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* feat(mito2): extract and cache primary key range for SST files Extracts primary key ranges from SST files during flush and compaction, and caches them in FileHandle for future use (e.g., overlapping checks). Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * feat/compaction-overlapping-check: - **Enhance Primary Key Range Logic**: Updated the `primary_key_ranges_overlap` function in `run.rs` to use `chunk()` for comparing byte ranges, improving accuracy in overlap detection. - **Refactor Run Assignment Logic**: Simplified the logic for assigning items to runs in `run.rs` by removing redundant match statements and using `is_empty()` and `iter().any()` for cleaner checks. - **Add Test for Transitivity Break**: Introduced a new test `test_find_sorted_runs_handles_2d_transitivity_break` in `run.rs` to ensure correct handling of transitivity breaks in sorted runs. Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * feat/compaction-overlapping-check: - **Remove PK-disjoint detection logic**: Simplified the compaction logic in `twcs.rs` by removing the `has_time_overlapping_pairs` function and related logic for PK-disjoint detection. This includes the removal of the `append_mode_force_compact` condition and associated tests. - **Update compaction trigger settings**: Modified `append_mode_test.rs` to set `compaction.twcs.trigger_file_num` to "2" and adjusted the expected number of files in the scanner assertion from 1 to 2. Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * chore: rebase main Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * feat/compaction-overlapping-check: ### Remove Unused Import in `compactor.rs` - Removed the unused import `compact_request` from `compactor.rs` to clean up the codebase. Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * fix: tighten `mito2` file lifecycle handling Refine compaction, flush, and SST/version bookkeeping across `src/mito2/src/compaction/*`, `src/mito2/src/flush.rs`, `src/mito2/src/region/*`, `src/mito2/src/sst/*`, and related tests/utilities. * fix: reuse primary key range merge in twcs compaction Centralize primary key range merging so can call the shared helper from . Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * refactor(mito2): simplify `FileHandle` initialization and internalize primary key range extraction - Updated `FileHandle::new` to automatically compute the primary key range directly from `FileMeta`. - Restricted `FileHandle::new_with_primary_key_range` to be test-only by adding the `#[cfg(test)]` attribute. - Simplified `SstVersion::add_files` by adopting the updated `FileHandle::new` instead of manually providing the primary key range. Modified files: - `src/mito2/src/sst/file.rs` - `src/mito2/src/sst/version.rs` Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * feat/compaction-overlapping-check: ### Improve File Management and Documentation - **`twcs.rs`**: Added a comment to clarify the merging of small files when there are no overlapping files. - **`version.rs` (in `region` and `sst`)**: Enhanced documentation for `add_files` method, explaining its functionality and panic conditions. Simplified the file handle creation logic in `sst/version.rs`. Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * feat/compaction-overlapping-check: ### Enhance Primary Key Range Handling in `opener.rs` - Updated logic in `opener.rs` to set the primary key range for file handles when it is not already defined. This change ensures that the primary key range is extracted and set using `extract_primary_key_range` when necessary. Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> * docs: add docs for the necessity of checking pk and timesmaps while find overlapping files. * chore: address review comments Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Lei, HUANG <mrsatangel@gmail.com>
One database for metrics, logs, and traces
replacing Prometheus, Loki, and Elasticsearch
The unified OpenTelemetry backend — with SQL + PromQL on object storage.
- Introduction
- ⭐ Key Features
- How GreptimeDB Compares
- Architecture
- Try GreptimeDB
- Getting Started
- Build From Source
- Tools & Extensions
- Project Status
- Community
- License
- Commercial Support
- Contributing
- Acknowledgement
Introduction
GreptimeDB is an open-source observability database built for Observability 2.0 — treating metrics, logs, and traces as one unified data model (wide events) instead of three separate pillars.
Use it as the single OpenTelemetry backend — replacing Prometheus, Loki, and Elasticsearch with one database built on object storage. Query with SQL and PromQL, scale without pain, cut costs up to 50x.
Features
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Drop-in replacement | PromQL, Prometheus remote write, Jaeger, and OpenTelemetry native. Use as your single backend for all three signals, or migrate one at a time. |
| 50x lower cost | Object storage (S3, GCS, Azure Blob etc.) as primary storage. Compute-storage separation scales without pain. |
| SQL + PromQL | Monitor with PromQL, analyze with SQL. One database replaces Prometheus + your data warehouse. |
| Sub-second at PB-EB scale | Columnar engine with fulltext, inverted, and skipping indexes. Written in Rust. |
✅ Perfect for:
- Replacing Prometheus + Loki + Elasticsearch with one database
- Scaling past Prometheus — high cardinality, long-term storage, no Thanos/Mimir overhead
- Cutting observability costs with object storage (up to 50x savings on traces, 30% on logs)
- AI/LLM observability — store and analyze high-volume conversation data, agent traces, and token metrics via OpenTelemetry GenAI conventions
- Edge-to-cloud observability with unified APIs on resource-constrained devices
Why Observability 2.0? The three-pillar model (separate databases for metrics, logs, traces) creates data silos and operational complexity. GreptimeDB treats all observability data as timestamped wide events in a single columnar engine — enabling cross-signal SQL JOINs, eliminating redundant infrastructure, and naturally supporting emerging workloads like AI agent observability. Read more: Observability 2.0 and the Database for It.
Learn more in Why GreptimeDB.
How GreptimeDB Compares
| Feature | GreptimeDB | Prometheus / Thanos / Mimir | Grafana Loki | Elasticsearch |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data types | Metrics, logs, traces | Metrics only | Logs only | Logs, traces |
| Query language | SQL + PromQL | PromQL | LogQL | Query DSL |
| Storage | Native object storage (S3, etc.) | Local disk + object storage (Thanos/Mimir) | Object storage (chunks) | Local disk |
| Scaling | Compute-storage separation, stateless nodes | Federation / Thanos / Mimir — multi-component, ops heavy | Stateless + object storage | Shard-based, ops heavy |
| Cost efficiency | Up to 50x lower storage | High at scale | Moderate | High (inverted index overhead) |
| OpenTelemetry | Native (metrics + logs + traces) | Partial (metrics only) | Partial (logs only) | Via instrumentation |
Benchmarks:
Architecture
GreptimeDB can run in two modes:
- Standalone Mode - Single binary for development and small deployments
- Distributed Mode - Separate components for production scale:
- Frontend: Query processing and protocol handling
- Datanode: Data storage and retrieval
- Metasrv: Metadata management and coordination
Read the architecture document. DeepWiki provides an in-depth look at GreptimeDB:
Try GreptimeDB
docker pull greptime/greptimedb
docker run -p 127.0.0.1:4000-4003:4000-4003 \
-v "$(pwd)/greptimedb_data:/greptimedb_data" \
--name greptime --rm \
greptime/greptimedb:latest standalone start \
--http-addr 0.0.0.0:4000 \
--rpc-bind-addr 0.0.0.0:4001 \
--mysql-addr 0.0.0.0:4002 \
--postgres-addr 0.0.0.0:4003
Dashboard: http://localhost:4000/dashboard
Read more in the full Install Guide.
Troubleshooting:
- Cannot connect to the database? Ensure that ports
4000,4001,4002, and4003are not blocked by a firewall or used by other services. - Failed to start? Check the container logs with
docker logs greptimefor further details.
Getting Started
Build From Source
Prerequisites:
- Rust toolchain (nightly)
- Protobuf compiler (>= 3.15)
- C/C++ building essentials, including
gcc/g++/autoconfand glibc library (eg.libc6-devon Ubuntu andglibc-develon Fedora) - Python toolchain (optional): Required only if using some test scripts.
Build and Run:
make
cargo run -- standalone start
Tools & Extensions
- Kubernetes: GreptimeDB Operator
- Helm Charts: Greptime Helm Charts
- Dashboard: Web UI
- gRPC Ingester: Go, Java, C++, Erlang, Rust, .NET
- Grafana Data Source: GreptimeDB Grafana data source plugin
- Grafana Dashboard: Official Dashboard for monitoring
Project Status
Status: v1.0 GA — generally available and production-ready! 🎉
- Deployed in production handling billions of data points daily
- Stable APIs, actively maintained, with regular releases (version info)
GreptimeDB v1.0 marks a major milestone — stable APIs, production readiness, and proven performance at scale.
Learn more: v1.0 highlights and 2026 roadmap.
For production use, we recommend v1.0 or later.
If you find this project useful, a ⭐ would mean a lot to us!
Community
We invite you to engage and contribute!
License
GreptimeDB is licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
Commercial Support
Running GreptimeDB in your organization? We offer enterprise add-ons, services, training, and consulting. Contact us for details.
Contributing
- Read our Contribution Guidelines.
- Explore Internal Concepts and DeepWiki.
- Pick up a good first issue and join the #contributors Slack channel.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to all contributors! See AUTHORS.md.
- Uses Apache Arrow™ (memory model)
- Apache Parquet™ (file storage)
- Apache DataFusion™ (query engine)
- Apache OpenDAL™ (data access abstraction)