feat: a utility for creating "permutation views" (#2552)

I'm working on a lancedb version of pytorch data loading (and hopefully
addressing https://github.com/lancedb/lance/issues/3727).

However, rather than rely on pytorch for everything I'm moving some of
the things that pytorch does into rust. This gives us more control over
data loading (e.g. using shards or a hash-based split) and it allows
permutations to be persistent. In particular I hope to be able to:

* Create a persistent permutation
* This permutation can handle splits, filtering, shuffling, and sharding
* Create a rust data loader that can read a permutation (one or more
splits), or a subset of a permutation (for DDP)
* Create a python data loader that delegates to the rust data loader

Eventually create integrations for other data loading libraries,
including rust & node

docs/src/js/classes/PermutationBuilder.md

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+[**@lancedb/lancedb**](../README.md) • **Docs**
+
+***
+
+[@lancedb/lancedb](../globals.md) / PermutationBuilder
+
+# Class: PermutationBuilder
+
+A PermutationBuilder for creating data permutations with splits, shuffling, and filtering.
+
+This class provides a TypeScript wrapper around the native Rust PermutationBuilder,
+offering methods to configure data splits, shuffling, and filtering before executing
+the permutation to create a new table.
+
+## Methods
+
+### execute()
+
+```ts
+execute(): Promise<Table>
+```
+
+Execute the permutation and create the destination table.
+
+#### Returns
+
+`Promise`&lt;[`Table`](Table.md)&gt;
+
+A Promise that resolves to the new Table instance
+
+#### Example
+
+```ts
+const permutationTable = await builder.execute();
+console.log(`Created table: ${permutationTable.name}`);
+```
+
+***
+
+### filter()
+
+```ts
+filter(filter): PermutationBuilder
+```
+
+Configure filtering for the permutation.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **filter**: `string`
+    SQL filter expression
+
+#### Returns
+
+[`PermutationBuilder`](PermutationBuilder.md)
+
+A new PermutationBuilder instance
+
+#### Example
+
+```ts
+builder.filter("age > 18 AND status = 'active'");
+```
+
+***
+
+### shuffle()
+
+```ts
+shuffle(options): PermutationBuilder
+```
+
+Configure shuffling for the permutation.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **options**: [`ShuffleOptions`](../interfaces/ShuffleOptions.md)
+    Configuration for shuffling
+
+#### Returns
+
+[`PermutationBuilder`](PermutationBuilder.md)
+
+A new PermutationBuilder instance
+
+#### Example
+
+```ts
+// Basic shuffle
+builder.shuffle({ seed: 42 });
+
+// Shuffle with clump size
+builder.shuffle({ seed: 42, clumpSize: 10 });
+```
+
+***
+
+### splitCalculated()
+
+```ts
+splitCalculated(calculation): PermutationBuilder
+```
+
+Configure calculated splits for the permutation.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **calculation**: `string`
+    SQL expression for calculating splits
+
+#### Returns
+
+[`PermutationBuilder`](PermutationBuilder.md)
+
+A new PermutationBuilder instance
+
+#### Example
+
+```ts
+builder.splitCalculated("user_id % 3");
+```
+
+***
+
+### splitHash()
+
+```ts
+splitHash(options): PermutationBuilder
+```
+
+Configure hash-based splits for the permutation.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **options**: [`SplitHashOptions`](../interfaces/SplitHashOptions.md)
+    Configuration for hash-based splitting
+
+#### Returns
+
+[`PermutationBuilder`](PermutationBuilder.md)
+
+A new PermutationBuilder instance
+
+#### Example
+
+```ts
+builder.splitHash({
+  columns: ["user_id"],
+  splitWeights: [70, 30],
+  discardWeight: 0
+});
+```
+
+***
+
+### splitRandom()
+
+```ts
+splitRandom(options): PermutationBuilder
+```
+
+Configure random splits for the permutation.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **options**: [`SplitRandomOptions`](../interfaces/SplitRandomOptions.md)
+    Configuration for random splitting
+
+#### Returns
+
+[`PermutationBuilder`](PermutationBuilder.md)
+
+A new PermutationBuilder instance
+
+#### Example
+
+```ts
+// Split by ratios
+builder.splitRandom({ ratios: [0.7, 0.3], seed: 42 });
+
+// Split by counts
+builder.splitRandom({ counts: [1000, 500], seed: 42 });
+
+// Split with fixed size
+builder.splitRandom({ fixed: 100, seed: 42 });
+```
+
+***
+
+### splitSequential()
+
+```ts
+splitSequential(options): PermutationBuilder
+```
+
+Configure sequential splits for the permutation.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **options**: [`SplitSequentialOptions`](../interfaces/SplitSequentialOptions.md)
+    Configuration for sequential splitting
+
+#### Returns
+
+[`PermutationBuilder`](PermutationBuilder.md)
+
+A new PermutationBuilder instance
+
+#### Example
+
+```ts
+// Split by ratios
+builder.splitSequential({ ratios: [0.8, 0.2] });
+
+// Split by counts
+builder.splitSequential({ counts: [800, 200] });
+
+// Split with fixed size
+builder.splitSequential({ fixed: 1000 });
+```