All table names in `information_schema`.
+
+pub const TABLES: &str = "tables";
+pub const COLUMNS: &str = "columns";
+pub const ENGINES: &str = "engines";
+pub const COLUMN_PRIVILEGES: &str = "column_privileges";
+pub const COLUMN_STATISTICS: &str = "column_statistics";
+pub const BUILD_INFO: &str = "build_info";

src/catalog/src/information_schema/tables.rs

@@ -15,10 +15,7 @@
 use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 
 use arrow_schema::SchemaRef as ArrowSchemaRef;
-use common_catalog::consts::{
-    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_COLUMNS_TABLE_ID, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME,
-    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TABLES_TABLE_ID,
-};
+use common_catalog::consts::INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TABLES_TABLE_ID;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_query::physical_plan::TaskContext;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::TableId;
 use table::metadata::TableType;
 
-use super::{COLUMNS, TABLES};
+use super::TABLES;
 use crate::error::{
     CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
@@ -178,29 +175,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaTablesBuilder {
                         Some(&table_info.meta.engine),
                     );
                 } else {
-                    // TODO: this specific branch is only a workaround for FrontendCatalogManager.
-                    if schema_name == INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME {
-                        if table_name == COLUMNS {
-                            self.add_table(
-                                &catalog_name,
-                                &schema_name,
-                                &table_name,
-                                TableType::Temporary,
-                                Some(INFORMATION_SCHEMA_COLUMNS_TABLE_ID),
-                                None,
-                            );
-                        } else if table_name == TABLES {
-                            self.add_table(
-                                &catalog_name,
-                                &schema_name,
-                                &table_name,
-                                TableType::Temporary,
-                                Some(INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TABLES_TABLE_ID),
-                                None,
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
+                    unreachable!();
+                }
             }
         }
 

src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ use crate::error::{
     self as catalog_err, ListCatalogsSnafu, ListSchemasSnafu, Result as CatalogResult,
     TableMetadataManagerSnafu,
 };
-use crate::information_schema::{InformationSchemaProvider, COLUMNS, TABLES};
+use crate::information_schema::InformationSchemaProvider;
 use crate::CatalogManager;
 
 /// Access all existing catalog, schema and tables.
@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
             cache_invalidator,
             system_catalog: SystemCatalog {
                 catalog_manager: me.clone(),
+                information_schema_provider: Arc::new(InformationSchemaProvider::new(
+                    // The catalog name is not used in system_catalog, so let it empty
+                    "".to_string(),
+                    me.clone(),
+                )),
             },
         })
     }
@@ -122,13 +127,11 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
             .try_collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
             .await
             .map_err(BoxedError::new)
-            .context(ListSchemasSnafu { catalog })?
-            .into_iter()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            .context(ListSchemasSnafu { catalog })?;
 
-        keys.extend_from_slice(&self.system_catalog.schema_names());
+        keys.extend(self.system_catalog.schema_names());
 
-        Ok(keys)
+        Ok(keys.into_iter().collect())
     }
 
     async fn table_names(&self, catalog: &str, schema: &str) -> CatalogResult<Vec<String>> {
@@ -231,11 +234,11 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
 // a new catalog is created.
 /// Existing system tables:
 /// - public.numbers
-/// - information_schema.tables
-/// - information_schema.columns
+/// - information_schema.{tables}
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct SystemCatalog {
     catalog_manager: Weak<KvBackendCatalogManager>,
+    information_schema_provider: Arc<InformationSchemaProvider>,
 }
 
 impl SystemCatalog {
@@ -245,7 +248,7 @@ impl SystemCatalog {
 
     fn table_names(&self, schema: &str) -> Vec<String> {
         if schema == INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME {
-            vec![TABLES.to_string(), COLUMNS.to_string()]
+            self.information_schema_provider.table_names()
         } else if schema == DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME {
             vec![NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME.to_string()]
         } else {
@@ -259,7 +262,7 @@ impl SystemCatalog {
 
     fn table_exist(&self, schema: &str, table: &str) -> bool {
         if schema == INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME {
-            table == TABLES || table == COLUMNS
+            self.information_schema_provider.table(table).is_some()
         } else if schema == DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME {
             table == NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME
         } else {

src/catalog/src/lib.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#![feature(trait_upcasting)]
 #![feature(assert_matches)]
 #![feature(try_blocks)]
 

src/catalog/src/memory/manager.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, Weak};
 
 use common_catalog::build_db_string;
-use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME};
+use common_catalog::consts::{
+    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_PRIVATE_SCHEMA_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME,
+};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use table::TableRef;
 
@@ -135,6 +137,18 @@ impl MemoryCatalogManager {
                 schema: DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME.to_string(),
             })
             .unwrap();
+        manager
+            .register_schema_sync(RegisterSchemaRequest {
+                catalog: DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string(),
+                schema: DEFAULT_PRIVATE_SCHEMA_NAME.to_string(),
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        manager
+            .register_schema_sync(RegisterSchemaRequest {
+                catalog: DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string(),
+                schema: INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME.to_string(),
+            })
+            .unwrap();
 
         manager
     }
@@ -243,10 +257,12 @@ impl MemoryCatalogManager {
     }
 
     fn create_catalog_entry(self: &Arc<Self>, catalog: String) -> SchemaEntries {
-        let information_schema = InformationSchemaProvider::build(
+        let information_schema_provider = InformationSchemaProvider::new(
             catalog,
             Arc::downgrade(self) as Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
         );
+        let information_schema = information_schema_provider.tables().clone();
+
         let mut catalog = HashMap::new();
         catalog.insert(INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME.to_string(), information_schema);
         catalog

src/client/Cargo.toml

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ prost.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
 session.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
-tokio-stream = { version = "0.1", features = ["net"] }
+tokio-stream = { workspace = true, features = ["net"] }
 tokio.workspace = true
 tonic.workspace = true
 

src/client/src/database.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
 use common_grpc::flight::{FlightDecoder, FlightMessage};
 use common_query::Output;
 use common_recordbatch::error::ExternalSnafu;
-use common_recordbatch::RecordBatchStreamAdaptor;
+use common_recordbatch::RecordBatchStreamWrapper;
 use common_telemetry::logging;
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::W3cTrace;
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ impl Database {
                         yield Ok(record_batch);
                     }
                 }));
-                let record_batch_stream = RecordBatchStreamAdaptor {
+                let record_batch_stream = RecordBatchStreamWrapper {
                     schema,
                     stream,
                     output_ordering: None,

src/client/src/error.rs

@@ -131,3 +131,15 @@ impl From<Status> for Error {
         Self::Server { code, msg }
     }
 }
+
+impl Error {
+    pub fn should_retry(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(
+            self,
+            Self::RegionServer {
+                code: Code::InvalidArgument,
+                ..
+            }
+        )
+    }
+}

src/client/src/region.rs

@@ -23,13 +23,12 @@ use common_grpc::flight::{FlightDecoder, FlightMessage};
 use common_meta::datanode_manager::{AffectedRows, Datanode};
 use common_meta::error::{self as meta_error, Result as MetaResult};
 use common_recordbatch::error::ExternalSnafu;
-use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatchStreamAdaptor, SendableRecordBatchStream};
+use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatchStreamWrapper, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use common_telemetry::error;
 use prost::Message;
 use snafu::{location, Location, OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use tokio_stream::StreamExt;
 
-use crate::error::Error::RegionServer;
 use crate::error::{
     self, ConvertFlightDataSnafu, IllegalDatabaseResponseSnafu, IllegalFlightMessagesSnafu,
     MissingFieldSnafu, Result, ServerSnafu,
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ pub struct RegionRequester {
 impl Datanode for RegionRequester {
     async fn handle(&self, request: RegionRequest) -> MetaResult<AffectedRows> {
         self.handle_inner(request).await.map_err(|err| {
-            if matches!(err, RegionServer { .. }) {
+            if err.should_retry() {
                 meta_error::Error::RetryLater {
                     source: BoxedError::new(err),
                 }
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ impl RegionRequester {
                 yield Ok(record_batch);
             }
         }));
-        let record_batch_stream = RecordBatchStreamAdaptor {
+        let record_batch_stream = RecordBatchStreamWrapper {
             schema,
             stream,
             output_ordering: None,

src/cmd/Cargo.toml

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ etcd-client.workspace = true
 file-engine.workspace = true
 frontend.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
+human-panic = "1.2.2"
 lazy_static.workspace = true
 meta-client.workspace = true
 meta-srv.workspace = true
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ serde_json.workspace = true
 servers.workspace = true
 session.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
+store-api.workspace = true
 substrait.workspace = true
 table.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true

src/cmd/src/bin/greptime.rs

@@ -16,79 +16,12 @@
 
 use std::fmt;
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
 use cmd::error::Result;
-use cmd::options::{Options, TopLevelOptions};
-use cmd::{cli, datanode, frontend, metasrv, standalone};
-use common_telemetry::logging::{error, info, TracingOptions};
-
-lazy_static::lazy_static! {
-    static ref APP_VERSION: prometheus::IntGaugeVec =
-        prometheus::register_int_gauge_vec!("app_version", "app version", &["short_version", "version"]).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(name = "greptimedb", version = print_version())]
-struct Command {
-    #[clap(long)]
-    log_dir: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long)]
-    log_level: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    subcmd: SubCommand,
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
-    #[clap(long)]
-    tokio_console_addr: Option<String>,
-}
-
-pub enum Application {
-    Datanode(datanode::Instance),
-    Frontend(frontend::Instance),
-    Metasrv(metasrv::Instance),
-    Standalone(standalone::Instance),
-    Cli(cli::Instance),
-}
-
-impl Application {
-    async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            Application::Datanode(instance) => instance.start().await,
-            Application::Frontend(instance) => instance.start().await,
-            Application::Metasrv(instance) => instance.start().await,
-            Application::Standalone(instance) => instance.start().await,
-            Application::Cli(instance) => instance.start().await,
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            Application::Datanode(instance) => instance.stop().await,
-            Application::Frontend(instance) => instance.stop().await,
-            Application::Metasrv(instance) => instance.stop().await,
-            Application::Standalone(instance) => instance.stop().await,
-            Application::Cli(instance) => instance.stop().await,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Command {
-    async fn build(self, opts: Options) -> Result<Application> {
-        self.subcmd.build(opts).await
-    }
-
-    fn load_options(&self) -> Result<Options> {
-        let top_level_opts = self.top_level_options();
-        self.subcmd.load_options(top_level_opts)
-    }
-
-    fn top_level_options(&self) -> TopLevelOptions {
-        TopLevelOptions {
-            log_dir: self.log_dir.clone(),
-            log_level: self.log_level.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-}
+use cmd::options::{CliOptions, Options};
+use cmd::{
+    cli, datanode, frontend, greptimedb_cli, log_versions, metasrv, standalone, start_app, App,
+};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 enum SubCommand {
@@ -105,40 +38,41 @@ enum SubCommand {
 }
 
 impl SubCommand {
-    async fn build(self, opts: Options) -> Result<Application> {
-        match (self, opts) {
+    async fn build(self, opts: Options) -> Result<Box<dyn App>> {
+        let app: Box<dyn App> = match (self, opts) {
             (SubCommand::Datanode(cmd), Options::Datanode(dn_opts)) => {
                 let app = cmd.build(*dn_opts).await?;
-                Ok(Application::Datanode(app))
+                Box::new(app) as _
             }
             (SubCommand::Frontend(cmd), Options::Frontend(fe_opts)) => {
                 let app = cmd.build(*fe_opts).await?;
-                Ok(Application::Frontend(app))
+                Box::new(app) as _
             }
             (SubCommand::Metasrv(cmd), Options::Metasrv(meta_opts)) => {
                 let app = cmd.build(*meta_opts).await?;
-                Ok(Application::Metasrv(app))
+                Box::new(app) as _
             }
             (SubCommand::Standalone(cmd), Options::Standalone(opts)) => {
                 let app = cmd.build(*opts).await?;
-                Ok(Application::Standalone(app))
+                Box::new(app) as _
             }
             (SubCommand::Cli(cmd), Options::Cli(_)) => {
                 let app = cmd.build().await?;
-                Ok(Application::Cli(app))
+                Box::new(app) as _
             }
 
             _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
+        };
+        Ok(app)
     }
 
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         match self {
-            SubCommand::Datanode(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_opts),
-            SubCommand::Frontend(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_opts),
-            SubCommand::Metasrv(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_opts),
-            SubCommand::Standalone(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_opts),
-            SubCommand::Cli(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_opts),
+            SubCommand::Datanode(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
+            SubCommand::Frontend(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
+            SubCommand::Metasrv(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
+            SubCommand::Standalone(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
+            SubCommand::Cli(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -155,90 +89,49 @@ impl fmt::Display for SubCommand {
     }
 }
 
-fn print_version() -> &'static str {
-    concat!(
-        "\nbranch: ",
-        env!("GIT_BRANCH"),
-        "\ncommit: ",
-        env!("GIT_COMMIT"),
-        "\ndirty: ",
-        env!("GIT_DIRTY"),
-        "\nversion: ",
-        env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
-    )
-}
-
-fn short_version() -> &'static str {
-    env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
-}
-
-// {app_name}-{branch_name}-{commit_short}
-// The branch name (tag) of a release build should already contain the short
-// version so the full version doesn't concat the short version explicitly.
-fn full_version() -> &'static str {
-    concat!(
-        "greptimedb-",
-        env!("GIT_BRANCH"),
-        "-",
-        env!("GIT_COMMIT_SHORT")
-    )
-}
-
-fn log_env_flags() {
-    info!("command line arguments");
-    for argument in std::env::args() {
-        info!("argument: {}", argument);
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 #[global_allocator]
 static ALLOC: tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc = tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc;
 
 #[tokio::main]
 async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let cmd = Command::parse();
-    let app_name = &cmd.subcmd.to_string();
-
-    let opts = cmd.load_options()?;
-    let logging_opts = opts.logging_options();
-    let tracing_opts = TracingOptions {
-        #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
-        tokio_console_addr: cmd.tokio_console_addr.clone(),
+    let metadata = human_panic::Metadata {
+        version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").into(),
+        name: "GreptimeDB".into(),
+        authors: Default::default(),
+        homepage: "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/discussions".into(),
     };
+    human_panic::setup_panic!(metadata);
 
     common_telemetry::set_panic_hook();
-    let _guard =
-        common_telemetry::init_global_logging(app_name, logging_opts, tracing_opts, opts.node_id());
 
-    // Report app version as gauge.
-    APP_VERSION
-        .with_label_values(&[short_version(), full_version()])
-        .inc();
+    let cli = greptimedb_cli();
 
-    // Log version and argument flags.
-    info!(
-        "short_version: {}, full_version: {}",
-        short_version(),
-        full_version()
+    let cli = SubCommand::augment_subcommands(cli);
+
+    let args = cli.get_matches();
+
+    let subcmd = match SubCommand::from_arg_matches(&args) {
+        Ok(subcmd) => subcmd,
+        Err(e) => e.exit(),
+    };
+
+    let app_name = subcmd.to_string();
+
+    let cli_options = CliOptions::new(&args);
+
+    let opts = subcmd.load_options(&cli_options)?;
+
+    let _guard = common_telemetry::init_global_logging(
+        &app_name,
+        opts.logging_options(),
+        cli_options.tracing_options(),
+        opts.node_id(),
     );
-    log_env_flags();
 
-    let mut app = cmd.build(opts).await?;
+    log_versions();
 
-    tokio::select! {
-        result = app.start() => {
-            if let Err(err) = result {
-                error!(err; "Fatal error occurs!");
-            }
-        }
-        _ = tokio::signal::ctrl_c() => {
-            if let Err(err) = app.stop().await {
-                error!(err; "Fatal error occurs!");
-            }
-            info!("Goodbye!");
-        }
-    }
+    let app = subcmd.build(opts).await?;
 
-    Ok(())
+    start_app(app).await
 }

src/cmd/src/cli.rs

@@ -13,9 +13,15 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 mod bench;
+
+// Wait for https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/2373
+#[allow(unused)]
 mod cmd;
 mod export;
 mod helper;
+
+// Wait for https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/2373
+#[allow(unused)]
 mod repl;
 // TODO(weny): Removes it
 #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -30,27 +36,35 @@ use upgrade::UpgradeCommand;
 
 use self::export::ExportCommand;
 use crate::error::Result;
-use crate::options::{Options, TopLevelOptions};
+use crate::options::{CliOptions, Options};
+use crate::App;
 
 #[async_trait]
-pub trait Tool {
+pub trait Tool: Send + Sync {
     async fn do_work(&self) -> Result<()>;
 }
 
-pub enum Instance {
-    Repl(Repl),
-    Tool(Box<dyn Tool>),
+pub struct Instance {
+    tool: Box<dyn Tool>,
 }
 
 impl Instance {
-    pub async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            Instance::Repl(repl) => repl.run().await,
-            Instance::Tool(tool) => tool.do_work().await,
-        }
+    fn new(tool: Box<dyn Tool>) -> Self {
+        Self { tool }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl App for Instance {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "greptime-cli"
     }
 
-    pub async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.tool.do_work().await
+    }
+
+    async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -66,14 +80,15 @@ impl Command {
         self.cmd.build().await
     }
 
-    pub fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    pub fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         let mut logging_opts = LoggingOptions::default();
-        if let Some(dir) = top_level_opts.log_dir {
-            logging_opts.dir = dir;
-        }
-        if top_level_opts.log_level.is_some() {
-            logging_opts.level = top_level_opts.log_level;
+
+        if let Some(dir) = &cli_options.log_dir {
+            logging_opts.dir = dir.clone();
         }
+
+        logging_opts.level = cli_options.log_level.clone();
+
         Ok(Options::Cli(Box::new(logging_opts)))
     }
 }
@@ -110,7 +125,6 @@ pub(crate) struct AttachCommand {
 impl AttachCommand {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     async fn build(self) -> Result<Instance> {
-        let repl = Repl::try_new(&self).await?;
-        Ok(Instance::Repl(repl))
+        unimplemented!("Wait for https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/2373")
     }
 }

src/cmd/src/cli/bench.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ use common_telemetry::info;
 use datatypes::data_type::ConcreteDataType;
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, RawSchema};
 use rand::Rng;
+use store_api::storage::RegionNumber;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, RawTableMeta, TableId, TableIdent, TableType};
 
 use self::metadata::TableMetadataBencher;
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ impl BenchTableMetadataCommand {
             table_metadata_manager,
             count: self.count,
         };
-        Ok(Instance::Tool(Box::new(tool)))
+        Ok(Instance::new(Box::new(tool)))
     }
 }
 
@@ -137,12 +138,12 @@ fn create_table_info(table_id: TableId, table_name: TableName) -> RawTableInfo {
     }
 }
 
-fn create_region_routes() -> Vec<RegionRoute> {
-    let mut regions = Vec::with_capacity(100);
+fn create_region_routes(regions: Vec<RegionNumber>) -> Vec<RegionRoute> {
+    let mut region_routes = Vec::with_capacity(100);
     let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
 
-    for region_id in 0..64u64 {
-        regions.push(RegionRoute {
+    for region_id in regions.into_iter().map(u64::from) {
+        region_routes.push(RegionRoute {
             region: Region {
                 id: region_id.into(),
                 name: String::new(),
@@ -158,5 +159,11 @@ fn create_region_routes() -> Vec<RegionRoute> {
         });
     }
 
-    regions
+    region_routes
+}
+
+fn create_region_wal_options(regions: Vec<RegionNumber>) -> HashMap<RegionNumber, String> {
+    // TODO(niebayes): construct region wal options for benchmark.
+    let _ = regions;
+    HashMap::default()
 }

src/cmd/src/cli/bench/metadata.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ use std::time::Instant;
 use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
 use common_meta::table_name::TableName;
 
-use super::{bench_self_recorded, create_region_routes, create_table_info};
+use crate::cli::bench::{
+    bench_self_recorded, create_region_routes, create_region_wal_options, create_table_info,
+};
 
 pub struct TableMetadataBencher {
     table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
@@ -43,12 +45,15 @@ impl TableMetadataBencher {
                 let table_name = format!("bench_table_name_{}", i);
                 let table_name = TableName::new("bench_catalog", "bench_schema", table_name);
                 let table_info = create_table_info(i, table_name);
-                let region_routes = create_region_routes();
+
+                let regions: Vec<_> = (0..64).collect();
+                let region_routes = create_region_routes(regions.clone());
+                let region_wal_options = create_region_wal_options(regions);
 
                 let start = Instant::now();
 
                 self.table_metadata_manager
-                    .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+                    .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes, region_wal_options)
                     .await
                     .unwrap();
 

src/cmd/src/cli/export.rs

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl ExportCommand {
             }));
         }
 
-        Ok(Instance::Tool(Box::new(Export {
+        Ok(Instance::new(Box::new(Export {
             client: database_client,
             catalog,
             schema,

src/cmd/src/cli/upgrade.rs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ impl UpgradeCommand {
             skip_schema_keys: self.skip_schema_keys,
             skip_table_route_keys: self.skip_table_route_keys,
         };
-        Ok(Instance::Tool(Box::new(tool)))
+        Ok(Instance::new(Box::new(tool)))
     }
 }
 
@@ -395,6 +396,9 @@ impl MigrateTableMetadata {
         let region_distribution: RegionDistribution =
             value.regions_id_map.clone().into_iter().collect();
 
+        // TODO(niebayes): properly fetch or construct wal options.
+        let region_wal_options = HashMap::default();
+
         let datanode_table_kvs = region_distribution
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(datanode_id, regions)| {
@@ -409,6 +413,7 @@ impl MigrateTableMetadata {
                             engine: engine.to_string(),
                             region_storage_path: region_storage_path.clone(),
                             region_options: (&value.table_info.meta.options).into(),
+                            region_wal_options: region_wal_options.clone(),
                         },
                     ),
                 )

src/cmd/src/datanode.rs

@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use catalog::kvbackend::MetaKvBackend;
 use clap::Parser;
-use common_telemetry::logging;
+use common_config::WalConfig;
+use common_telemetry::{info, logging};
 use datanode::config::DatanodeOptions;
 use datanode::datanode::{Datanode, DatanodeBuilder};
 use meta_client::MetaClientOptions;
@@ -25,14 +27,26 @@ use servers::Mode;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 
 use crate::error::{MissingConfigSnafu, Result, ShutdownDatanodeSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu};
-use crate::options::{Options, TopLevelOptions};
+use crate::options::{CliOptions, Options};
+use crate::App;
 
 pub struct Instance {
     datanode: Datanode,
 }
 
 impl Instance {
-    pub async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn new(datanode: Datanode) -> Self {
+        Self { datanode }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl App for Instance {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "greptime-datanode"
+    }
+
+    async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         plugins::start_datanode_plugins(self.datanode.plugins())
             .await
             .context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;
@@ -40,7 +54,7 @@ impl Instance {
         self.datanode.start().await.context(StartDatanodeSnafu)
     }
 
-    pub async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
         self.datanode
             .shutdown()
             .await
@@ -59,8 +73,8 @@ impl Command {
         self.subcmd.build(opts).await
     }
 
-    pub fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
-        self.subcmd.load_options(top_level_opts)
+    pub fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+        self.subcmd.load_options(cli_options)
     }
 }
 
@@ -76,9 +90,9 @@ impl SubCommand {
         }
     }
 
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         match self {
-            SubCommand::Start(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_opts),
+            SubCommand::Start(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -108,19 +122,19 @@ struct StartCommand {
 }
 
 impl StartCommand {
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         let mut opts: DatanodeOptions = Options::load_layered_options(
             self.config_file.as_deref(),
             self.env_prefix.as_ref(),
             DatanodeOptions::env_list_keys(),
         )?;
 
-        if let Some(dir) = top_level_opts.log_dir {
-            opts.logging.dir = dir;
+        if let Some(dir) = &cli_options.log_dir {
+            opts.logging.dir = dir.clone();
         }
 
-        if top_level_opts.log_level.is_some() {
-            opts.logging.level = top_level_opts.log_level;
+        if cli_options.log_level.is_some() {
+            opts.logging.level = cli_options.log_level.clone();
         }
 
         if let Some(addr) = &self.rpc_addr {
@@ -153,8 +167,18 @@ impl StartCommand {
             opts.storage.data_home = data_home.clone();
         }
 
-        if let Some(wal_dir) = &self.wal_dir {
-            opts.wal.dir = Some(wal_dir.clone());
+        // `wal_dir` only affects raft-engine config.
+        if let Some(wal_dir) = &self.wal_dir
+            && let WalConfig::RaftEngine(raft_engine_config) = &mut opts.wal
+        {
+            if raft_engine_config
+                .dir
+                .as_ref()
+                .is_some_and(|original_dir| original_dir != wal_dir)
+            {
+                info!("The wal dir of raft-engine is altered to {wal_dir}");
+            }
+            raft_engine_config.dir.replace(wal_dir.clone());
         }
 
         if let Some(http_addr) = &self.http_addr {
@@ -204,7 +228,7 @@ impl StartCommand {
             .await
             .context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;
 
-        Ok(Instance { datanode })
+        Ok(Instance::new(datanode))
     }
 }
 
@@ -214,12 +238,12 @@ mod tests {
     use std::time::Duration;
 
     use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_named_temp_file;
-    use datanode::config::{FileConfig, ObjectStoreConfig};
+    use datanode::config::{FileConfig, GcsConfig, ObjectStoreConfig, S3Config};
     use servers::heartbeat_options::HeartbeatOptions;
     use servers::Mode;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::options::ENV_VAR_SEP;
+    use crate::options::{CliOptions, ENV_VAR_SEP};
 
     #[test]
     fn test_read_from_config_file() {
@@ -243,6 +267,7 @@ mod tests {
             tcp_nodelay = true
 
             [wal]
+            provider = "raft_engine"
             dir = "/other/wal"
             file_size = "1GB"
             purge_threshold = "50GB"
@@ -251,8 +276,17 @@ mod tests {
             sync_write = false
 
             [storage]
-            type = "File"
             data_home = "/tmp/greptimedb/"
+            type = "File"
+
+            [[storage.providers]]
+            type = "Gcs"
+            bucket = "foo"
+            endpoint = "bar"
+
+            [[storage.providers]]
+            type = "S3"
+            bucket = "foo"
 
             [logging]
             level = "debug"
@@ -265,19 +299,24 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        let Options::Datanode(options) = cmd.load_options(TopLevelOptions::default()).unwrap()
-        else {
+        let Options::Datanode(options) = cmd.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap() else {
             unreachable!()
         };
 
         assert_eq!("127.0.0.1:3001".to_string(), options.rpc_addr);
         assert_eq!(Some(42), options.node_id);
-        assert_eq!("/other/wal", options.wal.dir.unwrap());
 
-        assert_eq!(Duration::from_secs(600), options.wal.purge_interval);
-        assert_eq!(1024 * 1024 * 1024, options.wal.file_size.0);
-        assert_eq!(1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 50, options.wal.purge_threshold.0);
-        assert!(!options.wal.sync_write);
+        let WalConfig::RaftEngine(raft_engine_config) = options.wal else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+        assert_eq!("/other/wal", raft_engine_config.dir.unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(Duration::from_secs(600), raft_engine_config.purge_interval);
+        assert_eq!(1024 * 1024 * 1024, raft_engine_config.file_size.0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 50,
+            raft_engine_config.purge_threshold.0
+        );
+        assert!(!raft_engine_config.sync_write);
 
         let HeartbeatOptions {
             interval: heart_beat_interval,
@@ -305,6 +344,15 @@ mod tests {
             &options.storage.store,
             ObjectStoreConfig::File(FileConfig { .. })
         ));
+        assert_eq!(options.storage.providers.len(), 2);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            options.storage.providers[0],
+            ObjectStoreConfig::Gcs(GcsConfig { .. })
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            options.storage.providers[1],
+            ObjectStoreConfig::S3(S3Config { .. })
+        ));
 
         assert_eq!("debug", options.logging.level.unwrap());
         assert_eq!("/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs".to_string(), options.logging.dir);
@@ -313,7 +361,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_try_from_cmd() {
         if let Options::Datanode(opt) = StartCommand::default()
-            .load_options(TopLevelOptions::default())
+            .load_options(&CliOptions::default())
             .unwrap()
         {
             assert_eq!(Mode::Standalone, opt.mode)
@@ -324,7 +372,7 @@ mod tests {
             metasrv_addr: Some(vec!["127.0.0.1:3002".to_string()]),
             ..Default::default()
         })
-        .load_options(TopLevelOptions::default())
+        .load_options(&CliOptions::default())
         .unwrap()
         {
             assert_eq!(Mode::Distributed, opt.mode)
@@ -334,7 +382,7 @@ mod tests {
             metasrv_addr: Some(vec!["127.0.0.1:3002".to_string()]),
             ..Default::default()
         })
-        .load_options(TopLevelOptions::default())
+        .load_options(&CliOptions::default())
         .is_err());
 
         // Providing node_id but leave metasrv_addr absent is ok since metasrv_addr has default value
@@ -342,18 +390,21 @@ mod tests {
             node_id: Some(42),
             ..Default::default()
         })
-        .load_options(TopLevelOptions::default())
+        .load_options(&CliOptions::default())
         .is_ok());
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_top_level_options() {
+    fn test_load_log_options_from_cli() {
         let cmd = StartCommand::default();
 
         let options = cmd
-            .load_options(TopLevelOptions {
+            .load_options(&CliOptions {
                 log_dir: Some("/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs".to_string()),
                 log_level: Some("debug".to_string()),
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
+                tokio_console_addr: None,
             })
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -379,9 +430,10 @@ mod tests {
             tcp_nodelay = true
 
             [wal]
+            provider = "raft_engine"
             file_size = "1GB"
             purge_threshold = "50GB"
-            purge_interval = "10m"
+            purge_interval = "5m"
             sync_write = false
 
             [storage]
@@ -436,14 +488,16 @@ mod tests {
                     ..Default::default()
                 };
 
-                let Options::Datanode(opts) =
-                    command.load_options(TopLevelOptions::default()).unwrap()
+                let Options::Datanode(opts) = command.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap()
                 else {
                     unreachable!()
                 };
 
                 // Should be read from env, env > default values.
-                assert_eq!(opts.wal.read_batch_size, 100,);
+                let WalConfig::RaftEngine(raft_engine_config) = opts.wal else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+                assert_eq!(raft_engine_config.read_batch_size, 100);
                 assert_eq!(
                     opts.meta_client.unwrap().metasrv_addrs,
                     vec![
@@ -454,10 +508,13 @@ mod tests {
                 );
 
                 // Should be read from config file, config file > env > default values.
-                assert_eq!(opts.wal.purge_interval, Duration::from_secs(60 * 10));
+                assert_eq!(
+                    raft_engine_config.purge_interval,
+                    Duration::from_secs(60 * 5)
+                );
 
                 // Should be read from cli, cli > config file > env > default values.
-                assert_eq!(opts.wal.dir.unwrap(), "/other/wal/dir");
+                assert_eq!(raft_engine_config.dir.unwrap(), "/other/wal/dir");
 
                 // Should be default value.
                 assert_eq!(opts.http.addr, DatanodeOptions::default().http.addr);

src/cmd/src/error.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use std::any::Any;
 
-use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
+use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_macro::stack_trace_debug;
 use config::ConfigError;
@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ pub enum Error {
         source: common_procedure::error::Error,
     },
 
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to start wal options allocator"))]
+    StartWalOptionsAllocator {
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_meta::error::Error,
+    },
+
     #[snafu(display("Failed to start datanode"))]
     StartDatanode {
         location: Location,
@@ -231,6 +237,12 @@ pub enum Error {
         #[snafu(source)]
         error: std::io::Error,
     },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Other error"))]
+    Other {
+        source: BoxedError,
+        location: Location,
+    },
 }
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -264,6 +276,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
 
             Error::StartProcedureManager { source, .. }
             | Error::StopProcedureManager { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::StartWalOptionsAllocator { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
             Error::ReplCreation { .. } | Error::Readline { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
             Error::RequestDatabase { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
             Error::CollectRecordBatches { source, .. }
@@ -276,6 +289,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             Error::StartCatalogManager { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
 
             Error::SerdeJson { .. } | Error::FileIo { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
+
+            Error::Other { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
         }
     }
 

src/cmd/src/frontend.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use catalog::kvbackend::CachedMetaKvBackend;
 use clap::Parser;
 use client::client_manager::DatanodeClients;
@@ -32,14 +33,26 @@ use servers::Mode;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 
 use crate::error::{self, MissingConfigSnafu, Result, StartFrontendSnafu};
-use crate::options::{Options, TopLevelOptions};
+use crate::options::{CliOptions, Options};
+use crate::App;
 
 pub struct Instance {
     frontend: FeInstance,
 }
 
 impl Instance {
-    pub async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn new(frontend: FeInstance) -> Self {
+        Self { frontend }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl App for Instance {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "greptime-frontend"
+    }
+
+    async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         plugins::start_frontend_plugins(self.frontend.plugins().clone())
             .await
             .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
@@ -47,7 +60,7 @@ impl Instance {
         self.frontend.start().await.context(StartFrontendSnafu)
     }
 
-    pub async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
         self.frontend
             .shutdown()
             .await
@@ -66,8 +79,8 @@ impl Command {
         self.subcmd.build(opts).await
     }
 
-    pub fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
-        self.subcmd.load_options(top_level_opts)
+    pub fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+        self.subcmd.load_options(cli_options)
     }
 }
 
@@ -83,9 +96,9 @@ impl SubCommand {
         }
     }
 
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         match self {
-            SubCommand::Start(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_opts),
+            SubCommand::Start(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -125,19 +138,19 @@ pub struct StartCommand {
 }
 
 impl StartCommand {
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         let mut opts: FrontendOptions = Options::load_layered_options(
             self.config_file.as_deref(),
             self.env_prefix.as_ref(),
             FrontendOptions::env_list_keys(),
         )?;
 
-        if let Some(dir) = top_level_opts.log_dir {
-            opts.logging.dir = dir;
+        if let Some(dir) = &cli_options.log_dir {
+            opts.logging.dir = dir.clone();
         }
 
-        if top_level_opts.log_level.is_some() {
-            opts.logging.level = top_level_opts.log_level;
+        if cli_options.log_level.is_some() {
+            opts.logging.level = cli_options.log_level.clone();
         }
 
         let tls_opts = TlsOption::new(
@@ -236,12 +249,16 @@ impl StartCommand {
         .await
         .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
 
+        instance
+            .build_export_metrics_task(&opts.export_metrics)
+            .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
+
         instance
             .build_servers(opts)
             .await
             .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
 
-        Ok(Instance { frontend: instance })
+        Ok(Instance::new(instance))
     }
 }
 
@@ -257,7 +274,7 @@ mod tests {
     use servers::http::HttpOptions;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::options::ENV_VAR_SEP;
+    use crate::options::{CliOptions, ENV_VAR_SEP};
 
     #[test]
     fn test_try_from_start_command() {
@@ -271,8 +288,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        let Options::Frontend(opts) = command.load_options(TopLevelOptions::default()).unwrap()
-        else {
+        let Options::Frontend(opts) = command.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap() else {
             unreachable!()
         };
 
@@ -324,7 +340,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        let Options::Frontend(fe_opts) = command.load_options(TopLevelOptions::default()).unwrap()
+        let Options::Frontend(fe_opts) = command.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap()
         else {
             unreachable!()
         };
@@ -363,16 +379,19 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_top_level_options() {
+    fn test_load_log_options_from_cli() {
         let cmd = StartCommand {
             disable_dashboard: Some(false),
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
         let options = cmd
-            .load_options(TopLevelOptions {
+            .load_options(&CliOptions {
                 log_dir: Some("/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs".to_string()),
                 log_level: Some("debug".to_string()),
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
+                tokio_console_addr: None,
             })
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -452,11 +471,8 @@ mod tests {
                     ..Default::default()
                 };
 
-                let top_level_opts = TopLevelOptions {
-                    log_dir: None,
-                    log_level: Some("error".to_string()),
-                };
-                let Options::Frontend(fe_opts) = command.load_options(top_level_opts).unwrap()
+                let Options::Frontend(fe_opts) =
+                    command.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap()
                 else {
                     unreachable!()
                 };

src/cmd/src/lib.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#![feature(assert_matches)]
+#![feature(assert_matches, let_chains)]
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use clap::arg;
+use common_telemetry::{error, info};
 
 pub mod cli;
 pub mod datanode;
@@ -21,3 +25,100 @@ pub mod frontend;
 pub mod metasrv;
 pub mod options;
 pub mod standalone;
+
+lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+    static ref APP_VERSION: prometheus::IntGaugeVec =
+        prometheus::register_int_gauge_vec!("app_version", "app version", &["short_version", "version"]).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait App {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+
+    async fn start(&mut self) -> error::Result<()>;
+
+    async fn stop(&self) -> error::Result<()>;
+}
+
+pub async fn start_app(mut app: Box<dyn App>) -> error::Result<()> {
+    let name = app.name().to_string();
+
+    tokio::select! {
+        result = app.start() => {
+            if let Err(err) = result {
+                error!(err; "Failed to start app {name}!");
+            }
+        }
+        _ = tokio::signal::ctrl_c() => {
+            if let Err(err) = app.stop().await {
+                error!(err; "Failed to stop app {name}!");
+            }
+            info!("Goodbye!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn log_versions() {
+    // Report app version as gauge.
+    APP_VERSION
+        .with_label_values(&[short_version(), full_version()])
+        .inc();
+
+    // Log version and argument flags.
+    info!(
+        "short_version: {}, full_version: {}",
+        short_version(),
+        full_version()
+    );
+
+    log_env_flags();
+}
+
+pub fn greptimedb_cli() -> clap::Command {
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("greptimedb")
+        .version(print_version())
+        .subcommand_required(true);
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
+    let cmd = cmd.arg(arg!(--"tokio-console-addr"[TOKIO_CONSOLE_ADDR]));
+
+    cmd.args([arg!(--"log-dir"[LOG_DIR]), arg!(--"log-level"[LOG_LEVEL])])
+}
+
+fn print_version() -> &'static str {
+    concat!(
+        "\nbranch: ",
+        env!("GIT_BRANCH"),
+        "\ncommit: ",
+        env!("GIT_COMMIT"),
+        "\ndirty: ",
+        env!("GIT_DIRTY"),
+        "\nversion: ",
+        env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+    )
+}
+
+fn short_version() -> &'static str {
+    env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+}
+
+// {app_name}-{branch_name}-{commit_short}
+// The branch name (tag) of a release build should already contain the short
+// version so the full version doesn't concat the short version explicitly.
+fn full_version() -> &'static str {
+    concat!(
+        "greptimedb-",
+        env!("GIT_BRANCH"),
+        "-",
+        env!("GIT_COMMIT_SHORT")
+    )
+}
+
+fn log_env_flags() {
+    info!("command line arguments");
+    for argument in std::env::args() {
+        info!("argument: {}", argument);
+    }
+}

src/cmd/src/metasrv.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use clap::Parser;
 use common_telemetry::logging;
 use meta_srv::bootstrap::MetaSrvInstance;
@@ -21,21 +22,34 @@ use meta_srv::metasrv::MetaSrvOptions;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 
 use crate::error::{self, Result, StartMetaServerSnafu};
-use crate::options::{Options, TopLevelOptions};
+use crate::options::{CliOptions, Options};
+use crate::App;
 
 pub struct Instance {
     instance: MetaSrvInstance,
 }
 
 impl Instance {
-    pub async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn new(instance: MetaSrvInstance) -> Self {
+        Self { instance }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl App for Instance {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "greptime-metasrv"
+    }
+
+    async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         plugins::start_meta_srv_plugins(self.instance.plugins())
             .await
             .context(StartMetaServerSnafu)?;
+
         self.instance.start().await.context(StartMetaServerSnafu)
     }
 
-    pub async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
         self.instance
             .shutdown()
             .await
@@ -54,8 +68,8 @@ impl Command {
         self.subcmd.build(opts).await
     }
 
-    pub fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
-        self.subcmd.load_options(top_level_opts)
+    pub fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+        self.subcmd.load_options(cli_options)
     }
 }
 
@@ -71,9 +85,9 @@ impl SubCommand {
         }
     }
 
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         match self {
-            SubCommand::Start(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_opts),
+            SubCommand::Start(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -103,22 +117,26 @@ struct StartCommand {
     /// The working home directory of this metasrv instance.
     #[clap(long)]
     data_home: Option<String>,
+
+    /// If it's not empty, the metasrv will store all data with this key prefix.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    store_key_prefix: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl StartCommand {
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_opts: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         let mut opts: MetaSrvOptions = Options::load_layered_options(
             self.config_file.as_deref(),
             self.env_prefix.as_ref(),
             None,
         )?;
 
-        if let Some(dir) = top_level_opts.log_dir {
-            opts.logging.dir = dir;
+        if let Some(dir) = &cli_options.log_dir {
+            opts.logging.dir = dir.clone();
         }
 
-        if top_level_opts.log_level.is_some() {
-            opts.logging.level = top_level_opts.log_level;
+        if cli_options.log_level.is_some() {
+            opts.logging.level = cli_options.log_level.clone();
         }
 
         if let Some(addr) = &self.bind_addr {
@@ -159,6 +177,8 @@ impl StartCommand {
             opts.data_home = data_home.clone();
         }
 
+        opts.store_key_prefix = self.store_key_prefix.clone();
+
         // Disable dashboard in metasrv.
         opts.http.disable_dashboard = true;
 
@@ -182,7 +202,7 @@ impl StartCommand {
             .await
             .context(error::BuildMetaServerSnafu)?;
 
-        Ok(Instance { instance })
+        Ok(Instance::new(instance))
     }
 }
 
@@ -206,8 +226,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        let Options::Metasrv(options) = cmd.load_options(TopLevelOptions::default()).unwrap()
-        else {
+        let Options::Metasrv(options) = cmd.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap() else {
             unreachable!()
         };
         assert_eq!("127.0.0.1:3002".to_string(), options.bind_addr);
@@ -242,8 +261,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        let Options::Metasrv(options) = cmd.load_options(TopLevelOptions::default()).unwrap()
-        else {
+        let Options::Metasrv(options) = cmd.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap() else {
             unreachable!()
         };
         assert_eq!("127.0.0.1:3002".to_string(), options.bind_addr);
@@ -274,7 +292,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_top_level_options() {
+    fn test_load_log_options_from_cli() {
         let cmd = StartCommand {
             bind_addr: Some("127.0.0.1:3002".to_string()),
             server_addr: Some("127.0.0.1:3002".to_string()),
@@ -284,9 +302,12 @@ mod tests {
         };
 
         let options = cmd
-            .load_options(TopLevelOptions {
+            .load_options(&CliOptions {
                 log_dir: Some("/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs".to_string()),
                 log_level: Some("debug".to_string()),
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
+                tokio_console_addr: None,
             })
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -345,8 +366,7 @@ mod tests {
                     ..Default::default()
                 };
 
-                let Options::Metasrv(opts) =
-                    command.load_options(TopLevelOptions::default()).unwrap()
+                let Options::Metasrv(opts) = command.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap()
                 else {
                     unreachable!()
                 };

src/cmd/src/options.rs

@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+use clap::ArgMatches;
 use common_config::KvBackendConfig;
-use common_telemetry::logging::LoggingOptions;
+use common_meta::wal::WalConfig as MetaSrvWalConfig;
+use common_telemetry::logging::{LoggingOptions, TracingOptions};
 use config::{Config, Environment, File, FileFormat};
 use datanode::config::{DatanodeOptions, ProcedureConfig};
 use frontend::error::{Result as FeResult, TomlFormatSnafu};
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ pub const ENV_VAR_SEP: &str = "__";
 pub const ENV_LIST_SEP: &str = ",";
 
 /// Options mixed up from datanode, frontend and metasrv.
-#[derive(Serialize, Debug)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MixOptions {
     pub data_home: String,
     pub procedure: ProcedureConfig,
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ pub struct MixOptions {
     pub frontend: FrontendOptions,
     pub datanode: DatanodeOptions,
     pub logging: LoggingOptions,
+    pub wal_meta: MetaSrvWalConfig,
 }
 
 impl From<MixOptions> for FrontendOptions {
@@ -58,10 +61,32 @@ pub enum Options {
     Cli(Box<LoggingOptions>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct TopLevelOptions {
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct CliOptions {
     pub log_dir: Option<String>,
     pub log_level: Option<String>,
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
+    pub tokio_console_addr: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl CliOptions {
+    pub fn new(args: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            log_dir: args.get_one::<String>("log-dir").cloned(),
+            log_level: args.get_one::<String>("log-level").cloned(),
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
+            tokio_console_addr: args.get_one::<String>("tokio-console-addr").cloned(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tracing_options(&self) -> TracingOptions {
+        TracingOptions {
+            #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
+            tokio_console_addr: self.tokio_console_addr.clone(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Options {
@@ -148,6 +173,7 @@ impl Options {
 mod tests {
     use std::io::Write;
 
+    use common_config::WalConfig;
     use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_named_temp_file;
     use datanode::config::{DatanodeOptions, ObjectStoreConfig};
 
@@ -171,6 +197,7 @@ mod tests {
             tcp_nodelay = true
 
             [wal]
+            provider = "raft_engine"
             dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/wal"
             file_size = "1GB"
             purge_threshold = "50GB"
@@ -238,7 +265,7 @@ mod tests {
                 .unwrap();
 
                 // Check the configs from environment variables.
-                match opts.storage.store {
+                match &opts.storage.store {
                     ObjectStoreConfig::S3(s3_config) => {
                         assert_eq!(s3_config.bucket, "mybucket".to_string());
                     }
@@ -254,7 +281,10 @@ mod tests {
                 );
 
                 // Should be the values from config file, not environment variables.
-                assert_eq!(opts.wal.dir.unwrap(), "/tmp/greptimedb/wal");
+                let WalConfig::RaftEngine(raft_engine_config) = opts.wal else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+                assert_eq!(raft_engine_config.dir.unwrap(), "/tmp/greptimedb/wal");
 
                 // Should be default values.
                 assert_eq!(opts.node_id, None);

src/cmd/src/standalone.rs

@@ -15,14 +15,20 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fs, path};
 
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use clap::Parser;
-use common_config::{metadata_store_dir, KvBackendConfig, WalConfig};
+use common_catalog::consts::MIN_USER_TABLE_ID;
+use common_config::wal::StandaloneWalConfig;
+use common_config::{metadata_store_dir, KvBackendConfig};
 use common_meta::cache_invalidator::DummyCacheInvalidator;
 use common_meta::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
-use common_meta::ddl::DdlTaskExecutorRef;
+use common_meta::ddl::{DdlTaskExecutorRef, TableMetadataAllocatorRef};
 use common_meta::ddl_manager::DdlManager;
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use common_meta::region_keeper::MemoryRegionKeeper;
+use common_meta::sequence::SequenceBuilder;
+use common_meta::wal::{WalOptionsAllocator, WalOptionsAllocatorRef};
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use common_telemetry::info;
 use common_telemetry::logging::LoggingOptions;
@@ -31,13 +37,14 @@ use datanode::datanode::{Datanode, DatanodeBuilder};
 use file_engine::config::EngineConfig as FileEngineConfig;
 use frontend::frontend::FrontendOptions;
 use frontend::instance::builder::FrontendBuilder;
-use frontend::instance::standalone::StandaloneTableMetadataCreator;
+use frontend::instance::standalone::StandaloneTableMetadataAllocator;
 use frontend::instance::{FrontendInstance, Instance as FeInstance, StandaloneDatanodeManager};
 use frontend::service_config::{
     GrpcOptions, InfluxdbOptions, MysqlOptions, OpentsdbOptions, PostgresOptions, PromStoreOptions,
 };
 use mito2::config::MitoConfig;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use servers::export_metrics::ExportMetricsOption;
 use servers::http::HttpOptions;
 use servers::tls::{TlsMode, TlsOption};
 use servers::Mode;
@@ -46,9 +53,10 @@ use snafu::ResultExt;
 use crate::error::{
     CreateDirSnafu, IllegalConfigSnafu, InitDdlManagerSnafu, InitMetadataSnafu, Result,
     ShutdownDatanodeSnafu, ShutdownFrontendSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu, StartFrontendSnafu,
-    StartProcedureManagerSnafu, StopProcedureManagerSnafu,
+    StartProcedureManagerSnafu, StartWalOptionsAllocatorSnafu, StopProcedureManagerSnafu,
 };
-use crate::options::{MixOptions, Options, TopLevelOptions};
+use crate::options::{CliOptions, MixOptions, Options};
+use crate::App;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct Command {
@@ -61,8 +69,8 @@ impl Command {
         self.subcmd.build(opts).await
     }
 
-    pub fn load_options(&self, top_level_options: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
-        self.subcmd.load_options(top_level_options)
+    pub fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+        self.subcmd.load_options(cli_options)
     }
 }
 
@@ -78,9 +86,9 @@ impl SubCommand {
         }
     }
 
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_options: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
         match self {
-            SubCommand::Start(cmd) => cmd.load_options(top_level_options),
+            SubCommand::Start(cmd) => cmd.load_options(cli_options),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -97,7 +105,7 @@ pub struct StandaloneOptions {
     pub opentsdb: OpentsdbOptions,
     pub influxdb: InfluxdbOptions,
     pub prom_store: PromStoreOptions,
-    pub wal: WalConfig,
+    pub wal: StandaloneWalConfig,
     pub storage: StorageConfig,
     pub metadata_store: KvBackendConfig,
     pub procedure: ProcedureConfig,
@@ -105,6 +113,7 @@ pub struct StandaloneOptions {
     pub user_provider: Option<String>,
     /// Options for different store engines.
     pub region_engine: Vec<RegionEngineConfig>,
+    pub export_metrics: ExportMetricsOption,
 }
 
 impl Default for StandaloneOptions {
@@ -119,11 +128,12 @@ impl Default for StandaloneOptions {
             opentsdb: OpentsdbOptions::default(),
             influxdb: InfluxdbOptions::default(),
             prom_store: PromStoreOptions::default(),
-            wal: WalConfig::default(),
+            wal: StandaloneWalConfig::default(),
             storage: StorageConfig::default(),
             metadata_store: KvBackendConfig::default(),
             procedure: ProcedureConfig::default(),
             logging: LoggingOptions::default(),
+            export_metrics: ExportMetricsOption::default(),
             user_provider: None,
             region_engine: vec![
                 RegionEngineConfig::Mito(MitoConfig::default()),
@@ -147,6 +157,8 @@ impl StandaloneOptions {
             meta_client: None,
             logging: self.logging,
             user_provider: self.user_provider,
+            // Handle the export metrics task run by standalone to frontend for execution
+            export_metrics: self.export_metrics,
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
@@ -155,7 +167,7 @@ impl StandaloneOptions {
         DatanodeOptions {
             node_id: Some(0),
             enable_telemetry: self.enable_telemetry,
-            wal: self.wal,
+            wal: self.wal.into(),
             storage: self.storage,
             region_engine: self.region_engine,
             rpc_addr: self.grpc.addr,
@@ -168,10 +180,16 @@ pub struct Instance {
     datanode: Datanode,
     frontend: FeInstance,
     procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
+    wal_options_allocator: WalOptionsAllocatorRef,
 }
 
-impl Instance {
-    pub async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+#[async_trait]
+impl App for Instance {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "greptime-standalone"
+    }
+
+    async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         self.datanode.start_telemetry();
 
         self.procedure_manager
@@ -179,11 +197,16 @@ impl Instance {
             .await
             .context(StartProcedureManagerSnafu)?;
 
+        self.wal_options_allocator
+            .start()
+            .await
+            .context(StartWalOptionsAllocatorSnafu)?;
+
         self.frontend.start().await.context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
         self.frontend
             .shutdown()
             .await
@@ -205,7 +228,7 @@ impl Instance {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Parser)]
-struct StartCommand {
+pub struct StartCommand {
     #[clap(long)]
     http_addr: Option<String>,
     #[clap(long)]
@@ -219,7 +242,7 @@ struct StartCommand {
     #[clap(short, long)]
     influxdb_enable: bool,
     #[clap(short, long)]
-    config_file: Option<String>,
+    pub config_file: Option<String>,
     #[clap(long)]
     tls_mode: Option<TlsMode>,
     #[clap(long)]
@@ -229,28 +252,36 @@ struct StartCommand {
     #[clap(long)]
     user_provider: Option<String>,
     #[clap(long, default_value = "GREPTIMEDB_STANDALONE")]
-    env_prefix: String,
+    pub env_prefix: String,
     /// The working home directory of this standalone instance.
     #[clap(long)]
     data_home: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl StartCommand {
-    fn load_options(&self, top_level_options: TopLevelOptions) -> Result<Options> {
-        let mut opts: StandaloneOptions = Options::load_layered_options(
+    fn load_options(&self, cli_options: &CliOptions) -> Result<Options> {
+        let opts: StandaloneOptions = Options::load_layered_options(
             self.config_file.as_deref(),
             self.env_prefix.as_ref(),
             None,
         )?;
 
+        self.convert_options(cli_options, opts)
+    }
+
+    pub fn convert_options(
+        &self,
+        cli_options: &CliOptions,
+        mut opts: StandaloneOptions,
+    ) -> Result<Options> {
         opts.mode = Mode::Standalone;
 
-        if let Some(dir) = top_level_options.log_dir {
-            opts.logging.dir = dir;
+        if let Some(dir) = &cli_options.log_dir {
+            opts.logging.dir = dir.clone();
         }
 
-        if top_level_options.log_level.is_some() {
-            opts.logging.level = top_level_options.log_level;
+        if cli_options.log_level.is_some() {
+            opts.logging.level = cli_options.log_level.clone();
         }
 
         let tls_opts = TlsOption::new(
@@ -308,7 +339,8 @@ impl StartCommand {
         let procedure = opts.procedure.clone();
         let frontend = opts.clone().frontend_options();
         let logging = opts.logging.clone();
-        let datanode = opts.datanode_options();
+        let wal_meta = opts.wal.clone().into();
+        let datanode = opts.datanode_options().clone();
 
         Ok(Options::Standalone(Box::new(MixOptions {
             procedure,
@@ -317,6 +349,7 @@ impl StartCommand {
             frontend,
             datanode,
             logging,
+            wal_meta,
         })))
     }
 
@@ -356,10 +389,26 @@ impl StartCommand {
 
         let datanode_manager = Arc::new(StandaloneDatanodeManager(datanode.region_server()));
 
+        let table_id_sequence = Arc::new(
+            SequenceBuilder::new("table_id", kv_backend.clone())
+                .initial(MIN_USER_TABLE_ID as u64)
+                .step(10)
+                .build(),
+        );
+        let wal_options_allocator = Arc::new(WalOptionsAllocator::new(
+            opts.wal_meta.clone(),
+            kv_backend.clone(),
+        ));
+        let table_meta_allocator = Arc::new(StandaloneTableMetadataAllocator::new(
+            table_id_sequence,
+            wal_options_allocator.clone(),
+        ));
+
         let ddl_task_executor = Self::create_ddl_task_executor(
             kv_backend.clone(),
             procedure_manager.clone(),
             datanode_manager.clone(),
+            table_meta_allocator,
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -369,6 +418,10 @@ impl StartCommand {
             .await
             .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
 
+        frontend
+            .build_export_metrics_task(&opts.frontend.export_metrics)
+            .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
+
         frontend
             .build_servers(opts)
             .await
@@ -378,13 +431,15 @@ impl StartCommand {
             datanode,
             frontend,
             procedure_manager,
+            wal_options_allocator,
         })
     }
 
-    async fn create_ddl_task_executor(
+    pub async fn create_ddl_task_executor(
         kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
         procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
         datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
+        table_meta_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
     ) -> Result<DdlTaskExecutorRef> {
         let table_metadata_manager =
             Self::create_table_metadata_manager(kv_backend.clone()).await?;
@@ -395,7 +450,8 @@ impl StartCommand {
                 datanode_manager,
                 Arc::new(DummyCacheInvalidator),
                 table_metadata_manager,
-                Arc::new(StandaloneTableMetadataCreator::new(kv_backend)),
+                table_meta_allocator,
+                Arc::new(MemoryRegionKeeper::default()),
             )
             .context(InitDdlManagerSnafu)?,
         );
@@ -425,11 +481,13 @@ mod tests {
 
     use auth::{Identity, Password, UserProviderRef};
     use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
+    use common_config::WalConfig;
     use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_named_temp_file;
+    use datanode::config::{FileConfig, GcsConfig};
     use servers::Mode;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::options::ENV_VAR_SEP;
+    use crate::options::{CliOptions, ENV_VAR_SEP};
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_try_from_start_command_to_anymap() {
@@ -467,6 +525,7 @@ mod tests {
             enable_memory_catalog = true
 
             [wal]
+            provider = "raft_engine"
             dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/test/wal"
             file_size = "1GB"
             purge_threshold = "50GB"
@@ -475,6 +534,15 @@ mod tests {
             sync_write = false
 
             [storage]
+            data_home = "/tmp/greptimedb/"
+            type = "File"
+
+            [[storage.providers]]
+            type = "Gcs"
+            bucket = "foo"
+            endpoint = "bar"
+
+            [[storage.providers]]
             type = "S3"
             access_key_id = "access_key_id"
             secret_access_key = "secret_access_key"
@@ -504,8 +572,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        let Options::Standalone(options) = cmd.load_options(TopLevelOptions::default()).unwrap()
-        else {
+        let Options::Standalone(options) = cmd.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap() else {
             unreachable!()
         };
         let fe_opts = options.frontend;
@@ -522,9 +589,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(None, fe_opts.mysql.reject_no_database);
         assert!(fe_opts.influxdb.enable);
 
-        assert_eq!("/tmp/greptimedb/test/wal", dn_opts.wal.dir.unwrap());
+        let WalConfig::RaftEngine(raft_engine_config) = dn_opts.wal else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+        assert_eq!("/tmp/greptimedb/test/wal", raft_engine_config.dir.unwrap());
 
-        match &dn_opts.storage.store {
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &dn_opts.storage.store,
+            datanode::config::ObjectStoreConfig::File(FileConfig { .. })
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(dn_opts.storage.providers.len(), 2);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            dn_opts.storage.providers[0],
+            datanode::config::ObjectStoreConfig::Gcs(GcsConfig { .. })
+        ));
+        match &dn_opts.storage.providers[1] {
             datanode::config::ObjectStoreConfig::S3(s3_config) => {
                 assert_eq!(
                     "Secret([REDACTED alloc::string::String])".to_string(),
@@ -541,16 +620,19 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_top_level_options() {
+    fn test_load_log_options_from_cli() {
         let cmd = StartCommand {
             user_provider: Some("static_user_provider:cmd:test=test".to_string()),
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
         let Options::Standalone(opts) = cmd
-            .load_options(TopLevelOptions {
+            .load_options(&CliOptions {
                 log_dir: Some("/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs".to_string()),
                 log_level: Some("debug".to_string()),
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
+                tokio_console_addr: None,
             })
             .unwrap()
         else {
@@ -617,11 +699,8 @@ mod tests {
                     ..Default::default()
                 };
 
-                let top_level_opts = TopLevelOptions {
-                    log_dir: None,
-                    log_level: None,
-                };
-                let Options::Standalone(opts) = command.load_options(top_level_opts).unwrap()
+                let Options::Standalone(opts) =
+                    command.load_options(&CliOptions::default()).unwrap()
                 else {
                     unreachable!()
                 };

src/common/base/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 anymap = "1.0.0-beta.2"
 bitvec = "1.0"
-bytes = { version = "1.1", features = ["serde"] }
+bytes.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
 paste = "1.0"

src/common/catalog/src/consts.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME: &str = "information_schema";
 pub const SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE_NAME: &str = "system_catalog";
 pub const DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME: &str = "greptime";
 pub const DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME: &str = "public";
+pub const DEFAULT_PRIVATE_SCHEMA_NAME: &str = "greptime_private";
 
 /// Reserves [0,MIN_USER_TABLE_ID) for internal usage.
 /// User defined table id starts from this value.
@@ -29,13 +30,25 @@ pub const SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE_ID: u32 = 0;
 pub const SCRIPTS_TABLE_ID: u32 = 1;
 /// numbers table id
 pub const NUMBERS_TABLE_ID: u32 = 2;
+
+/// ----- Begin of information_schema tables -----
 /// id for information_schema.tables
 pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TABLES_TABLE_ID: u32 = 3;
 /// id for information_schema.columns
 pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_COLUMNS_TABLE_ID: u32 = 4;
+/// id for information_schema.engines
+pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_ENGINES_TABLE_ID: u32 = 5;
+/// id for information_schema.column_privileges
+pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_TABLE_ID: u32 = 6;
+/// id for information_schema.column_statistics
+pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_COLUMN_STATISTICS_TABLE_ID: u32 = 7;
+/// id for information_schema.build_info
+pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_BUILD_INFO_TABLE_ID: u32 = 8;
+/// ----- End of information_schema tables -----
 
 pub const MITO_ENGINE: &str = "mito";
 pub const MITO2_ENGINE: &str = "mito2";
+pub const METRIC_ENGINE: &str = "metric";
 
 pub fn default_engine() -> &'static str {
     MITO_ENGINE

src/common/config/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,4 +7,8 @@ license.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 common-base.workspace = true
 humantime-serde.workspace = true
+rskafka.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+serde_with = "3"
+toml.workspace = true

src/common/config/src/lib.rs

@@ -12,41 +12,12 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use std::time::Duration;
+pub mod wal;
 
 use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct WalConfig {
-    // wal directory
-    pub dir: Option<String>,
-    // wal file size in bytes
-    pub file_size: ReadableSize,
-    // wal purge threshold in bytes
-    pub purge_threshold: ReadableSize,
-    // purge interval in seconds
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub purge_interval: Duration,
-    // read batch size
-    pub read_batch_size: usize,
-    // whether to sync log file after every write
-    pub sync_write: bool,
-}
-
-impl Default for WalConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            dir: None,
-            file_size: ReadableSize::mb(256), // log file size 256MB
-            purge_threshold: ReadableSize::gb(4), // purge threshold 4GB
-            purge_interval: Duration::from_secs(600),
-            read_batch_size: 128,
-            sync_write: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
+pub use crate::wal::{KafkaWalOptions, WalConfig, WalOptions, WAL_OPTIONS_KEY};
 
 pub fn metadata_store_dir(store_dir: &str) -> String {
     format!("{store_dir}/metadata")

src/common/config/src/wal.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+pub mod kafka;
+pub mod raft_engine;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_with::with_prefix;
+
+pub use crate::wal::kafka::{
+    KafkaConfig, KafkaOptions as KafkaWalOptions, StandaloneKafkaConfig, Topic as KafkaWalTopic,
+};
+pub use crate::wal::raft_engine::RaftEngineConfig;
+
+/// An encoded wal options will be wrapped into a (WAL_OPTIONS_KEY, encoded wal options) key-value pair
+/// and inserted into the options of a `RegionCreateRequest`.
+pub const WAL_OPTIONS_KEY: &str = "wal_options";
+
+/// Wal config for datanode.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(tag = "provider", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum WalConfig {
+    RaftEngine(RaftEngineConfig),
+    Kafka(KafkaConfig),
+}
+
+impl From<StandaloneWalConfig> for WalConfig {
+    fn from(value: StandaloneWalConfig) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            StandaloneWalConfig::RaftEngine(config) => WalConfig::RaftEngine(config),
+            StandaloneWalConfig::Kafka(config) => WalConfig::Kafka(config.base),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for WalConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        WalConfig::RaftEngine(RaftEngineConfig::default())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wal config for datanode.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(tag = "provider", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum StandaloneWalConfig {
+    RaftEngine(RaftEngineConfig),
+    Kafka(StandaloneKafkaConfig),
+}
+
+impl Default for StandaloneWalConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        StandaloneWalConfig::RaftEngine(RaftEngineConfig::default())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wal options allocated to a region.
+/// A wal options is encoded by metasrv with `serde_json::to_string`, and then decoded
+/// by datanode with `serde_json::from_str`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(tag = "wal.provider", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum WalOptions {
+    #[default]
+    RaftEngine,
+    #[serde(with = "prefix_wal_kafka")]
+    Kafka(KafkaWalOptions),
+}
+
+with_prefix!(prefix_wal_kafka "wal.kafka.");
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
+    use rskafka::client::partition::Compression as RsKafkaCompression;
+
+    use crate::wal::kafka::KafkaBackoffConfig;
+    use crate::wal::{KafkaConfig, KafkaWalOptions, WalOptions};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serde_kafka_config() {
+        let toml_str = r#"
+            broker_endpoints = ["127.0.0.1:9092"]
+            max_batch_size = "4MB"
+            linger = "200ms"
+            produce_record_timeout = "100ms"
+            backoff_init = "500ms"
+            backoff_max = "10s"
+            backoff_base = 2
+            backoff_deadline = "5mins"
+        "#;
+        let decoded: KafkaConfig = toml::from_str(toml_str).unwrap();
+        let expected = KafkaConfig {
+            broker_endpoints: vec!["127.0.0.1:9092".to_string()],
+            compression: RsKafkaCompression::default(),
+            max_batch_size: ReadableSize::mb(4),
+            linger: Duration::from_millis(200),
+            produce_record_timeout: Duration::from_millis(100),
+            backoff: KafkaBackoffConfig {
+                init: Duration::from_millis(500),
+                max: Duration::from_secs(10),
+                base: 2,
+                deadline: Some(Duration::from_secs(60 * 5)),
+            },
+        };
+        assert_eq!(decoded, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serde_wal_options() {
+        // Test serde raft-engine wal options.
+        let wal_options = WalOptions::RaftEngine;
+        let encoded = serde_json::to_string(&wal_options).unwrap();
+        let expected = r#"{"wal.provider":"raft_engine"}"#;
+        assert_eq!(&encoded, expected);
+
+        let decoded: WalOptions = serde_json::from_str(&encoded).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded, wal_options);
+
+        // Test serde kafka wal options.
+        let wal_options = WalOptions::Kafka(KafkaWalOptions {
+            topic: "test_topic".to_string(),
+        });
+        let encoded = serde_json::to_string(&wal_options).unwrap();
+        let expected = r#"{"wal.provider":"kafka","wal.kafka.topic":"test_topic"}"#;
+        assert_eq!(&encoded, expected);
+
+        let decoded: WalOptions = serde_json::from_str(&encoded).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded, wal_options);
+    }
+}

src/common/config/src/wal/kafka.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
+use rskafka::client::partition::Compression as RsKafkaCompression;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_with::with_prefix;
+
+/// Topic name prefix.
+pub const TOPIC_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "greptimedb_wal_topic";
+/// Kafka wal topic.
+pub type Topic = String;
+
+/// The type of the topic selector, i.e. with which strategy to select a topic.
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum TopicSelectorType {
+    #[default]
+    RoundRobin,
+}
+
+/// Configurations for kafka wal.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct KafkaConfig {
+    /// The broker endpoints of the Kafka cluster.
+    pub broker_endpoints: Vec<String>,
+    /// The compression algorithm used to compress log entries.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub compression: RsKafkaCompression,
+    /// The maximum log size a kakfa batch producer could buffer.
+    pub max_batch_size: ReadableSize,
+    /// The linger duration of a kafka batch producer.
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub linger: Duration,
+    /// The maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait for Kafka records to be returned.
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub produce_record_timeout: Duration,
+    /// The backoff config.
+    #[serde(flatten, with = "kafka_backoff")]
+    pub backoff: KafkaBackoffConfig,
+}
+
+impl Default for KafkaConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            broker_endpoints: vec!["127.0.0.1:9092".to_string()],
+            compression: RsKafkaCompression::NoCompression,
+            max_batch_size: ReadableSize::mb(4),
+            linger: Duration::from_millis(200),
+            produce_record_timeout: Duration::from_millis(100),
+            backoff: KafkaBackoffConfig::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+with_prefix!(pub kafka_backoff "backoff_");
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct KafkaBackoffConfig {
+    /// The initial backoff for kafka clients.
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub init: Duration,
+    /// The maximum backoff for kafka clients.
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub max: Duration,
+    /// Exponential backoff rate, i.e. next backoff = base * current backoff.
+    // Sets to u32 type since some structs containing the KafkaConfig need to derive the Eq trait.
+    pub base: u32,
+    /// Stop reconnecting if the total wait time reaches the deadline.
+    /// If it's None, the reconnecting won't terminate.
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub deadline: Option<Duration>,
+}
+
+impl Default for KafkaBackoffConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            init: Duration::from_millis(500),
+            max: Duration::from_secs(10),
+            base: 2,
+            deadline: Some(Duration::from_secs(60 * 5)), // 5 mins
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct StandaloneKafkaConfig {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub base: KafkaConfig,
+    /// Number of topics to be created upon start.
+    pub num_topics: usize,
+    /// The type of the topic selector with which to select a topic for a region.
+    pub selector_type: TopicSelectorType,
+    /// Topic name prefix.
+    pub topic_name_prefix: String,
+    /// Number of partitions per topic.
+    pub num_partitions: i32,
+    /// The replication factor of each topic.
+    pub replication_factor: i16,
+    /// Above which a topic creation operation will be cancelled.
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub create_topic_timeout: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Default for StandaloneKafkaConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        let base = KafkaConfig::default();
+        let replication_factor = base.broker_endpoints.len() as i16;
+
+        Self {
+            base,
+            num_topics: 64,
+            selector_type: TopicSelectorType::RoundRobin,
+            topic_name_prefix: "greptimedb_wal_topic".to_string(),
+            num_partitions: 1,
+            replication_factor,
+            create_topic_timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Kafka wal options allocated to a region.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct KafkaOptions {
+    /// Kafka wal topic.
+    pub topic: Topic,
+}

src/common/config/src/wal/raft_engine.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// Configurations for raft-engine wal.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct RaftEngineConfig {
+    // wal directory
+    pub dir: Option<String>,
+    // wal file size in bytes
+    pub file_size: ReadableSize,
+    // wal purge threshold in bytes
+    pub purge_threshold: ReadableSize,
+    // purge interval in seconds
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub purge_interval: Duration,
+    // read batch size
+    pub read_batch_size: usize,
+    // whether to sync log file after every write
+    pub sync_write: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for RaftEngineConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            dir: None,
+            file_size: ReadableSize::mb(256),
+            purge_threshold: ReadableSize::gb(4),
+            purge_interval: Duration::from_secs(600),
+            read_batch_size: 128,
+            sync_write: false,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/common/datasource/Cargo.toml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ async-compression = { version = "0.3", features = [
     "tokio",
 ] }
 async-trait.workspace = true
-bytes = "1.1"
+bytes.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
 common-runtime.workspace = true

src/common/datasource/src/object_store/fs.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,15 @@ pub fn build_fs_backend(root: &str) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
     let _ = builder.root(root);
     let object_store = ObjectStore::new(builder)
         .context(BuildBackendSnafu)?
+        .layer(
+            object_store::layers::LoggingLayer::default()
+                // Print the expected error only in DEBUG level.
+                // See https://docs.rs/opendal/latest/opendal/layers/struct.LoggingLayer.html#method.with_error_level
+                .with_error_level(Some("debug"))
+                .expect("input error level must be valid"),
+        )
+        .layer(object_store::layers::TracingLayer)
+        .layer(object_store::layers::PrometheusMetricsLayer)
         .finish();
     Ok(object_store)
 }

src/common/datasource/src/object_store/s3.rs

@@ -80,8 +80,18 @@ pub fn build_s3_backend(
         }
     }
 
+    // TODO(weny): Consider finding a better way to eliminate duplicate code.
     Ok(ObjectStore::new(builder)
         .context(error::BuildBackendSnafu)?
+        .layer(
+            object_store::layers::LoggingLayer::default()
+                // Print the expected error only in DEBUG level.
+                // See https://docs.rs/opendal/latest/opendal/layers/struct.LoggingLayer.html#method.with_error_level
+                .with_error_level(Some("debug"))
+                .expect("input error level must be valid"),
+        )
+        .layer(object_store::layers::TracingLayer)
+        .layer(object_store::layers::PrometheusMetricsLayer)
         .finish())
 }
 

src/common/decimal/Cargo.toml

@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ common-error.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
 rust_decimal.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
-serde_json = "1.0"
+serde_json.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true

src/common/decimal/src/decimal128.rs

@@ -110,9 +110,15 @@ impl Decimal128 {
     }
 
     /// Convert from precision, scale, a i128 value which
-    /// represents by two i64 value(high-64 bit, low-64 bit).
+    /// represents by i64 + i64 value(high-64 bit, low-64 bit).
     pub fn from_value_precision_scale(hi: i64, lo: i64, precision: u8, scale: i8) -> Self {
-        let value = (hi as i128) << 64 | lo as i128;
+        // 128                             64                              0
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |               hi              |               lo              |
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        let hi = (hi as u128 & u64::MAX as u128) << 64;
+        let lo = lo as u128 & u64::MAX as u128;
+        let value = (hi | lo) as i128;
         Self::new(value, precision, scale)
     }
 }
@@ -429,4 +435,30 @@ mod tests {
         let decimal2 = Decimal128::from_str("1234567890.123").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(decimal1.partial_cmp(&decimal2), None);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_with_i128() {
+        let test_decimal128_eq = |value| {
+            let decimal1 =
+                Decimal128::new(value, DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION, DECIMAL128_DEFAULT_SCALE);
+            let (hi, lo) = decimal1.split_value();
+            let decimal2 = Decimal128::from_value_precision_scale(
+                hi,
+                lo,
+                DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION,
+                DECIMAL128_DEFAULT_SCALE,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(decimal1, decimal2);
+        };
+
+        test_decimal128_eq(1 << 63);
+
+        test_decimal128_eq(0);
+        test_decimal128_eq(1234567890);
+        test_decimal128_eq(-1234567890);
+        test_decimal128_eq(32781372819372817382183218i128);
+        test_decimal128_eq(-32781372819372817382183218i128);
+        test_decimal128_eq(i128::MAX);
+        test_decimal128_eq(i128::MIN);
+    }
 }

src/common/error/src/status_code.rs

@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ pub enum StatusCode {
     RegionNotFound = 4005,
     RegionAlreadyExists = 4006,
     RegionReadonly = 4007,
+    RegionNotReady = 4008,
+    // If mutually exclusive operations are reached at the same time,
+    // only one can be executed, another one will get region busy.
+    RegionBusy = 4009,
     // ====== End of catalog related status code =======
 
     // ====== Begin of storage related status code =====
@@ -103,7 +107,9 @@ impl StatusCode {
         match self {
             StatusCode::StorageUnavailable
             | StatusCode::RuntimeResourcesExhausted
-            | StatusCode::Internal => true,
+            | StatusCode::Internal
+            | StatusCode::RegionNotReady
+            | StatusCode::RegionBusy => true,
 
             StatusCode::Success
             | StatusCode::Unknown
@@ -138,7 +144,6 @@ impl StatusCode {
     pub fn should_log_error(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             StatusCode::Unknown
-            | StatusCode::Unsupported
             | StatusCode::Unexpected
             | StatusCode::Internal
             | StatusCode::Cancelled
@@ -147,11 +152,14 @@ impl StatusCode {
             | StatusCode::StorageUnavailable
             | StatusCode::RuntimeResourcesExhausted => true,
             StatusCode::Success
+            | StatusCode::Unsupported
             | StatusCode::InvalidArguments
             | StatusCode::InvalidSyntax
             | StatusCode::TableAlreadyExists
             | StatusCode::TableNotFound
             | StatusCode::RegionNotFound
+            | StatusCode::RegionNotReady
+            | StatusCode::RegionBusy
             | StatusCode::RegionAlreadyExists
             | StatusCode::RegionReadonly
             | StatusCode::TableColumnNotFound
@@ -183,6 +191,8 @@ impl StatusCode {
             v if v == StatusCode::TableAlreadyExists as u32 => Some(StatusCode::TableAlreadyExists),
             v if v == StatusCode::TableNotFound as u32 => Some(StatusCode::TableNotFound),
             v if v == StatusCode::RegionNotFound as u32 => Some(StatusCode::RegionNotFound),
+            v if v == StatusCode::RegionNotReady as u32 => Some(StatusCode::RegionNotReady),
+            v if v == StatusCode::RegionBusy as u32 => Some(StatusCode::RegionBusy),
             v if v == StatusCode::RegionAlreadyExists as u32 => {
                 Some(StatusCode::RegionAlreadyExists)
             }

src/common/function/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 arc-swap = "1.0"
+build-data = "0.1"
 chrono-tz = "0.6"
 common-error.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true

src/common/function/src/function_registry.rs

@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
+use crate::function::FunctionRef;
 use crate::scalars::aggregate::{AggregateFunctionMetaRef, AggregateFunctions};
-use crate::scalars::function::FunctionRef;
+use crate::scalars::date::DateFunction;
 use crate::scalars::math::MathFunction;
 use crate::scalars::numpy::NumpyFunction;
 use crate::scalars::timestamp::TimestampFunction;
+use crate::system::SystemFunction;
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct FunctionRegistry {
@@ -75,9 +77,10 @@ pub static FUNCTION_REGISTRY: Lazy<Arc<FunctionRegistry>> = Lazy::new(|| {
     MathFunction::register(&function_registry);
     NumpyFunction::register(&function_registry);
     TimestampFunction::register(&function_registry);
+    DateFunction::register(&function_registry);
 
     AggregateFunctions::register(&function_registry);
-
+    SystemFunction::register(&function_registry);
     Arc::new(function_registry)
 });
 

src/common/function/src/helper.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use common_query::prelude::{Signature, TypeSignature, Volatility};
+use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+
+/// Create a function signature with oneof signatures of interleaving two arguments.
+pub fn one_of_sigs2(args1: Vec<ConcreteDataType>, args2: Vec<ConcreteDataType>) -> Signature {
+    let mut sigs = Vec::with_capacity(args1.len() * args2.len());
+
+    for arg1 in &args1 {
+        for arg2 in &args2 {
+            sigs.push(TypeSignature::Exact(vec![arg1.clone(), arg2.clone()]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Signature::one_of(sigs, Volatility::Immutable)
+}

src/common/function/src/lib.rs

@@ -13,3 +13,8 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 pub mod scalars;
+pub mod system;
+
+pub mod function;
+pub mod function_registry;
+pub mod helper;

src/common/function/src/scalars.rs

@@ -13,15 +13,11 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 pub mod aggregate;
+pub(crate) mod date;
 pub mod expression;
-pub mod function;
-pub mod function_registry;
 pub mod math;
 pub mod numpy;
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) mod test;
-mod timestamp;
+pub(crate) mod timestamp;
 pub mod udf;
-
-pub use function::{Function, FunctionRef};
-pub use function_registry::{FunctionRegistry, FUNCTION_REGISTRY};

src/common/function/src/scalars/aggregate.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub use polyval::PolyvalAccumulatorCreator;
 pub use scipy_stats_norm_cdf::ScipyStatsNormCdfAccumulatorCreator;
 pub use scipy_stats_norm_pdf::ScipyStatsNormPdfAccumulatorCreator;
 
-use crate::scalars::FunctionRegistry;
+use crate::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
 
 /// A function creates `AggregateFunctionCreator`.
 /// "Aggregator" *is* AggregatorFunction. Since the later one is long, we named an short alias for it.

src/common/function/src/scalars/date.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+mod date_add;
+mod date_sub;
+
+use date_add::DateAddFunction;
+use date_sub::DateSubFunction;
+
+use crate::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
+
+pub(crate) struct DateFunction;
+
+impl DateFunction {
+    pub fn register(registry: &FunctionRegistry) {
+        registry.register(Arc::new(DateAddFunction));
+        registry.register(Arc::new(DateSubFunction));
+    }
+}

src/common/function/src/scalars/date/date_add.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use common_query::error::{InvalidFuncArgsSnafu, Result, UnsupportedInputDataTypeSnafu};
+use common_query::prelude::Signature;
+use datatypes::data_type::DataType;
+use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+use datatypes::value::ValueRef;
+use datatypes::vectors::VectorRef;
+use snafu::ensure;
+
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
+use crate::helper;
+
+/// A function adds an interval value to Timestamp, Date or DateTime, and return the result.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct DateAddFunction;
+
+const NAME: &str = "date_add";
+
+impl Function for DateAddFunction {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        NAME
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, input_types: &[ConcreteDataType]) -> Result<ConcreteDataType> {
+        Ok(input_types[0].clone())
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        helper::one_of_sigs2(
+            vec![
+                ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_nanosecond_datatype(),
+            ],
+            vec![
+                ConcreteDataType::interval_month_day_nano_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::interval_year_month_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::interval_day_time_datatype(),
+            ],
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn eval(&self, _func_ctx: FunctionContext, columns: &[VectorRef]) -> Result<VectorRef> {
+        ensure!(
+            columns.len() == 2,
+            InvalidFuncArgsSnafu {
+                err_msg: format!(
+                    "The length of the args is not correct, expect 2, have: {}",
+                    columns.len()
+                ),
+            }
+        );
+
+        let left = &columns[0];
+        let right = &columns[1];
+
+        let size = left.len();
+        let left_datatype = columns[0].data_type();
+        match left_datatype {
+            ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => {
+                let mut result = left_datatype.create_mutable_vector(size);
+                for i in 0..size {
+                    let ts = left.get(i).as_timestamp();
+                    let interval = right.get(i).as_interval();
+
+                    let new_ts = match (ts, interval) {
+                        (Some(ts), Some(interval)) => ts.add_interval(interval),
+                        _ => ts,
+                    };
+
+                    result.push_value_ref(ValueRef::from(new_ts));
+                }
+
+                Ok(result.to_vector())
+            }
+            ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => {
+                let mut result = left_datatype.create_mutable_vector(size);
+                for i in 0..size {
+                    let date = left.get(i).as_date();
+                    let interval = right.get(i).as_interval();
+                    let new_date = match (date, interval) {
+                        (Some(date), Some(interval)) => date.add_interval(interval),
+                        _ => date,
+                    };
+
+                    result.push_value_ref(ValueRef::from(new_date));
+                }
+
+                Ok(result.to_vector())
+            }
+            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => {
+                let mut result = left_datatype.create_mutable_vector(size);
+                for i in 0..size {
+                    let datetime = left.get(i).as_datetime();
+                    let interval = right.get(i).as_interval();
+                    let new_datetime = match (datetime, interval) {
+                        (Some(datetime), Some(interval)) => datetime.add_interval(interval),
+                        _ => datetime,
+                    };
+
+                    result.push_value_ref(ValueRef::from(new_datetime));
+                }
+
+                Ok(result.to_vector())
+            }
+            _ => UnsupportedInputDataTypeSnafu {
+                function: NAME,
+                datatypes: columns.iter().map(|c| c.data_type()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            }
+            .fail(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for DateAddFunction {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "DATE_ADD")
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use common_query::prelude::{TypeSignature, Volatility};
+    use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+    use datatypes::value::Value;
+    use datatypes::vectors::{
+        DateTimeVector, DateVector, IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalYearMonthVector,
+        TimestampSecondVector,
+    };
+
+    use super::{DateAddFunction, *};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_date_add_misc() {
+        let f = DateAddFunction;
+        assert_eq!("date_add", f.name());
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype()])
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
+            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype()])
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
+            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::date_datatype()]).unwrap()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
+            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()])
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+        assert!(matches!(f.signature(),
+                         Signature {
+                             type_signature: TypeSignature::OneOf(sigs),
+                             volatility: Volatility::Immutable
+                         } if  sigs.len() == 18));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_timestamp_date_add() {
+        let f = DateAddFunction;
+
+        let times = vec![Some(123), None, Some(42), None];
+        // Intervals in milliseconds
+        let intervals = vec![1000, 2000, 3000, 1000];
+        let results = [Some(124), None, Some(45), None];
+
+        let time_vector = TimestampSecondVector::from(times.clone());
+        let interval_vector = IntervalDayTimeVector::from_vec(intervals);
+        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![Arc::new(time_vector), Arc::new(interval_vector)];
+        let vector = f.eval(FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(4, vector.len());
+        for (i, _t) in times.iter().enumerate() {
+            let v = vector.get(i);
+            let result = results.get(i).unwrap();
+
+            if result.is_none() {
+                assert_eq!(Value::Null, v);
+                continue;
+            }
+            match v {
+                Value::Timestamp(ts) => {
+                    assert_eq!(ts.value(), result.unwrap());
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_date_date_add() {
+        let f = DateAddFunction;
+
+        let dates = vec![Some(123), None, Some(42), None];
+        // Intervals in months
+        let intervals = vec![1, 2, 3, 1];
+        let results = [Some(154), None, Some(131), None];
+
+        let date_vector = DateVector::from(dates.clone());
+        let interval_vector = IntervalYearMonthVector::from_vec(intervals);
+        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![Arc::new(date_vector), Arc::new(interval_vector)];
+        let vector = f.eval(FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(4, vector.len());
+        for (i, _t) in dates.iter().enumerate() {
+            let v = vector.get(i);
+            let result = results.get(i).unwrap();
+
+            if result.is_none() {
+                assert_eq!(Value::Null, v);
+                continue;
+            }
+            match v {
+                Value::Date(date) => {
+                    assert_eq!(date.val(), result.unwrap());
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_datetime_date_add() {
+        let f = DateAddFunction;
+
+        let dates = vec![Some(123), None, Some(42), None];
+        // Intervals in months
+        let intervals = vec![1, 2, 3, 1];
+        let results = [Some(2678400123), None, Some(7776000042), None];
+
+        let date_vector = DateTimeVector::from(dates.clone());
+        let interval_vector = IntervalYearMonthVector::from_vec(intervals);
+        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![Arc::new(date_vector), Arc::new(interval_vector)];
+        let vector = f.eval(FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(4, vector.len());
+        for (i, _t) in dates.iter().enumerate() {
+            let v = vector.get(i);
+            let result = results.get(i).unwrap();
+
+            if result.is_none() {
+                assert_eq!(Value::Null, v);
+                continue;
+            }
+            match v {
+                Value::DateTime(date) => {
+                    assert_eq!(date.val(), result.unwrap());
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/common/function/src/scalars/date/date_sub.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use common_query::error::{InvalidFuncArgsSnafu, Result, UnsupportedInputDataTypeSnafu};
+use common_query::prelude::Signature;
+use datatypes::data_type::DataType;
+use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+use datatypes::value::ValueRef;
+use datatypes::vectors::VectorRef;
+use snafu::ensure;
+
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
+use crate::helper;
+
+/// A function subtracts an interval value to Timestamp, Date or DateTime, and return the result.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct DateSubFunction;
+
+const NAME: &str = "date_sub";
+
+impl Function for DateSubFunction {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        NAME
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, input_types: &[ConcreteDataType]) -> Result<ConcreteDataType> {
+        Ok(input_types[0].clone())
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        helper::one_of_sigs2(
+            vec![
+                ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_nanosecond_datatype(),
+            ],
+            vec![
+                ConcreteDataType::interval_month_day_nano_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::interval_year_month_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::interval_day_time_datatype(),
+            ],
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn eval(&self, _func_ctx: FunctionContext, columns: &[VectorRef]) -> Result<VectorRef> {
+        ensure!(
+            columns.len() == 2,
+            InvalidFuncArgsSnafu {
+                err_msg: format!(
+                    "The length of the args is not correct, expect 2, have: {}",
+                    columns.len()
+                ),
+            }
+        );
+
+        let left = &columns[0];
+        let right = &columns[1];
+
+        let size = left.len();
+        let left_datatype = columns[0].data_type();
+
+        match left_datatype {
+            ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => {
+                let mut result = left_datatype.create_mutable_vector(size);
+                for i in 0..size {
+                    let ts = left.get(i).as_timestamp();
+                    let interval = right.get(i).as_interval();
+
+                    let new_ts = match (ts, interval) {
+                        (Some(ts), Some(interval)) => ts.sub_interval(interval),
+                        _ => ts,
+                    };
+
+                    result.push_value_ref(ValueRef::from(new_ts));
+                }
+
+                Ok(result.to_vector())
+            }
+            ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => {
+                let mut result = left_datatype.create_mutable_vector(size);
+                for i in 0..size {
+                    let date = left.get(i).as_date();
+                    let interval = right.get(i).as_interval();
+                    let new_date = match (date, interval) {
+                        (Some(date), Some(interval)) => date.sub_interval(interval),
+                        _ => date,
+                    };
+
+                    result.push_value_ref(ValueRef::from(new_date));
+                }
+
+                Ok(result.to_vector())
+            }
+            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => {
+                let mut result = left_datatype.create_mutable_vector(size);
+                for i in 0..size {
+                    let datetime = left.get(i).as_datetime();
+                    let interval = right.get(i).as_interval();
+                    let new_datetime = match (datetime, interval) {
+                        (Some(datetime), Some(interval)) => datetime.sub_interval(interval),
+                        _ => datetime,
+                    };
+
+                    result.push_value_ref(ValueRef::from(new_datetime));
+                }
+
+                Ok(result.to_vector())
+            }
+            _ => UnsupportedInputDataTypeSnafu {
+                function: NAME,
+                datatypes: columns.iter().map(|c| c.data_type()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            }
+            .fail(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for DateSubFunction {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "DATE_SUB")
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use common_query::prelude::{TypeSignature, Volatility};
+    use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+    use datatypes::value::Value;
+    use datatypes::vectors::{
+        DateTimeVector, DateVector, IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalYearMonthVector,
+        TimestampSecondVector,
+    };
+
+    use super::{DateSubFunction, *};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_date_sub_misc() {
+        let f = DateSubFunction;
+        assert_eq!("date_sub", f.name());
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype()])
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
+            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype()])
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
+            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::date_datatype()]).unwrap()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
+            f.return_type(&[ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype()])
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+        assert!(matches!(f.signature(),
+                         Signature {
+                             type_signature: TypeSignature::OneOf(sigs),
+                             volatility: Volatility::Immutable
+                         } if  sigs.len() == 18));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_timestamp_date_sub() {
+        let f = DateSubFunction;
+
+        let times = vec![Some(123), None, Some(42), None];
+        // Intervals in milliseconds
+        let intervals = vec![1000, 2000, 3000, 1000];
+        let results = [Some(122), None, Some(39), None];
+
+        let time_vector = TimestampSecondVector::from(times.clone());
+        let interval_vector = IntervalDayTimeVector::from_vec(intervals);
+        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![Arc::new(time_vector), Arc::new(interval_vector)];
+        let vector = f.eval(FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(4, vector.len());
+        for (i, _t) in times.iter().enumerate() {
+            let v = vector.get(i);
+            let result = results.get(i).unwrap();
+
+            if result.is_none() {
+                assert_eq!(Value::Null, v);
+                continue;
+            }
+            match v {
+                Value::Timestamp(ts) => {
+                    assert_eq!(ts.value(), result.unwrap());
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_date_date_sub() {
+        let f = DateSubFunction;
+        let days_per_month = 30;
+
+        let dates = vec![
+            Some(123 * days_per_month),
+            None,
+            Some(42 * days_per_month),
+            None,
+        ];
+        // Intervals in months
+        let intervals = vec![1, 2, 3, 1];
+        let results = [Some(3659), None, Some(1168), None];
+
+        let date_vector = DateVector::from(dates.clone());
+        let interval_vector = IntervalYearMonthVector::from_vec(intervals);
+        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![Arc::new(date_vector), Arc::new(interval_vector)];
+        let vector = f.eval(FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(4, vector.len());
+        for (i, _t) in dates.iter().enumerate() {
+            let v = vector.get(i);
+            let result = results.get(i).unwrap();
+
+            if result.is_none() {
+                assert_eq!(Value::Null, v);
+                continue;
+            }
+            match v {
+                Value::Date(date) => {
+                    assert_eq!(date.val(), result.unwrap());
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_datetime_date_sub() {
+        let f = DateSubFunction;
+        let millis_per_month = 3600 * 24 * 30 * 1000;
+
+        let dates = vec![
+            Some(123 * millis_per_month),
+            None,
+            Some(42 * millis_per_month),
+            None,
+        ];
+        // Intervals in months
+        let intervals = vec![1, 2, 3, 1];
+        let results = [Some(316137600000), None, Some(100915200000), None];
+
+        let date_vector = DateTimeVector::from(dates.clone());
+        let interval_vector = IntervalYearMonthVector::from_vec(intervals);
+        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![Arc::new(date_vector), Arc::new(interval_vector)];
+        let vector = f.eval(FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(4, vector.len());
+        for (i, _t) in dates.iter().enumerate() {
+            let v = vector.get(i);
+            let result = results.get(i).unwrap();
+
+            if result.is_none() {
+                assert_eq!(Value::Null, v);
+                continue;
+            }
+            match v {
+                Value::DateTime(date) => {
+                    assert_eq!(date.val(), result.unwrap());
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/common/function/src/scalars/math.rs

@@ -28,9 +28,8 @@ pub use pow::PowFunction;
 pub use rate::RateFunction;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 
-use super::function::FunctionContext;
-use super::Function;
-use crate::scalars::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
+use crate::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
 
 pub(crate) struct MathFunction;
 

src/common/function/src/scalars/math/pow.rs

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ use datatypes::with_match_primitive_type_id;
 use num::traits::Pow;
 use num_traits::AsPrimitive;
 
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 use crate::scalars::expression::{scalar_binary_op, EvalContext};
-use crate::scalars::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct PowFunction;
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ mod tests {
     use datatypes::vectors::{Float32Vector, Int8Vector};
 
     use super::*;
+    use crate::function::FunctionContext;
     #[test]
     fn test_pow_function() {
         let pow = PowFunction;

src/common/function/src/scalars/math/rate.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use datatypes::prelude::*;
 use datatypes::vectors::{Helper, VectorRef};
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 
-use crate::scalars::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 
 /// generates rates from a sequence of adjacent data points.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]

src/common/function/src/scalars/numpy.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use clip::ClipFunction;
 
-use crate::scalars::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
+use crate::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
 
 pub(crate) struct NumpyFunction;
 

src/common/function/src/scalars/numpy/clip.rs

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ use datatypes::prelude::*;
 use datatypes::vectors::PrimitiveVector;
 use paste::paste;
 
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 use crate::scalars::expression::{scalar_binary_op, EvalContext};
-use crate::scalars::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 
 /// numpy.clip function, <https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.clip.html>
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]

src/common/function/src/scalars/test.rs

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ use common_query::prelude::{Signature, Volatility};
 use datatypes::data_type::ConcreteDataType;
 use datatypes::prelude::VectorRef;
 
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 use crate::scalars::expression::{scalar_binary_op, EvalContext};
-use crate::scalars::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Default)]
 pub(crate) struct TestAndFunction;

src/common/function/src/scalars/timestamp.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ mod to_unixtime;
 use greatest::GreatestFunction;
 use to_unixtime::ToUnixtimeFunction;
 
-use crate::scalars::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
+use crate::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
 
 pub(crate) struct TimestampFunction;
 

src/common/function/src/scalars/timestamp/greatest.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
 use datatypes::vectors::{Helper, VectorRef};
 use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
 
-use crate::scalars::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct GreatestFunction;
@@ -113,10 +113,7 @@ mod tests {
     use datatypes::value::Value;
     use datatypes::vectors::{DateVector, StringVector, Vector};
 
-    use super::GreatestFunction;
-    use crate::scalars::function::FunctionContext;
-    use crate::scalars::Function;
-
+    use super::*;
     #[test]
     fn test_greatest_takes_string_vector() {
         let function = GreatestFunction;

src/common/function/src/scalars/timestamp/to_unixtime.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
 use datatypes::vectors::{Int64Vector, VectorRef};
 use snafu::ensure;
 
-use crate::scalars::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
 
 /// A function to convert the column into the unix timestamp in seconds.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
@@ -152,7 +152,6 @@ mod tests {
     };
 
     use super::{ToUnixtimeFunction, *};
-    use crate::scalars::Function;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_string_to_unixtime() {

src/common/function/src/scalars/udf.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use datatypes::prelude::*;
 use datatypes::vectors::Helper;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 
-use crate::scalars::function::{FunctionContext, FunctionRef};
+use crate::function::{FunctionContext, FunctionRef};
 
 /// Create a ScalarUdf from function.
 pub fn create_udf(func: FunctionRef) -> ScalarUdf {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ mod tests {
     use datatypes::vectors::{BooleanVector, ConstantVector};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::scalars::function::Function;
+    use crate::function::Function;
     use crate::scalars::test::TestAndFunction;
 
     #[test]

src/common/function/src/system.rs

@@ -12,13 +12,18 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use crate::storage::SchemaRef;
+pub mod build;
 
-/// Metadata of a region.
-pub trait RegionMeta: Send + Sync {
-    /// Returns the schema of the region.
-    fn schema(&self) -> &SchemaRef;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-    /// Returns the version of the region metadata.
-    fn version(&self) -> u32;
+use build::BuildFunction;
+
+use crate::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
+
+pub(crate) struct SystemFunction;
+
+impl SystemFunction {
+    pub fn register(registry: &FunctionRegistry) {
+        registry.register(Arc::new(BuildFunction));
+    }
 }

src/common/function/src/system/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use common_query::error::Result;
+use common_query::prelude::{Signature, Volatility};
+use datatypes::prelude::*;
+use datatypes::vectors::{StringVector, VectorRef};
+
+use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
+
+const DEFAULT_VALUE: &str = "unknown";
+
+/// Generates build information  
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct BuildFunction;
+
+impl fmt::Display for BuildFunction {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "BUILD")
+    }
+}
+
+impl Function for BuildFunction {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "build"
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, _input_types: &[ConcreteDataType]) -> Result<ConcreteDataType> {
+        Ok(ConcreteDataType::string_datatype())
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::uniform(
+            0,
+            vec![ConcreteDataType::string_datatype()],
+            Volatility::Immutable,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn eval(&self, _func_ctx: FunctionContext, _columns: &[VectorRef]) -> Result<VectorRef> {
+        let build_info = format!(
+            "branch: {}\ncommit: {}\ncommit short: {}\ndirty: {}\nversion: {}",
+            build_data::get_git_branch().unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_VALUE.to_string()),
+            build_data::get_git_commit().unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_VALUE.to_string()),
+            build_data::get_git_commit_short().unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_VALUE.to_string()),
+            build_data::get_git_dirty().map_or(DEFAULT_VALUE.to_string(), |v| v.to_string()),
+            env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+        );
+
+        let v = Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![build_info]));
+        Ok(v)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use common_query::prelude::TypeSignature;
+
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_function() {
+        let build = BuildFunction;
+        assert_eq!("build", build.name());
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
+            build.return_type(&[]).unwrap()
+        );
+        assert!(matches!(build.signature(),
+                         Signature {
+                             type_signature: TypeSignature::Uniform(0, valid_types),
+                             volatility: Volatility::Immutable
+                         } if  valid_types == vec![ConcreteDataType::string_datatype()]
+        ));
+        let build_info = format!(
+            "branch: {}\ncommit: {}\ncommit short: {}\ndirty: {}\nversion: {}",
+            build_data::get_git_branch().unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_VALUE.to_string()),
+            build_data::get_git_commit().unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_VALUE.to_string()),
+            build_data::get_git_commit_short().unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_VALUE.to_string()),
+            build_data::get_git_dirty().map_or(DEFAULT_VALUE.to_string(), |v| v.to_string()),
+            env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+        );
+        let vector = build.eval(FunctionContext::default(), &[]).unwrap();
+        let expect: VectorRef = Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![build_info]));
+        assert_eq!(expect, vector);
+    }
+}

src/common/grpc-expr/src/insert.rs

@@ -98,7 +98,11 @@ mod tests {
 
     use api::helper::ColumnDataTypeWrapper;
     use api::v1::column::Values;
-    use api::v1::{Column, ColumnDataType, IntervalMonthDayNano, SemanticType};
+    use api::v1::column_data_type_extension::TypeExt;
+    use api::v1::{
+        Column, ColumnDataType, ColumnDataTypeExtension, Decimal128, DecimalTypeExtension,
+        IntervalMonthDayNano, SemanticType,
+    };
     use common_base::BitVec;
     use common_catalog::consts::MITO_ENGINE;
     use common_time::interval::IntervalUnit;
@@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let column_defs = create_expr.column_defs;
         assert_eq!(column_defs[6].name, create_expr.time_index);
-        assert_eq!(7, column_defs.len());
+        assert_eq!(8, column_defs.len());
 
         assert_eq!(
             ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
@@ -266,6 +270,18 @@ mod tests {
                 .unwrap()
             )
         );
+
+        let decimal_column = column_defs.iter().find(|c| c.name == "decimals").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(38, 10),
+            ConcreteDataType::from(
+                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
+                    decimal_column.data_type,
+                    decimal_column.datatype_extension.clone(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+            )
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -286,7 +302,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let add_columns = find_new_columns(&schema, &insert_batch.0).unwrap().unwrap();
 
-        assert_eq!(5, add_columns.add_columns.len());
+        assert_eq!(6, add_columns.add_columns.len());
         let host_column = &add_columns.add_columns[0];
         assert_eq!(
             ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
@@ -347,6 +363,23 @@ mod tests {
                 .unwrap()
             )
         );
+
+        let decimal_column = &add_columns.add_columns[5];
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(38, 10),
+            ConcreteDataType::from(
+                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
+                    decimal_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type,
+                    decimal_column
+                        .column_def
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .datatype_extension
+                        .clone()
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+            )
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -466,6 +499,23 @@ mod tests {
             datatype: ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond as i32,
             ..Default::default()
         };
+        let decimal_vals = Values {
+            decimal128_values: vec![Decimal128 { hi: 0, lo: 123 }, Decimal128 { hi: 0, lo: 456 }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let decimal_column = Column {
+            column_name: "decimals".to_string(),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
+            values: Some(decimal_vals),
+            null_mask: vec![0],
+            datatype: ColumnDataType::Decimal128 as i32,
+            datatype_extension: Some(ColumnDataTypeExtension {
+                type_ext: Some(TypeExt::DecimalType(DecimalTypeExtension {
+                    precision: 38,
+                    scale: 10,
+                })),
+            }),
+        };
 
         (
             vec![
@@ -476,6 +526,7 @@ mod tests {
                 interval_column,
                 duration_column,
                 ts_column,
+                decimal_column,
             ],
             row_count,
         )

src/common/grpc-expr/src/util.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
 use api::v1::{
-    AddColumn, AddColumns, Column, ColumnDef, ColumnSchema, CreateTableExpr, SemanticType,
+    AddColumn, AddColumns, Column, ColumnDataTypeExtension, ColumnDef, ColumnSchema,
+    CreateTableExpr, SemanticType,
 };
 use datatypes::schema::Schema;
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt};
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ pub struct ColumnExpr<'a> {
     pub column_name: &'a str,
     pub datatype: i32,
     pub semantic_type: i32,
+    pub datatype_extension: &'a Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> ColumnExpr<'a> {
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Column> for ColumnExpr<'a> {
             column_name: &column.column_name,
             datatype: column.datatype,
             semantic_type: column.semantic_type,
+            datatype_extension: &column.datatype_extension,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a ColumnSchema> for ColumnExpr<'a> {
             column_name: &schema.column_name,
             datatype: schema.datatype,
             semantic_type: schema.semantic_type,
+            datatype_extension: &schema.datatype_extension,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -94,6 +98,7 @@ pub fn build_create_table_expr(
         column_name,
         datatype,
         semantic_type,
+        datatype_extension,
     } in column_exprs
     {
         let mut is_nullable = true;
@@ -121,7 +126,7 @@ pub fn build_create_table_expr(
             default_constraint: vec![],
             semantic_type,
             comment: String::new(),
-            ..Default::default()
+            datatype_extension: datatype_extension.clone(),
         };
         column_defs.push(column_def);
     }
@@ -162,7 +167,7 @@ pub fn extract_new_columns(
                 default_constraint: vec![],
                 semantic_type: expr.semantic_type,
                 comment: String::new(),
-                ..Default::default()
+                datatype_extension: expr.datatype_extension.clone(),
             });
             AddColumn {
                 column_def,

src/common/grpc/Cargo.toml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ common-recordbatch.workspace = true
 common-runtime.workspace = true
 common-telemetry.workspace = true
 common-time.workspace = true
-dashmap = "5.4"
+dashmap.workspace = true
 datafusion.workspace = true
 datatypes.workspace = true
 flatbuffers = "23.1"

src/common/meta/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ async-recursion = "1.0"
 async-stream.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 base64.workspace = true
-bytes = "1.4"
+bytes.workspace = true
 common-catalog.workspace = true
+common-config.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
 common-grpc-expr.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
@@ -24,20 +25,25 @@ common-runtime.workspace = true
 common-telemetry.workspace = true
 common-time.workspace = true
 datatypes.workspace = true
+derive_builder.workspace = true
 etcd-client.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 humantime-serde.workspace = true
 lazy_static.workspace = true
 prometheus.workspace = true
 prost.workspace = true
+rand.workspace = true
 regex.workspace = true
+rskafka.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
+serde_with = "3"
 snafu.workspace = true
 store-api.workspace = true
 strum.workspace = true
 table.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
+toml.workspace = true
 tonic.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]

src/common/meta/src/ddl.rs

@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use api::v1::meta::Partition;
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::W3cTrace;
-use store_api::storage::TableId;
-use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;
+use store_api::storage::{RegionNumber, TableId};
 
 use crate::cache_invalidator::CacheInvalidatorRef;
 use crate::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
 use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
-use crate::rpc::ddl::{SubmitDdlTaskRequest, SubmitDdlTaskResponse};
+use crate::region_keeper::MemoryRegionKeeperRef;
+use crate::rpc::ddl::{CreateTableTask, SubmitDdlTaskRequest, SubmitDdlTaskResponse};
 use crate::rpc::router::RegionRoute;
 
 pub mod alter_table;
@@ -53,14 +53,24 @@ pub struct TableMetadataAllocatorContext {
     pub cluster_id: u64,
 }
 
+/// Metadata allocated to a table.
+pub struct TableMetadata {
+    /// Table id.
+    pub table_id: TableId,
+    /// Route information for each region of the table.
+    pub region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
+    /// The encoded wal options for regions of the table.
+    // If a region does not have an associated wal options, no key for the region would be found in the map.
+    pub region_wal_options: HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
+}
+
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait TableMetadataAllocator: Send + Sync {
     async fn create(
         &self,
         ctx: &TableMetadataAllocatorContext,
-        table_info: &mut RawTableInfo,
-        partitions: &[Partition],
-    ) -> Result<(TableId, Vec<RegionRoute>)>;
+        task: &CreateTableTask,
+    ) -> Result<TableMetadata>;
 }
 
 pub type TableMetadataAllocatorRef = Arc<dyn TableMetadataAllocator>;
@@ -70,4 +80,5 @@ pub struct DdlContext {
     pub datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
     pub cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
     pub table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
+    pub memory_region_keeper: MemoryRegionKeeperRef,
 }

src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_table.rs

@@ -12,31 +12,42 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
 use api::v1::region::region_request::Body as PbRegionRequest;
 use api::v1::region::{
     CreateRequest as PbCreateRegionRequest, RegionColumnDef, RegionRequest, RegionRequestHeader,
 };
-use api::v1::{ColumnDef, SemanticType};
+use api::v1::{ColumnDef, CreateTableExpr, SemanticType};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use common_procedure::error::{FromJsonSnafu, Result as ProcedureResult, ToJsonSnafu};
+use common_catalog::consts::METRIC_ENGINE;
+use common_config::WAL_OPTIONS_KEY;
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_procedure::error::{
+    ExternalSnafu, FromJsonSnafu, Result as ProcedureResult, ToJsonSnafu,
+};
 use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, LockKey, Procedure, Status};
 use common_telemetry::info;
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::LOGICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY;
+use store_api::storage::{RegionId, RegionNumber};
 use strum::AsRefStr;
 use table::engine::TableReference;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
 
 use crate::ddl::utils::{handle_operate_region_error, handle_retry_error, region_storage_path};
 use crate::ddl::DdlContext;
-use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::error::{self, Result, TableInfoNotFoundSnafu};
 use crate::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
 use crate::metrics;
+use crate::region_keeper::OperatingRegionGuard;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::CreateTableTask;
-use crate::rpc::router::{find_leader_regions, find_leaders, RegionRoute};
+use crate::rpc::router::{
+    find_leader_regions, find_leaders, operating_leader_regions, RegionRoute,
+};
 
 pub struct CreateTableProcedure {
     pub context: DdlContext,
@@ -50,20 +61,29 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
         cluster_id: u64,
         task: CreateTableTask,
         region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
+        region_wal_options: HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
         context: DdlContext,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             context,
-            creator: TableCreator::new(cluster_id, task, region_routes),
+            creator: TableCreator::new(cluster_id, task, region_routes, region_wal_options),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn from_json(json: &str, context: DdlContext) -> ProcedureResult<Self> {
         let data = serde_json::from_str(json).context(FromJsonSnafu)?;
-        Ok(CreateTableProcedure {
-            context,
-            creator: TableCreator { data },
-        })
+
+        let mut creator = TableCreator {
+            data,
+            opening_regions: vec![],
+        };
+
+        creator
+            .register_opening_regions(&context)
+            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+            .context(ExternalSnafu)?;
+
+        Ok(CreateTableProcedure { context, creator })
     }
 
     pub fn table_info(&self) -> &RawTableInfo {
@@ -78,6 +98,10 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
         &self.creator.data.region_routes
     }
 
+    pub fn region_wal_options(&self) -> &HashMap<RegionNumber, String> {
+        &self.creator.data.region_wal_options
+    }
+
     /// Checks whether the table exists.
     async fn on_prepare(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
         let expr = &self.creator.data.task.create_table;
@@ -108,7 +132,7 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
         Ok(Status::executing(true))
     }
 
-    pub fn create_region_request_template(&self) -> Result<PbCreateRegionRequest> {
+    pub fn new_region_request_builder(&self) -> Result<CreateRequestBuilder> {
         let create_table_expr = &self.creator.data.task.create_table;
 
         let column_defs = create_table_expr
@@ -158,26 +182,33 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
             })
             .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
 
-        Ok(PbCreateRegionRequest {
+        let template = PbCreateRegionRequest {
             region_id: 0,
             engine: create_table_expr.engine.to_string(),
             column_defs,
             primary_key,
             path: String::new(),
             options: create_table_expr.table_options.clone(),
-        })
+        };
+
+        let builder = CreateRequestBuilder::new_template(self.context.clone(), template);
+        Ok(builder)
     }
 
     pub async fn on_datanode_create_regions(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        // Registers opening regions
+        self.creator.register_opening_regions(&self.context)?;
+
         let create_table_data = &self.creator.data;
         let region_routes = &create_table_data.region_routes;
+        let region_wal_options = &create_table_data.region_wal_options;
 
         let create_table_expr = &create_table_data.task.create_table;
         let catalog = &create_table_expr.catalog_name;
         let schema = &create_table_expr.schema_name;
         let storage_path = region_storage_path(catalog, schema);
 
-        let request_template = self.create_region_request_template()?;
+        let mut request_builder = self.new_region_request_builder()?;
 
         let leaders = find_leaders(region_routes);
         let mut create_region_tasks = Vec::with_capacity(leaders.len());
@@ -186,17 +217,20 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
             let requester = self.context.datanode_manager.datanode(&datanode).await;
 
             let regions = find_leader_regions(region_routes, &datanode);
-            let requests = regions
-                .iter()
-                .map(|region_number| {
-                    let region_id = RegionId::new(self.table_id(), *region_number);
+            let mut requests = Vec::with_capacity(regions.len());
+            for region_number in regions {
+                let region_id = RegionId::new(self.table_id(), region_number);
+                let create_region_request = request_builder
+                    .build_one(
+                        &self.creator.data.task.create_table,
+                        region_id,
+                        storage_path.clone(),
+                        region_wal_options,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
 
-                    let mut create_region_request = request_template.clone();
-                    create_region_request.region_id = region_id.as_u64();
-                    create_region_request.path = storage_path.clone();
-                    PbRegionRequest::Create(create_region_request)
-                })
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                requests.push(PbRegionRequest::Create(create_region_request));
+            }
 
             for request in requests {
                 let request = RegionRequest {
@@ -226,7 +260,9 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
 
         self.creator.data.state = CreateTableState::CreateMetadata;
 
-        Ok(Status::executing(true))
+        // Ensures the procedures after the crash start from the `DatanodeCreateRegions` stage.
+        // TODO(weny): Add more tests.
+        Ok(Status::executing(false))
     }
 
     async fn on_create_metadata(&self) -> Result<Status> {
@@ -235,8 +271,9 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
 
         let raw_table_info = self.table_info().clone();
         let region_routes = self.region_routes().clone();
+        let region_wal_options = self.region_wal_options().clone();
         manager
-            .create_table_metadata(raw_table_info, region_routes)
+            .create_table_metadata(raw_table_info, region_routes, region_wal_options)
             .await?;
         info!("Created table metadata for table {table_id}");
 
@@ -282,20 +319,57 @@ impl Procedure for CreateTableProcedure {
 }
 
 pub struct TableCreator {
+    /// The serializable data.
     pub data: CreateTableData,
+    /// The guards of opening.
+    pub opening_regions: Vec<OperatingRegionGuard>,
 }
 
 impl TableCreator {
-    pub fn new(cluster_id: u64, task: CreateTableTask, region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        cluster_id: u64,
+        task: CreateTableTask,
+        region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
+        region_wal_options: HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             data: CreateTableData {
                 state: CreateTableState::Prepare,
                 cluster_id,
                 task,
                 region_routes,
+                region_wal_options,
             },
+            opening_regions: vec![],
         }
     }
+
+    /// Register opening regions if doesn't exist.
+    pub fn register_opening_regions(&mut self, context: &DdlContext) -> Result<()> {
+        let region_routes = &self.data.region_routes;
+
+        let opening_regions = operating_leader_regions(region_routes);
+
+        if self.opening_regions.len() == opening_regions.len() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let mut opening_region_guards = Vec::with_capacity(opening_regions.len());
+
+        for (region_id, datanode_id) in opening_regions {
+            let guard = context
+                .memory_region_keeper
+                .register(datanode_id, region_id)
+                .context(error::RegionOperatingRaceSnafu {
+                    region_id,
+                    peer_id: datanode_id,
+                })?;
+            opening_region_guards.push(guard);
+        }
+
+        self.opening_regions = opening_region_guards;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, AsRefStr)]
@@ -313,6 +387,7 @@ pub struct CreateTableData {
     pub state: CreateTableState,
     pub task: CreateTableTask,
     pub region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
+    pub region_wal_options: HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
     pub cluster_id: u64,
 }
 
@@ -321,3 +396,91 @@ impl CreateTableData {
         self.task.table_ref()
     }
 }
+
+/// Builder for [PbCreateRegionRequest].
+pub struct CreateRequestBuilder {
+    context: DdlContext,
+    template: PbCreateRegionRequest,
+    /// Optional. Only for metric engine.
+    physical_table_id: Option<TableId>,
+}
+
+impl CreateRequestBuilder {
+    fn new_template(context: DdlContext, template: PbCreateRegionRequest) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            context,
+            template,
+            physical_table_id: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn template(&self) -> &PbCreateRegionRequest {
+        &self.template
+    }
+
+    async fn build_one(
+        &mut self,
+        create_expr: &CreateTableExpr,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        storage_path: String,
+        region_wal_options: &HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
+    ) -> Result<PbCreateRegionRequest> {
+        let mut request = self.template.clone();
+
+        request.region_id = region_id.as_u64();
+        request.path = storage_path;
+        // Stores the encoded wal options into the request options.
+        region_wal_options
+            .get(&region_id.region_number())
+            .and_then(|wal_options| {
+                request
+                    .options
+                    .insert(WAL_OPTIONS_KEY.to_string(), wal_options.clone())
+            });
+
+        if self.template.engine == METRIC_ENGINE {
+            self.metric_engine_hook(create_expr, region_id, &mut request)
+                .await?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(request)
+    }
+
+    async fn metric_engine_hook(
+        &mut self,
+        create_expr: &CreateTableExpr,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        request: &mut PbCreateRegionRequest,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(physical_table_name) = request.options.get(LOGICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY) {
+            let table_id = if let Some(table_id) = self.physical_table_id {
+                table_id
+            } else {
+                let table_name_manager = self.context.table_metadata_manager.table_name_manager();
+                let table_name_key = TableNameKey::new(
+                    &create_expr.catalog_name,
+                    &create_expr.schema_name,
+                    physical_table_name,
+                );
+                let table_id = table_name_manager
+                    .get(table_name_key)
+                    .await?
+                    .context(TableInfoNotFoundSnafu {
+                        table_name: physical_table_name,
+                    })?
+                    .table_id();
+                self.physical_table_id = Some(table_id);
+                table_id
+            };
+            // Concat physical table's table id and corresponding region number to get
+            // the physical region id.
+            let physical_region_id = RegionId::new(table_id, region_id.region_number());
+            request.options.insert(
+                LOGICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY.to_string(),
+                physical_region_id.as_u64().to_string(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_table.rs

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
 use common_telemetry::{debug, info};
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 use strum::AsRefStr;
 use table::engine::TableReference;
@@ -42,12 +42,19 @@ use crate::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use crate::key::DeserializedValueWithBytes;
 use crate::metrics;
+use crate::region_keeper::OperatingRegionGuard;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::DropTableTask;
-use crate::rpc::router::{find_leader_regions, find_leaders, RegionRoute};
+use crate::rpc::router::{
+    find_leader_regions, find_leaders, operating_leader_regions, RegionRoute,
+};
 
 pub struct DropTableProcedure {
+    /// The context of procedure runtime.
     pub context: DdlContext,
+    /// The serializable data.
     pub data: DropTableData,
+    /// The guards of opening regions.
+    pub dropping_regions: Vec<OperatingRegionGuard>,
 }
 
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -64,12 +71,17 @@ impl DropTableProcedure {
         Self {
             context,
             data: DropTableData::new(cluster_id, task, table_route_value, table_info_value),
+            dropping_regions: vec![],
         }
     }
 
     pub fn from_json(json: &str, context: DdlContext) -> ProcedureResult<Self> {
         let data = serde_json::from_str(json).context(FromJsonSnafu)?;
-        Ok(Self { context, data })
+        Ok(Self {
+            context,
+            data,
+            dropping_regions: vec![],
+        })
     }
 
     async fn on_prepare(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
@@ -102,8 +114,42 @@ impl DropTableProcedure {
         Ok(Status::executing(true))
     }
 
+    /// Register dropping regions if doesn't exist.
+    fn register_dropping_regions(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let region_routes = self.data.region_routes();
+
+        let dropping_regions = operating_leader_regions(region_routes);
+
+        if self.dropping_regions.len() == dropping_regions.len() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let mut dropping_region_guards = Vec::with_capacity(dropping_regions.len());
+
+        for (region_id, datanode_id) in dropping_regions {
+            let guard = self
+                .context
+                .memory_region_keeper
+                .register(datanode_id, region_id)
+                .context(error::RegionOperatingRaceSnafu {
+                    region_id,
+                    peer_id: datanode_id,
+                })?;
+            dropping_region_guards.push(guard);
+        }
+
+        self.dropping_regions = dropping_region_guards;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Removes the table metadata.
     async fn on_remove_metadata(&mut self) -> Result<Status> {
+        // NOTES: If the meta server is crashed after the `RemoveMetadata`,
+        // Corresponding regions of this table on the Datanode will be closed automatically.
+        // Then any future dropping operation will fail.
+
+        // TODO(weny): Considers introducing a RegionStatus to indicate the region is dropping.
+
         let table_metadata_manager = &self.context.table_metadata_manager;
         let table_info_value = &self.data.table_info_value;
         let table_route_value = &self.data.table_route_value;

src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs

@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use common_procedure::{watcher, ProcedureId, ProcedureManagerRef, ProcedureWithId};
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::{FutureExt, TracingContext};
 use common_telemetry::{info, tracing};
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use store_api::storage::RegionNumber;
 
 use crate::cache_invalidator::CacheInvalidatorRef;
 use crate::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::ddl::create_table::CreateTableProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::drop_table::DropTableProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::truncate_table::TruncateTableProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::{
-    DdlContext, DdlTaskExecutor, ExecutorContext, TableMetadataAllocatorContext,
+    DdlContext, DdlTaskExecutor, ExecutorContext, TableMetadata, TableMetadataAllocatorContext,
     TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
 };
 use crate::error::{
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ use crate::key::table_info::TableInfoValue;
 use crate::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use crate::key::{DeserializedValueWithBytes, TableMetadataManagerRef};
+use crate::region_keeper::MemoryRegionKeeperRef;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::DdlTask::{AlterTable, CreateTable, DropTable, TruncateTable};
 use crate::rpc::ddl::{
     AlterTableTask, CreateTableTask, DropTableTask, SubmitDdlTaskRequest, SubmitDdlTaskResponse,
@@ -51,7 +54,8 @@ pub struct DdlManager {
     datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
     cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
     table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
-    table_meta_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
+    table_metadata_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
+    memory_region_keeper: MemoryRegionKeeperRef,
 }
 
 impl DdlManager {
@@ -61,14 +65,16 @@ impl DdlManager {
         datanode_clients: DatanodeManagerRef,
         cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
         table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
-        table_meta_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
+        table_metadata_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
+        memory_region_keeper: MemoryRegionKeeperRef,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         let manager = Self {
             procedure_manager,
             datanode_manager: datanode_clients,
             cache_invalidator,
             table_metadata_manager,
-            table_meta_allocator,
+            table_metadata_allocator,
+            memory_region_keeper,
         };
         manager.register_loaders()?;
         Ok(manager)
@@ -85,6 +91,7 @@ impl DdlManager {
             datanode_manager: self.datanode_manager.clone(),
             cache_invalidator: self.cache_invalidator.clone(),
             table_metadata_manager: self.table_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            memory_region_keeper: self.memory_region_keeper.clone(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -171,11 +178,17 @@ impl DdlManager {
         cluster_id: u64,
         create_table_task: CreateTableTask,
         region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
+        region_wal_options: HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
     ) -> Result<ProcedureId> {
         let context = self.create_context();
 
-        let procedure =
-            CreateTableProcedure::new(cluster_id, create_table_task, region_routes, context);
+        let procedure = CreateTableProcedure::new(
+            cluster_id,
+            create_table_task,
+            region_routes,
+            region_wal_options,
+            context,
+        );
 
         let procedure_with_id = ProcedureWithId::with_random_id(Box::new(procedure));
 
@@ -369,17 +382,29 @@ async fn handle_create_table_task(
     cluster_id: u64,
     mut create_table_task: CreateTableTask,
 ) -> Result<SubmitDdlTaskResponse> {
-    let (table_id, region_routes) = ddl_manager
-        .table_meta_allocator
+    let table_meta = ddl_manager
+        .table_metadata_allocator
         .create(
             &TableMetadataAllocatorContext { cluster_id },
-            &mut create_table_task.table_info,
-            &create_table_task.partitions,
+            &create_table_task,
         )
         .await?;
 
+    let TableMetadata {
+        table_id,
+        region_routes,
+        region_wal_options,
+    } = table_meta;
+
+    create_table_task.table_info.ident.table_id = table_id;
+
     let id = ddl_manager
-        .submit_create_table_task(cluster_id, create_table_task, region_routes)
+        .submit_create_table_task(
+            cluster_id,
+            create_table_task,
+            region_routes,
+            region_wal_options,
+        )
         .await?;
 
     info!("Table: {table_id:?} is created via procedure_id {id:?}");
@@ -430,9 +455,7 @@ impl DdlTaskExecutor for DdlManager {
 mod tests {
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
-    use api::v1::meta::Partition;
     use common_procedure::local::LocalManager;
-    use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
 
     use super::DdlManager;
     use crate::cache_invalidator::DummyCacheInvalidator;
@@ -441,12 +464,13 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::ddl::create_table::CreateTableProcedure;
     use crate::ddl::drop_table::DropTableProcedure;
     use crate::ddl::truncate_table::TruncateTableProcedure;
-    use crate::ddl::{TableMetadataAllocator, TableMetadataAllocatorContext};
+    use crate::ddl::{TableMetadata, TableMetadataAllocator, TableMetadataAllocatorContext};
     use crate::error::Result;
     use crate::key::TableMetadataManager;
     use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
     use crate::peer::Peer;
-    use crate::rpc::router::RegionRoute;
+    use crate::region_keeper::MemoryRegionKeeper;
+    use crate::rpc::ddl::CreateTableTask;
     use crate::state_store::KvStateStore;
 
     /// A dummy implemented [DatanodeManager].
@@ -467,9 +491,8 @@ mod tests {
         async fn create(
             &self,
             _ctx: &TableMetadataAllocatorContext,
-            _table_info: &mut RawTableInfo,
-            _partitions: &[Partition],
-        ) -> Result<(TableId, Vec<RegionRoute>)> {
+            _task: &CreateTableTask,
+        ) -> Result<TableMetadata> {
             unimplemented!()
         }
     }
@@ -488,6 +511,7 @@ mod tests {
             Arc::new(DummyCacheInvalidator),
             table_metadata_manager,
             Arc::new(DummyTableMetadataAllocator),
+            Arc::new(MemoryRegionKeeper::default()),
         );
 
         let expected_loaders = vec![

src/common/meta/src/error.rs

@@ -14,15 +14,17 @@
 
 use std::str::Utf8Error;
 
+use common_config::wal::WalOptions;
 use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_macro::stack_trace_debug;
 use serde_json::error::Error as JsonError;
 use snafu::{Location, Snafu};
-use store_api::storage::RegionNumber;
+use store_api::storage::{RegionId, RegionNumber};
 use table::metadata::TableId;
 
 use crate::peer::Peer;
+use crate::DatanodeId;
 
 #[derive(Snafu)]
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
@@ -31,9 +33,26 @@ pub enum Error {
     #[snafu(display("Empty key is not allowed"))]
     EmptyKey { location: Location },
 
+    #[snafu(display(
+        "Another procedure is operating the region: {} on peer: {}",
+        region_id,
+        peer_id
+    ))]
+    RegionOperatingRace {
+        location: Location,
+        peer_id: DatanodeId,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+    },
+
     #[snafu(display("Invalid result with a txn response: {}", err_msg))]
     InvalidTxnResult { err_msg: String, location: Location },
 
+    #[snafu(display("Invalid engine type: {}", engine_type))]
+    InvalidEngineType {
+        engine_type: String,
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
     #[snafu(display("Failed to connect to Etcd"))]
     ConnectEtcd {
         #[snafu(source)]
@@ -266,6 +285,51 @@ pub enum Error {
 
     #[snafu(display("Retry later"))]
     RetryLater { source: BoxedError },
+
+    #[snafu(display(
+        "Failed to encode a wal options to json string, wal_options: {:?}",
+        wal_options
+    ))]
+    EncodeWalOptions {
+        wal_options: WalOptions,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: serde_json::Error,
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Invalid number of topics {}", num_topics))]
+    InvalidNumTopics {
+        num_topics: usize,
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display(
+        "Failed to build a Kafka client, broker endpoints: {:?}",
+        broker_endpoints
+    ))]
+    BuildKafkaClient {
+        broker_endpoints: Vec<String>,
+        location: Location,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: rskafka::client::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to build a Kafka controller client"))]
+    BuildKafkaCtrlClient {
+        location: Location,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: rskafka::client::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to create a Kafka wal topic"))]
+    CreateKafkaWalTopic {
+        location: Location,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: rskafka::client::error::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("The topic pool is empty"))]
+    EmptyTopicPool { location: Location },
 }
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -291,7 +355,21 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | SequenceOutOfRange { .. }
             | UnexpectedSequenceValue { .. }
             | InvalidHeartbeatResponse { .. }
-            | InvalidTxnResult { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
+            | InvalidTxnResult { .. }
+            | EncodeJson { .. }
+            | DecodeJson { .. }
+            | PayloadNotExist { .. }
+            | ConvertRawKey { .. }
+            | DecodeProto { .. }
+            | BuildTableMeta { .. }
+            | TableRouteNotFound { .. }
+            | ConvertRawTableInfo { .. }
+            | RegionOperatingRace { .. }
+            | EncodeWalOptions { .. }
+            | BuildKafkaClient { .. }
+            | BuildKafkaCtrlClient { .. }
+            | CreateKafkaWalTopic { .. }
+            | EmptyTopicPool { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
 
             SendMessage { .. }
             | GetKvCache { .. }
@@ -301,20 +379,13 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             | RenameTable { .. }
             | Unsupported { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
 
-            PrimaryKeyNotFound { .. } | &EmptyKey { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
+            PrimaryKeyNotFound { .. } | EmptyKey { .. } | InvalidEngineType { .. } => {
+                StatusCode::InvalidArguments
+            }
 
             TableNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::TableNotFound,
             TableAlreadyExists { .. } => StatusCode::TableAlreadyExists,
 
-            EncodeJson { .. }
-            | DecodeJson { .. }
-            | PayloadNotExist { .. }
-            | ConvertRawKey { .. }
-            | DecodeProto { .. }
-            | BuildTableMeta { .. }
-            | TableRouteNotFound { .. }
-            | ConvertRawTableInfo { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
-
             SubmitProcedure { source, .. } | WaitProcedure { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
             RegisterProcedureLoader { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
             External { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
@@ -323,6 +394,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
             RetryLater { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
             InvalidCatalogValue { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
             ConvertAlterTableRequest { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+
+            InvalidNumTopics { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
         }
     }
 

src/common/meta/src/instruction.rs

@@ -91,19 +91,31 @@ impl Display for OpenRegion {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
 pub struct OpenRegion {
     pub region_ident: RegionIdent,
     pub region_storage_path: String,
-    pub options: HashMap<String, String>,
+    pub region_options: HashMap<String, String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub region_wal_options: HashMap<String, String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub skip_wal_replay: bool,
 }
 
 impl OpenRegion {
-    pub fn new(region_ident: RegionIdent, path: &str, options: HashMap<String, String>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        region_ident: RegionIdent,
+        path: &str,
+        region_options: HashMap<String, String>,
+        region_wal_options: HashMap<String, String>,
+        skip_wal_replay: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             region_ident,
             region_storage_path: path.to_string(),
-            options,
+            region_options,
+            region_wal_options,
+            skip_wal_replay,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -218,12 +230,14 @@ mod tests {
             },
             "test/foo",
             HashMap::new(),
+            HashMap::new(),
+            false,
         ));
 
         let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&open_region).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(
-            r#"{"OpenRegion":{"region_ident":{"cluster_id":1,"datanode_id":2,"table_id":1024,"region_number":1,"engine":"mito2"},"region_storage_path":"test/foo","options":{}}}"#,
+            r#"{"OpenRegion":{"region_ident":{"cluster_id":1,"datanode_id":2,"table_id":1024,"region_number":1,"engine":"mito2"},"region_storage_path":"test/foo","region_options":{},"region_wal_options":{},"skip_wal_replay":false}}"#,
             serialized
         );
 
@@ -242,4 +256,46 @@ mod tests {
             serialized
         );
     }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    struct LegacyOpenRegion {
+        region_ident: RegionIdent,
+        region_storage_path: String,
+        region_options: HashMap<String, String>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compatible_serialize_open_region() {
+        let region_ident = RegionIdent {
+            cluster_id: 1,
+            datanode_id: 2,
+            table_id: 1024,
+            region_number: 1,
+            engine: "mito2".to_string(),
+        };
+        let region_storage_path = "test/foo".to_string();
+        let region_options = HashMap::from([
+            ("a".to_string(), "aa".to_string()),
+            ("b".to_string(), "bb".to_string()),
+        ]);
+
+        // Serialize a legacy OpenRegion.
+        let legacy_open_region = LegacyOpenRegion {
+            region_ident: region_ident.clone(),
+            region_storage_path: region_storage_path.clone(),
+            region_options: region_options.clone(),
+        };
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&legacy_open_region).unwrap();
+
+        // Deserialize to OpenRegion.
+        let deserialized = serde_json::from_str(&serialized).unwrap();
+        let expected = OpenRegion {
+            region_ident,
+            region_storage_path,
+            region_options,
+            region_wal_options: HashMap::new(),
+            skip_wal_replay: false,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(expected, deserialized);
+    }
 }

src/common/meta/src/key.rs

@@ -63,7 +63,9 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
+use common_catalog::consts::{
+    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_PRIVATE_SCHEMA_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME,
+};
 use common_telemetry::warn;
 use datanode_table::{DatanodeTableKey, DatanodeTableManager, DatanodeTableValue};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
@@ -295,12 +297,20 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
 
     pub async fn init(&self) -> Result<()> {
         let catalog_name = CatalogNameKey::new(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME);
-        let schema_name = SchemaNameKey::new(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME);
 
         self.catalog_manager().create(catalog_name, true).await?;
-        self.schema_manager()
-            .create(schema_name, None, true)
-            .await?;
+
+        let internal_schemas = [
+            DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME,
+            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME,
+            DEFAULT_PRIVATE_SCHEMA_NAME,
+        ];
+
+        for schema_name in internal_schemas {
+            let schema_key = SchemaNameKey::new(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, schema_name);
+
+            self.schema_manager().create(schema_key, None, true).await?;
+        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -364,6 +374,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
         &self,
         mut table_info: RawTableInfo,
         region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
+        region_wal_options: HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let region_numbers = region_routes
             .iter()
@@ -399,6 +410,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
             &engine,
             &region_storage_path,
             region_options,
+            region_wal_options,
             distribution,
         )?;
 
@@ -587,6 +599,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
         current_table_route_value: &DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
         new_region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
         new_region_options: &HashMap<String, String>,
+        new_region_wal_options: &HashMap<String, String>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         // Updates the datanode table key value pairs.
         let current_region_distribution =
@@ -599,6 +612,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
             current_region_distribution,
             new_region_distribution,
             new_region_options,
+            new_region_wal_options,
         )?;
 
         // Updates the table_route.
@@ -827,19 +841,31 @@ mod tests {
             new_test_table_info(region_routes.iter().map(|r| r.region.id.region_number())).into();
         // creates metadata.
         table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info.clone(), region_routes.clone())
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info.clone(),
+                region_routes.clone(),
+                HashMap::default(),
+            )
             .await
             .unwrap();
         // if metadata was already created, it should be ok.
         table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info.clone(), region_routes.clone())
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info.clone(),
+                region_routes.clone(),
+                HashMap::default(),
+            )
             .await
             .unwrap();
         let mut modified_region_routes = region_routes.clone();
         modified_region_routes.push(region_route.clone());
         // if remote metadata was exists, it should return an error.
         assert!(table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info.clone(), modified_region_routes)
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info.clone(),
+                modified_region_routes,
+                HashMap::default()
+            )
             .await
             .is_err());
 
@@ -873,7 +899,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         // creates metadata.
         table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info.clone(), region_routes.clone())
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info.clone(),
+                region_routes.clone(),
+                HashMap::default(),
+            )
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -944,7 +974,11 @@ mod tests {
         let table_id = table_info.ident.table_id;
         // creates metadata.
         table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info.clone(), region_routes.clone())
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info.clone(),
+                region_routes.clone(),
+                HashMap::default(),
+            )
             .await
             .unwrap();
         let new_table_name = "another_name".to_string();
@@ -1012,7 +1046,11 @@ mod tests {
         let table_id = table_info.ident.table_id;
         // creates metadata.
         table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info.clone(), region_routes.clone())
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info.clone(),
+                region_routes.clone(),
+                HashMap::default(),
+            )
             .await
             .unwrap();
         let mut new_table_info = table_info.clone();
@@ -1089,7 +1127,11 @@ mod tests {
             DeserializedValueWithBytes::from_inner(TableRouteValue::new(region_routes.clone()));
         // creates metadata.
         table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info.clone(), region_routes.clone())
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info.clone(),
+                region_routes.clone(),
+                HashMap::default(),
+            )
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -1155,7 +1197,11 @@ mod tests {
             DeserializedValueWithBytes::from_inner(TableRouteValue::new(region_routes.clone()));
         // creates metadata.
         table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info.clone(), region_routes.clone())
+            .create_table_metadata(
+                table_info.clone(),
+                region_routes.clone(),
+                HashMap::default(),
+            )
             .await
             .unwrap();
         assert_datanode_table(&table_metadata_manager, table_id, &region_routes).await;
@@ -1172,10 +1218,12 @@ mod tests {
                     engine: engine.to_string(),
                     region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                     region_options: HashMap::new(),
+                    region_wal_options: HashMap::new(),
                 },
                 &current_table_route_value,
                 new_region_routes.clone(),
                 &HashMap::new(),
+                &HashMap::new(),
             )
             .await
             .unwrap();
@@ -1189,10 +1237,12 @@ mod tests {
                     engine: engine.to_string(),
                     region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                     region_options: HashMap::new(),
+                    region_wal_options: HashMap::new(),
                 },
                 &current_table_route_value,
                 new_region_routes.clone(),
                 &HashMap::new(),
+                &HashMap::new(),
             )
             .await
             .unwrap();
@@ -1211,10 +1261,12 @@ mod tests {
                     engine: engine.to_string(),
                     region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                     region_options: HashMap::new(),
+                    region_wal_options: HashMap::new(),
                 },
                 &current_table_route_value,
                 new_region_routes.clone(),
                 &HashMap::new(),
+                &HashMap::new(),
             )
             .await
             .unwrap();
@@ -1236,10 +1288,12 @@ mod tests {
                     engine: engine.to_string(),
                     region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                     region_options: HashMap::new(),
+                    region_wal_options: HashMap::new(),
                 },
                 &wrong_table_route_value,
                 new_region_routes,
                 &HashMap::new(),
+                &HashMap::new(),
             )
             .await
             .is_err());

src/common/meta/src/key/datanode_table.rs

@@ -38,14 +38,18 @@ use crate::DatanodeId;
 /// For compatible reason, DON'T modify the field name.
 pub struct RegionInfo {
     #[serde(default)]
-    // The table engine, it SHOULD be immutable after created.
+    /// The table engine, it SHOULD be immutable after created.
     pub engine: String,
-    // The region storage path, it SHOULD be immutable after created.
+    /// The region storage path, it SHOULD be immutable after created.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub region_storage_path: String,
-    // The region options.
+    /// The region options.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub region_options: HashMap<String, String>,
+    /// The per-region wal options.
+    /// Key: region number (in string representation). Value: the encoded wal options of the region.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub region_wal_options: HashMap<String, String>,
 }
 
 pub struct DatanodeTableKey {
@@ -165,11 +169,21 @@ impl DatanodeTableManager {
         engine: &str,
         region_storage_path: &str,
         region_options: HashMap<String, String>,
+        region_wal_options: HashMap<RegionNumber, String>,
         distribution: RegionDistribution,
     ) -> Result<Txn> {
         let txns = distribution
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(datanode_id, regions)| {
+                let filtered_region_wal_options = regions
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|region_number| {
+                        region_wal_options
+                            .get(region_number)
+                            .map(|wal_options| (region_number.to_string(), wal_options.clone()))
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+
                 let key = DatanodeTableKey::new(datanode_id, table_id);
                 let val = DatanodeTableValue::new(
                     table_id,
@@ -178,6 +192,7 @@ impl DatanodeTableManager {
                         engine: engine.to_string(),
                         region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                         region_options: region_options.clone(),
+                        region_wal_options: filtered_region_wal_options,
                     },
                 );
 
@@ -198,6 +213,7 @@ impl DatanodeTableManager {
         current_region_distribution: RegionDistribution,
         new_region_distribution: RegionDistribution,
         new_region_options: &HashMap<String, String>,
+        new_region_wal_options: &HashMap<String, String>,
     ) -> Result<Txn> {
         let mut opts = Vec::new();
 
@@ -209,12 +225,15 @@ impl DatanodeTableManager {
                 opts.push(TxnOp::Delete(raw_key))
             }
         }
+
         let need_update_options = region_info.region_options != *new_region_options;
+        let need_update_wal_options = region_info.region_wal_options != *new_region_wal_options;
+
         for (datanode, regions) in new_region_distribution.into_iter() {
             let need_update =
                 if let Some(current_region) = current_region_distribution.get(&datanode) {
                     // Updates if need.
-                    *current_region != regions || need_update_options
+                    *current_region != regions || need_update_options || need_update_wal_options
                 } else {
                     true
                 };
@@ -272,7 +291,7 @@ mod tests {
             region_info: RegionInfo::default(),
             version: 1,
         };
-        let literal = br#"{"table_id":42,"regions":[1,2,3],"engine":"","region_storage_path":"","region_options":{},"version":1}"#;
+        let literal = br#"{"table_id":42,"regions":[1,2,3],"engine":"","region_storage_path":"","region_options":{},"region_wal_options":{},"version":1}"#;
 
         let raw_value = value.try_as_raw_value().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(raw_value, literal);
@@ -286,6 +305,41 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(parsed.is_ok());
     }
 
+    // This test intends to ensure both the `serde_json::to_string` + `serde_json::from_str`
+    // and `serde_json::to_vec` + `serde_json::from_slice` work for `DatanodeTableValue`.
+    // Warning: if the key of `region_wal_options` is of type non-String, this test would fail.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serde_with_region_info() {
+        let region_info = RegionInfo {
+            engine: "test_engine".to_string(),
+            region_storage_path: "test_storage_path".to_string(),
+            region_options: HashMap::from([
+                ("a".to_string(), "aa".to_string()),
+                ("b".to_string(), "bb".to_string()),
+                ("c".to_string(), "cc".to_string()),
+            ]),
+            region_wal_options: HashMap::from([
+                ("1".to_string(), "aaa".to_string()),
+                ("2".to_string(), "bbb".to_string()),
+                ("3".to_string(), "ccc".to_string()),
+            ]),
+        };
+        let table_value = DatanodeTableValue {
+            table_id: 1,
+            regions: vec![],
+            region_info,
+            version: 1,
+        };
+
+        let encoded = serde_json::to_string(&table_value).unwrap();
+        let decoded = serde_json::from_str(&encoded).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(table_value, decoded);
+
+        let encoded = serde_json::to_vec(&table_value).unwrap();
+        let decoded = serde_json::from_slice(&encoded).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(table_value, decoded);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_strip_table_id() {
         fn test_err(raw_key: &[u8]) {