docs(python): fix cross-references that resolved to the wrong page

`mkdocs build --strict` only catches references it cannot resolve. A bare
anchor such as `[limit][]` or `[vector search][search]` is matched by
autorefs against any heading on the site, so six of them silently linked
into the JavaScript reference instead. The relative links in
`permutation.py` and `remote/errors.py` pointed at in-page anchors and
paths that do not exist.

Targets that still exist here or in an imported inventory now use
mkdocstrings references; the guide pages deleted in #2770 use their
lancedb.com URLs.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.bumpversion.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [tool.bumpversion]
-current_version = "0.32.0-beta.2"
+current_version = "0.37.1-beta.0"
 parse = """(?x)
     (?P<major>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.
     (?P<minor>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.
@@ -75,6 +75,13 @@ filename = "nodejs/Cargo.toml"
 replace = "\nversion = \"{new_version}\""
 search = "\nversion = \"{current_version}\""
 
+# The Python package takes its version from here (pyproject.toml declares
+# `dynamic = ["version"]`, so maturin reads it out of the crate manifest).
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "python/Cargo.toml"
+replace = "\nversion = \"{new_version}\""
+search = "\nversion = \"{current_version}\""
+
 # Java documentation
 [[tool.bumpversion.files]]
 filename = "docs/src/java/java.md"

.github/actions/create-failure-issue/action.yml

@@ -27,19 +27,31 @@ runs:
           # Extract failed job names
           FAILED_JOBS=$(echo "$JOB_RESULTS" | jq -r 'to_entries | map(select(.value.result == "failure")) | map(.key) | join(", ")')
 
-          # Create issue with workflow name, failed jobs, and run URL
-          gh issue create \
-            --title "$WORKFLOW_NAME Failed ($FAILED_JOBS)" \
-            --body "The workflow **$WORKFLOW_NAME** failed during execution.
+          TITLE="$WORKFLOW_NAME Failed ($FAILED_JOBS)"
+
+          # This action now also runs on nightly schedules, so a breakage that
+          # persists for a few days would otherwise file one issue per night.
+          # Comment on the open report instead when one already exists.
+          EXISTING=$(gh issue list --state open --label ci --limit 100 --json number,title \
+            | jq -r --arg title "$TITLE" 'map(select(.title == $title)) | .[0].number // empty')
+
+          if [ -n "$EXISTING" ]; then
+            gh issue comment "$EXISTING" --body "Failed again: $RUN_URL"
+            echo "Commented on existing issue #$EXISTING"
+          else
+            gh issue create \
+              --title "$TITLE" \
+              --body "The workflow **$WORKFLOW_NAME** failed during execution.
 
         **Failed jobs:** $FAILED_JOBS
 
         **Run URL:** $RUN_URL
 
         Please investigate the failed jobs and address any issues." \
-            --label "ci"
+              --label "ci"
 
-          echo "Issue created successfully"
+            echo "Issue created successfully"
+          fi
         else
           echo "No job failures detected, skipping issue creation"
         fi

.github/workflows/cargo-publish.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ on:
       # We don't publish pre-releases for Rust. Crates.io is just a source
       # distribution, so we don't need to publish pre-releases.
       - "v*-beta*"
-      - "*-v*" # for example, python-vX.Y.Z
 
 env:
   # This env var is used by Swatinem/rust-cache@v2 for the cache

.github/workflows/gh-release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+name: GitHub Release
+
+# All SDKs share one version, so a single `vX.Y.Z` tag produces a single GitHub
+# release covering all of them. The per-package publish workflows (PyPI, NPM,
+# Cargo, Maven) trigger off the same tag independently.
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - "v*"
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  gh-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          lfs: true
+      - name: Extract version
+        id: extract_version
+        env:
+          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          echo "Extracting tag and version from $GITHUB_REF"
+          if [[ $GITHUB_REF =~ refs/tags/v(.*) ]]; then
+            VERSION=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
+            TAG=v$VERSION
+            echo "tag=$TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          else
+            echo "Failed to extract version from $GITHUB_REF"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "Extracted version $VERSION from $GITHUB_REF"
+          if [[ $VERSION =~ beta ]]; then
+            echo "This is a beta release"
+            echo "prerelease=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+            # Get last release (that is not this one)
+            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
+              | grep ^v \
+              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
+              | python ci/semver_sort.py v \
+              | tail -n 1)
+          else
+            echo "This is a stable release"
+            echo "prerelease=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            # Get last stable tag (ignore betas)
+            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
+              | grep ^v \
+              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
+              | grep -v beta \
+              | python ci/semver_sort.py v \
+              | tail -n 1)
+          fi
+          echo "Found from tag $FROM_TAG"
+          echo "from_tag=$FROM_TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - name: Create Release Notes
+        id: release_notes
+        uses: mikepenz/release-changelog-builder-action@v4
+        with:
+          configuration: .github/release_notes.json
+          toTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
+          fromTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.from_tag }}
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Create GH release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          # Marking betas as pre-releases keeps them from taking the "Latest"
+          # badge on the releases page.
+          prerelease: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.prerelease }}
+          make_latest: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.prerelease == 'false' }}
+          tag_name: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          generate_release_notes: false
+          name: LanceDB v${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.version }}
+          body: ${{ steps.release_notes.outputs.changelog }}

.github/workflows/make-release-commit.yml

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 name: Create release commit
 
-# This workflow increments versions, tags the version, and pushes it.
+# This workflow increments the version, tags it, and pushes it. All SDKs share
+# a single version, so one tag releases all of them.
 # When a tag is pushed, another workflow is triggered that creates a GH release
 # and uploads the binaries. This workflow is only for creating the tag.
 
 # This script will enforce that a minor version is incremented if there are any
-# breaking changes since the last minor increment. However, it isn't able to
-# differentiate between breaking changes in Node versus Python. If you wish to
-# bypass this check, you can manually increment the version and push the tag.
+# breaking changes since the last minor increment. A breaking change in any SDK
+# bumps the minor version for all of them. If you wish to bypass this check, you
+# can manually increment the version and push the tag.
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
     inputs:
@@ -24,16 +25,6 @@ on:
         options:
           - preview
           - stable
-      python:
-        description: 'Make a Python release'
-        required: true
-        default: true
-        type: boolean
-      other:
-        description: 'Make a Node/Rust/Java release'
-        required: true
-        default: true
-        type: boolean
       bump-minor:
         description: 'Bump minor version'
         required: true
@@ -65,25 +56,12 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config user.name 'Lance Release'
           git config user.email 'lance-dev@lancedb.com'
-      - name: Bump Python version
-        if: ${{ inputs.python }}
-        working-directory: python
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        run: |
-          # Need to get the commit before bumping the version, so we can
-          # determine if there are breaking changes in the next step as well.
-          echo "COMMIT_BEFORE_BUMP=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-          pip install bump-my-version PyGithub packaging
-          bash ../ci/bump_version.sh ${{ inputs.type }} ${{ inputs.bump-minor }} python-v
-      - name: Bump Node/Rust version
-        if: ${{ inputs.other }}
+      - name: Bump version
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         run: |
           pip install bump-my-version PyGithub packaging
-          bash ci/bump_version.sh ${{ inputs.type }} ${{ inputs.bump-minor }} v $COMMIT_BEFORE_BUMP
+          bash ci/bump_version.sh ${{ inputs.type }} ${{ inputs.bump-minor }}
           bash ci/update_lockfiles.sh --amend
       - name: Push new version tag
         if: ${{ !inputs.dry_run }}

.github/workflows/nodejs.yml

@@ -61,6 +61,11 @@ jobs:
         sudo apt update
         sudo apt install -y protobuf-compiler libssl-dev
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      with:
+        # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+        # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+        # caches to the creating ref.
+        save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
     - name: Format Rust
       run: cargo fmt --all -- --check
     - name: Lint Rust
@@ -103,6 +108,11 @@ jobs:
         cache: 'pnpm'
         cache-dependency-path: nodejs/pnpm-lock.yaml
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      with:
+        # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+        # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+        # caches to the creating ref.
+        save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         sudo apt update
@@ -182,6 +192,11 @@ jobs:
         cache-dependency-path: nodejs/pnpm-lock.yaml
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      with:
+        # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+        # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+        # caches to the creating ref.
+        save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         brew install protobuf

.github/workflows/npm-publish.yml

@@ -10,10 +10,16 @@ permissions:
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches:
-      - main
     tags:
       - "v*"
+  # The cross-compiled targets (musl especially) break from toolchain and
+  # dependency changes that nothing else in CI catches, and discovering that
+  # mid-release is expensive. A nightly run keeps that signal while dropping
+  # the full 8-target release matrix from all ~90 pushes to main each month.
+  # `report-failure` files an issue when a nightly breaks.
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "0 8 * * *"
+  workflow_dispatch:
   pull_request:
     # This should trigger a dry run (we skip the final publish step)
     paths:
@@ -26,73 +32,6 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 jobs:
-  gh-release:
-    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: write
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-          lfs: true
-      - name: Extract version
-        id: extract_version
-        env:
-          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
-        run: |
-          set -e
-          echo "Extracting tag and version from $GITHUB_REF"
-          if [[ $GITHUB_REF =~ refs/tags/v(.*) ]]; then
-            VERSION=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
-            TAG=v$VERSION
-            echo "tag=$TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-            echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          else
-            echo "Failed to extract version from $GITHUB_REF"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          echo "Extracted version $VERSION from $GITHUB_REF"
-          if [[ $VERSION =~ beta ]]; then
-            echo "This is a beta release"
-
-            # Get last release (that is not this one)
-            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
-              | grep ^v \
-              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
-              | python ci/semver_sort.py v \
-              | tail -n 1)
-          else
-            echo "This is a stable release"
-            # Get last stable tag (ignore betas)
-            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
-              | grep ^v \
-              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
-              | grep -v beta \
-              | python ci/semver_sort.py v \
-              | tail -n 1)
-          fi
-          echo "Found from tag $FROM_TAG"
-          echo "from_tag=$FROM_TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - name: Create Release Notes
-        id: release_notes
-        uses: mikepenz/release-changelog-builder-action@v4
-        with:
-          configuration: .github/release_notes.json
-          toTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
-          fromTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.from_tag }}
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Create GH release
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
-        with:
-          prerelease: ${{ contains('beta', github.ref) }}
-          tag_name: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
-          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          generate_release_notes: false
-          name: Node/Rust LanceDB v${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.version }}
-          body: ${{ steps.release_notes.outputs.changelog }}
-
   build-lancedb:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -101,9 +40,18 @@ jobs:
           - target: aarch64-apple-darwin
             host: macos-latest
             features: fp16kernels
-            pre_build: brew install protobuf
+            pre_build: |-
+              brew install protobuf
+              # Fat LTO (the workspace default in .cargo/config.toml) is
+              # single-threaded and is the peak-memory step of the build. On
+              # this runner it accounted for ~111 of the job's ~113 minutes,
+              # making it the critical path of the entire publish pipeline.
+              # ThinLTO parallelizes it across the runner's cores, for a few
+              # percent of runtime performance.
+              export CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_LTO=thin
+              export CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_CODEGEN_UNITS=16
           - target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-            host: windows-2025-8x-x64
+            host: windows-2025
             features: ","
             pre_build: |-
               choco install --no-progress protoc ninja nasm
@@ -111,19 +59,19 @@ jobs:
               # There is an issue where choco doesn't add nasm to the path
               export PATH="$PATH:/c/Program Files/NASM"
               nasm -v
-              # Fat LTO of the cdylib is single-threaded and the peak-memory
-              # step of the build, and had started hitting rustc-LLVM OOM on the
-              # Windows runners. ThinLTO parallelizes it across the runner's
-              # cores and keeps peak memory well under the limit.
+              # See the ThinLTO note on aarch64-apple-darwin above. Keeping
+              # peak memory down is also what lets this run on the standard
+              # 4-core runner: the 8-core larger runner was only needed to
+              # stop fat LTO from OOMing rustc-LLVM.
               export CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_LTO=thin
               export CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_CODEGEN_UNITS=16
           - target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
-            host: windows-2025-8x-x64
+            host: windows-2025
             features: ","
             pre_build: |-
                 choco install --no-progress protoc
                 rustup target add aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
-                # See ThinLTO note on the x86_64-pc-windows-msvc target above.
+                # See the ThinLTO note on aarch64-apple-darwin above.
                 export CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_LTO=thin
                 export CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_CODEGEN_UNITS=16
           - target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
@@ -198,16 +146,49 @@ jobs:
         with:
           toolchain: stable
           targets: ${{ matrix.settings.target }}
-      - name: Cache cargo
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+      # These builds were entirely uncached: the old key was static, so
+      # `actions/cache` (which only writes on a miss) could never refresh it,
+      # and the multi-GB whole-`target/` copy it tried to store never fit the
+      # repo's cache budget, so no entry was ever saved. rust-cache prunes
+      # `target/` to dependency artifacts and keys on Cargo.lock plus the rustc
+      # version, which both fixes the key and keeps entries a sane size.
+      #
+      # This caches dependency *compilation* only. The LTO link of the cdylib
+      # re-runs regardless, since the local crate changes every time, so the
+      # win is larger on the non-LTO jobs than here.
+      - name: Cache cargo (native builds)
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        if: ${{ !matrix.settings.docker }}
         with:
-          path: |
-            ~/.cargo/registry/index/
-            ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
-            ~/.cargo/git/db/
-            .cargo-cache
-            target/
-          key: nodejs-${{ matrix.settings.target }}-cargo-${{ matrix.settings.host }}
+          # The release profile and per-target dirs differ from what the test
+          # workflows cache, so these need to be separate entries.
+          key: release-${{ matrix.settings.target }}
+          # Only the nightly run on main writes, so tag and PR runs restore a
+          # warm entry without every dependabot PR writing its own (which would
+          # be unreadable elsewhere anyway, since GitHub scopes caches to the
+          # creating ref). The nightly cadence also keeps entries inside
+          # GitHub's 7-day eviction window, which a tag-only trigger would not.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+      # Docker builds can use rust-cache too. `target/` already lives on the
+      # host because the whole workspace is bind-mounted into the container, and
+      # rust-cache's prune and save run host-side, so they can manage it -- which
+      # is what keeps the entry to dependency artifacts rather than a multi-GB
+      # copy of everything.
+      #
+      # Two differences from the native builds. The container's CARGO_HOME is
+      # bind-mounted from `.cargo-cache` rather than the host's ~/.cargo, so that
+      # has to be cached explicitly. And the key is derived from the *host* rustc
+      # version, which is not the compiler that produced these artifacts; that is
+      # safe because cargo fingerprints the real compiler and rebuilds on a
+      # mismatch, it just means a base-image toolchain bump costs one cold build
+      # instead of invalidating the key.
+      - name: Cache cargo (docker builds)
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        if: ${{ matrix.settings.docker }}
+        with:
+          key: docker-${{ matrix.settings.target }}
+          cache-directories: .cargo-cache
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
       - name: Install Zig
@@ -225,9 +206,13 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.settings.docker }}
         with:
           image: ${{ matrix.settings.docker }}
+          # All three mounts must live under `.cargo-cache`, which is what the
+          # cache step above saves. Previously the registry mounts pointed at
+          # `.cargo/...`, a path nothing cached, so the container re-downloaded
+          # the whole crate registry on every run.
           options: "--user 0:0 -v ${{ github.workspace }}/.cargo-cache/git/db:/usr/local/cargo/git/db \
-                    -v ${{ github.workspace }}/.cargo/registry/cache:/usr/local/cargo/registry/cache \
-                    -v ${{ github.workspace }}/.cargo/registry/index:/usr/local/cargo/registry/index \
+                    -v ${{ github.workspace }}/.cargo-cache/registry/cache:/usr/local/cargo/registry/cache \
+                    -v ${{ github.workspace }}/.cargo-cache/registry/index:/usr/local/cargo/registry/index \
                     -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/build -w /build/nodejs"
           run: |
             set -e
@@ -239,6 +224,16 @@ jobs:
               --js ../lancedb/native.js \
               --strip \
               --output-dir dist/
+      # The container runs as root (`--user 0:0`), so everything it wrote to the
+      # mounted cache dirs is root-owned. rust-cache's post step runs as the
+      # runner user and has to both read these and delete from them while
+      # pruning, so hand them back before it runs.
+      - name: Take ownership of docker build output
+        if: ${{ matrix.settings.docker }}
+        run: |
+          sudo chown -R "$(id -u):$(id -g)" \
+            "${{ github.workspace }}/.cargo-cache" \
+            "${{ github.workspace }}/target"
       - name: Build
         run: |
           ${{ matrix.settings.pre_build }}
@@ -252,6 +247,15 @@ jobs:
               --output-dir dist/
         if: ${{ !matrix.settings.docker }}
         shell: bash
+      # The standard Windows runners have ~14 GB free, and a release `target/`
+      # for this workspace is a large fraction of that. Report the remaining
+      # headroom so a build that only just fits is visible before a dependency
+      # bump turns it into a failed release. `always()` so the numbers are
+      # still there when the build is what ran out of space.
+      - name: Report disk headroom
+        if: always()
+        run: df -h
+        shell: bash
       - name: Upload artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
@@ -402,7 +406,9 @@ jobs:
     name: Report Workflow Failure
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [build-lancedb, test-lancedb, publish]
-    if: always() && failure() && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+    # Nightly runs are the only thing watching the cross-compiled targets now,
+    # so they have to report failures too or the signal is silently lost.
+    if: always() && failure() && (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') || github.event_name == 'schedule')
     permissions:
       contents: read
       issues: write

.github/workflows/pypi-publish.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: PyPI Publish
 on:
   push:
     tags:
-      - 'python-v*'
+      - 'v*'
   pull_request:
     # This should trigger a dry run (we skip the final publish step)
     paths:
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ env:
 permissions:
   contents: read
 
+# Without this, a force-push to a PR leaves the previous run going -- including
+# a ~74 minute Windows job and a billed arm64 wheel build.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
   linux:
     name: Python ${{ matrix.config.package_name }} ${{ matrix.config.platform }} manylinux${{ matrix.config.manylinux }}
@@ -72,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
           package-name: ${{ matrix.config.package_name }}
           rustflags: ${{ matrix.config.rustflags }}
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
+        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
         with:
           name: wheels-linux-${{ matrix.config.package_name }}-${{ matrix.config.platform }}-${{ matrix.config.manylinux }}
           path: target/wheels/*.whl
@@ -101,7 +107,7 @@ jobs:
           python-minor-version: 10
           args: "--release --strip --target ${{ matrix.config.target }} --features fp16kernels"
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
+        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
         with:
           name: wheels-mac-${{ matrix.config.target }}
           path: target/wheels/lancedb-*.whl
@@ -122,19 +128,26 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.13"
+      # NOTE: caching cargo here would be a no-op. This workflow only runs on
+      # tags and PRs, and GitHub only lets a run restore caches from its own ref
+      # or the default branch -- so with no run on main there is nothing that
+      # can populate an entry the release build would be allowed to read. Fixing
+      # this needs a main/nightly trigger (which would also catch wheel-build
+      # breakage before a release); the ~74 minutes here is otherwise dominated
+      # by the fat-LTO link, which no cache avoids.
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/build_windows_wheel
         with:
           python-minor-version: 10
           args: "--release --strip"
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
+        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
         with:
           name: wheels-windows
           path: target/wheels/lancedb-*.whl
           if-no-files-found: error
   publish:
     name: Publish wheels
-    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
+    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
     needs: [linux, mac, windows]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
@@ -183,72 +196,6 @@ jobs:
         uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
         with:
           packages-dir: target/wheels/
-  gh-release:
-    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: write
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-          lfs: true
-      - name: Extract version
-        id: extract_version
-        env:
-          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
-        run: |
-          set -e
-          echo "Extracting tag and version from $GITHUB_REF"
-          if [[ $GITHUB_REF =~ refs/tags/python-v(.*) ]]; then
-            VERSION=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
-            TAG=python-v$VERSION
-            echo "tag=$TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-            echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          else
-            echo "Failed to extract version from $GITHUB_REF"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          echo "Extracted version $VERSION from $GITHUB_REF"
-          if [[ $VERSION =~ beta ]]; then
-            echo "This is a beta release"
-
-            # Get last release (that is not this one)
-            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
-              | grep ^python-v \
-              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
-              | python ci/semver_sort.py python-v \
-              | tail -n 1)
-          else
-            echo "This is a stable release"
-            # Get last stable tag (ignore betas)
-            FROM_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' \
-              | grep ^python-v \
-              | grep -vF "$TAG" \
-              | grep -v beta \
-              | python ci/semver_sort.py python-v \
-              | tail -n 1)
-          fi
-          echo "Found from tag $FROM_TAG"
-          echo "from_tag=$FROM_TAG" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - name: Create Python Release Notes
-        id: python_release_notes
-        uses: mikepenz/release-changelog-builder-action@v4
-        with:
-          configuration: .github/release_notes.json
-          toTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
-          fromTag: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.from_tag }}
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Create Python GH release
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
-        with:
-          prerelease: ${{ contains('beta', github.ref) }}
-          tag_name: ${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.tag }}
-          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          generate_release_notes: false
-          name: Python LanceDB v${{ steps.extract_version.outputs.version }}
-          body: ${{ steps.python_release_notes.outputs.changelog }}
   report-failure:
     name: Report Workflow Failure
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -256,7 +203,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: read
       issues: write
-    if: always() && failure() && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/python-v')
+    if: always() && failure() && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: ./.github/actions/create-failure-issue

.github/workflows/python.yml

@@ -108,6 +108,15 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           sudo apt update
           sudo apt install -y protobuf-compiler
+      # `pip install -e .` builds the extension with maturin, which is most of
+      # this job's ~33 minutes. It had no Rust cache, so every dependency was
+      # recompiled from scratch on every run.
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Install
         run: |
           pip install --extra-index-url https://pypi.fury.io/lance-format/ --extra-index-url https://pypi.fury.io/lancedb/ -e .[tests,dev,embeddings]
@@ -168,6 +177,14 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.13"
+      # maturin runs cargo natively on macOS (docker is Linux-only), so the host
+      # target dir is cacheable. This job had no Rust cache.
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/build_mac_wheel
         with:
           args: --profile ci
@@ -197,6 +214,14 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.13"
+      # maturin runs cargo natively on Windows (docker is Linux-only), so the
+      # host target dir is cacheable. This job had no Rust cache at all and so
+      # rebuilt every dependency from scratch on every run.
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. The repo sits at
+          # GitHub's cache cap, so per-PR saves just evict main's entries.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - uses: ./.github/workflows/build_windows_wheel
         with:
           args: --profile ci
@@ -224,6 +249,14 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.10"
+      # As with Doctest, `pip install -e .` compiles the extension and this job
+      # had no Rust cache, which is most of its ~37 minutes.
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Install lancedb
         run: |
           pip install "pydantic<2"

.github/workflows/rust.yml

@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           components: rustfmt, clippy
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           sudo apt update
@@ -89,6 +94,11 @@ jobs:
         run: rm -f Cargo.lock
       - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           sudo apt update
@@ -118,6 +128,11 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
           lfs: true
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           sudo apt update
@@ -175,6 +190,11 @@ jobs:
       - name: CPU features
         run: sysctl -a | grep cpu
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: brew install protobuf
       - name: Run tests
@@ -187,12 +207,19 @@ jobs:
           cargo test --profile ci --features $ALL_FEATURES --locked
 
   windows:
-    runs-on: windows-2022
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        target:
-          - x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-          - aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
+        include:
+          - target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+            runner: windows-2022
+          # windows-11-arm is a standard runner, so it is free on public repos.
+          # Running natively lets the aarch64 tests actually execute -- this
+          # job used to cross-compile them and then skip the test step, paying
+          # full codegen and link cost for a compile check.
+          - target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
+            runner: windows-11-arm
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
     defaults:
       run:
         working-directory: rust/lancedb
@@ -201,6 +228,11 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set target
         run: rustup target add ${{ matrix.target }}
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Install Protoc v21.12
         run: choco install --no-progress protoc
       - name: Build
@@ -208,11 +240,12 @@ jobs:
           $env:VCPKG_ROOT = $env:VCPKG_INSTALLATION_ROOT
           cargo build --profile ci --features aws,remote --tests --locked --target ${{ matrix.target }}
       - name: Run tests
-        # Can only run tests when target matches host
-        if: ${{ matrix.target == 'x86_64-pc-windows-msvc' }}
         run: |
           $env:VCPKG_ROOT = $env:VCPKG_INSTALLATION_ROOT
-          cargo test --profile ci --features aws,remote --locked
+          # `--target` has to match the build step above. Without it cargo uses
+          # target/ci/ rather than target/<triple>/ci/ and rebuilds the entire
+          # dependency graph a second time.
+          cargo test --profile ci --features aws,remote --locked --target ${{ matrix.target }}
 
   msrv:
     # Check the minimum supported Rust version
@@ -238,6 +271,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.msrv }}
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          # Restore everywhere, but only save from main. Per-PR saves are
+          # unreadable outside their own branch anyway, since GitHub scopes
+          # caches to the creating ref.
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
       - name: Downgrade  dependencies
         # These packages have newer requirements for MSRV
         run: |

AGENTS.md

@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@ Python bindings changes:
     * Should use `LOOP.run()` to call the corresponding `AsyncTable` method.
 6. Add concrete sync method to `RemoteTable` class in `python/python/lancedb/remote/table.py`.
 7. Add unit test in `python/tests/test_table.py`.
+8. If you added a new public class or module-level function (not just a method on an
+   existing class), expose it in the API reference. See "Python API reference" below.
 
 TypeScript bindings changes:
 
@@ -103,6 +105,33 @@ TypeScript bindings changes:
 5. Add test in `nodejs/__test__/table.test.ts`.
 6. Run `npm run docs` to generate TypeScript documentation.
 
+## Python API reference
+
+`docs/src/python/python.md` is the entire Python API reference. It is maintained by
+hand, and anything not listed there is not rendered at all, so new public classes and
+module-level functions have to be added explicitly. How depends on the module:
+
+* `lancedb.index`, `lancedb.embeddings`, `lancedb.remote`, and `lancedb.rerankers` are
+  rendered by a single directive each, driven by the module's `__all__`. Add the new
+  name to `__all__` and it appears; forget, and it is silently omitted.
+* Everything else (`lancedb`, `lancedb.table`, `lancedb.query`, `lancedb.db`, ...) is
+  listed symbol by symbol. Add a `::: lancedb.<module>.<Name>` line to the matching
+  section, and remember that the page separates synchronous and asynchronous APIs.
+
+Deliberately undocumented: concrete implementations reached through an abstract base
+(`LanceTable`, `LanceDBConnection`, `RemoteDBConnection`), query base classes already
+covered by `inherited_members`, and internal helpers.
+
+Cross-references in docstrings use mkdocstrings syntax, `[text][lancedb.table.Table]`.
+Plain relative links such as `[Table](Table)` do not resolve. To check your work:
+
+```shell
+pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
+cd docs && PYTHONPATH=. mkdocs build
+```
+
+The docs site only builds on pushes to `main`, so this is not covered by PR CI.
+
 ## Review Guidelines
 
 Please consider the following when reviewing code contributions.

Cargo.lock

@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@ checksum = "7c02d123df017efcdfbd739ef81735b36c5ba83ec3c59c80a9d7ecc718f92e50"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "378530e55cd479eda3c14eb345310799717e6f76d0c332041e8487022166b471"
+checksum = "6cfdd0833e32a9874d2b55089333ad310c0be208aafa277385ce2461dec90be3"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-arith",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-arith"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a0ab212d2c1886e802f51c5212d78ebbcbb0bec980fff9dadc1eb8d45cd0b738"
+checksum = "0a41203398f0eaa6f7ec8e62c0da742a21abf282c148fc157f6c35c90e29981a"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-array"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cfd33d3e92f207444098c75b42de99d329562be0cf686b307b097cc52b4e999e"
+checksum = "ae33dad492b7df00a217563a7b0ef2874df68a0deea1b1a3acf628152f7f7a69"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -272,9 +272,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-buffer"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c6cd424c2693bcdbc150d843dc9d4d137dd2de4782ce6df491ad11a3a0416c0"
+checksum = "b9552f96391c005e6ab449fa941420935e7e062489b12b8b1b08879b2163f5b5"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "half",
@@ -284,9 +284,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-cast"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c5aefb56a2c02e9e2b30746241058b85f8983f0fcff2ba0c6d09006e1cded7f"
+checksum = "3a8a327c9649f30d8406995f27642b68df354713cca3baaaf100f076f18d5f34"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -306,9 +306,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-csv"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e94e8cf7e517657a52b91ea1263acf38c4ca62a84655d72458a3359b12ab97de"
+checksum = "af0dd6d90d1955e9f9a014c1e563ee8aeffc21909085d25623e1da44d96eca26"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-cast",
@@ -321,9 +321,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-data"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3c88210023a2bfee1896af366309a3028fc3bcbd6515fa29a7990ee1baa08ee0"
+checksum = "2b24852db04738907e06c04ea61e42fe7fda962a34513022dc0d0e754fb7976b"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-buffer",
  "arrow-schema",
@@ -334,9 +334,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-ipc"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "238438f0834483703d88896db6fe5a7138b2230debc31b34c0336c2996e3c64f"
+checksum = "29a908a11fcfb3fb2f6730f4ac15e367bc644e419155e96238f68cf3adde572b"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -350,9 +350,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-json"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "205ca2119e6d679d5c133c6f30e68f027738d95ed948cf77677ea69c7800036b"
+checksum = "b8a96aed3931c076adee39ec2a40d8219fc7f09e79bcdaca1df16272993e1e14"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -375,9 +375,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-ord"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1bffd8fd2579286a5d63bac898159873e5094a79009940bcb42bbfce4f19f1d0"
+checksum = "63a083ec750f5c043f02946b4baf05fcdbb55f4560a3277055caca5cc99f3eb0"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -388,9 +388,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-pyarrow"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d29abdf672a81c1aeb57fd2661457f9918964d49aed0e9f18932535f2a9e49ce"
+checksum = "3ffb9be5a873590f825aef50df20e0f8dff5fd42a77058e28bbe7bd44bb53dec"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-data",
@@ -400,9 +400,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-row"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bab5994731204603c73ba69267616c50f80780774c6bb0476f1f830625115e0c"
+checksum = "514ba0ef0d4c5896202dae736251ce415abb43a950bed570fb7981b8716c0e4c"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -413,9 +413,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-schema"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f633dbfdf39c039ada1bf9e34c694816eb71fbb7dc78f613993b7245e078a1ed"
+checksum = "21ca356ad6425cecb6eb7b28e4f659f1ee7880fbb1a16127de7dd62901efee9e"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "serde_core",
@@ -424,9 +424,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-select"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8cd065c54172ac787cf3f2f8d4107e0d3fdc26edba76fdf4f4cc170258942222"
+checksum = "c58da39eb3d8350ad4a549e5c2bc49284dac554016c69829310350f1731b0aad"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -438,9 +438,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-string"
-version = "58.3.0"
+version = "58.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29dd7cda3ab9692f43a2e4acc444d760cc17b12bb6d8232ddf64e9bab7c06b42"
+checksum = "b6789b388467525e3271326b6b4915666ecfdf5142aef09779445c954b67543c"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -3421,8 +3421,8 @@ checksum = "42703706b716c37f96a77aea830392ad231f44c9e9a67872fa5548707e11b11c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fsst"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "rand 0.9.5",
@@ -4777,8 +4777,8 @@ checksum = "e037a2e1d8d5fdbd49b16a4ea09d5d6401c1f29eca5ff29d03d3824dba16256a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arc-swap",
  "arrow",
@@ -4852,8 +4852,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-arrow"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -4875,7 +4875,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-arrow-scalar"
 version = "58.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -4889,7 +4889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-arrow-stats"
 version = "58.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-schema",
@@ -4898,8 +4898,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-bitpacking"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayref",
  "crunchy",
@@ -4909,8 +4909,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-core"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -4933,6 +4933,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "object_store",
  "pin-project",
  "prost",
+ "quick_cache",
  "rand 0.9.5",
  "roaring",
  "serde_json",
@@ -4948,8 +4949,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-datafusion"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -4979,8 +4980,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-datagen"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -4997,8 +4998,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-derive"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -5007,8 +5008,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-encoding"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-arith",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -5043,8 +5044,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-file"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-arith",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -5074,8 +5075,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-index"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arc-swap",
  "arrow",
@@ -5142,8 +5143,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-index-core"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-schema",
@@ -5165,8 +5166,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-io"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow",
  "arrow-arith",
@@ -5209,8 +5210,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-linalg"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -5226,8 +5227,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-namespace"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow",
  "async-trait",
@@ -5239,8 +5240,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-namespace-impls"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow",
  "arrow-ipc",
@@ -5294,8 +5295,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-select"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -5310,8 +5311,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-table"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -5350,8 +5351,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-testing"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-schema",
@@ -5364,8 +5365,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lance-tokenizer"
-version = "9.1.0-beta.8"
-source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v9.1.0-beta.8#5107a99e3f3912851c8cbb3822bd5b4cbf7fda2f"
+version = "10.0.0-beta.5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git?tag=v10.0.0-beta.5#ddb8e28ca238f29628b8e1795ddccbb7bf75e5c8"
 dependencies = [
  "icu_segmenter",
  "jieba-rs",
@@ -5378,7 +5379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lancedb"
-version = "0.32.0-beta.2"
+version = "0.37.1-beta.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "anyhow",
@@ -5466,7 +5467,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lancedb-nodejs"
-version = "0.32.0-beta.2"
+version = "0.37.1-beta.0"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -5491,7 +5492,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lancedb-python"
-version = "0.35.0-beta.2"
+version = "0.37.1-beta.0"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow",
  "async-trait",
@@ -7802,6 +7803,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "quick_cache"
+version = "0.6.24"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b9c6658afe513a3b484e3abfdaa0d03ef3c0bbf017542c178dd55f94eb3051f9"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "equivalent",
+ "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "parking_lot",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quinn"
 version = "0.11.9"

Cargo.toml

@@ -13,20 +13,20 @@ categories = ["database-implementations"]
 rust-version = "1.91.0"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-lance = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", default-features = false, "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-core = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-datagen = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-file = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-io = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", default-features = false, "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-index = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-linalg = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-namespace = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-namespace-impls = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", default-features = false, "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-table = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-testing = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-datafusion = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-encoding = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
-lance-arrow = { "version" = "=9.1.0-beta.8", "tag" = "v9.1.0-beta.8", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-core = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-datagen = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-file = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-io = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-index = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-linalg = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-namespace = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-namespace-impls = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-table = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-testing = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-datafusion = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-encoding = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
+lance-arrow = { "version" = "=10.0.0-beta.5", "tag" = "v10.0.0-beta.5", "git" = "https://github.com/lance-format/lance.git" }
 ahash = "0.8"
 # Note that this one does not include pyarrow
 arrow = { version = "58.0.0", optional = false }

ci/bump_version.sh

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ set -e
 
 RELEASE_TYPE=${1:-"stable"}
 BUMP_MINOR=${2:-false}
-TAG_PREFIX=${3:-"v"} # Such as "python-v"
-HEAD_SHA=${4:-$(git rev-parse HEAD)}
+HEAD_SHA=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
 
+readonly TAG_PREFIX="v"
 readonly SELF_DIR=$(cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )
 
 PREV_TAG=$(git tag --sort='version:refname' | grep ^$TAG_PREFIX | python $SELF_DIR/semver_sort.py $TAG_PREFIX | tail -n 1)
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ echo "Found previous tag $PREV_TAG"
 
 # Initially, we don't want to tag if we are doing stable, because we will bump
 # again later. See comment at end for why.
-if [[ "$RELEASE_TYPE" == 'stable' ]]; then 
+if [[ "$RELEASE_TYPE" == 'stable' ]]; then
   BUMP_ARGS="--no-tag"
 fi
 

docs/mkdocs.yml

@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ plugins:
           paths: [../python/python]
           options:
             docstring_style: numpy
+            docstring_options:
+              # Attributes documented in a `Parameters` section, and pydantic
+              # dataclasses whose `__init__` griffe cannot see statically, both
+              # trip this check. It reports nothing actionable here.
+              warn_unknown_params: false
             heading_level: 3
             show_signature_annotations: true
             show_root_heading: true

docs/openapi.yml

@@ -453,6 +453,16 @@ paths:
                     The metric type to use for the index. l2, Cosine, Dot are supported.
                 index_type:
                   type: string
+                custom_stop_words:
+                  type: [array, "null"]
+                  items:
+                    type: string
+                  description: |
+                    The custom stop-word list for an FTS index. A non-null
+                    array replaces the language's built-in stop-word list and is only
+                    applied when remove_stop_words is enabled. Null uses the built-in
+                    language list, while an empty array explicitly replaces it with no
+                    stop words.
       responses:
         "200":
           description: Index successfully created
@@ -510,4 +520,4 @@ paths:
         "401":
           $ref: "#/components/responses/unauthorized"
         "404":
-          $ref: "#/components/responses/not_found"
+          $ref: "#/components/responses/not_found"

docs/src/java/java.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Add the following dependency to your `pom.xml`:
 <dependency>
     <groupId>com.lancedb</groupId>
     <artifactId>lancedb-core</artifactId>
-    <version>0.32.0-beta.2</version>
+    <version>0.37.1-beta.0</version>
 </dependency>
 ```
 

docs/src/js/_media/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Contributing to LanceDB Typescript
 
 This document outlines the process for contributing to LanceDB Typescript.
-For general contribution guidelines, see [CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md).
+For general contribution guidelines, see [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).
 
 ## Project layout
 

docs/src/js/classes/MergeInsertBuilder.md

@@ -76,24 +76,23 @@ the query optimizer chooses a suboptimal path.
 
 ***
 
-### useLsmWrite()
+### useLsm()
 
 ```ts
-useLsmWrite(useLsmWrite): MergeInsertBuilder
+useLsm(enable): MergeInsertBuilder
 ```
 
-Controls whether the merge uses the MemWAL LSM write path.
+Control MemWAL routing for this merge.
 
 By default (unset), a `mergeInsert` on a table with an LSM write spec is
-routed through Lance's MemWAL shard writer, and a table without one uses
-the standard path. Pass `false` to force the standard path even when a
-spec is set. Pass `true` to require a spec — `mergeInsert` rejects if none
-is installed.
+routed through Lance's MemWAL shard writer, and a table without one uses the
+standard path.
 
 #### Parameters
 
-* **useLsmWrite**: `boolean`
-    Whether to use the LSM write path.
+* **enable**: `boolean`
+    `true` forces MemWAL routing and errors if the table has no
+    LSM write spec. `false` forces the standard write path even when a spec is set.
 
 #### Returns
 

docs/src/js/classes/Query.md

@@ -497,6 +497,42 @@ ArrowTable.
 
 ***
 
+### useLsm()
+
+```ts
+useLsm(enable): this
+```
+
+Control MemWAL read routing for this query.
+
+By default (unset), when the table carries a MemWAL write spec (see
+[Table#setLsmWriteSpec](Table.md#setlsmwritespec)), reads are routed through the LSM scanner so
+they also return data written via the `mergeInsert` LSM path that has not yet
+been compacted into the base table (the active/frozen in-memory memtables and
+the flushed generations), deduplicated by primary key; a table without a spec
+reads the base table.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **enable**: `boolean`
+    `true` forces the LSM scanner and errors if the table has no
+    MemWAL write spec. `false` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only,
+    even when a spec is present.
+    Note: the LSM scanner does not support every query shape (e.g. reranking,
+    hybrid search, `orderBy`). On a MemWAL table those shapes error unless
+    `useLsm(false)` is set, because a base-only read would silently exclude
+    un-compacted MemWAL data.
+
+#### Returns
+
+`this`
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+`StandardQueryBase.useLsm`
+
+***
+
 ### where()
 
 ```ts

docs/src/js/classes/TakeQuery.md

@@ -273,6 +273,29 @@ ArrowTable.
 
 ***
 
+### useLsm()
+
+```ts
+useLsm(enable): this
+```
+
+Control MemWAL read routing for this take query.
+
+`false` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only — the escape hatch,
+since take-by-row-id/offset is not supported on the LSM scanner and, on a
+MemWAL table, auto-routes to it and errors otherwise.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **enable**: `boolean`
+    `false` reads the base table only.
+
+#### Returns
+
+`this`
+
+***
+
 ### withRowId()
 
 ```ts

docs/src/js/classes/VectorQuery.md

@@ -746,6 +746,42 @@ ArrowTable.
 
 ***
 
+### useLsm()
+
+```ts
+useLsm(enable): this
+```
+
+Control MemWAL read routing for this query.
+
+By default (unset), when the table carries a MemWAL write spec (see
+[Table#setLsmWriteSpec](Table.md#setlsmwritespec)), reads are routed through the LSM scanner so
+they also return data written via the `mergeInsert` LSM path that has not yet
+been compacted into the base table (the active/frozen in-memory memtables and
+the flushed generations), deduplicated by primary key; a table without a spec
+reads the base table.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+* **enable**: `boolean`
+    `true` forces the LSM scanner and errors if the table has no
+    MemWAL write spec. `false` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only,
+    even when a spec is present.
+    Note: the LSM scanner does not support every query shape (e.g. reranking,
+    hybrid search, `orderBy`). On a MemWAL table those shapes error unless
+    `useLsm(false)` is set, because a base-only read would silently exclude
+    un-compacted MemWAL data.
+
+#### Returns
+
+`this`
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+`StandardQueryBase.useLsm`
+
+***
+
 ### where()
 
 ```ts

docs/src/js/interfaces/FtsOptions.md

@@ -43,6 +43,34 @@ The following tokenizers are available:
 
 ***
 
+### blockSize?
+
+```ts
+optional blockSize: 128 | 256;
+```
+
+Number of documents per compressed posting block.
+
+The default is 128. Supported values are 128 and 256. A value of 256 uses
+the experimental FTS V3 format and may introduce breaking changes.
+
+***
+
+### customStopWords?
+
+```ts
+optional customStopWords: string[];
+```
+
+Custom stop words that replace the built-in list for `language`.
+
+This option only affects tokenization when `removeStopWords` is true.
+
+`undefined` keeps the built-in language list. An empty array explicitly
+replaces it with no stop words.
+
+***
+
 ### language?
 
 ```ts

docs/src/js/interfaces/TokenizeOptions.md

@@ -30,6 +30,21 @@ The tokenizer to use. The default is "simple".
 
 ***
 
+### customStopWords?
+
+```ts
+optional customStopWords: string[];
+```
+
+Custom stop words that replace the built-in list for `language`.
+
+This option only affects tokenization when `removeStopWords` is true.
+
+`undefined` keeps the built-in language list. An empty array explicitly
+replaces it with no stop words.
+
+***
+
 ### language?
 
 ```ts

docs/src/python/python.md

@@ -26,6 +26,18 @@ is also an [asynchronous API client](#connections-asynchronous).
 
 ::: lancedb.db.DBConnection
 
+::: lancedb.Session
+
+## Namespaces (Synchronous)
+
+A namespace-backed connection resolves tables through a
+[Lance namespace](https://lancedb.github.io/lance-namespace/) service instead of
+listing a storage directory.
+
+::: lancedb.connect_namespace
+
+::: lancedb.namespace.LanceNamespaceDBConnection
+
 ## Tables (Synchronous)
 
 ::: lancedb.table.Table
@@ -34,8 +46,12 @@ is also an [asynchronous API client](#connections-asynchronous).
 
 ::: lancedb.table.FragmentSummaryStats
 
+::: lancedb.table.TableStatistics
+
 ::: lancedb.table.Tags
 
+::: lancedb.table.Branches
+
 ## Expressions
 
 Type-safe expression builder for filters and projections. Use these instead
@@ -62,29 +78,46 @@ of raw SQL strings with [where][lancedb.query.LanceQueryBuilder.where] and
 
 ::: lancedb.query.LanceHybridQueryBuilder
 
+::: lancedb.query.LanceEmptyQueryBuilder
+
+::: lancedb.query.LanceTakeQueryBuilder
+
+## Full text queries
+
+Structured full text queries can be passed to
+[Table.search][lancedb.table.Table.search] or
+[AsyncTable.search][lancedb.table.AsyncTable.search] in place of a query string,
+and combined with [BooleanQuery][lancedb.query.BooleanQuery].
+
+::: lancedb.query.FullTextQuery
+
+::: lancedb.query.MatchQuery
+
+::: lancedb.query.PhraseQuery
+
+::: lancedb.query.BoostQuery
+
+::: lancedb.query.MultiMatchQuery
+
+::: lancedb.query.BooleanQuery
+
+::: lancedb.query.FullTextOperator
+
+::: lancedb.query.Occur
+
 ## Embeddings
 
-::: lancedb.embeddings.registry.EmbeddingFunctionRegistry
-
-::: lancedb.embeddings.base.EmbeddingFunctionConfig
-
-::: lancedb.embeddings.base.EmbeddingFunction
-
-::: lancedb.embeddings.base.TextEmbeddingFunction
-
-::: lancedb.embeddings.sentence_transformers.SentenceTransformerEmbeddings
-
-::: lancedb.embeddings.openai.OpenAIEmbeddings
-
-::: lancedb.embeddings.open_clip.OpenClipEmbeddings
+::: lancedb.embeddings
+    options:
+      show_root_heading: false
+      show_root_toc_entry: false
 
 ## Remote configuration
 
-::: lancedb.remote.ClientConfig
-
-::: lancedb.remote.TimeoutConfig
-
-::: lancedb.remote.RetryConfig
+::: lancedb.remote
+    options:
+      show_root_heading: false
+      show_root_toc_entry: false
 
 ## Context
 
@@ -94,11 +127,50 @@ of raw SQL strings with [where][lancedb.query.LanceQueryBuilder.where] and
 
 ## Full text search
 
-Use [lancedb.table.Table.create_fts_index][] for the synchronous API or
-[lancedb.table.AsyncTable.create_index][] with [lancedb.index.FTS][] for the
-asynchronous API.
+Pass `custom_stop_words` to [lancedb.index.FTS][]:
 
-::: lancedb.index.FTS
+```python
+from lancedb.index import FTS
+
+table.create_index(
+    "text",
+    config=FTS(remove_stop_words=True, custom_stop_words=["acme", "internal"]),
+)
+```
+
+The list replaces the built-in stop words and is used only when
+`remove_stop_words=True`:
+
+- `custom_stop_words=None` uses the built-in list for `language`.
+- `custom_stop_words=[]` removes no words.
+- Values are passed through without trimming, lowercasing, or other rewriting.
+
+The same option is available on `lancedb.tokenize(...)` and the deprecated
+[lancedb.table.Table.create_fts_index][] compatibility helper:
+
+```python
+import lancedb
+
+tokens = list(lancedb.tokenize("acme makes searchable data",
+                               custom_stop_words=["acme"]))
+```
+
+::: lancedb.tokenize
+
+::: lancedb.FtsToken
+
+## Blobs
+
+Blob columns store large binary values out of line so they can be read lazily
+instead of being materialized with the rest of the row.
+
+::: lancedb.blob
+
+::: lancedb.BlobType
+
+::: lancedb._blob.BlobFile
+    options:
+      show_root_full_path: false
 
 ## Utilities
 
@@ -106,6 +178,14 @@ asynchronous API.
 
 ::: lancedb.merge.LanceMergeInsertBuilder
 
+::: lancedb.otel.instrument_lancedb_metrics
+
+## Exceptions
+
+::: lancedb.exceptions.MissingValueError
+
+::: lancedb.exceptions.MissingColumnError
+
 ## Integrations
 
 ## Pydantic
@@ -114,19 +194,30 @@ asynchronous API.
 
 ::: lancedb.pydantic.vector
 
+::: lancedb.pydantic.Vector
+
+::: lancedb.pydantic.MultiVector
+
 ::: lancedb.pydantic.LanceModel
 
+## PyTorch
+
+::: lancedb.streaming.StreamingDataset
+
+::: lancedb.permutation.permutation_builder
+
+::: lancedb.permutation.PermutationBuilder
+
+::: lancedb.permutation.Permutation
+
+::: lancedb.permutation.Transforms
+
 ## Reranking
 
-::: lancedb.rerankers.linear_combination.LinearCombinationReranker
-
-::: lancedb.rerankers.cohere.CohereReranker
-
-::: lancedb.rerankers.colbert.ColbertReranker
-
-::: lancedb.rerankers.cross_encoder.CrossEncoderReranker
-
-::: lancedb.rerankers.openai.OpenaiReranker
+::: lancedb.rerankers
+    options:
+      show_root_heading: false
+      show_root_toc_entry: false
 
 ## Connections (Asynchronous)
 
@@ -137,6 +228,12 @@ can be used to create, list, or open tables.
 
 ::: lancedb.db.AsyncConnection
 
+## Namespaces (Asynchronous)
+
+::: lancedb.connect_namespace_async
+
+::: lancedb.namespace.AsyncLanceNamespaceDBConnection
+
 ## Tables (Asynchronous)
 
 Table hold your actual data as a collection of records / rows.
@@ -145,32 +242,20 @@ Table hold your actual data as a collection of records / rows.
 
 ::: lancedb.table.AsyncTags
 
+::: lancedb.table.AsyncBranches
+
 ## Indices (Asynchronous)
 
 Indices can be created on a table to speed up queries. This section
 lists the indices that LanceDb supports.
 
-::: lancedb.index.BTree
-
-::: lancedb.index.Bitmap
-
-::: lancedb.index.LabelList
-
-::: lancedb.index.FTS
-
-::: lancedb.index.IvfPq
-
-::: lancedb.index.HnswPq
-
-::: lancedb.index.HnswSq
-
-::: lancedb.index.IvfFlat
-
-::: lancedb.index.IvfSq
-
-::: lancedb.index.IvfRq
-
-::: lancedb.index.HnswFlat
+::: lancedb.index
+    options:
+      show_root_heading: false
+      show_root_toc_entry: false
+      # `lang_mapping` is defined in the module rather than imported, so it is
+      # picked up despite not being in `__all__`. It is an internal lookup table.
+      filters: ["!^_", "!^lang_mapping$"]
 
 ::: lancedb.table.IndexStatistics
 
@@ -198,3 +283,7 @@ rows nearest to a query vector and can be created with the
 ::: lancedb.query.AsyncHybridQuery
     options:
       inherited_members: true
+
+::: lancedb.query.AsyncTakeQuery
+    options:
+      inherited_members: true

java/lancedb-core/pom.xml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     <parent>
       <groupId>com.lancedb</groupId>
       <artifactId>lancedb-parent</artifactId>
-      <version>0.32.0-beta.2</version>
+      <version>0.37.1-beta.0</version>
       <relativePath>../pom.xml</relativePath>
     </parent>
 

java/pom.xml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
     <groupId>com.lancedb</groupId>
     <artifactId>lancedb-parent</artifactId>
-    <version>0.32.0-beta.2</version>
+    <version>0.37.1-beta.0</version>
     <packaging>pom</packaging>
     <name>${project.artifactId}</name>
     <description>LanceDB Java SDK Parent POM</description>
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
     <properties>
         <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
         <arrow.version>15.0.0</arrow.version>
-        <lance-core.version>9.1.0-beta.8</lance-core.version>
+        <lance-core.version>10.0.0-beta.5</lance-core.version>
         <spotless.skip>false</spotless.skip>
         <spotless.version>2.30.0</spotless.version>
         <spotless.java.googlejavaformat.version>1.7</spotless.java.googlejavaformat.version>

nodejs/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Contributing to LanceDB Typescript
 
 This document outlines the process for contributing to LanceDB Typescript.
-For general contribution guidelines, see [CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md).
+For general contribution guidelines, see [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/lancedb/lancedb/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).
 
 ## Project layout
 

nodejs/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "lancedb-nodejs"
 edition.workspace = true
-version = "0.32.0-beta.2"
+version = "0.37.1-beta.0"
 publish = false
 license.workspace = true
 description.workspace = true

nodejs/__test__/arrow.test.ts

@@ -991,6 +991,37 @@ describe.each([arrow15, arrow16, arrow17, arrow18])(
 
         expectValidMapField(roundTripped.schema.fields[0]);
       });
+
+      it("preserves string schema metadata", function () {
+        const metadata = new Map([["source", "fixture"]]);
+        const schema = new Schema(
+          [new Field("value", new Int32(), true)],
+          metadata,
+        );
+
+        expect(makeEmptyTable(schema).schema.metadata.get("source")).toBe(
+          "fixture",
+        );
+      });
+
+      it.each([
+        ["non-string keys", new Map<unknown, unknown>([[42, "fixture"]])],
+        ["non-string values", new Map<unknown, unknown>([["source", 42]])],
+        [
+          "non-string keys and values",
+          new Map<unknown, unknown>([[42, false]]),
+        ],
+      ])("rejects schema metadata with %s", function (_, metadataLike) {
+        const metadata = metadataLike as unknown as Map<string, string>;
+        const schema = new Schema(
+          [new Field("value", new Int32(), true)],
+          metadata,
+        );
+
+        expect(() => makeEmptyTable(schema)).toThrow(
+          "Expected metadata, if present, to be a Map<string, string> but it had non-string keys or values",
+        );
+      });
     });
 
     describe("when using two versions of arrow", function () {

nodejs/__test__/remote.test.ts

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   OAuthHeaderProvider,
   StaticHeaderProvider,
 } from "../lancedb/header";
+import { Index } from "../lancedb/indices";
 
 // Test-only header providers
 class CustomProvider extends HeaderProvider {
@@ -225,6 +226,59 @@ describe("remote connection", () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it("sends FTS options to remote tables", async () => {
+    let createIndexBody: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+
+    await withMockDatabase(
+      (req, res) => {
+        const path = req.url ?? "";
+        if (path.endsWith("/describe/")) {
+          res.writeHead(200, { "Content-Type": "application/json" }).end(
+            JSON.stringify({
+              name: "t",
+              version: 1,
+              schema: {
+                fields: [
+                  { name: "text", type: { type: "string" }, nullable: false },
+                ],
+              },
+            }),
+          );
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (path.endsWith("/create_index/")) {
+          let raw = "";
+          req.on("data", (chunk) => {
+            raw += chunk;
+          });
+          req.on("end", () => {
+            createIndexBody = JSON.parse(raw);
+            res.writeHead(200).end();
+          });
+          return;
+        }
+
+        res.writeHead(404).end();
+      },
+      async (db) => {
+        const table = await db.openTable("t");
+        await table.createIndex("text", {
+          config: Index.fts({
+            blockSize: 256,
+            removeStopWords: true,
+            customStopWords: ["the"],
+          }),
+        });
+      },
+    );
+
+    expect(createIndexBody?.["column"]).toBe("text");
+    expect(createIndexBody?.["index_type"]).toBe("FTS");
+    expect(createIndexBody?.["block_size"]).toBe(256);
+    expect(createIndexBody?.["custom_stop_words"]).toEqual(["the"]);
+  });
+
   it("diffs and merges remote branches", async () => {
     const sampleDiff = {
       fromBranch: "exp",

nodejs/__test__/table.test.ts

@@ -527,6 +527,14 @@ describe.each([arrow15, arrow16, arrow17, arrow18])(
       );
     });
 
+    it("should expose useLsm on takeRowIds as the base-only escape hatch", async () => {
+      await table.add([{ id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]);
+      // useLsm(false) is reachable on TakeQuery (the escape hatch for MemWAL tables,
+      // where take-by-row-id auto-routes to the LSM scanner and is rejected).
+      const res = await table.takeRowIds([0, 2]).useLsm(false).toArray();
+      expect(res.map((r) => r.id)).toEqual([1, 3]);
+    });
+
     it("should throw for negative number in takeRowIds", () => {
       expect(() => table.takeRowIds([-1])).toThrow("Row id cannot be negative");
       expect(() => table.takeRowIds([0, -5, 2])).toThrow(
@@ -2527,6 +2535,35 @@ describe.each([arrow15, arrow16, arrow17, arrow18])(
       expect(results3.length).toBe(1);
     });
 
+    test("full text search with custom posting block size", async () => {
+      const db = await connect(tmpDir.name);
+      const data = [
+        { text: "hello world", vector: [0.1, 0.2, 0.3] },
+        { text: "goodbye world", vector: [0.4, 0.5, 0.6] },
+      ];
+      const table = await db.createTable("test", data);
+      await table.createIndex("text", {
+        config: Index.fts({ blockSize: 256 }),
+      });
+
+      const index = (await table.listIndices()).find(
+        (index) => index.indexType === "FTS",
+      );
+      expect(index?.indexVersion).toBe(3);
+      expect(
+        (index?.indexDetails as Record<string, unknown>)["block_size"],
+      ).toBe(256);
+
+      const results = await table.search("hello").toArray();
+      expect(results[0].text).toBe(data[0].text);
+    });
+
+    test("rejects invalid full text posting block size", () => {
+      expect(() => Index.fts({ blockSize: 129 as 128 | 256 })).toThrow(
+        "128 or 256",
+      );
+    });
+
     test("full text search without lowercase", async () => {
       const db = await connect(tmpDir.name);
       const data = [
@@ -2732,6 +2769,15 @@ describe.each([arrow15, arrow16, arrow17, arrow18])(
   },
 );
 
+test("tokenize supports custom stop words", async () => {
+  const tokens = await tokenize("the lance data", {
+    stem: false,
+    removeStopWords: true,
+    customStopWords: ["lance"],
+  });
+  expect(tokens.map((token) => token.text)).toEqual(["the", "data"]);
+});
+
 describe("when calling explainPlan", () => {
   let tmpDir: tmp.DirResult;
   let table: Table;
@@ -3170,14 +3216,14 @@ describe("LSM merge insert", () => {
     await table.closeLsmWriters();
   });
 
-  it("falls back to the standard path with useLsmWrite(false)", async () => {
+  it("falls back to the standard path with useLsm(false)", async () => {
     const conn = await connect(tmpDir.name);
     const table = await bucketTable(conn);
 
     const res = await table
       .mergeInsert("id")
       .whenNotMatchedInsertAll()
-      .useLsmWrite(false)
+      .useLsm(false)
       .execute([
         { id: "b", value: 9 },
         { id: "e", value: 5 },
@@ -3211,4 +3257,36 @@ describe("LSM merge insert", () => {
         .execute([{ id: "g", value: 7 }]),
     ).rejects.toThrow();
   });
+
+  it("auto-routes reads through the MemWAL scanner", async () => {
+    const conn = await connect(tmpDir.name);
+    const table = await bucketTable(conn); // base ids "a", "b"
+
+    await table
+      .mergeInsert("id")
+      .whenMatchedUpdateAll()
+      .whenNotMatchedInsertAll()
+      .execute([{ id: "c", value: 3 }]);
+
+    // Default read auto-routes and includes the active memtable row.
+    const lsm = await table.query().toArray();
+    expect(lsm.map((r) => r.id).sort()).toEqual(["a", "b", "c"]);
+
+    // useLsm(false) bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only.
+    const baseOnly = await table.query().useLsm(false).toArray();
+    expect(baseOnly.map((r) => r.id).sort()).toEqual(["a", "b"]);
+  });
+
+  it("reads the base table when no LSM spec is installed", async () => {
+    const conn = await connect(tmpDir.name);
+    const table = await conn.createEmptyTable(
+      "plain",
+      new arrow.Schema([new arrow.Field("id", new arrow.Utf8(), false)]),
+    );
+    // No spec: default read and useLsm(false) both succeed against the base table.
+    await expect(table.query().toArray()).resolves.toBeDefined();
+    await expect(table.query().useLsm(false).toArray()).resolves.toBeDefined();
+    // useLsm(true) demands MemWAL routing; without a spec it errors.
+    await expect(table.query().useLsm(true).toArray()).rejects.toThrow();
+  });
 });

nodejs/examples/full_text_search.test.ts

@@ -29,8 +29,14 @@ test("full text search", async () => {
     const tbl = await db.createTable("myVectors", data, { mode: "overwrite" });
 
     await tbl.createIndex("doc", {
-      config: lancedb.Index.fts(),
+      config: lancedb.Index.fts({
+        stem: false,
+        removeStopWords: true,
+        customStopWords: ["banana"],
+      }),
     });
+    const tokens = await tbl.tokenize("apple banana", { column: "doc" });
+    expect(tokens.map((token) => token.text)).toEqual(["apple"]);
 
     // --8<-- [start:full_text_search]
     const result = await tbl

nodejs/lancedb/index.ts

@@ -194,6 +194,16 @@ export interface TokenizeOptions {
   /** Whether to remove stop words. */
   removeStopWords?: boolean;
 
+  /**
+   * Custom stop words that replace the built-in list for `language`.
+   *
+   * This option only affects tokenization when `removeStopWords` is true.
+   *
+   * `undefined` keeps the built-in language list. An empty array explicitly
+   * replaces it with no stop words.
+   */
+  customStopWords?: string[];
+
   /** Whether to fold ASCII characters. */
   asciiFolding?: boolean;
 
@@ -225,6 +235,7 @@ export async function tokenize(
     options?.lowercase,
     options?.stem,
     options?.removeStopWords,
+    options?.customStopWords,
     options?.asciiFolding,
     options?.ngramMinLength,
     options?.ngramMaxLength,

nodejs/lancedb/indices.ts

@@ -553,6 +553,16 @@ export interface FtsOptions {
    */
   removeStopWords?: boolean;
 
+  /**
+   * Custom stop words that replace the built-in list for `language`.
+   *
+   * This option only affects tokenization when `removeStopWords` is true.
+   *
+   * `undefined` keeps the built-in language list. An empty array explicitly
+   * replaces it with no stop words.
+   */
+  customStopWords?: string[];
+
   /**
    * whether to remove punctuation
    */
@@ -572,6 +582,14 @@ export interface FtsOptions {
    * whether to only index the prefix of the token for ngram tokenizer
    */
   prefixOnly?: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Number of documents per compressed posting block.
+   *
+   * The default is 128. Supported values are 128 and 256. A value of 256 uses
+   * the experimental FTS V3 format and may introduce breaking changes.
+   */
+  blockSize?: 128 | 256;
 }
 
 export class Index {
@@ -747,10 +765,12 @@ export class Index {
         options?.lowercase,
         options?.stem,
         options?.removeStopWords,
+        options?.customStopWords,
         options?.asciiFolding,
         options?.ngramMinLength,
         options?.ngramMaxLength,
         options?.prefixOnly,
+        options?.blockSize,
       ),
     );
   }

nodejs/lancedb/merge.ts

@@ -88,21 +88,17 @@ export class MergeInsertBuilder {
     );
   }
   /**
-   * Controls whether the merge uses the MemWAL LSM write path.
+   * Control MemWAL routing for this merge.
    *
    * By default (unset), a `mergeInsert` on a table with an LSM write spec is
-   * routed through Lance's MemWAL shard writer, and a table without one uses
-   * the standard path. Pass `false` to force the standard path even when a
-   * spec is set. Pass `true` to require a spec — `mergeInsert` rejects if none
-   * is installed.
+   * routed through Lance's MemWAL shard writer, and a table without one uses the
+   * standard path.
    *
-   * @param useLsmWrite - Whether to use the LSM write path.
+   * @param enable - `true` forces MemWAL routing and errors if the table has no
+   * LSM write spec. `false` forces the standard write path even when a spec is set.
    */
-  useLsmWrite(useLsmWrite: boolean): MergeInsertBuilder {
-    return new MergeInsertBuilder(
-      this.#native.useLsmWrite(useLsmWrite),
-      this.#schema,
-    );
+  useLsm(enable: boolean): MergeInsertBuilder {
+    return new MergeInsertBuilder(this.#native.useLsm(enable), this.#schema);
   }
   /**
    * Controls how an LSM merge checks that its input targets a single shard.

nodejs/lancedb/query.ts

@@ -460,6 +460,30 @@ export class StandardQueryBase<
     this.doCall((inner: NativeQueryType) => inner.fastSearch());
     return this;
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Control MemWAL read routing for this query.
+   *
+   * By default (unset), when the table carries a MemWAL write spec (see
+   * {@link Table#setLsmWriteSpec}), reads are routed through the LSM scanner so
+   * they also return data written via the `mergeInsert` LSM path that has not yet
+   * been compacted into the base table (the active/frozen in-memory memtables and
+   * the flushed generations), deduplicated by primary key; a table without a spec
+   * reads the base table.
+   *
+   * @param enable - `true` forces the LSM scanner and errors if the table has no
+   * MemWAL write spec. `false` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only,
+   * even when a spec is present.
+   *
+   * Note: the LSM scanner does not support every query shape (e.g. reranking,
+   * hybrid search, `orderBy`). On a MemWAL table those shapes error unless
+   * `useLsm(false)` is set, because a base-only read would silently exclude
+   * un-compacted MemWAL data.
+   */
+  useLsm(enable: boolean): this {
+    this.doCall((inner: NativeQueryType) => inner.useLsm(enable));
+    return this;
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -748,6 +772,20 @@ export class TakeQuery extends QueryBase<NativeTakeQuery> {
   constructor(inner: NativeTakeQuery) {
     super(inner);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Control MemWAL read routing for this take query.
+   *
+   * `false` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only — the escape hatch,
+   * since take-by-row-id/offset is not supported on the LSM scanner and, on a
+   * MemWAL table, auto-routes to it and errors otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param enable - `false` reads the base table only.
+   */
+  useLsm(enable: boolean): this {
+    this.doCall((inner: NativeTakeQuery) => inner.useLsm(enable));
+    return this;
+  }
 }
 
 /** A builder for LanceDB queries.

nodejs/lancedb/sanitize.ts

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export function sanitizeMetadata(
     throw Error("Expected metadata, if present, to be a Map<string, string>");
   }
   for (const item of metadataLike) {
-    if (!(typeof item[0] === "string" || !(typeof item[1] === "string"))) {
+    if (typeof item[0] !== "string" || typeof item[1] !== "string") {
       throw Error(
         "Expected metadata, if present, to be a Map<string, string> but it had non-string keys or values",
       );

nodejs/npm/darwin-arm64/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-darwin-arm64",
-	"version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+	"version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
 	"os": ["darwin"],
 	"cpu": ["arm64"],
 	"main": "lancedb.darwin-arm64.node",

nodejs/npm/linux-arm64-gnu/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-arm64-gnu",
-	"version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+	"version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
 	"os": ["linux"],
 	"cpu": ["arm64"],
 	"main": "lancedb.linux-arm64-gnu.node",

nodejs/npm/linux-arm64-musl/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-arm64-musl",
-	"version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+	"version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
 	"os": ["linux"],
 	"cpu": ["arm64"],
 	"main": "lancedb.linux-arm64-musl.node",

nodejs/npm/linux-x64-gnu/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-x64-gnu",
-	"version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+	"version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
 	"os": ["linux"],
 	"cpu": ["x64"],
 	"main": "lancedb.linux-x64-gnu.node",

nodejs/npm/linux-x64-musl/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-linux-x64-musl",
-	"version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+	"version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
 	"os": ["linux"],
 	"cpu": ["x64"],
 	"main": "lancedb.linux-x64-musl.node",

nodejs/npm/win32-arm64-msvc/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@lancedb/lancedb-win32-arm64-msvc",
-  "version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+  "version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
   "os": [
     "win32"
   ],

nodejs/npm/win32-x64-msvc/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "@lancedb/lancedb-win32-x64-msvc",
-	"version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+	"version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
 	"os": ["win32"],
 	"cpu": ["x64"],
 	"main": "lancedb.win32-x64-msvc.node",

nodejs/package-lock.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "@lancedb/lancedb",
-  "version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+  "version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "@lancedb/lancedb",
-      "version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+      "version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
       "cpu": [
         "x64",
         "arm64"

nodejs/package.json

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     "ann"
   ],
   "private": false,
-  "version": "0.32.0-beta.2",
+  "version": "0.37.1-beta.0",
   "main": "dist/index.js",
   "exports": {
     ".": "./dist/index.js",

nodejs/src/index.rs

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ pub fn tokenize(
     lower_case: Option<bool>,
     stem: Option<bool>,
     remove_stop_words: Option<bool>,
+    custom_stop_words: Option<Vec<String>>,
     ascii_folding: Option<bool>,
     ngram_min_length: Option<u32>,
     ngram_max_length: Option<u32>,
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ pub fn tokenize(
     if let Some(remove_stop_words) = remove_stop_words {
         opts = opts.remove_stop_words(remove_stop_words);
     }
+    opts = opts.custom_stop_words(custom_stop_words);
     if let Some(ascii_folding) = ascii_folding {
         opts = opts.ascii_folding(ascii_folding);
     }
@@ -222,11 +224,13 @@ impl Index {
         lower_case: Option<bool>,
         stem: Option<bool>,
         remove_stop_words: Option<bool>,
+        custom_stop_words: Option<Vec<String>>,
         ascii_folding: Option<bool>,
         ngram_min_length: Option<u32>,
         ngram_max_length: Option<u32>,
         prefix_only: Option<bool>,
-    ) -> Self {
+        block_size: Option<u32>,
+    ) -> napi::Result<Self> {
         let mut opts = FtsIndexBuilder::default();
         if let Some(with_position) = with_position {
             opts = opts.with_position(with_position);
@@ -249,6 +253,7 @@ impl Index {
         if let Some(remove_stop_words) = remove_stop_words {
             opts = opts.remove_stop_words(remove_stop_words);
         }
+        opts = opts.custom_stop_words(custom_stop_words);
         if let Some(ascii_folding) = ascii_folding {
             opts = opts.ascii_folding(ascii_folding);
         }
@@ -261,10 +266,15 @@ impl Index {
         if let Some(prefix_only) = prefix_only {
             opts = opts.ngram_prefix_only(prefix_only);
         }
-
-        Self {
-            inner: Mutex::new(Some(LanceDbIndex::FTS(opts))),
+        if let Some(block_size) = block_size {
+            opts = opts
+                .block_size(block_size as usize)
+                .map_err(|err| napi::Error::from_reason(err.to_string()))?;
         }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: Mutex::new(Some(LanceDbIndex::FTS(opts))),
+        })
     }
 
     #[napi(factory)]

nodejs/src/merge.rs

@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ impl NativeMergeInsertBuilder {
     }
 
     #[napi]
-    pub fn use_lsm_write(&self, use_lsm_write: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn use_lsm(&self, enable: bool) -> Self {
         let mut this = self.clone();
-        this.inner.use_lsm_write(use_lsm_write);
+        this.inner.use_lsm(enable);
         this
     }
 

nodejs/src/query.rs

@@ -168,6 +168,11 @@ impl Query {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
 
+    #[napi]
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        self.inner = self.inner.clone().use_lsm(enable);
+    }
+
     #[napi]
     pub fn order_by(&mut self, ordering: Option<Vec<ColumnOrdering>>) -> napi::Result<()> {
         let ordering = ordering.map(|ordering| {
@@ -374,6 +379,11 @@ impl VectorQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
 
+    #[napi]
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        self.inner = self.inner.clone().use_lsm(enable);
+    }
+
     #[napi]
     pub fn rerank(
         &mut self,
@@ -479,6 +489,11 @@ impl TakeQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
 
+    #[napi]
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        self.inner = self.inner.clone().use_lsm(enable);
+    }
+
     #[napi(catch_unwind)]
     pub async fn output_schema(&self) -> napi::Result<Buffer> {
         let schema = self.inner.output_schema().await.default_error()?;

python/.bumpversion.toml

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-[tool.bumpversion]
-current_version = "0.35.0-beta.2"
-parse = """(?x)
-    (?P<major>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.
-    (?P<minor>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.
-    (?P<patch>0|[1-9]\\d*)
-    (?:-(?P<pre_l>[a-zA-Z-]+)\\.(?P<pre_n>0|[1-9]\\d*))?
-"""
-serialize = [
-    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}-{pre_l}.{pre_n}",
-    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}",
-]
-search = "{current_version}"
-replace = "{new_version}"
-regex = false
-ignore_missing_version = false
-ignore_missing_files = false
-tag = true
-sign_tags = false
-tag_name = "python-v{new_version}"
-tag_message = "Bump version: {current_version} → {new_version}"
-allow_dirty = true
-commit = true
-message = "Bump version: {current_version} → {new_version}"
-commit_args = ""
-# bump-my-version >=1.4.0 rejects pre_commit_hooks containing shell syntax unless opted in.
-allow_shell_hooks = true
-
-# Update Cargo.lock after version bump
-pre_commit_hooks = [
-  """
-    cd python && cargo update -p lancedb-python
-    if git diff --quiet ../Cargo.lock; then
-        echo "Cargo.lock unchanged"
-    else
-        git add ../Cargo.lock
-        echo "Updated and staged Cargo.lock"
-    fi
-    """,
-]
-
-[tool.bumpversion.parts.pre_l]
-values = ["beta", "final"]
-optional_value = "final"
-
-[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
-filename = "Cargo.toml"
-search = "\nversion = \"{current_version}\""
-replace = "\nversion = \"{new_version}\""

python/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "lancedb-python"
-version = "0.35.0-beta.2"
+version = "0.37.1-beta.0"
 publish = false
 edition.workspace = true
 description = "Python bindings for LanceDB"

python/python/lancedb/__init__.py

@@ -258,6 +258,7 @@ def tokenize(
     lower_case: bool = True,
     stem: bool = True,
     remove_stop_words: bool = True,
+    custom_stop_words: Optional[List[str]] = None,
     ascii_folding: bool = True,
     ngram_min_length: int = 3,
     ngram_max_length: int = 3,
@@ -265,9 +266,10 @@ def tokenize(
 ) -> Iterable[FtsToken]:
     """Tokenize a full-text search query using an explicit tokenizer.
 
-    This does not require a table or FTS index. The tokenizer options match
-    :class:`lancedb.index.FTS`.
+    This does not require an FTS index. The tokenizer options match
+    :class:`lancedb.index.FTS`. ``custom_stop_words`` accepts a list of strings.
     """
+
     return _tokenize(
         query,
         base_tokenizer=base_tokenizer,
@@ -276,6 +278,7 @@ def tokenize(
         lower_case=lower_case,
         stem=stem,
         remove_stop_words=remove_stop_words,
+        custom_stop_words=custom_stop_words,
         ascii_folding=ascii_folding,
         ngram_min_length=ngram_min_length,
         ngram_max_length=ngram_max_length,

python/python/lancedb/_lancedb.pyi

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ def tokenize(
     lower_case: bool = True,
     stem: bool = True,
     remove_stop_words: bool = True,
+    custom_stop_words: Optional[List[str]] = None,
     ascii_folding: bool = True,
     ngram_min_length: int = 3,
     ngram_max_length: int = 3,
@@ -297,6 +298,11 @@ class Table:
     async def fetch_blobs(
         self, column: str, row_ids: list[int]
     ) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray: ...
+    async def fetch_blob_ranges(
+        self,
+        column: str,
+        requests: List[Tuple[int, int, int]],
+    ) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray: ...
     async def fetch_blob_files(
         self, column: str, row_ids: list[int]
     ) -> list[Optional[BlobFile]]: ...
@@ -391,6 +397,7 @@ class Query:
     def fast_search(self): ...
     def with_row_id(self): ...
     def postfilter(self): ...
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool): ...
     def nearest_to(self, query_vec: pa.Array) -> VectorQuery: ...
     def nearest_to_text(self, query: dict) -> FTSQuery: ...
     def order_by(self, ordering: Optional[List[ColumnOrdering]]): ...
@@ -407,6 +414,7 @@ class Query:
 class TakeQuery:
     def select(self, columns: List[str]): ...
     def with_row_id(self): ...
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool): ...
     async def output_schema(self) -> pa.Schema: ...
     async def execute(self) -> RecordBatchStream: ...
     async def explain_plan(self, verbose: Optional[bool]) -> str: ...
@@ -425,6 +433,7 @@ class FTSQuery:
     def fast_search(self): ...
     def with_row_id(self): ...
     def postfilter(self): ...
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool): ...
     def get_query(self) -> str: ...
     def add_query_vector(self, query_vec: pa.Array) -> None: ...
     def nearest_to(self, query_vec: pa.Array) -> HybridQuery: ...
@@ -452,6 +461,7 @@ class VectorQuery:
     def column(self, column: str): ...
     def distance_type(self, distance_type: str): ...
     def postfilter(self): ...
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool): ...
     def refine_factor(self, refine_factor: int): ...
     def nprobes(self, nprobes: int): ...
     def minimum_nprobes(self, minimum_nprobes: int): ...
@@ -475,6 +485,7 @@ class HybridQuery:
     def fast_search(self): ...
     def with_row_id(self): ...
     def postfilter(self): ...
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool): ...
     def distance_type(self, distance_type: str): ...
     def refine_factor(self, refine_factor: int): ...
     def nprobes(self, nprobes: int): ...
@@ -499,6 +510,7 @@ class PyQueryRequest:
     select: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]]
     fast_search: Optional[bool]
     with_row_id: Optional[bool]
+    use_lsm: Optional[bool]
     column: Optional[str]
     query_vector: Optional[List[pa.Array]]
     minimum_nprobes: Optional[int]

python/python/lancedb/db.py

@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class DBConnection(EnforceOverrides):
 
         Data is converted to Arrow before being written to disk. For maximum
         control over how data is saved, either provide the PyArrow schema to
-        convert to or else provide a [PyArrow Table](pyarrow.Table) directly.
+        convert to or else provide a [PyArrow Table][pyarrow.Table] directly.
 
         >>> import pyarrow as pa
         >>> custom_schema = pa.schema([
@@ -1529,7 +1529,7 @@ class AsyncConnection(object):
 
         Data is converted to Arrow before being written to disk. For maximum
         control over how data is saved, either provide the PyArrow schema to
-        convert to or else provide a [PyArrow Table](pyarrow.Table) directly.
+        convert to or else provide a [PyArrow Table][pyarrow.Table] directly.
 
         >>> import pyarrow as pa
         >>> custom_schema = pa.schema([

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/__init__.py

@@ -21,3 +21,32 @@ from .watsonx import WatsonxEmbeddings
 from .voyageai import VoyageAIEmbeddingFunction
 from .colpali import ColPaliEmbeddings
 from .siglip import SigLipEmbeddings
+
+# The API reference renders this package with a single mkdocstrings directive,
+# which only picks up names listed here. New embedding functions must be added
+# to both the imports above and this list, or they will silently go undocumented.
+__all__ = [
+    "EmbeddingFunction",
+    "EmbeddingFunctionConfig",
+    "TextEmbeddingFunction",
+    "EmbeddingFunctionRegistry",
+    "get_registry",
+    "register",
+    "SentenceTransformerEmbeddings",
+    "OpenAIEmbeddings",
+    "OpenClipEmbeddings",
+    "BedRockText",
+    "CohereEmbeddingFunction",
+    "GeminiText",
+    "GteEmbeddings",
+    "InstructorEmbeddingFunction",
+    "JinaEmbeddings",
+    "OllamaEmbeddings",
+    "TransformersEmbeddingFunction",
+    "ColbertEmbeddings",
+    "VoyageAIEmbeddingFunction",
+    "WatsonxEmbeddings",
+    "ColPaliEmbeddings",
+    "ImageBindEmbeddings",
+    "SigLipEmbeddings",
+]

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/bedrock.py

@@ -21,20 +21,20 @@ class BedRockText(TextEmbeddingFunction):
     """
     Parameters
     ----------
-    name: str, default "amazon.titan-embed-text-v1"
+    name : str, default "amazon.titan-embed-text-v1"
         The model ID of the bedrock model to use. Supported models for are:
         - amazon.titan-embed-text-v1
         - cohere.embed-english-v3
         - cohere.embed-multilingual-v3
-    region: str, default "us-east-1"
+    region : str, default "us-east-1"
         Optional name of the AWS Region in which the service should be called.
-    profile_name: str, default None
+    profile_name : str, default None
         Optional name of the AWS profile to use for calling the Bedrock service.
         If not specified, the default profile will be used.
-    assumed_role: str, default None
+    assumed_role : str, default None
         Optional ARN of an AWS IAM role to assume for calling the Bedrock service.
         If not specified, the current active credentials will be used.
-    role_session_name: str, default "lancedb-embeddings"
+    role_session_name : str, default "lancedb-embeddings"
         Optional name of the AWS IAM role session to use for calling the Bedrock
         service. If not specified, "lancedb-embeddings" name will be used.
 

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/cohere.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class CohereEmbeddingFunction(TextEmbeddingFunction):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    name: str, default "embed-multilingual-v2.0"
+    name : str, default "embed-multilingual-v2.0"
         The name of the model to use. List of acceptable models:
 
             * embed-english-v3.0
@@ -33,12 +33,14 @@ class CohereEmbeddingFunction(TextEmbeddingFunction):
             * embed-english-light-v2.0
             * embed-multilingual-v2.0
 
-    source_input_type: str, default "search_document"
+    source_input_type : str, default "search_document"
         The input type for the source column in the database
 
-    query_input_type: str, default "search_query"
+    query_input_type : str, default "search_query"
         The input type for the query column in the database
 
+    Notes
+    -----
     Cohere supports following input types:
 
     | Input Type               | Description                          |

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/colpali.py

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ColPaliEmbeddings(EmbeddingFunction):
         The token pooling strategy to use, by default "hierarchical".
         - "hierarchical": Progressively pools tokens to reduce sequence length.
         - "lambda": A simpler pooling that uses a custom `pooling_func`.
-    pooling_func: typing.Callable, optional
+    pooling_func : typing.Callable, optional
         A function to use for pooling when `pooling_strategy` is "lambda".
     pool_factor : int
         Factor to reduce sequence length if token pooling is enabled (default 2).
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class ColPaliEmbeddings(EmbeddingFunction):
         Quantization configuration for the model. (default None, bitsandbytes needed)
     batch_size : int
         Batch size for processing inputs (default 2).
-    offload_folder: str, optional
+    offload_folder : str, optional
         Folder to offload model weights if using CPU offloading (default None). This is
         useful for large models that do not fit in memory.
     """

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/gemini_text.py

@@ -48,16 +48,16 @@ class GeminiText(TextEmbeddingFunction):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    name: str, default "gemini-embedding-001"
+    name : str, default "gemini-embedding-001"
         The name of the model to use. Supported models include:
         - "gemini-embedding-001" (768 dimensions)
 
         Note: The legacy "models/embedding-001" format is also supported but
         "gemini-embedding-001" is recommended.
 
-    query_task_type: str, default "retrieval_query"
+    query_task_type : str, default "retrieval_query"
         Sets the task type for the queries.
-    source_task_type: str, default "retrieval_document"
+    source_task_type : str, default "retrieval_document"
         Sets the task type for ingestion.
 
     Examples

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/gte.py

@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ class GteEmbeddings(TextEmbeddingFunction):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    name: str, default "thenlper/gte-large"
+    name : str, default "thenlper/gte-large"
         The name of the model to use.
-    device: str, default "cpu"
+    device : str, default "cpu"
         Sets the device type for the model.
-    normalize: str, default "True"
+    normalize : str, default "True"
         Controls normalize param in encode function for the transformer.
-    mlx: bool, default False
+    mlx : bool, default False
         Controls which model to use. False for gte-large,True for the mlx version.
 
     Examples

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/instructor.py

@@ -35,23 +35,23 @@ class InstructorEmbeddingFunction(TextEmbeddingFunction):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    name: str
+    name : str
         The name of the model to use. Available models are listed at
         https://github.com/xlang-ai/instructor-embedding#model-list;
         The default model is hkunlp/instructor-base
-    batch_size: int, default 32
+    batch_size : int, default 32
         The batch size to use when generating embeddings
-    device: str, default "cpu"
+    device : str, default "cpu"
         The device to use when generating embeddings
-    show_progress_bar: bool, default True
+    show_progress_bar : bool, default True
         Whether to show a progress bar when generating embeddings
-    normalize_embeddings: bool, default True
+    normalize_embeddings : bool, default True
         Whether to normalize the embeddings
-    quantize: bool, default False
+    quantize : bool, default False
         Whether to quantize the model
-    source_instruction: str, default "represent the document for retrieval"
+    source_instruction : str, default "represent the document for retrieval"
         The instruction for the source column
-    query_instruction: str, default "represent the document for retrieving the most
+    query_instruction : str, default "represent the document for retrieving the most
         similar documents"
         The instruction for the query
 

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/jinaai.py

@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ class JinaEmbeddings(EmbeddingFunction):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    name: str, default "jina-clip-v1". Note that some models support both image
+    name : str, default "jina-clip-v1". Note that some models support both image
         and text embeddings and some just text embedding
 
-    api_key: str, default None
+    api_key : str, default None
         The api key to access Jina API. If you pass None, you can set JINA_API_KEY
         environment variable
 

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/sentence_transformers.py

@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ class SentenceTransformerEmbeddings(TextEmbeddingFunction):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    name: str, default "all-MiniLM-L6-v2"
+    name : str, default "all-MiniLM-L6-v2"
         The name of the model to use.
-    device: str, default "cpu"
+    device : str, default "cpu"
         The device to use for the model
-    normalize: bool, default True
+    normalize : bool, default True
         Whether to normalize the embeddings
-    trust_remote_code: bool, default True
+    trust_remote_code : bool, default True
         Whether to trust the remote code
     """
 

python/python/lancedb/embeddings/voyageai.py

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class VoyageAIEmbeddingFunction(EmbeddingFunction):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    name: str
+    name : str
         The name of the model to use. List of acceptable models:
 
             * voyage-4 (1024 dims, general-purpose and multilingual retrieval)
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class VoyageAIEmbeddingFunction(EmbeddingFunction):
             * voyage-law-2
             * voyage-code-2
 
-    output_dimension: int, optional
+    output_dimension : int, optional
         The output dimension for models that support flexible dimensions.
         Currently only voyage-multimodal-3.5 supports this feature.
         Valid options: 256, 512, 1024 (default), 2048.

python/python/lancedb/index.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright The LanceDB Authors
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Literal, Optional
+from typing import List, Literal, Optional
 
 from ._lancedb import (
     IndexConfig,
@@ -115,6 +115,12 @@ class FTS:
 
     For example, it works with `title`, `description`, `content`, etc.
 
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Create an index configuration that uses 256-document posting blocks:
+
+    >>> config = FTS(block_size=256)
+
     Attributes
     ----------
     with_position : bool, default False
@@ -145,9 +151,18 @@ class FTS:
     remove_stop_words : bool, default True
         Whether to remove stop words. Stop words are common words that are often
         removed from text before indexing. For example, in English "the" and "and".
+    custom_stop_words : list of str, optional
+        Custom words replace the built-in language stop words
+        and only take effect when ``remove_stop_words`` is True. ``None`` uses
+        the built-in language list, while an empty list explicitly uses no
+        stop words.
     ascii_folding : bool, default True
         Whether to fold ASCII characters. This converts accented characters to
         their ASCII equivalent. For example, "café" would be converted to "cafe".
+    block_size : int, default 128
+        The number of documents per compressed posting block. Supported values
+        are 128 and 256. A value of 256 uses the experimental FTS V3 format
+        and may introduce breaking changes.
 
     Notes
     -----
@@ -168,6 +183,8 @@ class FTS:
     ngram_min_length: int = 3
     ngram_max_length: int = 3
     prefix_only: bool = False
+    block_size: int = 128
+    custom_stop_words: Optional[List[str]] = None
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -202,7 +219,7 @@ class HnswPq:
         distance has a range of (-∞, ∞). If the vectors are normalized (i.e. their
         l2 norm is 1), then dot distance is equivalent to the cosine distance.
 
-    num_partitions, default sqrt(num_rows)
+    num_partitions: int, default sqrt(num_rows)
 
         The number of IVF partitions to create.
 
@@ -211,7 +228,7 @@ class HnswPq:
         will require too much memory. Each partition becomes its own HNSW graph, so
         setting this value higher reduces the peak memory use of training.
 
-    num_sub_vectors, default is vector dimension / 16
+    num_sub_vectors: int, default is vector dimension / 16
 
         Number of sub-vectors of PQ.
 
@@ -227,13 +244,13 @@ class HnswPq:
         If the dimension is not visible by 8 then we use 1 subvector.  This is not
         ideal and will likely result in poor performance.
 
-     num_bits: int, default 8
+    num_bits: int, default 8
         Number of bits to encode each sub-vector.
 
         This value controls how much the sub-vectors are compressed.  The more bits
         the more accurate the index but the slower search. Only 4 and 8 are supported.
 
-    max_iterations, default 50
+    max_iterations: int, default 50
 
         Max iterations to train kmeans.
 
@@ -246,7 +263,7 @@ class HnswPq:
         those cases it is unlikely that setting this larger will lead to the index
         converging anyways.
 
-    sample_rate, default 256
+    sample_rate: int, default 256
 
         The rate used to calculate the number of training vectors for kmeans.
 
@@ -262,14 +279,14 @@ class HnswPq:
         Increasing this value might improve the quality of the index but in
         most cases the default should be sufficient.
 
-    m, default 20
+    m: int, default 20
 
         The number of neighbors to select for each vector in the HNSW graph.
 
         This value controls the tradeoff between search speed and accuracy.
         The higher the value the more accurate the search but the slower it will be.
 
-    ef_construction, default 300
+    ef_construction: int, default 300
 
         The number of candidates to evaluate during the construction of the HNSW graph.
 
@@ -280,7 +297,7 @@ class HnswPq:
         This value should be set to a value that is not less than `ef` in the
         search phase.
 
-    target_partition_size, default is 1,048,576
+    target_partition_size: int, default is 1,048,576
 
         The target size of each partition.
 
@@ -334,7 +351,7 @@ class HnswSq:
         distance has a range of (-∞, ∞). If the vectors are normalized (i.e. their
         l2 norm is 1), then dot distance is equivalent to the cosine distance.
 
-    num_partitions, default sqrt(num_rows)
+    num_partitions: int, default sqrt(num_rows)
 
         The number of IVF partitions to create.
 
@@ -343,7 +360,7 @@ class HnswSq:
         will require too much memory. Each partition becomes its own HNSW graph, so
         setting this value higher reduces the peak memory use of training.
 
-    max_iterations, default 50
+    max_iterations: int, default 50
 
         Max iterations to train kmeans.
 
@@ -356,7 +373,7 @@ class HnswSq:
         In those cases it is unlikely that setting this larger will lead to
         the index converging anyways.
 
-    sample_rate, default 256
+    sample_rate: int, default 256
 
         The rate used to calculate the number of training vectors for kmeans.
 
@@ -372,14 +389,14 @@ class HnswSq:
         Increasing this value might improve the quality of the index but in
         most cases the default should be sufficient.
 
-    m, default 20
+    m: int, default 20
 
         The number of neighbors to select for each vector in the HNSW graph.
 
         This value controls the tradeoff between search speed and accuracy.
         The higher the value the more accurate the search but the slower it will be.
 
-    ef_construction, default 300
+    ef_construction: int, default 300
 
         The number of candidates to evaluate during the construction of the HNSW graph.
 
@@ -390,7 +407,7 @@ class HnswSq:
         This value should be set to a value that is not less than `ef` in the search
         phase.
 
-    target_partition_size, default is 1,048,576
+    target_partition_size: int, default is 1,048,576
 
         The target size of each partition.
 
@@ -443,7 +460,7 @@ class HnswFlat:
         distance has a range of (-∞, ∞). If the vectors are normalized (i.e. their
         l2 norm is 1), then dot distance is equivalent to the cosine distance.
 
-    num_partitions, default sqrt(num_rows)
+    num_partitions: int, default sqrt(num_rows)
 
         The number of IVF partitions to create.
 
@@ -453,18 +470,18 @@ class HnswFlat:
         graph, so setting this value higher reduces the peak memory use of
         training.
 
-    max_iterations, default 50
+    max_iterations: int, default 50
 
         Max iterations to train kmeans.
 
         When training an IVF index we use kmeans to calculate the partitions.
         This parameter controls how many iterations of kmeans to run.
 
-    sample_rate, default 256
+    sample_rate: int, default 256
 
         The rate used to calculate the number of training vectors for kmeans.
 
-    m, default 20
+    m: int, default 20
 
         The number of neighbors to select for each vector in the HNSW graph.
 
@@ -472,7 +489,7 @@ class HnswFlat:
         The higher the value the more accurate the search but the slower it
         will be.
 
-    ef_construction, default 300
+    ef_construction: int, default 300
 
         The number of candidates to evaluate during the construction of the HNSW
         graph.
@@ -484,7 +501,7 @@ class HnswFlat:
         than 500.  This value should be set to a value that is not less than `ef`
         in the search phase.
 
-    target_partition_size, default is 1,048,576
+    target_partition_size: int, default is 1,048,576
 
         The target size of each partition.
     """
@@ -588,7 +605,7 @@ class IvfFlat:
 
         The default value is 256.
 
-    target_partition_size, default is 8192
+    target_partition_size: int, default is 8192
 
         The target size of each partition.
 
@@ -752,7 +769,7 @@ class IvfPq:
 
         The default value is 256.
 
-    target_partition_size, default is 8192
+    target_partition_size: int, default is 8192
 
         The target size of each partition.
 
@@ -813,7 +830,7 @@ class IvfRq:
     sample_rate: int, default 256
         Controls the number of training vectors: sample_rate * num_partitions.
 
-    target_partition_size, default is 8192
+    target_partition_size: int, default is 8192
         Target size of each partition.
     """
 
@@ -828,6 +845,9 @@ class IvfRq:
     accelerator: Optional[str] = None
 
 
+# The API reference renders this module with a single mkdocstrings directive,
+# which only picks up names listed here. New public names must be added to this
+# list, or they will silently go undocumented.
 __all__ = [
     "BTree",
     "IvfPq",

python/python/lancedb/merge.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class LanceMergeInsertBuilder(object):
         self._when_not_matched_by_source_condition_expr = None
         self._timeout = None
         self._use_index = True
-        self._use_lsm_write = None
+        self._use_lsm = None
         self._validate_single_shard = None
 
     def when_matched_update_all(
@@ -113,22 +113,22 @@ class LanceMergeInsertBuilder(object):
         self._use_index = use_index
         return self
 
-    def use_lsm_write(self, use_lsm_write: bool) -> LanceMergeInsertBuilder:
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool) -> LanceMergeInsertBuilder:
         """
-        Controls whether the merge uses the MemWAL LSM write path.
+        Control MemWAL routing for this merge.
 
-        By default (unset), a `merge_insert` on a table with an LSM write spec
-        is routed through Lance's MemWAL shard writer, and a table without one
-        uses the standard path. Pass `False` to force the standard path even
-        when a spec is set. Pass `True` to require a spec — `merge_insert`
-        raises an error if none is installed.
+        By default (unset), a `merge_insert` on a table with an LSM write spec is
+        routed through Lance's MemWAL shard writer, and a table without one uses
+        the standard path.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
-        use_lsm_write: bool
-            Whether to use the LSM write path.
+        enable: bool
+            ``True`` forces MemWAL routing and errors if the table has no LSM
+            write spec. ``False`` forces the standard write path even when a spec
+            is set.
         """
-        self._use_lsm_write = use_lsm_write
+        self._use_lsm = enable
         return self
 
     def validate_single_shard(

python/python/lancedb/permutation.py

@@ -438,7 +438,8 @@ class Permutation:
         _reader: Optional[PermutationReader] = None,
     ):
         """
-        Internal constructor.  Use [from_tables](#from_tables) instead.
+        Internal constructor.  Use
+        [from_tables][lancedb.permutation.Permutation.from_tables] instead.
         """
         assert base_table is not None, "base_table is required"
         assert selection is not None, "selection is required"
@@ -985,8 +986,9 @@ class Permutation:
         types.  Conversion of strings, lists, and structs will require creating python
         objects and this is not zero-copy.
 
-        For custom formatting, use [with_transform](#with_transform) which overrides
-        this method.
+        For custom formatting, use
+        [with_transform][lancedb.permutation.Permutation.with_transform] which
+        overrides this method.
         """
         assert format is not None, "format is required"
         if format == "python":
@@ -1061,7 +1063,8 @@ class Permutation:
         Note: this method returns a new permutation and does not modify `self`
         It is provided for compatibility with the huggingface Dataset API.
 
-        Use [with_skip](#with_skip) instead to avoid confusion.
+        Use [with_skip][lancedb.permutation.Permutation.with_skip] instead to
+        avoid confusion.
         """
         return self.with_skip(skip)
 
@@ -1084,7 +1087,8 @@ class Permutation:
         Note: this method returns a new permutation and does not modify `self`
         It is provided for compatibility with the huggingface Dataset API.
 
-        Use [with_take](#with_take) instead to avoid confusion.
+        Use [with_take][lancedb.permutation.Permutation.with_take] instead to
+        avoid confusion.
         """
         return self.with_take(limit)
 
@@ -1107,7 +1111,8 @@ class Permutation:
         Note: this method returns a new permutation and does not modify `self`
         It is provided for compatibility with the huggingface Dataset API.
 
-        Use [with_repeat](#with_repeat) instead to avoid confusion.
+        Use [with_repeat][lancedb.permutation.Permutation.with_repeat] instead
+        to avoid confusion.
         """
         return self.with_repeat(times)
 

python/python/lancedb/query.py

@@ -651,7 +651,8 @@ class Query(pydantic.BaseModel):
     distance_type : Optional[str]
         the distance type to use for vector search
 
-        This can be l2 (default), cosine and dot.  See [metric definitions][search] for
+        This can be l2 (default), cosine and dot.  See
+        [metric definitions](https://lancedb.com/docs/search/vector-search/) for
         more details.
 
         If this is not a vector search this will be None.
@@ -664,8 +665,9 @@ class Query(pydantic.BaseModel):
 
         - A higher number makes search more accurate but also slower.
 
-        - See discussion in [Querying an ANN Index][querying-an-ann-index] for
-          tuning advice.
+        - See discussion in
+          [Querying an ANN Index](https://lancedb.com/docs/indexing/)
+          for tuning advice.
 
         Will be None if this is not a vector search.
     refine_factor : Optional[int]
@@ -673,8 +675,9 @@ class Query(pydantic.BaseModel):
 
         - A higher number makes search more accurate but also slower.
 
-        - See discussion in [Querying an ANN Index][querying-an-ann-index] for
-          tuning advice.
+        - See discussion in
+          [Querying an ANN Index](https://lancedb.com/docs/indexing/)
+          for tuning advice.
 
         Will be None if this is not a vector search.
     lower_bound : Optional[float]
@@ -778,6 +781,11 @@ class Query(pydantic.BaseModel):
     # if true, will only search the indexed data
     fast_search: Optional[bool] = None
 
+    # MemWAL LSM read routing: None auto-routes when the table carries a write
+    # spec, True forces the LSM scanner (errors without a spec), False reads the
+    # base table only
+    use_lsm: Optional[bool] = None
+
     # size of the nearest neighbor list maintained during HNSW search
     ef: Optional[int] = None
 
@@ -795,6 +803,9 @@ class Query(pydantic.BaseModel):
         query.full_text_query = req.full_text_search
         query.columns = req.select
         query.with_row_id = req.with_row_id
+        # use_lsm is a genuine tri-state (None / True / False); preserve it as-is
+        # so a round-tripped query keeps an explicit False.
+        query.use_lsm = req.use_lsm
         query.vector_column = req.column
         query.vector = req.query_vector
         query.distance_type = req.distance_type
@@ -967,6 +978,7 @@ class LanceQueryBuilder(ABC):
         self._with_row_address = None
         self._fragments = None
         self._fragment_ids = None
+        self._use_lsm = None
         self._vector = None
         self._text = None
         self._ef = None
@@ -1326,6 +1338,30 @@ class LanceQueryBuilder(ABC):
         self._fragment_ids = fragment_ids
         return self
 
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool) -> Self:
+        """Control MemWAL LSM read routing for this query.
+
+        By default (unset), a query against a table with an LSM write spec is
+        routed through the LSM scanner so it also returns data written via the
+        ``merge_insert`` LSM path that has not yet been compacted into the base
+        table (active/frozen memtables + flushed generations); a table without a
+        spec reads the base table.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        enable : bool
+            ``True`` forces the LSM scanner and errors if the table has no LSM
+            write spec. ``False`` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table
+            only, even when a spec is present.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        LanceQueryBuilder
+            The LanceQueryBuilder object.
+        """
+        self._use_lsm = enable
+        return self
+
     def explain_plan(self, verbose: Optional[bool] = False) -> str:
         """Return the execution plan for this query.
 
@@ -1618,8 +1654,8 @@ class LanceVectorQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
         Higher values will yield better recall (more likely to find vectors if
         they exist) at the expense of latency.
 
-        See discussion in [Querying an ANN Index][querying-an-ann-index] for
-        tuning advice.
+        See discussion in [Querying an ANN Index](https://lancedb.com/docs/indexing/)
+        for tuning advice.
 
         This method sets both the minimum and maximum number of probes to the same
         value. See `minimum_nprobes` and `maximum_nprobes` for more fine-grained
@@ -1719,8 +1755,8 @@ class LanceVectorQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
         As an example, a refine factor of 2 will sample 2x as many vectors as
         requested, re-ranks them, and returns the top half most relevant results.
 
-        See discussion in [Querying an ANN Index][querying-an-ann-index] for
-        tuning advice.
+        See discussion in [Querying an ANN Index](https://lancedb.com/docs/indexing/)
+        for tuning advice.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
@@ -1788,6 +1824,7 @@ class LanceVectorQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
             with_row_address=self._with_row_address,
             fragments=self._fragments,
             fragment_ids=self._fragment_ids,
+            use_lsm=self._use_lsm,
             offset=self._offset,
             fast_search=self._fast_search,
             ef=self._ef,
@@ -2012,6 +2049,7 @@ class LanceFtsQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
             with_row_address=self._with_row_address,
             fragments=self._fragments,
             fragment_ids=self._fragment_ids,
+            use_lsm=self._use_lsm,
             full_text_query=FullTextSearchQuery(
                 query=self._query_with_phrase_semantics(), columns=self._fts_columns
             ),
@@ -2078,6 +2116,7 @@ class LanceEmptyQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
             with_row_address=self._with_row_address,
             fragments=self._fragments,
             fragment_ids=self._fragment_ids,
+            use_lsm=self._use_lsm,
             offset=self._offset,
             order_by=self._order_by,
         )
@@ -2655,6 +2694,9 @@ class LanceHybridQueryBuilder(LanceQueryBuilder):
         if self._with_row_id:
             self._vector_query.with_row_id(True)
             self._fts_query.with_row_id(True)
+        if self._use_lsm is not None:
+            self._vector_query.use_lsm(self._use_lsm)
+            self._fts_query.use_lsm(self._use_lsm)
         if self._phrase_query:
             self._fts_query.phrase_query(True)
         if self._distance_type:
@@ -3002,7 +3044,7 @@ class AsyncQueryBase(object):
             if blob_mode == "bytes"
             else {}
         )
-        dataset = await self._table._to_lance()
+        dataset = await self._table.to_lance()
         scanner = dataset.scanner(
             **_scanner_kwargs_for_query(
                 query,
@@ -3231,6 +3273,27 @@ class AsyncStandardQuery(AsyncQueryBase):
         self._inner.fast_search()
         return self
 
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool) -> Self:
+        """
+        Control MemWAL LSM read routing for this query.
+
+        By default (unset), a query against a table with an LSM write spec (see
+        [AsyncTable.set_lsm_write_spec][lancedb.table.AsyncTable.set_lsm_write_spec])
+        is routed through the LSM scanner so it also returns data written via the
+        ``merge_insert`` LSM path that has not yet been compacted into the base
+        table (the active/frozen in-memory memtables and the flushed generations),
+        deduplicated by primary key; a table without a spec reads the base table.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        enable : bool
+            ``True`` forces the LSM scanner and errors if the table has no LSM
+            write spec. ``False`` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table
+            only, even when a spec is present.
+        """
+        self._inner.use_lsm(enable)
+        return self
+
     def postfilter(self) -> Self:
         """
         If this is called then filtering will happen after the search instead of
@@ -3319,8 +3382,9 @@ class AsyncQuery(AsyncStandardQuery):
         are various ANN search parameters that will let you fine tune your recall
         accuracy vs search latency.
 
-        Vector searches always have a [limit][].  If `limit` has not been called then
-        a default `limit` of 10 will be used.
+        Vector searches always have a
+        [limit][lancedb.query.AsyncVectorQuery.limit].  If `limit` has not been
+        called then a default `limit` of 10 will be used.
 
         Typically, a single vector is passed in as the query. However, you can also
         pass in multiple vectors. When multiple vectors are passed in, if the vector
@@ -3451,8 +3515,9 @@ class AsyncFTSQuery(AsyncStandardQuery):
         are various ANN search parameters that will let you fine tune your recall
         accuracy vs search latency.
 
-        Hybrid searches always have a [limit][].  If `limit` has not been called then
-        a default `limit` of 10 will be used.
+        Hybrid searches always have a
+        [limit][lancedb.query.AsyncHybridQuery.limit].  If `limit` has not been
+        called then a default `limit` of 10 will be used.
 
         Typically, a single vector is passed in as the query. However, you can also
         pass in multiple vectors.  This can be useful if you want to find the nearest
@@ -3944,6 +4009,15 @@ class AsyncTakeQuery(AsyncQueryBase):
     def __init__(self, inner: LanceTakeQuery, table: Optional["AsyncTable"] = None):
         super().__init__(inner, table)
 
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool) -> "AsyncTakeQuery":
+        """Control MemWAL LSM read routing for this take query.
+
+        ``False`` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only — the escape
+        hatch, since take-by-row-id/offset is not supported on the LSM scanner.
+        """
+        self._inner.use_lsm(enable)
+        return self
+
     async def _plain_scan_to_pandas(
         self,
         blob_mode: BlobMode,
@@ -4002,6 +4076,16 @@ class BaseQueryBuilder(object):
         self._inner.with_row_id()
         return self
 
+    def use_lsm(self, enable: bool) -> Self:
+        """
+        Control MemWAL LSM read routing for this query.
+
+        ``False`` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only, the escape
+        hatch for shapes the LSM scanner cannot honor (e.g. take-by-row-id).
+        """
+        self._inner.use_lsm(enable)
+        return self
+
     def with_row_address(self, with_row_address: bool = True) -> Self:
         """
         Include the _rowaddr column in scanner-backed plain query results.

python/python/lancedb/remote/__init__.py

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ from lancedb import __version__
 from .header import HeaderProvider
 from .oauth import OAuthConfig, OAuthFlowType
 
+# The API reference renders this module with a single mkdocstrings directive,
+# which only picks up names listed here. New public names must be added to this
+# list, or they will silently go undocumented.
 __all__ = [
     "TimeoutConfig",
     "RetryConfig",

python/python/lancedb/remote/errors.py

@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ class RetryError(LanceDBClientError):
     """An error that occurs when the client has exceeded the maximum number of retries.
 
     The retry strategy can be adjusted by setting the
-    [retry_config](lancedb.remote.ClientConfig.retry_config) in the client
+    [retry_config][lancedb.remote.ClientConfig.retry_config] in the client
     configuration. This is passed in the `client_config` argument of
-    [connect](lancedb.connect) and [connect_async](lancedb.connect_async).
+    [connect][lancedb.connect] and [connect_async][lancedb.connect_async].
 
     The __cause__ attribute of this exception will be the last exception that
     caused the retry to fail. It will be an

python/python/lancedb/remote/table.py

@@ -340,10 +340,12 @@ class RemoteTable(Table):
         lower_case: bool = True,
         stem: bool = True,
         remove_stop_words: bool = True,
+        custom_stop_words: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         ascii_folding: bool = True,
         ngram_min_length: int = 3,
         ngram_max_length: int = 3,
         prefix_only: bool = False,
+        block_size: int = 128,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
         """Create a full-text search index on a column.
@@ -360,10 +362,12 @@ class RemoteTable(Table):
             lower_case=lower_case,
             stem=stem,
             remove_stop_words=remove_stop_words,
+            custom_stop_words=custom_stop_words,
             ascii_folding=ascii_folding,
             ngram_min_length=ngram_min_length,
             ngram_max_length=ngram_max_length,
             prefix_only=prefix_only,
+            block_size=block_size,
         )
         LOOP.run(
             self._table.create_index(
@@ -576,8 +580,9 @@ class RemoteTable(Table):
         progress: Optional[Union[bool, Callable, Any]] = None,
         write_parallelism: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> AddResult:
-        """Add more data to the [Table](Table). It has the same API signature as
-        the OSS version.
+        """Add more data to the [Table][lancedb.table.Table].
+
+        It has the same API signature as the OSS version.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
@@ -637,7 +642,8 @@ class RemoteTable(Table):
         fast_search: bool = False,
     ) -> LanceVectorQueryBuilder:
         """Create a search query to find the nearest neighbors
-        of the given query vector. We currently support [vector search][search]
+        of the given query vector. We currently support
+        [vector search](https://lancedb.com/docs/search/vector-search/)
 
         All query options are defined in
         [LanceVectorQueryBuilder][lancedb.query.LanceVectorQueryBuilder].
@@ -1040,6 +1046,11 @@ class RemoteTable(Table):
     def fetch_blobs(self, column: str, row_ids) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray:
         raise NotImplementedError("fetch_blobs() is not supported on LanceDB Cloud")
 
+    def fetch_blob_ranges(self, column: str, requests) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "fetch_blob_ranges() is not supported on LanceDB Cloud"
+        )
+
     def fetch_blob_files(self, column: str, row_ids):
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "fetch_blob_files() is not supported on LanceDB Cloud"

python/python/lancedb/rerankers/__init__.py

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ from .answerdotai import AnswerdotaiRerankers
 from .voyageai import VoyageAIReranker
 from .watsonx import WatsonxReranker
 
+# The API reference renders this module with a single mkdocstrings directive,
+# which only picks up names listed here. New public names must be added to this
+# list, or they will silently go undocumented.
 __all__ = [
     "Reranker",
     "CrossEncoderReranker",

python/python/lancedb/rerankers/answerdotai.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class AnswerdotaiRerankers(Reranker):
     column : str, default "text"
         The name of the column to use as input to the cross encoder model.
     return_score : str, default "relevance"
-        options are "relevance" or "all". Only "relevance" is supported for now.
+        options are "relevance" or "all".
     **kwargs
         Additional keyword arguments to pass to the model. For example, 'device'.
         See AnswerDotAI/rerankers for more information.
@@ -77,12 +77,13 @@ class AnswerdotaiRerankers(Reranker):
         vector_results: pa.Table,
         fts_results: pa.Table,
     ):
-        combined_results = self.merge_results(vector_results, fts_results)
+        if self.score == "all":
+            combined_results = self._merge_and_keep_scores(vector_results, fts_results)
+        else:
+            combined_results = self.merge_results(vector_results, fts_results)
         combined_results = self._rerank(combined_results, query)
         if self.score == "relevance":
             combined_results = self._keep_relevance_score(combined_results)
-        elif self.score == "all":
-            combined_results = self._merge_and_keep_scores(vector_results, fts_results)
         combined_results = combined_results.sort_by(
             [("_relevance_score", "descending")]
         )

python/python/lancedb/rerankers/colbert.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class ColbertReranker(AnswerdotaiRerankers):
     column : str, default "text"
         The name of the column to use as input to the cross encoder model.
     return_score : str, default "relevance"
-        options are "relevance" or "all". Only "relevance" is supported for now.
+        options are "relevance" or "all".
     **kwargs
         Additional keyword arguments to pass to the model, for example, 'device'.
         See AnswerDotAI/rerankers for more information.

python/python/lancedb/streaming.py

@@ -59,9 +59,10 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
     - **Stage 1 (I/O)**: one thread pool with ``num_splits * prefetch_batches``
       workers fetches raw ``RecordBatch`` objects from LanceDB in parallel
       across all splits and places them in a per-split raw-batch queue.
-    - **Stage 2 (transform)**: a second thread pool with ``os.cpu_count()``
-      workers picks up raw batches, applies the transform, and places the
-      results in a per-split cooked-row queue.
+    - **Stage 2 (transform)**: a second thread pool with
+      ``transform_parallelism`` workers picks up raw batches, applies the
+      transform, and places the results in a per-split cooked-row queue.  By
+      default, the number of workers is determined by ``os.cpu_count()``.
 
     The main thread round-robins over the cooked queues, yielding one row per
     split per cycle.
@@ -122,6 +123,10 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
         are yielded.  Receives one batch at a time and must return an iterable
         whose length equals the number of rows in the batch.  When ``None``
         (the default) rows are returned as plain Python dicts.
+    transform_parallelism:
+        Maximum number of transforms to run concurrently.  Must be greater
+        than zero.  When ``None`` (the default), uses ``os.cpu_count()`` or 1
+        when the CPU count is unavailable.
     worker_info_override:
         If set, used in place of ``torch.utils.data.get_worker_info()`` to
         determine the DataLoader worker assignment.  Intended for unit tests
@@ -146,6 +151,7 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
         shuffle_clump_size: Optional[int] = None,
         filter: Optional[str] = None,
         transform: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        transform_parallelism: Optional[int] = None,
         connection_factory: Optional[Callable[[str], Any]] = None,
         worker_info_override=None,
     ):
@@ -159,6 +165,8 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
                 f"num_splits ({num_splits}) must be divisible by "
                 f"world_size ({world_size})"
             )
+        if transform_parallelism is not None and transform_parallelism <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("transform_parallelism must be greater than 0")
 
         self._table = table
         self._num_splits = num_splits
@@ -173,6 +181,7 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
         self._shuffle_clump_size = shuffle_clump_size
         self._filter = filter
         self._transform = transform
+        self._transform_parallelism = transform_parallelism
         self._connection_factory = connection_factory
         self._worker_info_override = worker_info_override
 
@@ -284,7 +293,11 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
 
         batch_size = self._read_batch_size
         max_prefetch = self._prefetch_batches
-        cpu_workers = os.cpu_count() or 1
+        transform_workers = (
+            self._transform_parallelism
+            if self._transform_parallelism is not None
+            else (os.cpu_count() or 1)
+        )
         final_transform = (
             self._transform if self._transform is not None else Transforms.arrow2python
         )
@@ -296,8 +309,8 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
         tx_pending = [deque() for _ in range(n)]  # Future[list[Any]]
         cooked = [deque() for _ in range(n)]  # rows ready to yield
 
-        # Limit simultaneous transforms to cpu_workers across all splits.
-        tx_semaphore = threading.Semaphore(cpu_workers)
+        # Limit simultaneous transforms to transform_workers across all splits.
+        tx_semaphore = threading.Semaphore(transform_workers)
 
         # ── Stage 1 helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -369,7 +382,7 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
                     _advance(i)
                 elif raw_batches[i]:
                     # Acquire a transform slot (may block briefly if all
-                    # cpu_workers are busy with other splits).
+                    # transform_workers are busy with other splits).
                     tx_semaphore.acquire()
                     batch = raw_batches[i].popleft()
                     tx_pending[i].append(tx_pool.submit(_tx_call_guarded, batch))
@@ -383,7 +396,7 @@ class StreamingDataset(IterableDataset):
         # ── Main loop ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
         with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=n * max_prefetch) as io_pool:
-            with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=cpu_workers) as tx_pool:
+            with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=transform_workers) as tx_pool:
                 self._raw_batches_ref = raw_batches
                 self._cooked_ref = cooked
                 self._fetch_head_ref = fetch_head

python/python/lancedb/table.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from typing import (
     List,
     Literal,
     Optional,
+    Sequence,
     Tuple,
     Union,
     overload,
@@ -1102,10 +1103,12 @@ class Table(ABC):
         lower_case: bool = True,
         stem: bool = True,
         remove_stop_words: bool = True,
+        custom_stop_words: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         ascii_folding: bool = True,
         ngram_min_length: int = 3,
         ngram_max_length: int = 3,
         prefix_only: bool = False,
+        block_size: int = 128,
         wait_timeout: Optional[timedelta] = None,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
@@ -1168,6 +1171,9 @@ class Table(ABC):
         remove_stop_words : bool, default True
             Whether to remove stop words. Stop words are common words that are often
             removed from text before indexing. For example, in English "the" and "and".
+        custom_stop_words : list of str, optional
+            Custom words that replace the built-in language stop words. ``None``
+            uses the built-in list; an empty list explicitly uses no stop words.
         ascii_folding : bool, default True
             Whether to fold ASCII characters. This converts accented characters to
             their ASCII equivalent. For example, "café" would be converted to "cafe".
@@ -1177,6 +1183,10 @@ class Table(ABC):
             The maximum length of an n-gram.
         prefix_only: bool, default False
             Whether to only index the prefix of the token for ngram tokenizer.
+        block_size: int, default 128
+            The number of documents per compressed posting block. Must be 128
+            or 256. A value of 256 uses the experimental FTS V3 format and
+            may introduce breaking changes.
         wait_timeout: timedelta, optional
             The timeout to wait if indexing is asynchronous.
         name: str, optional
@@ -1201,7 +1211,7 @@ class Table(ABC):
         progress: Optional[Union[bool, Callable, Any]] = None,
         write_parallelism: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> AddResult:
-        """Add more data to the [Table](Table).
+        """Add more data to the [Table][lancedb.table.Table].
 
         Parameters
         ----------
@@ -1333,8 +1343,8 @@ class Table(ABC):
         fts_columns: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None,
     ) -> LanceQueryBuilder:
         """Create a search query to find the nearest neighbors
-        of the given query vector. We currently support [vector search][search]
-        and [full-text search][experimental-full-text-search].
+        of the given query vector. We currently support [vector search](https://lancedb.com/docs/search/vector-search/)
+        and [full-text search](https://lancedb.com/docs/search/full-text-search/).
 
         All query options are defined in
         [LanceQueryBuilder][lancedb.query.LanceQueryBuilder].
@@ -1533,10 +1543,30 @@ class Table(ABC):
     ) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray:
         """Materialize full blob bytes for ``column`` at the given rows.
 
+        The result has the same length and order as ``row_ids``. Null blobs
+        produce null slots; valid empty blobs produce ``b""``.
+
         Convenience for small payloads. For large values use
         :meth:`fetch_blob_files`.
         """
 
+    @abstractmethod
+    def fetch_blob_ranges(
+        self,
+        column: str,
+        requests: Sequence[Tuple[int, int, int]],
+    ) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray:
+        """Materialize row-specific byte ranges from a blob v2 column.
+
+        Each request is a ``(row_id, offset, length)`` tuple. Requests may be
+        repeated or reordered, including multiple ranges for the same blob.
+        The result has the same length and order as ``requests``; null blobs
+        produce null slots and empty ranges on non-null blobs produce ``b""``.
+
+        Row IDs can be obtained from a query with ``with_row_id(True)``. This
+        API is currently supported only by local tables.
+        """
+
     @abstractmethod
     def fetch_blob_files(
         self, column: str, row_ids: Union[list[int], pa.Table]
@@ -1748,7 +1778,7 @@ class Table(ABC):
         for faster reads.
 
         Arguments are passed onto Lance's
-        [compact_files][lance.dataset.DatasetOptimizer.compact_files].
+        `lance.dataset.DatasetOptimizer.compact_files`.
         For most cases, the default should be fine.
 
         See Also
@@ -1802,6 +1832,8 @@ class Table(ABC):
         retrain: bool, default False
             This parameter is no longer used and is deprecated.
 
+        Notes
+        -----
         The frequency an application should call optimize is based on the frequency of
         data modifications.  If data is frequently added, deleted, or updated then
         optimize should be run frequently.  A good rule of thumb is to run optimize if
@@ -1956,15 +1988,14 @@ class Table(ABC):
         change permanent you can use the `[Self::restore]` method.
 
         Any operation that modifies the table will fail while the table is in a checked
-        out state.
+        out state. To return the table to a normal state use
+        `[Self::checkout_latest]`.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         version: int | str,
             The version to check out. A version number (`int`) or a tag
             (`str`) can be provided.
-
-        To return the table to a normal state use `[Self::checkout_latest]`
         """
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -2260,6 +2291,13 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
     ) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray:
         return LOOP.run(self._table.fetch_blobs(column, row_ids))
 
+    def fetch_blob_ranges(
+        self,
+        column: str,
+        requests: Sequence[Tuple[int, int, int]],
+    ) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray:
+        return LOOP.run(self._table.fetch_blob_ranges(column, list(requests)))
+
     def fetch_blob_files(
         self, column: str, row_ids: Union[list[int], pa.Table]
     ) -> "list[Optional[BlobFile]]":
@@ -3022,10 +3060,12 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
         lower_case: bool = True,
         stem: bool = True,
         remove_stop_words: bool = True,
+        custom_stop_words: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         ascii_folding: bool = True,
         ngram_min_length: int = 3,
         ngram_max_length: int = 3,
         prefix_only: bool = False,
+        block_size: int = 128,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
         """Create a full-text search index on a column.
@@ -3067,6 +3107,7 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
                 "lower_case": lower_case,
                 "stem": stem,
                 "remove_stop_words": remove_stop_words,
+                "custom_stop_words": custom_stop_words,
                 "ascii_folding": ascii_folding,
                 "ngram_min_length": ngram_min_length,
                 "ngram_max_length": ngram_max_length,
@@ -3074,10 +3115,9 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
             }
         else:
             tokenizer_configs = self.infer_tokenizer_configs(tokenizer_name)
+            tokenizer_configs["custom_stop_words"] = custom_stop_words
 
-        config = FTS(
-            **tokenizer_configs,
-        )
+        config = FTS(block_size=block_size, **tokenizer_configs)
 
         try:
             LOOP.run(
@@ -3348,8 +3388,8 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
         fts_columns: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None,
     ) -> LanceQueryBuilder:
         """Create a search query to find the nearest neighbors
-        of the given query vector. We currently support [vector search][search]
-        and [full-text search][search].
+        of the given query vector. We currently support [vector search](https://lancedb.com/docs/search/vector-search/)
+        and [full-text search](https://lancedb.com/docs/search/full-text-search/).
 
         Examples
         --------
@@ -3379,8 +3419,9 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
             - *default None*.
             Acceptable types are: list, np.ndarray, PIL.Image.Image
 
-            - If None then the select/[where][sql]/limit clauses are applied
-            to filter the table
+            - If None then the
+            select/[where][lancedb.query.LanceQueryBuilder.where]/limit clauses
+            are applied to filter the table
         vector_column_name: str, optional
             The name of the vector column to search.
 
@@ -3774,6 +3815,8 @@ class LanceTable(Table):
         retrain: bool, default False
             This parameter is no longer used and is deprecated.
 
+        Notes
+        -----
         The frequency an application should call optimize is based on the frequency of
         data modifications.  If data is frequently added, deleted, or updated then
         optimize should be run frequently.  A good rule of thumb is to run optimize if
@@ -4646,7 +4689,24 @@ class AsyncTable:
         """
         return AsyncQuery(self._inner.query(), self)
 
-    async def _to_lance(self, **kwargs) -> lance.LanceDataset:
+    async def to_lance(self, **kwargs) -> lance.LanceDataset:
+        """Return the Lance dataset backing this table.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        **kwargs
+            Forwarded to `lance.dataset`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        lance.LanceDataset
+            The Lance dataset at this table handle's version and branch.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> async def get_lance_dataset(table):
+        ...     return await table.to_lance()
+        """
         try:
             import lance
         except ImportError:
@@ -4696,7 +4756,7 @@ class AsyncTable:
             return (await self.to_arrow()).to_pandas(**kwargs)
         if blob_mode == "bytes" and blob_v2_column_paths(schema):
             return await self.query().to_pandas(blob_mode=blob_mode, **kwargs)
-        return (await self._to_lance()).to_pandas(blob_mode=blob_mode, **kwargs)
+        return (await self.to_lance()).to_pandas(blob_mode=blob_mode, **kwargs)
 
     async def to_arrow(self) -> pa.Table:
         """Return the table as a pyarrow Table.
@@ -4954,7 +5014,7 @@ class AsyncTable:
         progress: Optional[Union[bool, Callable, Any]] = None,
         write_parallelism: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> AddResult:
-        """Add more data to the [Table](Table).
+        """Add more data to the [AsyncTable][lancedb.table.AsyncTable].
 
         Parameters
         ----------
@@ -5156,8 +5216,8 @@ class AsyncTable:
         fts_columns: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None,
     ) -> Union[AsyncHybridQuery, AsyncFTSQuery, AsyncVectorQuery]:
         """Create a search query to find the nearest neighbors
-        of the given query vector. We currently support [vector search][search]
-        and [full-text search][experimental-full-text-search].
+        of the given query vector. We currently support [vector search](https://lancedb.com/docs/search/vector-search/)
+        and [full-text search](https://lancedb.com/docs/search/full-text-search/).
 
         All query options are defined in [AsyncQuery][lancedb.query.AsyncQuery].
 
@@ -5359,6 +5419,8 @@ class AsyncTable:
             async_query = async_query.where(query.filter)
         if query.fast_search:
             async_query = async_query.fast_search()
+        if query.use_lsm is not None:
+            async_query = async_query.use_lsm(query.use_lsm)
         if query.with_row_id:
             async_query = async_query.with_row_id()
         if query.order_by:
@@ -5479,7 +5541,7 @@ class AsyncTable:
                 when_not_matched_by_source_condition_expr=merge._when_not_matched_by_source_condition_expr,
                 timeout=merge._timeout,
                 use_index=merge._use_index,
-                use_lsm_write=merge._use_lsm_write,
+                use_lsm=merge._use_lsm,
                 validate_single_shard=merge._validate_single_shard,
             ),
         )
@@ -5716,15 +5778,14 @@ class AsyncTable:
         change permanent you can use the `[Self::restore]` method.
 
         Any operation that modifies the table will fail while the table is in a checked
-        out state.
+        out state. To return the table to a normal state use
+        `[Self::checkout_latest]`.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         version: int | str,
             The version to check out. A version number (`int`) or a tag
             (`str`) can be provided.
-
-        To return the table to a normal state use `[Self::checkout_latest]`
         """
         try:
             await self._inner.checkout(version)
@@ -5823,6 +5884,13 @@ class AsyncTable:
             column, _normalize_blob_row_ids(row_ids, column)
         )
 
+    async def fetch_blob_ranges(
+        self,
+        column: str,
+        requests: Sequence[Tuple[int, int, int]],
+    ) -> pa.LargeBinaryArray:
+        return await self._inner.fetch_blob_ranges(column, list(requests))
+
     async def fetch_blob_files(
         self, column: str, row_ids: Union[list[int], pa.Table]
     ) -> "list[Optional[BlobFile]]":
@@ -5901,6 +5969,8 @@ class AsyncTable:
         retrain: bool, default False
             This parameter is no longer used and is deprecated.
 
+        Notes
+        -----
         The frequency an application should call optimize is based on the frequency of
         data modifications.  If data is frequently added, deleted, or updated then
         optimize should be run frequently.  A good rule of thumb is to run optimize if
@@ -6281,6 +6351,8 @@ class Branches:
         dry_run: bool, default False
             When True, only preview. When False, attempt the merge.
 
+        Notes
+        -----
         A rejected merge returns ``status="rejected"`` instead of raising.
         """
         return LOOP.run(self._table.branches.merge(from_branch, dry_run))

python/python/tests/test_blob.py

@@ -184,18 +184,75 @@ def test_fetch_blobs_accepts_query_result():
     assert {blobs[i].as_py() for i in range(len(blobs))} == {b"gamma"}
 
 
-def test_fetch_blobs_null_alignment():
+def test_fetch_blobs_preserves_null_and_empty_values():
     table = _blob_table(
         "nulls",
-        [{"id": 1, "image": b"present"}, {"id": 2, "image": None}],
+        [
+            {"id": 1, "image": b"present"},
+            {"id": 2, "image": None},
+            {"id": 3, "image": b""},
+        ],
     )
     by_id = _row_ids_by_id(table)
-    request = [by_id[1], by_id[2], by_id[1]]
+    request = [by_id[1], by_id[2], by_id[3], by_id[1]]
     blobs = table.fetch_blobs("image", request)
     assert len(blobs) == len(request)
     assert blobs[0].as_py() == b"present"
     assert blobs[1].as_py() is None
-    assert blobs[2].as_py() == b"present"
+    assert blobs[2].as_py() == b""
+    assert blobs[3].as_py() == b"present"
+
+
+def test_fetch_blob_ranges_aligns_repeated_ranges_and_nulls():
+    table = _blob_table(
+        "range_alignment",
+        [{"id": 1, "image": b"abcdefghij"}, {"id": 2, "image": None}],
+    )
+    by_id = _row_ids_by_id(table)
+    requests = [
+        (by_id[1], 2, 3),
+        (by_id[2], 0, 0),
+        (by_id[1], 0, 2),
+        (by_id[1], 2, 3),
+        (by_id[1], 10, 0),
+    ]
+
+    ranges = table.fetch_blob_ranges("image", requests)
+
+    assert ranges.to_pylist() == [b"cde", None, b"ab", b"cde", b""]
+
+
+def test_fetch_blob_ranges_validates_requests():
+    table = _blob_table("range_validation", [{"id": 1, "image": b"abc"}])
+    row_id = _row_ids_by_id(table)[1]
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="exceeds blob size"):
+        table.fetch_blob_ranges("image", [(row_id, 2, 2)])
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="offset \\+ length overflowed"):
+        table.fetch_blob_ranges("image", [(row_id, 2**64 - 1, 1)])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="row ids"):
+        table.fetch_blob_ranges("image", [(2**64 - 1, 0, 1)])
+
+
+def test_fetch_blob_ranges_empty_requests_returns_empty_array():
+    table = _blob_table("range_empty", [{"id": 1, "image": b"x"}])
+    assert table.fetch_blob_ranges("image", []).to_pylist() == []
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_fetch_blob_ranges():
+    db = await lancedb.connect_async("memory:///")
+    schema = pa.schema([pa.field("id", pa.int64()), lancedb.blob("image")])
+    table = await db.create_table("range_async", schema=schema)
+    await table.add([{"id": 1, "image": b"abcdefghij"}])
+    hits = await table.query().with_row_id().to_arrow()
+    row_id = hits["_rowid"][0].as_py()
+
+    ranges = await table.fetch_blob_ranges("image", [(row_id, 1, 3), (row_id, 6, 2)])
+
+    assert ranges.to_pylist() == [b"bcd", b"gh"]
 
 
 def test_fetch_blobs_nested_path():

python/python/tests/test_elastic_dataloader.py

@@ -1333,6 +1333,42 @@ def test_transform_none_yields_dicts(lance_table):
     assert all("id" in item for item in items)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("configured", "detected", "expected"),
+    [(2, 8, 2), (None, 3, 3), (None, None, 1)],
+)
+def test_transform_parallelism_configures_executor(
+    lance_table, monkeypatch, configured, detected, expected
+):
+    """Explicit transform parallelism overrides the detected CPU count."""
+    real_executor = streaming.ThreadPoolExecutor
+    monkeypatch.setattr(streaming.os, "cpu_count", lambda: detected)
+
+    with patch.object(streaming, "ThreadPoolExecutor", wraps=real_executor) as executor:
+        list(
+            StreamingDataset(
+                lance_table,
+                num_splits=NUM_SPLITS,
+                shuffle_seed=SHUFFLE_SEED,
+                transform_parallelism=configured,
+            )
+        )
+
+    assert executor.call_args_list[-1].kwargs["max_workers"] == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("transform_parallelism", [0, -1])
+def test_transform_parallelism_must_be_positive(lance_table, transform_parallelism):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ValueError, match="transform_parallelism must be greater than 0"
+    ):
+        StreamingDataset(
+            lance_table,
+            num_splits=NUM_SPLITS,
+            transform_parallelism=transform_parallelism,
+        )
+
+
 def test_filter_limits_rows(tmp_path):
     """A filter expression is applied to the permutation so only matching rows
     are yielded.  IDs 0..59 pass ``id < 60``; the other 60 are excluded."""

python/python/tests/test_fts.py

@@ -219,11 +219,48 @@ def test_create_inverted_index(table, with_position):
         table.create_fts_index(
             "text",
             with_position=with_position,
+            custom_stop_words=["puppy"],
             name="custom_fts_index",
         )
     indices = table.list_indices()
     fts_indices = [i for i in indices if i.index_type == "FTS"]
     assert any(i.name == "custom_fts_index" for i in fts_indices)
+    assert fts_indices[0].index_details["custom_stop_words"] == ["puppy"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("block_size", [128, 256])
+def test_create_inverted_index_block_size(table, block_size):
+    table.create_index("text", config=FTS(block_size=block_size))
+
+    index = next(index for index in table.list_indices() if index.index_type == "FTS")
+    assert index.index_details["block_size"] == block_size
+    assert index.index_version == (2 if block_size == 128 else 3)
+
+    results = table.search("puppy").limit(5).to_list()
+    assert len(results) == 5
+
+
+def test_create_inverted_index_rejects_invalid_block_size(table):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="128 or 256"):
+        table.create_index("text", config=FTS(block_size=129))
+
+
+def test_custom_stop_words_list(table):
+    table.create_index(
+        "text",
+        config=FTS(stem=False, custom_stop_words=["lance"]),
+    )
+
+    assert table.list_indices()[0].index_details["custom_stop_words"] == ["lance"]
+    tokens = table.tokenize("the lance data", column="text")
+    assert [token.text for token in tokens] == ["the", "data"]
+    empty_tokens = ldb.tokenize("the lance data", stem=False, custom_stop_words=[])
+    assert [token.text for token in empty_tokens] == ["the", "lance", "data"]
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r"custom_stop_words.*int"):
+        ldb.tokenize(
+            "the lance data",
+            custom_stop_words=["lance", 42],
+        )
 
 
 def test_search_fts(table):

python/python/tests/test_merge_insert_lsm.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import lancedb
 import pyarrow as pa
 import pytest
 from lancedb._lancedb import LsmWriteSpec
+from lancedb.index import FTS, IvfPq
 
 SCHEMA = pa.schema(
     [
@@ -102,19 +103,35 @@ def test_lsm_merge_insert_identity(tmp_path):
     assert result.num_rows == 2
 
 
-def test_lsm_merge_insert_use_lsm_write_false(tmp_path):
+def test_lsm_merge_insert_use_lsm_false(tmp_path):
     table = _bucket_table(tmp_path)  # rows id = 1, 2, 3
-    # use_lsm_write(False) opts out: the standard path runs and commits.
+    # use_lsm(False) opts out: the standard path runs and commits even with a spec.
     result = (
         table.merge_insert("id")
         .when_not_matched_insert_all()
-        .use_lsm_write(False)
+        .use_lsm(False)
         .execute(_reader([3, 4, 5]))
     )
     assert result.num_inserted_rows == 2
     assert table.count_rows() == 5
 
 
+def test_lsm_merge_insert_use_lsm_true_without_spec_errors(tmp_path):
+    # A table with a primary key but no LSM write spec installed.
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    # use_lsm(True) demands MemWAL routing; without a spec it errors.
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="use_lsm"):
+        (
+            table.merge_insert("id")
+            .when_matched_update_all()
+            .when_not_matched_insert_all()
+            .use_lsm(True)
+            .execute(_reader([3, 4, 5]))
+        )
+
+
 def test_lsm_merge_insert_validate_single_shard_off(tmp_path):
     table = _bucket_table(tmp_path)
     result = (
@@ -127,19 +144,20 @@ def test_lsm_merge_insert_validate_single_shard_off(tmp_path):
     assert result.num_rows == 3
 
 
-def test_lsm_merge_insert_use_lsm_write_true_requires_spec(tmp_path):
+def test_lsm_merge_insert_no_spec_uses_standard_path(tmp_path):
     # A table with a primary key but no LSM write spec installed.
     db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
     table = db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))
     table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
-    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="use_lsm_write"):
-        (
-            table.merge_insert("id")
-            .when_matched_update_all()
-            .when_not_matched_insert_all()
-            .use_lsm_write(True)
-            .execute(_reader([4]))
-        )
+    # With no spec, a default merge_insert uses the standard path and commits.
+    result = (
+        table.merge_insert("id")
+        .when_matched_update_all()
+        .when_not_matched_insert_all()
+        .execute(_reader([3, 4, 5]))
+    )
+    assert result.num_inserted_rows == 2
+    assert table.count_rows() == 5
 
 
 def test_lsm_merge_insert_rejects_on_not_primary_key(tmp_path):
@@ -194,3 +212,445 @@ async def test_async_lsm_merge_insert(tmp_path):
     result = await builder.execute(_reader([3, 4, 5]))
     assert result.num_rows == 3
     await table.close_lsm_writers()
+
+
+def _lsm_upsert(table, ids):
+    """Upsert ``ids`` (value = 0..n) through the LSM merge_insert path."""
+    (
+        table.merge_insert([])
+        .when_matched_update_all()
+        .when_not_matched_insert_all()
+        .execute(_reader(ids))
+    )
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_sees_active_memtable(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))  # base ids 1,2,3
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded())
+
+    _lsm_upsert(table, [4, 5])  # active memtable only, not committed to base
+
+    # Default read auto-routes through the LSM scanner: base ∪ active memtable.
+    lsm = table.search().to_arrow()
+    assert sorted(lsm["id"].to_pylist()) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    # use_lsm(False) bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only.
+    base_only = table.search().use_lsm(False).to_arrow()
+    assert sorted(base_only["id"].to_pylist()) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_dedup_newest_wins(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))  # id 2 -> value 1
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded())
+
+    _lsm_upsert(table, [2, 3, 4])  # ids 2,3,4 -> values 0,1,2
+
+    lsm = table.search().to_arrow().sort_by("id")
+    assert lsm["id"].to_pylist() == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    # id 1 from base (value 0); 2,3,4 from memtable (values 0,1,2).
+    assert lsm["value"].to_pylist() == [0, 0, 1, 2]
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_without_spec_reads_base(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")  # no LSM write spec
+
+    # No spec: default read and use_lsm(False) both read the base table, no error.
+    assert sorted(table.search().to_arrow()["id"].to_pylist()) == [1, 2, 3]
+    assert sorted(table.search().use_lsm(False).to_arrow()["id"].to_pylist()) == [
+        1,
+        2,
+        3,
+    ]
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_unsupported_shape_errors_without_use_lsm_false(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded())
+    _lsm_upsert(table, [4])
+
+    # with_row_id is unsupported by the LSM scanner; on a MemWAL table the default
+    # (auto-routed) read hard-errors instead of silently reading a stale base.
+    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+        table.search().with_row_id(True).to_arrow()
+
+    # use_lsm(False) is the escape hatch: it reads the base table only.
+    base = table.search().with_row_id(True).use_lsm(False).to_arrow()
+    assert sorted(base["id"].to_pylist()) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_lsm_read(tmp_path):
+    db = await lancedb.connect_async(
+        tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0)
+    )
+    table = await db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))
+    await table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    await table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded())
+
+    builder = (
+        table.merge_insert([]).when_matched_update_all().when_not_matched_insert_all()
+    )
+    await builder.execute(_reader([4, 5]))
+
+    arrow = await table.query().to_arrow()
+    assert sorted(arrow["id"].to_pylist()) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+
+VECTOR_DIM = 8
+
+VECTOR_SCHEMA = pa.schema(
+    [
+        pa.field("id", pa.int64(), nullable=False),
+        pa.field("category", pa.utf8(), nullable=False),
+        pa.field("vector", pa.list_(pa.float32(), VECTOR_DIM), nullable=False),
+    ]
+)
+
+
+def _vector_reader(rows):
+    """Rows are ``(id, category, [f32; VECTOR_DIM])`` tuples."""
+    batch = pa.RecordBatch.from_arrays(
+        [
+            pa.array([row[0] for row in rows], type=pa.int64()),
+            pa.array([row[1] for row in rows], type=pa.utf8()),
+            pa.array([row[2] for row in rows], type=pa.list_(pa.float32(), VECTOR_DIM)),
+        ],
+        schema=VECTOR_SCHEMA,
+    )
+    return pa.RecordBatchReader.from_batches(VECTOR_SCHEMA, [batch])
+
+
+def _vector_table(tmp_path):
+    """Base table whose vector column is indexed so its rows are visible to the LSM
+    vector scanner (the base arm uses ``fast_search`` — indexed data only), plus an
+    unsharded LSM spec that maintains that index for the memtable.
+
+    Rows 1,2 are category ``a``, row 3 is ``b``, and 4..60 are filler ``c`` that
+    give the tiny IVF index enough data to train.
+    """
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    rows = [
+        (
+            i,
+            "a" if i in (1, 2) else "b" if i == 3 else "c",
+            [float((i * 7 + j) % 13) for j in range(VECTOR_DIM)],
+        )
+        for i in range(1, 61)
+    ]
+    table = db.create_table("t", _vector_reader(rows))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    # num_partitions=1 makes the search exhaustive within the single partition
+    # (deterministic); num_bits=4 keeps PQ training viable on a tiny dataset.
+    table.create_index(
+        "vector", config=IvfPq(num_partitions=1, num_sub_vectors=2, num_bits=4)
+    )
+    index_name = table.list_indices()[0].name
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(
+        LsmWriteSpec.unsharded().with_maintained_indexes([index_name])
+    )
+    return table
+
+
+def _vector_upsert(table, rows):
+    (
+        table.merge_insert([])
+        .when_matched_update_all()
+        .when_not_matched_insert_all()
+        .execute(_vector_reader(rows))
+    )
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_vector_sees_memtable(tmp_path):
+    table = _vector_table(tmp_path)
+    # id 1000 lands in the active memtable, not committed to the base table.
+    _vector_upsert(table, [(1000, "a", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM)])
+
+    query = [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM
+    # Vector search auto-routes through the LSM scanner: indexed base ∪ memtable.
+    ids = set(table.search(query).limit(100).to_arrow()["id"].to_pylist())
+    assert {1, 2, 3} <= ids  # indexed base rows
+    assert 1000 in ids  # in-flight memtable row
+
+    # use_lsm(False) bypasses the MemWAL, so the in-flight row is not visible.
+    base_ids = set(
+        table.search(query).use_lsm(False).limit(100).to_arrow()["id"].to_pylist()
+    )
+    assert {1, 2, 3} <= base_ids
+    assert 1000 not in base_ids
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_vector_prefilter(tmp_path):
+    table = _vector_table(tmp_path)
+    # in-flight rows in both categories.
+    _vector_upsert(
+        table, [(1000, "a", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM), (1001, "b", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM)]
+    )
+
+    query = [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM
+    # The `where` predicate must apply as a prefilter across base ∪ memtable —
+    # regression test for the vector arm silently dropping the filter.
+    rows = table.search(query).where("category = 'a'").limit(100).to_arrow()
+    assert set(rows["id"].to_pylist()) == {1, 2, 1000}
+    assert set(rows["category"].to_pylist()) == {"a"}
+
+    # Sanity: without the filter, other categories are returned too.
+    unfiltered = set(table.search(query).limit(100).to_arrow()["category"].to_pylist())
+    assert unfiltered != {"a"}
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_plain_prefilter(tmp_path):
+    table = _vector_table(tmp_path)
+    _vector_upsert(
+        table, [(1000, "a", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM), (1001, "b", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM)]
+    )
+
+    # Plain scan + filter over base ∪ memtable: base 'a' rows 1,2 and memtable 1000.
+    rows = table.search().where("category = 'a'").to_arrow()
+    assert set(rows["id"].to_pylist()) == {1, 2, 1000}
+
+
+FTS_SCHEMA = pa.schema(
+    [
+        pa.field("id", pa.int64(), nullable=False),
+        pa.field("text", pa.utf8(), nullable=False),
+    ]
+)
+
+
+def _fts_reader(rows):
+    """Rows are ``(id, text)`` tuples."""
+    batch = pa.RecordBatch.from_arrays(
+        [
+            pa.array([row[0] for row in rows], type=pa.int64()),
+            pa.array([row[1] for row in rows], type=pa.utf8()),
+        ],
+        schema=FTS_SCHEMA,
+    )
+    return pa.RecordBatchReader.from_batches(FTS_SCHEMA, [batch])
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_fts_sees_memtable(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table(
+        "t",
+        _fts_reader(
+            [
+                (1, "the quick brown fox"),
+                (2, "lazy dog sleeps"),
+                (3, "quick red fox"),
+            ]
+        ),
+    )
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    # Native FTS index (tantivy is not compatible with the LSM memtable index).
+    table.create_index("text", config=FTS())
+    index_name = table.list_indices()[0].name
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(
+        LsmWriteSpec.unsharded().with_maintained_indexes([index_name])
+    )
+
+    # in-flight doc 4 lands in the memtable's maintained FTS index.
+    (
+        table.merge_insert([])
+        .when_matched_update_all()
+        .when_not_matched_insert_all()
+        .execute(_fts_reader([(4, "brown fox jumps")]))
+    )
+
+    # Full-text search auto-routes through the LSM scanner: base ∪ memtable.
+    ids = set(
+        table.search("fox", query_type="fts", fts_columns="text")
+        .limit(10)
+        .to_arrow()["id"]
+        .to_pylist()
+    )
+    assert ids == {1, 3, 4}
+
+    # Prefilter restricts the FTS results across both tiers.
+    filtered = set(
+        table.search("fox", query_type="fts", fts_columns="text")
+        .where("id > 1")
+        .limit(10)
+        .to_arrow()["id"]
+        .to_pylist()
+    )
+    assert filtered == {3, 4}
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_vector_unsupported_knobs_error(tmp_path):
+    table = _vector_table(tmp_path)
+    _vector_upsert(table, [(1000, "a", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM)])
+    query = [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM
+
+    # distance_range and use_index(False) change the vector result set/mode, which
+    # the LSM scanner can't honor, so it hard-errors instead of silently returning
+    # wrong results (matching the prefilter / unsupported-shape contract).
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="distance_range"):
+        table.search(query).distance_range(0.0, 0.5).to_arrow()
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="use_index"):
+        table.search(query).bypass_vector_index().to_arrow()
+
+    # use_lsm(False) is the escape hatch: the base-only standard path honors them.
+    base = table.search(query).distance_range(0.0, 100.0).use_lsm(False).to_arrow()
+    assert 1000 not in set(base["id"].to_pylist())
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_vector_limit_offset(tmp_path):
+    table = _vector_table(tmp_path)
+    _vector_upsert(table, [(1000, "a", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM)])
+    query = [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM
+    # Lance's plan_vector over-fetches k + offset internally, so paging is correct:
+    # the second page is a full page (not truncated) and disjoint from the first.
+    page1 = table.search(query).limit(3).offset(0).to_arrow()["id"].to_pylist()
+    page2 = table.search(query).limit(3).offset(3).to_arrow()["id"].to_pylist()
+    assert len(page1) == 3
+    # If k ignored offset, page2 would be empty (limit - offset = 0); a full second
+    # page that differs from the first proves offset widens the candidate pool.
+    assert len(page2) == 3
+    assert set(page1) != set(page2)
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_vector_postfilter_errors(tmp_path):
+    table = _vector_table(tmp_path)
+    _vector_upsert(table, [(1000, "a", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM)])
+    query = [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM
+    # The LSM scanner always prefilters; a requested postfilter changes results, so
+    # it hard-errors rather than silently prefiltering.
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="postfilter"):
+        table.search(query).where("category = 'a'").postfilter().to_arrow()
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_projection_excludes_pk(tmp_path):
+    table = _vector_table(tmp_path)
+    _vector_upsert(table, [(1000, "a", [1.0] * VECTOR_DIM)])
+    # Selecting only 'category' must not leak the 'id' primary key Lance appends
+    # internally for dedup.
+    rows = table.search().select(["category"]).where("category = 'a'").to_arrow()
+    assert rows.column_names == ["category"]
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_fts_unmaintained_index_errors(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _fts_reader([(1, "quick fox"), (2, "lazy dog")]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.create_index("text", config=FTS())
+    # No maintained indexes: the active memtable FTS arm cannot serve un-compacted
+    # docs, so the search would silently omit them — reject instead.
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded())
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="maintained"):
+        table.search("fox", query_type="fts", fts_columns="text").to_arrow()
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_time_travel_errors(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded())
+    pinned = table.version
+    table.add(_reader([4, 5]))  # standard add commits a newer version
+    table.checkout(pinned)  # detached head at the historical version
+
+    # The WAL/manifest expose current live state, so an LSM read at a pinned
+    # historical version is rejected.
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="time-travel"):
+        table.search().to_arrow()
+    # use_lsm(False) reads the base table at the pinned version.
+    base = table.search().use_lsm(False).to_arrow()
+    assert sorted(base["id"].to_pylist()) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_take_row_ids_errors(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _reader([1, 2, 3]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded())
+    _lsm_upsert(table, [4])
+    # take-by-row-id auto-routes through the LSM scanner, which has no stable _rowid,
+    # so it hard-errors instead of failing with an opaque column-not-found error.
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="row id"):
+        table.take_row_ids([0, 1]).to_arrow()
+    # use_lsm(False) is the escape hatch: it reads the base table.
+    base = table.take_row_ids([0, 1]).use_lsm(False).to_arrow()
+    assert base.num_rows == 2
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_fts_postfilter_errors(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _fts_reader([(1, "quick fox"), (2, "lazy dog")]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.create_index("text", config=FTS())
+    index_name = table.list_indices()[0].name
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(
+        LsmWriteSpec.unsharded().with_maintained_indexes([index_name])
+    )
+    # The LSM scanner always prefilters; postfilter on FTS changes result semantics,
+    # so it hard-errors (previously only the vector arm rejected it).
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="postfilter"):
+        (
+            table.search("fox", query_type="fts", fts_columns="text")
+            .where("id > 0")
+            .postfilter()
+            .to_arrow()
+        )
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_fts_multiple_same_type_indexes_errors(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _fts_reader([(1, "quick fox"), (2, "lazy dog")]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.create_index("text", config=FTS(), name="fts_a")
+    table.create_index("text", config=FTS(), name="fts_b", replace=False)
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(
+        LsmWriteSpec.unsharded().with_maintained_indexes(["fts_a"])
+    )
+    # Two FTS indexes on the column: the base planner's chosen index is ambiguous, so
+    # the scanner can't pick a catch-up watermark and rejects rather than risk
+    # dropping rows the actually-used index has not caught up to.
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="multiple"):
+        table.search("fox", query_type="fts", fts_columns="text").to_arrow()
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_vector_unmaintained_index_errors(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    rows = [
+        (i, "a", [float((i * 7 + j) % 13) for j in range(VECTOR_DIM)])
+        for i in range(1, 61)
+    ]
+    table = db.create_table("t", _vector_reader(rows))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.create_index(
+        "vector", config=IvfPq(num_partitions=1, num_sub_vectors=2, num_bits=4)
+    )
+    # Spec with NO maintained indexes: the base vector index's catch-up is untracked,
+    # so the scanner rejects rather than risk dropping compacted-but-unindexed rows.
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded())
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="maintained"):
+        table.search([1.0] * VECTOR_DIM).to_arrow()
+
+
+def test_lsm_read_fts_optimized_index_not_rejected(tmp_path):
+    db = lancedb.connect(tmp_path, read_consistency_interval=timedelta(seconds=0))
+    table = db.create_table("t", _fts_reader([(i, "quick fox") for i in range(1, 6)]))
+    table.set_unenforced_primary_key("id")
+    table.create_index("text", config=FTS())
+    table.add(_fts_reader([(i, "lazy fox") for i in range(6, 11)]))
+    table.optimize()  # may split the FTS index into multiple physical segments
+    name = table.list_indices()[0].name
+    table.set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec.unsharded().with_maintained_indexes([name]))
+    # Multiple physical segments of one logical index must not be miscounted as
+    # multiple indexes and rejected.
+    ids = set(
+        table.search("fox", query_type="fts", fts_columns="text")
+        .limit(20)
+        .to_arrow()["id"]
+        .to_pylist()
+    )
+    assert ids == set(range(1, 11))

python/python/tests/test_remote_db.py

@@ -768,7 +768,11 @@ def test_table_create_indices():
         # Test create_fts_index with custom name (legacy method)
         with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="create_fts_index"):
             table.create_fts_index(
-                "text", wait_timeout=timedelta(seconds=2), name="custom_fts_idx"
+                "text",
+                wait_timeout=timedelta(seconds=2),
+                block_size=256,
+                custom_stop_words=["cloud"],
+                name="custom_fts_idx",
             )
 
         # Test create_index with custom name (legacy form: vector_column_name kwarg)
@@ -791,6 +795,8 @@ def test_table_create_indices():
         fts_req = received_requests[1]
         assert "name" in fts_req
         assert fts_req["name"] == "custom_fts_idx"
+        assert fts_req["block_size"] == 256
+        assert fts_req["custom_stop_words"] == ["cloud"]
 
         # Check vector index request has custom name
         vector_req = received_requests[2]
@@ -876,7 +882,7 @@ def test_remote_create_index_new_api():
             _warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
             table.create_index("vector", config=IvfPq(distance_type="l2"))
             table.create_index("category", config=BTree())
-            table.create_index("text", config=FTS())
+            table.create_index("text", config=FTS(block_size=256))
             # IvfRq via new API
             table.create_index("vector", config=IvfRq(distance_type="l2"))
 
@@ -896,6 +902,7 @@ def test_remote_create_index_new_api():
             "vector",
             "vector",
         ]
+        assert received_requests[2]["block_size"] == 256
 
 
 def test_table_wait_for_index_timeout():

python/python/tests/test_rerankers.py

@@ -644,6 +644,21 @@ def test_cross_encoder_reranker_return_all(tmp_path):
     assert "_distance" in result.column_names
 
 
+def test_answerdotai_reranker_return_all(tmp_path):
+    pytest.importorskip("rerankers")
+    reranker = AnswerdotaiRerankers(return_score="all")
+    table, schema = get_test_table(tmp_path)
+    query = "single player experience"
+    result = (
+        table.search(query, query_type="hybrid", vector_column_name="vector")
+        .rerank(reranker=reranker)
+        .to_arrow()
+    )
+    assert "_relevance_score" in result.column_names
+    assert "_score" in result.column_names
+    assert "_distance" in result.column_names
+
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Regression tests for LinearCombinationReranker scoring bugs (issue #3154)
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

python/python/tests/test_table.py

@@ -1257,6 +1257,53 @@ def test_branch_to_lance_targets_branch(tmp_path):
     assert table.to_lance().count_rows() == 1
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_to_lance(tmp_path):
+    pytest.importorskip("lance")
+    db = await lancedb.connect_async(tmp_path)
+    table = await db.create_table("t", [{"i": 1}])
+
+    dataset = await table.to_lance()
+
+    assert dataset.count_rows() == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_branch_to_lance_targets_branch(tmp_path):
+    pytest.importorskip("lance")
+    db = await lancedb.connect_async(tmp_path)
+    table = await db.create_table("t", [{"i": 1}])
+    branch = await table.branches.create("exp")
+    await branch.add([{"i": 2}])
+
+    assert (await branch.to_lance()).count_rows() == 2
+    assert (await table.to_lance()).count_rows() == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_to_lance_targets_checked_out_version(tmp_path):
+    pytest.importorskip("lance")
+    db = await lancedb.connect_async(tmp_path)
+    table = await db.create_table("t", [{"i": 1}])
+    version = await table.version()
+    await table.add([{"i": 2}])
+    checked_out = await db.open_table("t", version=version)
+
+    assert (await checked_out.to_lance()).count_rows() == 1
+    assert (await table.to_lance()).count_rows() == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_to_lance_forwards_dataset_options(tmp_path):
+    pytest.importorskip("lance")
+    db = await lancedb.connect_async(tmp_path)
+    table = await db.create_table("t", [{"i": 1}])
+
+    dataset = await table.to_lance(default_scan_options={"with_row_id": True})
+
+    assert "_rowid" in dataset.schema.names
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_async_branches(tmp_path):
     db = await lancedb.connect_async(tmp_path)

python/src/index.rs

@@ -59,7 +59,11 @@ pub fn extract_index_params(source: &Option<Bound<'_, PyAny>>) -> PyResult<Lance
                     .ascii_folding(params.ascii_folding)
                     .ngram_min_length(params.ngram_min_length)
                     .ngram_max_length(params.ngram_max_length)
-                    .ngram_prefix_only(params.prefix_only);
+                    .ngram_prefix_only(params.prefix_only)
+                    .custom_stop_words(params.custom_stop_words);
+                let inner_opts = inner_opts
+                    .block_size(params.block_size)
+                    .map_err(|err| PyValueError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
                 Ok(LanceDbIndex::FTS(inner_opts))
             }
             "IvfFlat" => {
@@ -203,10 +207,12 @@ struct FtsParams {
     lower_case: bool,
     stem: bool,
     remove_stop_words: bool,
+    custom_stop_words: Option<Vec<String>>,
     ascii_folding: bool,
     ngram_min_length: u32,
     ngram_max_length: u32,
     prefix_only: bool,
+    block_size: usize,
 }
 
 #[derive(FromPyObject)]

python/src/query.rs

@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@ pub struct PyQueryRequest {
     pub select: PySelect,
     pub fast_search: Option<bool>,
     pub with_row_id: Option<bool>,
+    pub use_lsm: Option<bool>,
     pub column: Option<String>,
     pub query_vector: Option<PyQueryVectors>,
     pub minimum_nprobes: Option<usize>,
@@ -324,6 +325,7 @@ impl From<AnyQuery> for PyQueryRequest {
                 select: PySelect(query_request.select),
                 fast_search: Some(query_request.fast_search),
                 with_row_id: Some(query_request.with_row_id),
+                use_lsm: query_request.use_lsm,
                 column: None,
                 query_vector: None,
                 minimum_nprobes: None,
@@ -348,6 +350,7 @@ impl From<AnyQuery> for PyQueryRequest {
                 select: PySelect(vector_query.base.select),
                 fast_search: Some(vector_query.base.fast_search),
                 with_row_id: Some(vector_query.base.with_row_id),
+                use_lsm: vector_query.base.use_lsm,
                 column: vector_query.column,
                 query_vector: Some(PyQueryVectors(vector_query.query_vector)),
                 minimum_nprobes: Some(vector_query.minimum_nprobes),
@@ -474,6 +477,10 @@ impl Query {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().fast_search();
     }
 
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        self.inner = self.inner.clone().use_lsm(enable);
+    }
+
     pub fn with_row_id(&mut self) {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
@@ -636,6 +643,10 @@ impl TakeQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
 
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        self.inner = self.inner.clone().use_lsm(enable);
+    }
+
     #[pyo3(signature = ())]
     pub fn output_schema(self_: PyRef<'_, Self>) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyAny>> {
         let inner = self_.inner.clone();
@@ -745,6 +756,10 @@ impl FTSQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().fast_search();
     }
 
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        self.inner = self.inner.clone().use_lsm(enable);
+    }
+
     pub fn with_row_id(&mut self) {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
@@ -892,6 +907,10 @@ impl VectorQuery {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().fast_search();
     }
 
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        self.inner = self.inner.clone().use_lsm(enable);
+    }
+
     pub fn with_row_id(&mut self) {
         self.inner = self.inner.clone().with_row_id();
     }
@@ -1086,6 +1105,11 @@ impl HybridQuery {
         self.inner_fts.postfilter();
     }
 
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        self.inner_vec.use_lsm(enable);
+        self.inner_fts.use_lsm(enable);
+    }
+
     pub fn add_query_vector(&mut self, vector: Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
         self.inner_vec.add_query_vector(vector)
     }

python/src/table.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use arrow::{
     ffi_stream::ArrowArrayStreamReader,
     pyarrow::{FromPyArrow, PyArrowType, ToPyArrow},
 };
-use lancedb::blob::BlobFile;
+use lancedb::blob::{BlobFile, BlobRangeRequest};
 use lancedb::index::scalar::FtsIndexBuilder;
 use lancedb::table::{
     AddDataMode, ColumnAlteration, Duration, FieldMetadataUpdate, FtsToken as LanceDbFtsToken,
@@ -520,6 +520,7 @@ impl From<LanceDbFtsToken> for FtsToken {
     lower_case = true,
     stem = true,
     remove_stop_words = true,
+    custom_stop_words = None,
     ascii_folding = true,
     ngram_min_length = 3,
     ngram_max_length = 3,
@@ -534,6 +535,7 @@ pub fn tokenize(
     lower_case: bool,
     stem: bool,
     remove_stop_words: bool,
+    custom_stop_words: Option<Vec<String>>,
     ascii_folding: bool,
     ngram_min_length: u32,
     ngram_max_length: u32,
@@ -555,7 +557,8 @@ pub fn tokenize(
         .ascii_folding(ascii_folding)
         .ngram_min_length(ngram_min_length)
         .ngram_max_length(ngram_max_length)
-        .ngram_prefix_only(prefix_only);
+        .ngram_prefix_only(prefix_only)
+        .custom_stop_words(custom_stop_words);
     let tokens = lancedb_tokenize(&query, &params).infer_error()?;
     Ok(tokens.into_iter().map(FtsToken::from).collect())
 }
@@ -1101,6 +1104,27 @@ impl Table {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Read row-specific blob-local byte ranges in one planned operation.
+    #[pyo3(signature = (column, requests))]
+    pub fn fetch_blob_ranges(
+        self_: PyRef<'_, Self>,
+        column: String,
+        requests: Vec<(u64, u64, u64)>,
+    ) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyAny>> {
+        let inner = self_.inner_ref()?.clone();
+        future_into_py(self_.py(), async move {
+            let requests = requests
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(row_id, offset, length)| BlobRangeRequest::new(row_id, offset, length))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let blobs: LargeBinaryArray = inner
+                .fetch_blob_ranges(column, requests)
+                .await
+                .infer_error()?;
+            Python::attach(|py| blobs.to_data().to_pyarrow(py).map(|obj| obj.unbind()))
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Open lazy blob handles for `row_ids` from blob v2 column `column`.
     #[pyo3(signature = (column, row_ids))]
     pub fn fetch_blob_files(
@@ -1215,8 +1239,8 @@ impl Table {
         if let Some(use_index) = parameters.use_index {
             builder.use_index(use_index);
         }
-        if let Some(use_lsm_write) = parameters.use_lsm_write {
-            builder.use_lsm_write(use_lsm_write);
+        if let Some(use_lsm) = parameters.use_lsm {
+            builder.use_lsm(use_lsm);
         }
         if let Some(validate_single_shard) = parameters.validate_single_shard {
             builder.validate_single_shard(validate_single_shard);
@@ -1454,7 +1478,7 @@ pub struct MergeInsertParams {
     when_not_matched_by_source_condition_expr: Option<PyExpr>,
     timeout: Option<std::time::Duration>,
     use_index: Option<bool>,
-    use_lsm_write: Option<bool>,
+    use_lsm: Option<bool>,
     validate_single_shard: Option<bool>,
 }
 

release_process.md

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 # Release process
 
-There are five total packages we release. Four are the `lancedb` packages
-for Python, Rust, Java, and Node.js. The other one is the legacy `vectordb`
-package node.js.
+We release four `lancedb` packages: Python, Rust, Java, and Node.js.
 
-The Python package is versioned and released separately from the Rust, Java, and Node.js
-ones. For Node.js the release process is shared between `lancedb` and
-`vectordb` for now.
+All four share a single version number, defined by `current_version` in
+`.bumpversion.toml`. One `vX.Y.Z` tag releases all of them, so a breaking change
+in any SDK bumps the minor version for every SDK.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> Python used to be versioned separately, under `python-vX.Y.Z` tags. It ran
+> three minor versions ahead of the other SDKs, which made the two numbers hard
+> to reason about. Both tracks were merged at `v0.37.0`: the Python line went
+> `0.36` → `0.37` as usual, while Rust, Java, and Node.js jumped `0.33` → `0.37`
+> to catch up. Tags before `v0.37.0` follow the old split scheme.
 
 ## Preview releases
 
@@ -27,20 +32,21 @@ The release process uses a handful of GitHub actions to automate the process.
   ┌─────────────────────┐
   │Create Release Commit│
   └─┬───────────────────┘
-    │                           ┌────────────┐ ┌──►Python GH Release
-    ├──►(tag) python-vX.Y.Z ───►│PyPI Publish├─┤
-    │                           └────────────┘ └──►Python Wheels
-    │
-    │                           ┌───────────┐
-    └──►(tag) vX.Y.Z ───┬──────►│NPM Publish├──┬──►Rust/Node GH Release
-                        │       └───────────┘  │
-                        │                      └──►NPM Packages
-                        │       ┌─────────────┐
-                        ├──────►│Cargo Publish├───►Cargo Release
-                        │       └─────────────┘
-                        │       ┌─────────────┐
-                        └──────►│Maven Publish├───►Java Maven Repo Release
-                                └─────────────┘
+    │                    ┌──────────────┐
+    └──►(tag) vX.Y.Z ─┬─►│GitHub Release├───►GH Release
+                      │  └──────────────┘
+                      │  ┌────────────┐
+                      ├─►│PyPI Publish├─────►Python Wheels
+                      │  └────────────┘
+                      │  ┌───────────┐
+                      ├─►│NPM Publish├──────►NPM Packages
+                      │  └───────────┘
+                      │  ┌─────────────┐
+                      ├─►│Cargo Publish├────►Cargo Release
+                      │  └─────────────┘
+                      │  ┌─────────────┐
+                      └─►│Maven Publish├────►Java Maven Repo Release
+                         └─────────────┘
 ```
 
 To start a release, trigger a `Create Release Commit` action from

rust/lancedb/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "lancedb"
-version = "0.32.0-beta.2"
+version = "0.37.1-beta.0"
 edition.workspace = true
 description = "LanceDB: A serverless, low-latency vector database for AI applications"
 license.workspace = true

rust/lancedb/examples/full_text_search.rs

@@ -76,7 +76,12 @@ async fn create_table(db: &Connection) -> Result<Table> {
 
 async fn create_index(table: &Table) -> Result<()> {
     table
-        .create_index(&["doc"], Index::FTS(FtsIndexBuilder::default()))
+        .create_index(
+            &["doc"],
+            Index::FTS(
+                FtsIndexBuilder::default().custom_stop_words(Some(vec!["example".to_owned()])),
+            ),
+        )
         .execute()
         .await?;
     Ok(())

rust/lancedb/src/blob.rs

@@ -11,18 +11,42 @@
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use arrow_array::LargeBinaryArray;
 use arrow_array::builder::LargeBinaryBuilder;
-use arrow_array::{Array, LargeBinaryArray, RecordBatch, StructArray, UInt8Array, UInt64Array};
 use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
-use lance::dataset::{Dataset, WriteParams};
+use lance::dataset::{BlobRangeRequest as LanceBlobRangeRequest, Dataset, WriteParams};
 use lance_arrow::FieldExt;
-use lance_core::datatypes::parse_field_path;
 use lance_encoding::version::LanceFileVersion;
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 
 pub use lance::dataset::BlobFile;
 
+/// One row-specific blob range read request.
+///
+/// `row_id` is obtained from a query with row ids enabled.
+/// `offset` and `length` are relative to the beginning of the logical blob.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BlobRangeRequest {
+    /// Row id of the blob value to read.
+    pub row_id: u64,
+    /// Byte offset from the beginning of the blob value.
+    pub offset: u64,
+    /// Number of bytes to read.
+    pub length: u64,
+}
+
+impl BlobRangeRequest {
+    /// Create a row-specific blob range request.
+    pub const fn new(row_id: u64, offset: u64, length: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            row_id,
+            offset,
+            length,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Creates an Arrow field for a Lance blob v2 column.
 ///
 /// `Struct<data, uri>` with the `lance.blob.v2` marker. Same layout Lance
@@ -145,91 +169,57 @@ pub(crate) fn ensure_blob_v2_column(
     }
 }
 
-/// Returns the leaf descriptor `StructArray` for `column` in a descriptor batch.
-fn leaf_descriptor_struct<'a>(batch: &'a RecordBatch, column: &str) -> Result<&'a StructArray> {
-    let path = parse_field_path(column).map_err(|e| Error::InvalidInput {
-        message: format!("invalid blob column path '{column}': {e}"),
-    })?;
-    let not_struct = || Error::Runtime {
-        message: format!("blob column '{column}' did not read back as a descriptor struct"),
-    };
-    let mut current = batch
-        .column_by_name(&path[0])
-        .and_then(|c| c.as_any().downcast_ref::<StructArray>())
-        .ok_or_else(not_struct)?;
-    for segment in &path[1..] {
-        current = current
-            .column_by_name(segment)
-            .and_then(|c| c.as_any().downcast_ref::<StructArray>())
-            .ok_or_else(not_struct)?;
+fn ensure_all_row_ids_resolved(column: &str, requested: usize, resolved: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    if requested == resolved {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if resolved < requested {
+        Err(Error::InvalidInput {
+            message: format!(
+                "blob read for column '{column}' requested {requested} row ids but only {resolved} \
+                 exist in the table; pass row ids collected from this table"
+            ),
+        })
+    } else {
+        Err(Error::Runtime {
+            message: format!(
+                "blob read for column '{column}' returned {resolved} results for {requested} row ids"
+            ),
+        })
     }
-    Ok(current)
 }
 
-/// Null rows in `row_ids`, from a descriptor take.
-///
-/// Lance `read_blobs` / `take_blobs` skip null rows (`kind == 0 && position == 0 && size == 0`).
-/// TODO(lance): aligned read API would drop this pass.
-async fn blob_null_mask(
+/// Materialize blob-local ranges (same length and order as `requests`, nulls preserved).
+pub(crate) async fn take_blob_ranges_aligned(
     dataset: &Arc<Dataset>,
     column: &str,
-    row_ids: &[u64],
-) -> Result<Vec<bool>> {
-    let projection = dataset.schema().project(&[column])?;
-    let descriptors = dataset.take_builder(row_ids, projection)?.execute().await?;
-    if descriptors.num_rows() != row_ids.len() {
-        return Err(Error::InvalidInput {
-            message: format!(
-                "blob take for column '{column}' requested {} row ids but only {} exist in the \
-                 table; pass row ids collected from this table",
-                row_ids.len(),
-                descriptors.num_rows()
-            ),
-        });
+    requests: &[BlobRangeRequest],
+) -> Result<LargeBinaryArray> {
+    ensure_blob_v2_column(dataset.schema(), column)?;
+    if requests.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(LargeBinaryBuilder::new().finish());
     }
-    let descriptor_struct = leaf_descriptor_struct(&descriptors, column)?;
-    let child = |name: &str| {
-        descriptor_struct
-            .column_by_name(name)
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Runtime {
-                message: format!("blob descriptor for '{column}' is missing the '{name}' field"),
-            })
-    };
-    let kinds = child("kind")?
-        .as_any()
-        .downcast_ref::<UInt8Array>()
-        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Runtime {
-            message: format!("blob descriptor 'kind' for '{column}' is not a UInt8 array"),
-        })?;
-    let positions = child("position")?
-        .as_any()
-        .downcast_ref::<UInt64Array>()
-        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Runtime {
-            message: format!("blob descriptor 'position' for '{column}' is not a UInt64 array"),
-        })?;
-    let sizes = child("size")?
-        .as_any()
-        .downcast_ref::<UInt64Array>()
-        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Runtime {
-            message: format!("blob descriptor 'size' for '{column}' is not a UInt64 array"),
-        })?;
 
-    // Match Lance `collect_blob_entries_v2` skip condition (`BlobKind::Inline` == 0).
-    Ok((0..descriptor_struct.len())
-        .map(|i| {
-            descriptor_struct.is_null(i)
-                || kinds.is_null(i)
-                || (kinds.value(i) == 0 && positions.value(i) == 0 && sizes.value(i) == 0)
-        })
-        .collect())
-}
-
-fn non_null_row_ids(row_ids: &[u64], null_mask: &[bool]) -> Vec<u64> {
-    row_ids
+    let lance_requests = requests
         .iter()
-        .zip(null_mask)
-        .filter_map(|(row_id, is_null)| (!is_null).then_some(*row_id))
-        .collect()
+        .map(|request| LanceBlobRangeRequest::new(request.row_id, request.offset, request.length))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let payloads = dataset
+        .read_blob_ranges(column)?
+        .with_row_ids(lance_requests)
+        .preserve_order(true)
+        .execute()
+        .await?;
+    ensure_all_row_ids_resolved(column, requests.len(), payloads.len())?;
+
+    let mut builder = LargeBinaryBuilder::new();
+    for payload in payloads {
+        match payload.data {
+            Some(data) => builder.append_value(data),
+            None => builder.append_null(),
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(builder.finish())
 }
 
 /// Materialize blob bytes for `row_ids` (same length and order, nulls preserved).
@@ -243,38 +233,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn take_blobs_aligned(
         return Ok(LargeBinaryBuilder::new().finish());
     }
 
-    let null_mask = blob_null_mask(dataset, column, row_ids).await?;
-    let non_null_row_ids = non_null_row_ids(row_ids, &null_mask);
-    let non_null_count = non_null_row_ids.len();
-    let payloads = if non_null_count == 0 {
-        Vec::new()
-    } else {
-        dataset
-            .read_blobs(column)?
-            .with_row_ids(non_null_row_ids)
-            .preserve_order(true)
-            .execute()
-            .await?
-    };
-
-    if payloads.len() != non_null_count {
-        return Err(Error::Runtime {
-            message: format!(
-                "blob read for column '{column}' returned {} payloads for {} non-null rows",
-                payloads.len(),
-                non_null_count
-            ),
-        });
-    }
+    let payloads = dataset
+        .read_blobs(column)?
+        .with_row_ids(row_ids.to_vec())
+        .preserve_order(true)
+        .execute()
+        .await?;
+    ensure_all_row_ids_resolved(column, row_ids.len(), payloads.len())?;
 
     let mut builder = LargeBinaryBuilder::new();
-    let mut payload_idx = 0;
-    for is_null in &null_mask {
-        if *is_null {
-            builder.append_null();
-        } else {
-            builder.append_value(payloads[payload_idx].data.as_ref());
-            payload_idx += 1;
+    for payload in payloads {
+        match payload.data {
+            Some(data) => builder.append_value(data),
+            None => builder.append_null(),
         }
     }
     Ok(builder.finish())
@@ -291,34 +262,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn take_blob_files_aligned(
         return Ok(Vec::new());
     }
 
-    let null_mask = blob_null_mask(dataset, column, row_ids).await?;
-    let non_null_row_ids = non_null_row_ids(row_ids, &null_mask);
-    let handles = if non_null_row_ids.is_empty() {
-        Vec::new()
-    } else {
-        dataset.take_blobs(&non_null_row_ids, column).await?
-    };
-    if handles.len() != non_null_row_ids.len() {
-        return Err(Error::Runtime {
-            message: format!(
-                "blob take for column '{column}' returned {} handles for {} non-null rows",
-                handles.len(),
-                non_null_row_ids.len()
-            ),
-        });
-    }
-
-    let mut handles = handles.into_iter();
-    Ok(null_mask
-        .iter()
-        .map(|is_null| {
-            if *is_null {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(handles.next().unwrap())
-            }
-        })
-        .collect())
+    let handles = dataset.take_blobs(row_ids, column).await?;
+    ensure_all_row_ids_resolved(column, row_ids.len(), handles.len())?;
+    Ok(handles)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

rust/lancedb/src/index.rs

@@ -54,7 +54,26 @@ pub enum Index {
     /// substrings of the raw bytes, unlike the tokenized [`Index::FTS`] index.
     Fm(FmIndexBuilder),
 
-    /// Full text search index using bm25.
+    /// Full text search index using BM25.
+    ///
+    /// The posting block size defaults to 128. Supported values are 128 and 256;
+    /// a value of 256 uses the experimental FTS V3 format and may introduce
+    /// breaking changes.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use lancedb::index::{Index, scalar::FtsIndexBuilder};
+    ///
+    /// # async fn create_fts_index(
+    /// #     table: &lancedb::Table,
+    /// # ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    /// let params = FtsIndexBuilder::default().block_size(256)?;
+    /// table
+    ///     .create_index(&["text"], Index::FTS(params))
+    ///     .execute()
+    ///     .await?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
     FTS(FtsIndexBuilder),
 
     /// IVF index

rust/lancedb/src/lib.rs

@@ -167,6 +167,11 @@
 //! # }
 //! ```
 
+// The MemWAL LSM read path (`table::query::lsm`) deepens the `create_plan` future's
+// type graph enough to overflow the default trait-recursion limit while evaluating
+// auto-traits (`Send`) through the Linux io_uring build's moka cache. Raise it.
+#![recursion_limit = "256"]
+
 pub mod arrow;
 pub mod blob;
 pub mod connection;
@@ -196,7 +201,7 @@ use std::{fmt::Display, str::FromStr};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-pub use blob::{blob, is_blob};
+pub use blob::{BlobRangeRequest, blob, is_blob};
 pub use connection::{ConnectNamespaceBuilder, Connection};
 pub use error::{Error, Result};
 use lance_index::vector::ApproxMode as LanceApproxMode;

rust/lancedb/src/query.rs

@@ -523,6 +523,26 @@ pub trait QueryBase {
     ///
     /// This allows ordering query results by one or more columns in either ascending or descending order.
     fn order_by(self, ordering: Option<Vec<ColumnOrdering>>) -> Self;
+
+    /// Control MemWAL read routing for this query.
+    ///
+    /// By default (unset), when the table carries a MemWAL write spec (see
+    /// [`crate::Table::set_lsm_write_spec`]), reads are routed through the LSM
+    /// scanner so they also return data written via the `merge_insert` LSM path
+    /// that has not yet been compacted into the base table (active/frozen
+    /// memtables and flushed generations); a table without a spec reads the base
+    /// table.
+    ///
+    /// - `use_lsm(true)` forces LSM routing and errors if the table has no
+    ///   MemWAL write spec.
+    /// - `use_lsm(false)` bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only,
+    ///   even when a spec is present.
+    ///
+    /// Note: the LSM scanner does not support every query shape (e.g. reranking,
+    /// hybrid search, `order_by`). On a MemWAL table those shapes error unless
+    /// `use_lsm(false)` is set, because a base-only read would silently
+    /// exclude un-compacted MemWAL data.
+    fn use_lsm(self, enable: bool) -> Self;
 }
 
 pub trait HasQuery {
@@ -593,6 +613,11 @@ impl<T: HasQuery> QueryBase for T {
         self.mut_query().order_by = ordering;
         self
     }
+
+    fn use_lsm(mut self, enable: bool) -> Self {
+        self.mut_query().use_lsm = Some(enable);
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 /// Options for controlling the execution of a query
@@ -844,6 +869,20 @@ pub struct QueryRequest {
     ///
     /// This allows ordering query results by one or more columns in either ascending or descending order.
     pub order_by: Option<Vec<ColumnOrdering>>,
+
+    /// Controls MemWAL read routing. When unset (the default), a query against a
+    /// table that carries a MemWAL write spec (see
+    /// [`crate::Table::set_lsm_write_spec`]) is routed through the LSM scanner so
+    /// it also sees data written via the `merge_insert` LSM path that has not yet
+    /// been compacted into the base table — the active and frozen in-memory
+    /// memtables and the flushed (L0) generations, deduplicated by primary key
+    /// against the base table (newest generation wins); a table without a spec
+    /// reads the base table.
+    ///
+    /// - `Some(true)` forces LSM routing and errors if the table has no MemWAL
+    ///   write spec.
+    /// - `Some(false)` reads only the base table, bypassing the MemWAL.
+    pub use_lsm: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 impl Default for QueryRequest {
@@ -862,6 +901,7 @@ impl Default for QueryRequest {
             norm: None,
             disable_scoring_autoprojection: false,
             order_by: None,
+            use_lsm: None,
         }
     }
 }

rust/lancedb/src/remote/table.rs

@@ -617,6 +617,11 @@ impl<S: HttpSend> RemoteTable<S> {
     ) -> Result<()> {
         params.check_filter()?;
         body["prefilter"] = params.prefilter.into();
+        // Only forward use_lsm when explicitly set; a server that predates it
+        // ignores the field and routes as it would by default.
+        if let Some(use_lsm) = params.use_lsm {
+            body["use_lsm"] = serde_json::Value::Bool(use_lsm);
+        }
         if let Some(offset) = params.offset {
             body["offset"] = serde_json::Value::Number(serde_json::Number::from(offset));
         }
@@ -1626,9 +1631,21 @@ impl<S: HttpSend> BaseTable for RemoteTable<S> {
         let (request_id, response) = self.send(request, true).await?;
         let response = self.check_table_response(&request_id, response).await?;
 
+        // Servers report the creation time either as an RFC 3339 `timestamp`
+        // (direct-table path) or as `timestamp_millis` in milliseconds since
+        // epoch (namespace-backed path), and may omit `metadata`.
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        struct VersionEntry {
+            version: u64,
+            timestamp: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+            timestamp_millis: Option<i64>,
+            #[serde(default)]
+            metadata: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String>,
+        }
+
         #[derive(Deserialize)]
         struct ListVersionsResponse {
-            versions: Vec<Version>,
+            versions: Vec<VersionEntry>,
         }
 
         let body = response.text().await.err_to_http(request_id.clone())?;
@@ -1639,11 +1656,37 @@ impl<S: HttpSend> BaseTable for RemoteTable<S> {
                     err, body
                 )
                 .into(),
-                request_id,
+                request_id: request_id.clone(),
                 status_code: None,
             })?;
 
-        Ok(body.versions)
+        body.versions
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|entry| {
+                let timestamp = entry
+                    .timestamp
+                    .or_else(|| {
+                        entry
+                            .timestamp_millis
+                            .and_then(DateTime::<Utc>::from_timestamp_millis)
+                    })
+                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Http {
+                        source: format!(
+                            "list_versions response for version {} has neither a valid \
+                             `timestamp` nor `timestamp_millis` field",
+                            entry.version
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        request_id: request_id.clone(),
+                        status_code: None,
+                    })?;
+                Ok(Version {
+                    version: entry.version,
+                    timestamp,
+                    metadata: entry.metadata,
+                })
+            })
+            .collect()
     }
 
     async fn schema(&self) -> Result<SchemaRef> {
@@ -2843,6 +2886,10 @@ struct MergeInsertRequest {
     // (the default is true)
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "is_true")]
     use_index: bool,
+    // Only serialize use_lsm when explicitly set (Some); a server that predates
+    // it ignores the field and routes as it would by default.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    use_lsm: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 fn is_true(b: &bool) -> bool {
@@ -2894,6 +2941,7 @@ impl TryFrom<MergeInsertBuilder> for MergeInsertRequest {
             when_not_matched_by_source_delete_filt,
             // Only serialize use_index when it's false for backwards compatibility
             use_index: value.use_index,
+            use_lsm: value.use_lsm,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -4496,6 +4544,28 @@ mod tests {
                 serde_json::to_value(InvertedIndexParams::default()).unwrap(),
                 Index::FTS(Default::default()),
             ),
+            (
+                "FTS",
+                {
+                    let mut body = serde_json::to_value(InvertedIndexParams::default()).unwrap();
+                    body["block_size"] = 256.into();
+                    body
+                },
+                Index::FTS(InvertedIndexParams::default().block_size(256).unwrap()),
+            ),
+            (
+                "FTS",
+                {
+                    let mut body = serde_json::to_value(InvertedIndexParams::default()).unwrap();
+                    body["custom_stop_words"] = json!(["cat", " cat ", "CAT"]);
+                    body
+                },
+                Index::FTS(InvertedIndexParams::default().custom_stop_words(Some(vec![
+                    "cat".to_string(),
+                    " cat ".to_string(),
+                    "CAT".to_string(),
+                ]))),
+            ),
         ];
 
         for (index_type, expected_body, index) in cases {
@@ -5027,8 +5097,9 @@ mod tests {
             "max_token_length": 40,
             "lower_case": true,
             "stem": false,
-            "remove_stop_words": false,
+            "remove_stop_words": true,
             "ascii_folding": true,
+            "custom_stop_words": ["hello"],
         })
         .to_string();
         let table = Table::new_with_handler("my_table", move |request| {
@@ -5066,10 +5137,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                FtsToken {
-                    text: "hello".to_string(),
-                    position: 0,
-                },
                 FtsToken {
                     text: "こんにちは".to_string(),
                     position: 1,
@@ -5227,6 +5294,56 @@ mod tests {
         // assert_eq!(versions, expected);
     }
 
+    /// Namespace-backed servers report `timestamp_millis` instead of
+    /// `timestamp`, and may omit `metadata` entirely.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_list_versions_timestamp_millis() {
+        let table = Table::new_with_handler("my_table", |request| {
+            assert_eq!(request.method(), "POST");
+            assert_eq!(request.url().path(), "/v1/table/my_table/version/list/");
+
+            let response_body = serde_json::json!({
+                "versions": [
+                    {
+                        "version": 1,
+                        "manifest_path": "path/to/_versions/1.manifest",
+                        "timestamp_millis": 1704067200000i64,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "version": 2,
+                        "manifest_path": "path/to/_versions/2.manifest",
+                        "timestamp_millis": 1706745600000i64,
+                        "metadata": {"key": "value"},
+                    },
+                ]
+            });
+            let response_body = serde_json::to_string(&response_body).unwrap();
+
+            http::Response::builder()
+                .status(200)
+                .body(response_body)
+                .unwrap()
+        });
+
+        let versions = table.list_versions().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(versions.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(versions[0].version, 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            versions[0].timestamp,
+            "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z".parse::<DateTime<Utc>>().unwrap()
+        );
+        assert!(versions[0].metadata.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(versions[1].version, 2);
+        assert_eq!(
+            versions[1].timestamp,
+            "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z".parse::<DateTime<Utc>>().unwrap()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            versions[1].metadata.get("key").map(String::as_str),
+            Some("value")
+        );
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_index_stats() {
         let table = Table::new_with_handler("my_table", |request| {

rust/lancedb/src/table.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use lance::dataset::WriteMode;
 use lance::dataset::builder::DatasetBuilder;
 use lance::dataset::{InsertBuilder, WriteParams};
 use lance::index::DatasetIndexExt;
+use lance::index::scalar::load_segment_params;
 use lance::io::{ObjectStoreParams, WrappingObjectStore};
 use lance_datafusion::utils::StreamingWriteSource;
 use lance_index::IndexCriteria;
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use crate::connection::NamespaceClientPushdownOperation;
 
 use crate::DistanceType;
+use crate::blob::BlobRangeRequest;
 use crate::data::scannable::{PeekedScannable, Scannable, estimate_write_partitions};
 use crate::database::Database;
 use crate::database::read_freshness::TableFreshness;
@@ -646,6 +648,16 @@ pub trait BaseTable: std::fmt::Display + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
             message: "fetch_blobs is not supported on this table type".into(),
         })
     }
+    /// Materialize blob-local ranges. See [`Table::fetch_blob_ranges`].
+    async fn fetch_blob_ranges(
+        &self,
+        _column: &str,
+        _requests: &[BlobRangeRequest],
+    ) -> Result<LargeBinaryArray> {
+        Err(Error::NotSupported {
+            message: "fetch_blob_ranges is not supported on this table type".into(),
+        })
+    }
     /// Open lazy blob handles for the given row ids. See [`Table::fetch_blob_files`].
     async fn fetch_blob_files(
         &self,
@@ -1019,8 +1031,9 @@ impl Table {
 
     /// Materialize blob bytes for the given row ids.
     ///
-    /// Output matches `row_ids` in length and order. Null and zero-length rows
-    /// are null. Prefer [`Self::fetch_blob_files`] for large selections.
+    /// Output matches `row_ids` in length and order. Null blobs are null;
+    /// valid empty blobs contain empty byte strings. Prefer
+    /// [`Self::fetch_blob_files`] for large selections.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use arrow_array::UInt64Array;
@@ -1055,6 +1068,47 @@ impl Table {
         self.inner.fetch_blobs(column.as_ref(), row_ids).await
     }
 
+    /// Materialize row-specific ranges from a blob v2 column.
+    ///
+    /// Each request contains a row id and a blob-local offset and length.
+    /// Requests may be duplicated or reordered, including multiple
+    /// ranges for the same blob. The output has the same length and order as
+    /// the requests. Null blobs produce null output slots; empty ranges on
+    /// non-null blobs produce empty byte strings.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use lancedb::blob::BlobRangeRequest;
+    ///
+    /// # use lancedb::Table;
+    /// # async fn read_ranges(table: &Table, row_id: u64) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    /// let ranges = table
+    ///     .fetch_blob_ranges(
+    ///         "image",
+    ///         [
+    ///             BlobRangeRequest::new(row_id, 0, 1024),
+    ///             BlobRangeRequest::new(row_id, 4096, 1024),
+    ///         ],
+    ///     )
+    ///     .await?;
+    /// # let _ = ranges;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error when a range is invalid, a requested row id does not
+    /// exist, or the column is not a blob v2 column. Returns
+    /// [`Error::NotSupported`] on table types without blob support.
+    pub async fn fetch_blob_ranges(
+        &self,
+        column: impl AsRef<str>,
+        requests: impl IntoIterator<Item = BlobRangeRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<LargeBinaryArray> {
+        let requests = requests.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        self.inner
+            .fetch_blob_ranges(column.as_ref(), &requests)
+            .await
+    }
+
     /// Open lazy [`BlobFile`] handles for the given row ids.
     ///
     /// Same length and order as `row_ids`. Null rows are `None`. Bytes are not
@@ -3070,6 +3124,15 @@ impl BaseTable for NativeTable {
         crate::blob::take_blobs_aligned(&dataset, column, row_ids).await
     }
 
+    async fn fetch_blob_ranges(
+        &self,
+        column: &str,
+        requests: &[BlobRangeRequest],
+    ) -> Result<LargeBinaryArray> {
+        let dataset = self.dataset.get().await?;
+        crate::blob::take_blob_ranges_aligned(&dataset, column, requests).await
+    }
+
     async fn fetch_blob_files(
         &self,
         column: &str,
@@ -3131,10 +3194,9 @@ impl BaseTable for NativeTable {
     async fn list_indices(&self) -> Result<Vec<IndexConfig>> {
         let dataset = self.dataset.get().await?;
         let total_rows = dataset.count_rows(None).await? as u64;
-        let indices = dataset
-            .describe_indices(None)
-            .await?
-            .into_iter()
+        let descriptions = dataset.describe_indices(None).await?;
+        let mut indices: Vec<IndexConfig> = descriptions
+            .iter()
             .filter_map(|idx_desc| {
                 let index_type: crate::index::IndexType = idx_desc
                     .index_type()
@@ -3192,6 +3254,31 @@ impl BaseTable for NativeTable {
                 })
             })
             .collect();
+
+        for index in indices
+            .iter_mut()
+            .filter(|index| index.index_type == crate::index::IndexType::FTS)
+        {
+            let Some(description) = descriptions
+                .iter()
+                .find(|description| description.name() == index.name)
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let segments = description.segments();
+            let Some(segment) = segments.first() else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let params = load_segment_params(&dataset, segment).await?;
+            let details = serde_json::to_string(&params).map_err(|source| Error::Other {
+                message: format!(
+                    "Failed to serialize full text search configuration for index '{}'",
+                    index.name
+                ),
+                source: Some(Box::new(source)),
+            })?;
+            index.index_details = Some(details);
+        }
         Ok(indices)
     }
 
@@ -4049,10 +4136,10 @@ mod tests {
         Box::new(RecordBatchIterator::new(vec![Ok(batch)], schema))
     }
 
-    // Windows does not support precise sleep durations due to timer resolution limitations.
-    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_read_consistency_interval() {
+        use crate::utils::background_cache::clock;
+
         let intervals = vec![
             None,
             Some(0),
@@ -4079,6 +4166,12 @@ mod tests {
             let conn2 = conn2.execute().await.unwrap();
             let table2 = conn2.open_table("my_table").execute().await.unwrap();
 
+            // Freeze the consistency clock now that `table2` has seeded its cache, so the
+            // interval only elapses when this test advances it. Otherwise the write and
+            // count_rows calls below race the real 100ms interval, which a loaded CI
+            // runner loses. Must come after open_table: creating the cache clears the mock.
+            clock::pin();
+
             assert_eq!(table1.count_rows(None).await.unwrap(), 0);
             assert_eq!(table2.count_rows(None).await.unwrap(), 0);
 
@@ -4096,7 +4189,7 @@ mod tests {
                 }
                 Some(100) => {
                     assert_eq!(table2.count_rows(None).await.unwrap(), 0);
-                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+                    clock::advance_by(Duration::from_millis(100));
                     assert_eq!(table2.count_rows(None).await.unwrap(), 1);
                 }
                 _ => unreachable!(),

rust/lancedb/src/table/create_index.rs

@@ -382,7 +382,9 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::connect;
     use crate::connection::ConnectBuilder;
     use crate::index::Index;
-    use crate::index::scalar::{BTreeIndexBuilder, BitmapIndexBuilder, FmIndexBuilder};
+    use crate::index::scalar::{
+        BTreeIndexBuilder, BitmapIndexBuilder, FmIndexBuilder, FtsIndexBuilder,
+    };
     use crate::index::vector::{
         IvfHnswFlatIndexBuilder, IvfHnswPqIndexBuilder, IvfHnswSqIndexBuilder,
     };
@@ -1362,16 +1364,57 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap();
 
         table
-            .create_index(&["text"], Index::FTS(Default::default()))
+            .create_index(
+                &["text"],
+                Index::FTS(
+                    FtsIndexBuilder::default()
+                        .stem(false)
+                        .custom_stop_words(Some(vec!["cat".to_string()]))
+                        .block_size(256)
+                        .unwrap(),
+                ),
+            )
             .execute()
             .await
             .unwrap();
+        drop(table);
+        let table = conn.open_table("test_bitmap").execute().await.unwrap();
         let index_configs = table.list_indices().await.unwrap();
         assert_eq!(index_configs.len(), 1);
         let index = index_configs.into_iter().next().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(index.index_type, crate::index::IndexType::FTS);
         assert_eq!(index.columns, vec!["text".to_string()]);
         assert_eq!(index.name, "text_idx");
+        assert_eq!(index.index_version, Some(3));
+        let index_params: FtsIndexBuilder =
+            serde_json::from_str(index.index_details.as_deref().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(index_params.posting_block_size(), 256);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_value(&index_params).unwrap()["custom_stop_words"],
+            serde_json::json!(["cat"])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            table
+                .tokenize("cat dog", "text_idx")
+                .await
+                .unwrap()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|token| token.text)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec!["dog"]
+        );
+
+        let batches = table
+            .query()
+            .full_text_search(FullTextSearchQuery::new("cat dog".to_string()))
+            .limit(120)
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .try_collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(batches.iter().map(RecordBatch::num_rows).sum::<usize>(), 40);
 
         let num_rows = 120;
         let stats = table.index_stats("text_idx").await.unwrap().unwrap();

rust/lancedb/src/table/datafusion.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub mod udtf;
 
 use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
 
-use arrow_array::RecordBatch;
+use arrow_array::{RecordBatch, RecordBatchOptions};
 use arrow_schema::Schema as ArrowSchema;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use datafusion_catalog::{Session, TableProvider};
@@ -126,7 +126,12 @@ impl ExecutionPlan for MetadataEraserExec {
         let stream = self.input.execute(partition, context)?;
         let schema = self.schema.clone();
         let stream = stream.map_ok(move |batch| {
-            RecordBatch::try_new(schema.clone(), batch.columns().to_vec()).unwrap()
+            RecordBatch::try_new_with_options(
+                schema.clone(),
+                batch.columns().to_vec(),
+                &RecordBatchOptions::new().with_row_count(Some(batch.num_rows())),
+            )
+            .unwrap()
         });
         Ok(
             Box::pin(RecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(self.schema.clone(), stream))
@@ -544,6 +549,60 @@ pub mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// A scan with an EMPTY projection (the shape a filtered `COUNT(*)` feeds in) yields
+    /// zero-column batches. `MetadataEraserExec::execute` rebuilt each batch with
+    /// `RecordBatch::try_new(schema, cols).unwrap()`; for a column-less batch that errors with
+    /// "must either specify a row count or at least one column" and the `.unwrap()` panics.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_metadata_eraser_empty_projection_preserves_row_count() {
+        let fixture = TestFixture::new().await;
+
+        // Empty projection => zero output columns over N rows. Table "foo" has 10 rows.
+        let plan =
+            LogicalPlanBuilder::scan("foo", provider_as_source(fixture.adapter), Some(vec![]))
+                .unwrap()
+                .build()
+                .unwrap();
+
+        let mut stream = TestFixture::plan_to_stream(plan).await;
+
+        let mut rows = 0usize;
+        while let Some(batch) = stream.try_next().await.unwrap() {
+            assert_eq!(
+                batch.num_columns(),
+                0,
+                "empty projection must yield zero columns"
+            );
+            rows += batch.num_rows();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            rows, 10,
+            "row count must survive MetadataEraserExec on a zero-column batch"
+        );
+
+        // End-to-end SQL regression for the previous panic.
+        let fixture = TestFixture::new().await;
+
+        let ctx = SessionContext::new();
+        ctx.register_table("foo", fixture.adapter.clone()).unwrap();
+
+        let batches = ctx
+            .sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM foo WHERE i < 5")
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .collect()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let count = batches[0]
+            .column(0)
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<Int64Array>()
+            .unwrap()
+            .value(0);
+        assert_eq!(count, 5, "COUNT(*) WHERE i < 5 over 0..10 must be 5");
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_filter_pushdown() {
         let fixture = TestFixture::new().await;

rust/lancedb/src/table/merge.rs

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub struct MergeInsertBuilder {
     pub(crate) when_not_matched_by_source_delete_filt: Option<MergeFilter>,
     pub(crate) timeout: Option<Duration>,
     pub(crate) use_index: bool,
-    pub(crate) use_lsm_write: Option<bool>,
+    pub(crate) use_lsm: Option<bool>,
     pub(crate) validate_single_shard: bool,
 }
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl MergeInsertBuilder {
             when_not_matched_by_source_delete_filt: None,
             timeout: None,
             use_index: true,
-            use_lsm_write: None,
+            use_lsm: None,
             validate_single_shard: true,
         }
     }
@@ -187,16 +187,17 @@ impl MergeInsertBuilder {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Controls whether `merge_insert` uses the MemWAL LSM write path.
+    /// Control MemWAL routing for this `merge_insert`.
     ///
     /// By default (unset), a `merge_insert` on a table with an
-    /// [`LsmWriteSpec`](super::LsmWriteSpec) installed is routed through
-    /// Lance's MemWAL shard writer, and a table without one uses the standard
-    /// path. Calling this with `false` forces the standard path even when a
-    /// spec is set. Calling it with `true` requires a spec — `merge_insert`
-    /// errors if none is installed.
-    pub fn use_lsm_write(&mut self, use_lsm_write: bool) -> &mut Self {
-        self.use_lsm_write = Some(use_lsm_write);
+    /// [`LsmWriteSpec`](super::LsmWriteSpec) installed is routed through Lance's
+    /// MemWAL shard writer; a table without one uses the standard path.
+    ///
+    /// - `use_lsm(true)` forces MemWAL routing and errors if the table has no
+    ///   LSM write spec.
+    /// - `use_lsm(false)` forces the standard write path even when a spec is set.
+    pub fn use_lsm(&mut self, enable: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.use_lsm = Some(enable);
         self
     }
 
@@ -626,7 +627,7 @@ mod lsm_tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn lsm_merge_insert_use_lsm_write_false_falls_back() {
+    async fn lsm_merge_insert_use_lsm_false_falls_back() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let table = id_value_table(&dir).await;
         table
@@ -634,9 +635,10 @@ mod lsm_tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
-        // use_lsm_write(false) opts out: the standard path runs and commits.
+        // use_lsm(false) opts out: the standard path runs and commits even though
+        // a spec is installed.
         let mut builder = table.merge_insert(&["id"]);
-        builder.when_not_matched_insert_all().use_lsm_write(false);
+        builder.when_not_matched_insert_all().use_lsm(false);
         let result = builder
             .execute(id_value_reader(vec![3, 4, 5]))
             .await
@@ -646,6 +648,25 @@ mod lsm_tests {
         assert_eq!(table.count_rows(None).await.unwrap(), 5);
     }
 
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_merge_insert_use_lsm_true_without_spec_errors() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let table = id_value_table(&dir).await;
+
+        // use_lsm(true) demands MemWAL routing; without a write spec it errors
+        // rather than silently falling back to the standard path.
+        let mut builder = table.merge_insert(&["id"]);
+        builder
+            .when_matched_update_all(None)
+            .when_not_matched_insert_all()
+            .use_lsm(true);
+        let err = builder
+            .execute(id_value_reader(vec![3, 4, 5]))
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, Error::InvalidInput { .. }), "got {err:?}");
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn lsm_merge_insert_rejects_on_not_primary_key() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -754,18 +775,23 @@ mod lsm_tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn lsm_merge_insert_use_lsm_write_true_requires_spec() {
+    async fn lsm_merge_insert_no_spec_uses_standard_path() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         // id_value_table sets a primary key but no LSM write spec.
         let table = id_value_table(&dir).await;
 
+        // Without a spec, a default merge_insert (use_lsm unset) simply uses
+        // the standard path and commits — no opt-out required, no error.
         let mut builder = table.merge_insert(&["id"]);
         builder
             .when_matched_update_all(None)
-            .when_not_matched_insert_all()
-            .use_lsm_write(true);
-        let err = builder.execute(id_value_reader(vec![4])).await.unwrap_err();
-        assert!(matches!(err, Error::InvalidInput { .. }), "got {err:?}");
+            .when_not_matched_insert_all();
+        let result = builder
+            .execute(id_value_reader(vec![3, 4, 5]))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.num_inserted_rows, 2);
+        assert_eq!(table.count_rows(None).await.unwrap(), 5);
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -818,4 +844,387 @@ mod lsm_tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
     }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // LSM read path
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    use crate::arrow::SendableRecordBatchStream;
+    use crate::query::{ExecutableQuery, QueryBase};
+    use arrow::array::AsArray;
+    use arrow::datatypes::Int64Type;
+    use futures::TryStreamExt;
+
+    /// Collect `(id, value)` pairs from a result stream, sorted by id.
+    async fn collect_id_value(stream: SendableRecordBatchStream) -> Vec<(i64, i64)> {
+        let batches: Vec<_> = stream.try_collect().await.unwrap();
+        let mut rows = Vec::new();
+        for batch in &batches {
+            let ids = batch
+                .column_by_name("id")
+                .unwrap()
+                .as_primitive::<Int64Type>();
+            let values = batch
+                .column_by_name("value")
+                .unwrap()
+                .as_primitive::<Int64Type>();
+            for i in 0..batch.num_rows() {
+                rows.push((ids.value(i), values.value(i)));
+            }
+        }
+        rows.sort();
+        rows
+    }
+
+    /// Upsert `ids` (value = 0..n) through the LSM `merge_insert` path.
+    async fn lsm_upsert(table: &Table, ids: Vec<i64>) {
+        let mut builder = table.merge_insert(&[]);
+        builder
+            .when_matched_update_all(None)
+            .when_not_matched_insert_all();
+        builder.execute(id_value_reader(ids)).await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_sees_active_memtable() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let table = id_value_table(&dir).await; // base: ids 1,2,3 (value 0,1,2)
+        table
+            .set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec::unsharded())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Insert ids 4,5 into the active memtable (not committed to base).
+        lsm_upsert(&table, vec![4, 5]).await;
+
+        // Default read auto-routes through the LSM scanner: base ∪ active memtable.
+        let lsm = table.query().execute().await.unwrap();
+        let rows = collect_id_value(lsm).await;
+        assert_eq!(
+            rows.iter().map(|(id, _)| *id).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        );
+
+        // use_lsm(false) bypasses the MemWAL and reads the base table only.
+        let base_only = table.query().use_lsm(false).execute().await.unwrap();
+        let rows = collect_id_value(base_only).await;
+        assert_eq!(
+            rows.iter().map(|(id, _)| *id).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_dedup_newest_wins() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let table = id_value_table(&dir).await; // base: id 2 -> value 1
+        table
+            .set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec::unsharded())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Upsert ids 2,3,4 with values 0,1,2. id 2 and 3 shadow the base rows.
+        lsm_upsert(&table, vec![2, 3, 4]).await;
+
+        let lsm = table.query().execute().await.unwrap();
+        let rows = collect_id_value(lsm).await;
+        // id 1 from base (value 0); ids 2,3,4 from memtable (values 0,1,2).
+        assert_eq!(rows, vec![(1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 1), (4, 2)]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_point_lookup_filter() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let table = id_value_table(&dir).await;
+        table
+            .set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec::unsharded())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        lsm_upsert(&table, vec![2, 3, 4]).await; // id 2 -> value 0 (shadows base)
+
+        let lsm = table.query().only_if("id = 2").execute().await.unwrap();
+        let rows = collect_id_value(lsm).await;
+        assert_eq!(rows, vec![(2, 0)]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_multi_shard() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let table = id_value_table(&dir).await;
+        table
+            .set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec::bucket("id", 8))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Two single-row upserts that route to (likely) different buckets; each
+        // closes the writer so the next opens a fresh shard.
+        lsm_upsert(&table, vec![10]).await;
+        table.close_lsm_writers().await.unwrap();
+        lsm_upsert(&table, vec![11]).await;
+
+        let lsm = table.query().execute().await.unwrap();
+        let rows = collect_id_value(lsm).await;
+        let ids: Vec<i64> = rows.iter().map(|(id, _)| *id).collect();
+        // Base 1,2,3 + flushed/active shards for 10 and 11.
+        assert_eq!(ids, vec![1, 2, 3, 10, 11]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_after_close_sees_flushed() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let table = id_value_table(&dir).await;
+        table
+            .set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec::unsharded())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        lsm_upsert(&table, vec![4, 5]).await;
+        // close flushes the active memtable to an on-disk generation and drops
+        // the cached writer; the read must still see those rows via the shard
+        // manifest snapshot.
+        table.close_lsm_writers().await.unwrap();
+
+        let lsm = table.query().execute().await.unwrap();
+        let ids: Vec<i64> = collect_id_value(lsm)
+            .await
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(id, _)| *id)
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(ids, vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_without_spec_reads_base() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let table = id_value_table(&dir).await; // no LSM write spec
+
+        // With no spec installed there is nothing to route: the default read and
+        // an explicit use_lsm(false) both read the base table without error.
+        for query in [table.query(), table.query().use_lsm(false)] {
+            let rows = collect_id_value(query.execute().await.unwrap()).await;
+            assert_eq!(
+                rows.iter().map(|(id, _)| *id).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                vec![1, 2, 3]
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_unsupported_shape_errors_without_use_lsm_false() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let table = id_value_table(&dir).await;
+        table
+            .set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec::unsharded())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        lsm_upsert(&table, vec![4]).await;
+
+        // `with_row_id` is a shape the LSM scanner cannot honor. On a MemWAL
+        // table the default (auto-routed) read hard-errors rather than silently
+        // reading a stale base-only result that would exclude un-compacted row 4.
+        let err = table
+            .query()
+            .with_row_id()
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .err()
+            .expect("unsupported shape on a MemWAL table must error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, Error::NotSupported { .. }), "got {err:?}");
+
+        // use_lsm(false) is the escape hatch: it reads the base table only.
+        let rows = collect_id_value(
+            table
+                .query()
+                .with_row_id()
+                .use_lsm(false)
+                .execute()
+                .await
+                .unwrap(),
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(
+            rows.iter().map(|(id, _)| *id).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3]
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A reader of `[id: Int64, text: Utf8]` rows.
+    fn id_text_reader(rows: Vec<(i64, &str)>) -> Box<dyn RecordBatchReader + Send> {
+        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
+            Field::new("id", DataType::Int64, false),
+            Field::new("text", DataType::Utf8, false),
+        ]));
+        let ids: Vec<i64> = rows.iter().map(|(id, _)| *id).collect();
+        let texts: Vec<&str> = rows.iter().map(|(_, t)| *t).collect();
+        let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(
+            schema.clone(),
+            vec![
+                Arc::new(Int64Array::from(ids)),
+                Arc::new(StringArray::from(texts)),
+            ],
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        Box::new(RecordBatchIterator::new(vec![Ok(batch)], schema))
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_full_text_search() {
+        use crate::index::Index;
+        use lance_index::scalar::FullTextSearchQuery;
+
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let conn = connect(dir.path().to_str().unwrap())
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let table = conn
+            .create_table(
+                "t",
+                id_text_reader(vec![(1, "alpha"), (2, "beta"), (3, "gamma")]),
+            )
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        table.set_unenforced_primary_key(["id"]).await.unwrap();
+        table
+            .create_index(&["text"], Index::FTS(Default::default()))
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let fts_index = table.list_indices().await.unwrap()[0].name.clone();
+        table
+            .set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec::unsharded().with_maintained_indexes([fts_index]))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Insert a row whose term ("zebra") exists in no base row.
+        let mut builder = table.merge_insert(&[]);
+        builder
+            .when_matched_update_all(None)
+            .when_not_matched_insert_all();
+        builder
+            .execute(id_text_reader(vec![(99, "zebra")]))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let search = |term: &str| {
+            let q = FullTextSearchQuery::new(term.to_string())
+                .with_column("text".to_string())
+                .unwrap();
+            table.query().full_text_search(q)
+        };
+
+        // "zebra" lives only in the active memtable; LSM read finds it.
+        let stream = search("zebra").execute().await.unwrap();
+        let batches: Vec<_> = stream.try_collect().await.unwrap();
+        let rows: usize = batches.iter().map(|b| b.num_rows()).sum();
+        assert_eq!(rows, 1, "LSM FTS must surface the memtable row");
+
+        // A base-only term still matches the base table through the LSM scan.
+        let stream = search("alpha").execute().await.unwrap();
+        let batches: Vec<_> = stream.try_collect().await.unwrap();
+        let rows: usize = batches.iter().map(|b| b.num_rows()).sum();
+        assert_eq!(rows, 1, "LSM FTS must still see base rows");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lsm_read_vector_search() {
+        use crate::index::Index;
+        use crate::index::vector::IvfPqIndexBuilder;
+        use arrow::array::{FixedSizeListBuilder, Float32Builder};
+        use arrow::datatypes::Int64Type;
+
+        const DIM: i32 = 8;
+        const N: i64 = 256;
+
+        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
+            Field::new("id", DataType::Int64, false),
+            Field::new(
+                "vec",
+                DataType::FixedSizeList(Arc::new(Field::new("item", DataType::Float32, true)), DIM),
+                false,
+            ),
+        ]));
+        let make_batch = |rows: Vec<(i64, f32)>| -> RecordBatch {
+            let ids: Vec<i64> = rows.iter().map(|(id, _)| *id).collect();
+            let mut vb = FixedSizeListBuilder::new(Float32Builder::new(), DIM);
+            for (_, fill) in &rows {
+                for _ in 0..DIM {
+                    vb.values().append_value(*fill);
+                }
+                vb.append(true);
+            }
+            RecordBatch::try_new(
+                schema.clone(),
+                vec![Arc::new(Int64Array::from(ids)), Arc::new(vb.finish())],
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+        };
+
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let conn = connect(dir.path().to_str().unwrap())
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        // Base rows fill each vector with its own id (0..256); all far from 1000.
+        let base = make_batch((0..N).map(|i| (i, i as f32)).collect());
+        let base_reader: Box<dyn RecordBatchReader + Send> =
+            Box::new(RecordBatchIterator::new(vec![Ok(base)], schema.clone()));
+        let table = conn.create_table("t", base_reader).execute().await.unwrap();
+        table.set_unenforced_primary_key(["id"]).await.unwrap();
+        table
+            .create_index(
+                &["vec"],
+                Index::IvfPq(
+                    IvfPqIndexBuilder::default()
+                        .num_partitions(1)
+                        .num_sub_vectors(2),
+                ),
+            )
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let vec_index = table.list_indices().await.unwrap()[0].name.clone();
+        table
+            .set_lsm_write_spec(LsmWriteSpec::unsharded().with_maintained_indexes([vec_index]))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Insert a vector (filled with 1000) that is nearest to the query.
+        let mut builder = table.merge_insert(&[]);
+        builder
+            .when_matched_update_all(None)
+            .when_not_matched_insert_all();
+        let insert_reader: Box<dyn RecordBatchReader + Send> = Box::new(RecordBatchIterator::new(
+            vec![Ok(make_batch(vec![(9999, 1000.0)]))],
+            schema.clone(),
+        ));
+        builder.execute(insert_reader).await.unwrap();
+
+        // KNN near [1000; DIM]: the default (auto-routed) read surfaces the
+        // memtable row.
+        let stream = table
+            .query()
+            .nearest_to(&[1000.0_f32; 8])
+            .unwrap()
+            .limit(1)
+            .execute()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let batches: Vec<_> = stream.try_collect().await.unwrap();
+        let ids: Vec<i64> = batches
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|b| {
+                b.column_by_name("id")
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .as_primitive::<Int64Type>()
+                    .values()
+                    .to_vec()
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            ids,
+            vec![9999],
+            "LSM vector search must rank the memtable row first"
+        );
+    }
 }

rust/lancedb/src/table/merge/lsm.rs

@@ -306,6 +306,39 @@ impl ShardWriterEntry {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    /// The cached writer's latest in-memory manifest (current generation +
+    /// flushed generations). `Ok(None)` if the writer was already closed.
+    /// Used by the LSM read path to snapshot this shard authoritatively
+    /// without re-reading the on-disk manifest.
+    async fn manifest(&self) -> Result<Option<lance_index::mem_wal::ShardManifest>> {
+        let guard = self.inner.read().await;
+        let Some(writer) = guard.as_ref() else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        writer.manifest().await.map_err(|e| Error::Runtime {
+            message: format!("read: shard writer manifest read failed: {}", e),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Atomically capture the cached writer's active + frozen-awaiting-flush
+    /// memtables for unified LSM scanning. `Ok(None)` if the writer was
+    /// already closed.
+    async fn in_memory_memtable_refs(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<Option<lance::dataset::mem_wal::scanner::InMemoryMemTables>> {
+        let guard = self.inner.read().await;
+        let Some(writer) = guard.as_ref() else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        writer
+            .in_memory_memtable_refs()
+            .await
+            .map(Some)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Runtime {
+                message: format!("read: shard writer memtable capture failed: {}", e),
+            })
+    }
 }
 
 impl ShardWriterCache {
@@ -345,6 +378,36 @@ impl ShardWriterCache {
         Ok(entry)
     }
 
+    /// Snapshot the cached writer's shard for the LSM read path: its shard id,
+    /// authoritative in-memory manifest, and active + frozen memtable refs.
+    /// Returns `None` when no writer is currently cached (e.g. nothing has been
+    /// written this session, or the writer was closed).
+    #[allow(clippy::redundant_pub_crate)]
+    pub(crate) async fn read_snapshot(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<
+        Option<(
+            Uuid,
+            Option<lance_index::mem_wal::ShardManifest>,
+            Option<lance::dataset::mem_wal::scanner::InMemoryMemTables>,
+        )>,
+    > {
+        let cached = {
+            let guard = self.slot.read().await;
+            guard.as_ref().map(|(id, entry)| (*id, entry.clone()))
+        };
+        let Some((shard_id, entry)) = cached else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        // Capture memtables before the manifest. If a flush interleaves, dedup
+        // tolerates the same rows appearing in both a memtable and a freshly
+        // flushed generation, but would drop rows present in neither. Manifest
+        // last guarantees any generation flushed mid-capture is still covered.
+        let memtables = entry.in_memory_memtable_refs().await?;
+        let manifest = entry.manifest().await?;
+        Ok(Some((shard_id, manifest, memtables)))
+    }
+
     /// Close the cached writer, if any, and clear the slot.
     #[allow(clippy::redundant_pub_crate)]
     pub(crate) async fn drain_and_close(&self) -> Result<()> {
@@ -408,19 +471,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn lsm_dispatch_decision(
     table: &NativeTable,
     params: &MergeInsertBuilder,
 ) -> Result<LsmDispatch> {
-    // `Some(false)` is an explicit opt-out: use the standard path.
-    if params.use_lsm_write == Some(false) {
+    // Explicit opt-out: use the standard path regardless of any installed spec.
+    if params.use_lsm == Some(false) {
         return Ok(LsmDispatch::Standard);
     }
 
     let dataset = table.dataset.get().await?;
     let Some(details) = dataset.mem_wal_index_details().await? else {
-        // No LSM write spec installed. `Some(true)` explicitly asked for the
-        // LSM path, which is meaningless without a spec; `None` (the default)
-        // just falls back to the standard path.
-        if params.use_lsm_write == Some(true) {
+        // No write spec installed. `use_lsm(true)` demanded MemWAL routing, so
+        // that is an error; otherwise fall back to the standard path.
+        if params.use_lsm == Some(true) {
             return Err(Error::InvalidInput {
-                message: "merge_insert: use_lsm_write(true) requires an LSM write spec on the table; call set_lsm_write_spec first".to_string(),
+                message: "use_lsm(true) was set but the table has no MemWAL write spec; \
+                    install one with set_lsm_write_spec or leave use_lsm unset"
+                    .to_string(),
             });
         }
         return Ok(LsmDispatch::Standard);
@@ -449,7 +513,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn lsm_dispatch_decision(
 
     if !is_upsert_only(params) {
         return Err(Error::InvalidInput {
-            message: "merge_insert: when an LSM write spec is set, only the upsert form (when_matched_update_all without a filter + when_not_matched_insert_all, no by-source delete) is supported; call use_lsm_write(false) to use the standard merge_insert path".to_string(),
+            message: "merge_insert: when an LSM write spec is set, only the upsert form (when_matched_update_all without a filter + when_not_matched_insert_all, no by-source delete) is supported; call use_lsm(false) to use the standard merge_insert path".to_string(),
         });
     }