fix: use stdlib override when possible (#2699)

## Description of changes

Fixes #2698  

This PR uses
[`typing.override`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.override)
in favor of the [`overrides`](https://pypi.org/project/overrides/)
dependency when possible. As of Python 3.12, the standard library offers
`typing.override` to perform a static check on overridden methods.

### Motivation

Currently, `overrides` is incompatible with Python 3.14. As a result,
any package that attempts to import `overrides` using Python 3.14+ will
raise an `AttributeError`. An
[issue](https://github.com/mkorpela/overrides/issues/127) has been
raised and a [pull
request](https://github.com/mkorpela/overrides/pull/133) has been
submitted to the GitHub repo for the `overrides` project. But the
maintainer has been unresponsive.

To ensure readiness for Python 3.14, this package (and any other package
directly depending on `overrides`) should consider using
`typing.override` instead.

### Impact

The standard library added `typing.override` as of 3.12. As a result,
this change will affect only users of Python 3.12+. Previous versions
will continue to rely on `overrides`. Notably, the standard library
implementation is slightly different than that of `overrides`. A
thorough discussion of those differences is shown in [PEP
698](https://peps.python.org/pep-0698/), and it is also summarized
nicely by the maintainer of `overrides`
[here](https://github.com/mkorpela/overrides/issues/126#issuecomment-2401327116).

There are 2 main ways that switching from `overrides` to
`typing.override` will have an impact on developers of this repo.
1. `typing.override` does not implement any runtime checking. Instead,
it provides information to type checkers.
2. The stdlib does not provide a mixin class to enforce override
decorators on child classes. (Their reasoning for this is explained in
[the PEP](https://peps.python.org/pep-0698/).) This PR disables that
behavior entirely by replacing the `EnforceOverrides`.

python/pyproject.toml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ dynamic = ["version"]
 dependencies = [
     "deprecation",
     "numpy",
-    "overrides>=0.7",
+    "overrides>=0.7; python_version<'3.12'",
     "packaging",
     "pyarrow>=16",
     "pydantic>=1.10",

python/python/lancedb/db.py

@@ -6,10 +6,18 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from pathlib import Path
+import sys
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Iterable, List, Literal, Optional, Union
 
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    from typing import override
+
+    class EnforceOverrides:
+        pass
+else:
+    from overrides import EnforceOverrides, override  # type: ignore
+
 from lancedb.embeddings.registry import EmbeddingFunctionRegistry
-from overrides import EnforceOverrides, override  # type: ignore
 
 from lancedb.common import data_to_reader, sanitize_uri, validate_schema
 from lancedb.background_loop import LOOP

python/python/lancedb/namespace.py

@@ -12,13 +12,18 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Union
 import os
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    from typing import override
+else:
+    from overrides import override
 
 from lancedb.db import DBConnection
 from lancedb.table import LanceTable, Table
 from lancedb.util import validate_table_name
 from lancedb.common import validate_schema
 from lancedb.table import sanitize_create_table
-from overrides import override
 
 from lance_namespace import LanceNamespace, connect as namespace_connect
 from lance_namespace_urllib3_client.models import (

python/python/lancedb/remote/db.py

@@ -5,15 +5,20 @@
 from datetime import timedelta
 import logging
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+import sys
 from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Union
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
 import warnings
 
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    from typing import override
+else:
+    from overrides import override
+
 # Remove this import to fix circular dependency
 # from lancedb import connect_async
 from lancedb.remote import ClientConfig
 import pyarrow as pa
-from overrides import override
 
 from ..common import DATA
 from ..db import DBConnection, LOOP