* feat(mito2): support exact sequence range reads Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * test(mito2): cover preserve row sequence table alter Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * fix(mito2): clear preserve_row_sequence marker on copy_region_from copy_region_from copies source FileMeta into the target region, which has an independent sequence domain. The physical per-row sequences in the copied file belong to the source region only; trusting them in the target would let an exact sequence-range request replay source-domain rows as if they were target sequences. Clear the preserve_row_sequence marker on copied files so the target fails closed with SequenceRangeUnsupported until the scan provably cannot intersect the copied rows. Add a regression test: copying from a preserve-enabled source into a preserve-enabled target clears the marker, and an exact (2, 7] request on the target returns SequenceRangeUnsupported instead of replaying source rows. Fixes #8865 Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * style: remove redundant doc comments for exact sequence range options Approved comment-cleanup-only changes for #8865: drop outdated doc summaries duplicated on the exact_sequence_range wrapper and the preserve_row_sequence field, drop pure-restatement doc comments on the SetRegionOption/UnsetRegionOption PreserveRowSequence variants, and remove the four structural SQL comments from the alter_preserve_row_sequence case. No behavior changes; .result regenerated by the sqlness runner. Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * fix(mito2): fail closed exact reads on copied files and extension ranges Address review feedback on #8865: - copy_region_from: clear the source-domain FileMeta::sequence along with the preserve_row_sequence marker. An unmarked file retaining a stale source-domain max sequence could be silently skipped by files_allow_exact_sequence_range() as 'proven disjoint' in the target's independent sequence domain, dropping rows on exact (C, H] reads. With sequence=None the capability check fails closed (SequenceRangeUnsupported) until the copied rows are provably disjoint. - Engine/reader: reject exact sequence-range reads whenever a follower region has an extension range provider attached. Extension streams are returned without a row-level sequence filter, so exactness cannot be proven; treat the capability as missing (fail closed) instead of emitting out-of-range rows. The reader also fails closed as defense in depth. Tests: extend copy_region_from regression to assert the copied file's sequence hint is cleared; mito2 suite 1148/1148 passing. Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * style(mito2): use doc comments for test function descriptions Elevate the block comments describing test functions (in scan_test and copy_region_from_test) to /// doc comments, matching the convention used elsewhere in the exact sequence range change. No logic change. Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * refactor(mito2): extract helpers and trim comment noise in exact sequence reads PR finalization for #8865 (zero behavior change, full mito2 suite green): - engine: extract validate_sequence_fences and sequence_range_unsupported_reason, keeping error variants, check order and reason strings identical; OSS binds the extension blocker to false. - handle_copy_region: extract remap_copied_file_meta and file_descriptors_for_meta; rename file_ids -> source_file_ids and files_to_copy -> new_file_metas. - compactor: rename max_input_sequence -> known_max_input_sequence, document the None semantics (empty input vs unknown sequence). - Remove restating/outdated comments (ScanInput::sequence_range doc first line, outdated file-pruning note, options test restatements), compress verbatim comments while keeping why/invariants/contracts. Verified: cargo check -p mito2 (+ --features enterprise), cargo fmt, git diff --check, mito2 suite 1148/1148 passing. Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * fix(mito2): reject foreign-region SSTs in exact sequence reads Reading an SST whose FileMeta.region_id differs from the scanned region means the region's sequence domain is broken (manifest corruption or a repartition/copy path that leaked a source-domain file). Treat this as an explicit RegionSequenceDomainBroken error instead of silently ignoring the file's sequence or falling back to a full scan: the region is unusable for exact sequence-range reads until the foreign lineage is compacted away or repaired. - files_allow_exact_sequence_range / exact_sequence_range now return Result and propagate the error through engine fence validation and scan construction (StatusCode::Internal, distinct from the fallback-capable SequenceRangeUnsupported). - Row-level flat-batch sequence filtering rejects foreign-region files as defense in depth. - Engine test asserts the broken-domain error rather than Unsupported/fallback. Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * fix(mito2): never trust unmarked SSTs for exact-range disjoint skipping An unmarked file's FileMeta.sequence may be synthesized by the region-edit or repartition paths (committed+1 import barrier), not a physical max of its rows. Treating it as a whole-file disjoint proof could permanently skip rows that were never incrementally consumed once the flow checkpoint passes that value. Exact sequence-range capability now requires every SST in the region to carry the preserve_row_sequence marker; any unmarked file disables exactness (fallback), and the (C, H] file-selection skip also only applies to marked files. Foreign-region files still raise RegionSequenceDomainBroken as before. Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * fix(mito2): scope exact sequence-range capability to the time-selected read set The exact capability check used to walk the entire SstVersion, so a single unmarked or foreign-region SST anywhere in the region disabled exact reads or raised RegionSequenceDomainBroken even when the request's time range could never touch that file. Both the engine fence and the scan builder now derive the read set with shared time-pruning + exact-min/sst-min selection and validate capability only over the files actually selected: a time-pruned file cannot contribute a row to (C, H], so it cannot affect exactness. The existing fail-loud semantics are unchanged for every selected file (foreign region id -> RegionSequenceDomainBroken; unmarked -> exact unavailable). Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * fix(mito2): wash untrusted sequences in compaction and restore barrier skipping Compaction with any non-preserved input now writes a sequence-less output: the physical __sequence column is zeroed (the flat format requires the internal columns) and FileMeta.sequence records the region-local admission barrier committed_sequence + 1 (falling back to the flushed frontier). preserve_row_sequence stays false. Exact sequence-range scans interpret an unmarked file's sequence as an admission barrier: barrier <= C means flow has already consumed the whole file, so it is skipped at file level; a missing or newer barrier fails closed. Foreign-region files stay in the selected read set so the capability fence still raises RegionSequenceDomainBroken. This closes the recovery loop: after a region repartition, one time-scoped fallback consumes the migrated rows, then compaction washes the untrusted per-row sequences away and exact incremental reads resume via file-level barrier skipping. Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * chore(mito2): drop restating comments in known_max_input_sequence tests Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * test(mito2): trim SQLness result EOF whitespace Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * refactor(mito2): reuse exact scan file selection Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * test(mito2): strengthen sequence scan coverage Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * style(mito2): trim ALTER option comments Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * test(mito2): remove no-op bulk compaction check Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * fix(mito2): preserve trusted row sequences when reading SSTs Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * fix(mito2): preserve target sequence domain for imported SSTs Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * test(mito2): add trailing blank line to SQLness result EOF Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * chore(mito2): trim exact sequence scan plumbing Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * refactor(mito2): fold exact SST selection checks Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * test(mito2): make legacy compaction rewrite deterministic Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> * test(mito2): make PK compaction rewrite deterministic Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com> --------- Signed-off-by: discord9 <55937128+discord9@users.noreply.github.com>
Metrics, logs, and traces.
One engine, on your infrastructure.
A columnar database for metrics, logs, and traces on object storage. Apache-2.0 licensed core.
User Guide | API Docs | Roadmap 2026
stable for production · canary includes pre-releases · nightly is a weekly snapshot of main
- Introduction
- Why You Might Use It
- Overview
- What's Supported
- Compatibility and Migration
- Limitations and Edition Boundary
- Architecture
- Try GreptimeDB
- Getting Started
- Build From Source
- Tools & Extensions
- Project Status
- Community
- License
- Commercial Support
- Contributing
- Acknowledgement
Introduction
GreptimeDB is an open-source observability database. Metrics, logs, and traces run on one columnar engine over object storage and share one table model: tags, timestamp, and fields. When signals carry common identifiers such as service, host, or trace ID, you can correlate them in SQL without moving data between databases.
Ingest through OpenTelemetry, Prometheus Remote Write, Loki Push, or Elasticsearch Bulk. Use SQL across observability data and PromQL for metrics. Migrate ingestion one signal at a time without rebuilding your collectors.
Why You Might Use It
- You run Prometheus plus Loki or Elasticsearch and want one backend instead of three
- You have outgrown Prometheus on cardinality or retention and don't want the Thanos/Mimir operational surface
- You need long retention on object storage without a separate analytics stack
- You want to query telemetry with SQL, not only a domain query language
- You are storing GenAI or agent telemetry (OTel GenAI conventions) alongside infrastructure signals
- You need the same engine and semantics on resource-constrained devices
Learn more in Why GreptimeDB.
Overview
A quick overview of what GreptimeDB ingests, how it connects to other systems, and what its distributed engine lets you do.
What's Supported
| Ingest | OpenTelemetry (OTLP), Prometheus Remote Write, Loki Push, Elasticsearch Bulk, InfluxDB line protocol, gRPC |
| Query | SQL, PromQL, Jaeger-compatible trace queries, MySQL and PostgreSQL wire protocols |
| Storage | S3, GCS, Azure Blob and S3-compatible endpoints as primary storage, with memory and local-disk caches |
| Built in | Retention policies, downsampling, continuous aggregation, explicit table partitioning, and inverted / skipping / fulltext indexes |
Compute and storage are disaggregated: object storage holds the data, while memory and local-disk caches keep recent and frequently queried data close to compute.
Compatibility and Migration
Compatibility is per protocol, and query-side coverage is narrower than ingestion.
| Compatible | Not compatible | |
|---|---|---|
| Prometheus | Remote Write ingestion; PromQL queries | Gaps are listed in PromQL compatibility |
| Loki | Push ingestion; dual-write through Grafana Alloy makes the cutover gradual | LogQL and the rest of the Loki query API |
| Elasticsearch | _bulk ingestion in the open-source core; QueryDSL partially, in Enterprise |
Most other Elasticsearch APIs |
Benchmarks:
Limitations and Edition Boundary
Cluster deployment, object storage, the Flow engine, and every ingestion protocol listed above are in the Apache-2.0 build. Repartitioning, region migration, and index creation are manual operations there.
Read replicas, workload isolation, and automated repartitioning are GreptimeDB Enterprise features, along with enterprise security and governance. The Enterprise overview has the current list, and pricing has the edition comparison.
Architecture
GreptimeDB can run in two modes:
- Standalone — single binary for development and small deployments.
- Distributed — four components, each independently scalable:
- Frontend — protocol entry (OTel, Prometheus, MySQL/PostgreSQL, gRPC, ingestion APIs for Elasticsearch/InfluxDB/Loki) and the distributed query engine. Stateless, scales horizontally.
- Datanode — region engine with WAL, memtable, SST, cache, compaction, and indexes. Persists data to object storage. Elastic.
- Metasrv — metadata, routing, repartitioning, and security. Backed by a pluggable KV layer (etcd or RDS).
- Flownode (optional) — continuous flow computation (streaming and materialized views).
For deeper coverage, see the architecture doc or DeepWiki.
Try GreptimeDB
For AI agents — paste this prompt into your agent:
Read https://docs.greptime.com/SKILL.md and follow the instructions
to deploy, configure, ingest, and query GreptimeDB.
docker run -p 127.0.0.1:4000-4003:4000-4003 \
-v "$(pwd)/greptimedb_data:/greptimedb_data" \
--name greptime --rm \
greptime/greptimedb:latest standalone start \
--http-addr 0.0.0.0:4000 \
--grpc-bind-addr 0.0.0.0:4001 \
--mysql-addr 0.0.0.0:4002 \
--postgres-addr 0.0.0.0:4003
Dashboard: http://localhost:4000/dashboard
Read more in the full Install Guide.
Troubleshooting:
- Cannot connect to the database? Ensure that ports
4000,4001,4002, and4003are not blocked by a firewall or used by other services. - Failed to start? Check the container logs with
docker logs greptimefor further details.
Getting Started
Build From Source
Prerequisites:
- Rust toolchain — nightly, pinned by
rust-toolchain.toml - Protobuf compiler (>= 3.15)
- C/C++ building essentials:
gcc/g++/autoconfand the glibc dev package (libc6-devon Ubuntu,glibc-develon Fedora) - Python toolchain (optional, only for some test scripts)
Build and run:
make # build greptime binary
cargo run -- standalone start # start in standalone mode
Common dev commands:
make fmt # format Rust code
make clippy # lint (fails on warnings)
make test # unit + integration tests (uses cargo-nextest)
make sqlness-test # SQL regression tests
See the Contribution Guidelines for the full developer workflow.
Tools & Extensions
- Kubernetes: GreptimeDB Operator
- Helm Charts: Greptime Helm Charts
- Dashboard: Web UI
- gRPC Ingester: Go, Java, C++, Erlang, Rust, .NET, TypeScript
- Grafana Data Source: GreptimeDB Grafana data source plugin
- Grafana Dashboard: Official Dashboard for monitoring
Project Status
GreptimeDB is generally available, with stable APIs and regular releases. It runs in production at scale — OceanBase Cloud operates 80+ GreptimeDB clusters managing 300 TB of logs, cutting log storage cost by 60%+ after migrating from Grafana Loki. See more in case studies.
Read the v1.0 highlights and 2026 roadmap, or browse the version reference.
If GreptimeDB is useful to you, please star the repo.
Community
We invite you to engage and contribute!
License
GreptimeDB is an open-core project. Its core is licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
A small set of peripheral, enterprise-only features are gated behind the
enterprise Cargo feature (not built by default) and are governed by the
separate GreptimeDB Enterprise License. Source files under
that license carry an explicit Enterprise License header.
Commercial Support
Scaling observability on your infrastructure? GreptimeDB Enterprise adds the operational, security, and support layer for production deployments. Contact us for details.
Contributing
- Read our Contribution Guidelines.
- Explore Internal Concepts and DeepWiki.
- Pick up a good first issue and join the #contributors Slack channel.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to all contributors! See AUTHOR.md.
- Uses Apache Arrow™ (memory model)
- Apache Parquet™ (file storage)
- Apache DataFusion™ (query engine)
- Apache OpenDAL™ (data access abstraction)
All trademarks, logos, and brand names referenced in this README and in the Overview diagram are the property of their respective owners. Their use is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement or affiliation.
