pass multiple safekeeper hostaddrs to primary_conninfo

Change --replicates option to --hot-standby flag
WIP: Add new neon_local option to spin up read-only replica.
2026-06-23 07:10:38 +00:00 · 2023-03-02 18:05:17 +02:00 · 2023-03-02 17:38:31 +02:00 · 2023-03-02 17:38:31 +02:00
179 changed files with 4084 additions and 7080 deletions
--- a/.github/actions/run-python-test-set/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/run-python-test-set/action.yml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ inputs:
  run_in_parallel:
    description: 'Whether to run tests in parallel'
    required: false
-    default: 'false'
+    default: 'true'
  save_perf_report:
    description: 'Whether to upload the performance report, if true PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR env variable should be set'
    required: false
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ runs:
          --junitxml=$TEST_OUTPUT/junit.xml \
          --alluredir=$TEST_OUTPUT/allure/results \
          --tb=short \
-          --verbose -k "test_forward or test_create_snapsh" -x \
+          --verbose \
          -rA $TEST_SELECTION $EXTRA_PARAMS

        if [[ "${{ inputs.save_perf_report }}" == "true" ]]; then
--- a/.github/ansible/deploy.yaml
+++ b/.github/ansible/deploy.yaml
@@ -91,15 +91,6 @@
      tags:
      - pageserver

-    # used in `pageserver.service` template
-    - name: learn current availability_zone
-      shell:
-        cmd: "curl -s http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/placement/availability-zone"
-      register: ec2_availability_zone
-
-    - set_fact: 
-        ec2_availability_zone={{ ec2_availability_zone.stdout }}
-
    - name: upload systemd service definition
      ansible.builtin.template:
        src: systemd/pageserver.service
@@ -127,7 +118,7 @@
        cmd: |
          INSTANCE_ID=$(curl -s http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instance-id)
          curl -sfS -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/pageservers/$INSTANCE_ID | jq '.version = {{ current_version }}' > /tmp/new_version
-          curl -sfS -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST -d@/tmp/new_version {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/pageservers
+          curl -sfS -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" -X POST -d@/tmp/new_version {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/pageservers
      tags:
      - pageserver

@@ -162,15 +153,6 @@
      tags:
      - safekeeper

-    # used in `safekeeper.service` template
-    - name: learn current availability_zone
-      shell:
-        cmd: "curl -s http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/placement/availability-zone"
-      register: ec2_availability_zone
-
-    - set_fact: 
-        ec2_availability_zone={{ ec2_availability_zone.stdout }}
-
    # in the future safekeepers should discover pageservers byself
    # but currently use first pageserver that was discovered
    - name: set first pageserver var for safekeepers
@@ -206,6 +188,6 @@
        cmd: |
          INSTANCE_ID=$(curl -s http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instance-id)
          curl -sfS -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/safekeepers/$INSTANCE_ID | jq '.version = {{ current_version }}' > /tmp/new_version
-          curl -sfS -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST -d@/tmp/new_version {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/safekeepers
+          curl -sfS -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" -X POST -d@/tmp/new_version {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/safekeepers
      tags:
      - safekeeper
--- a/.github/ansible/prod.eu-central-1.hosts.yaml
+++ b/.github/ansible/prod.eu-central-1.hosts.yaml
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@ storage:
          ansible_host:  i-0cd8d316ecbb715be
        pageserver-1.eu-central-1.aws.neon.tech:
          ansible_host:  i-090044ed3d383fef0
-        pageserver-2.eu-central-1.aws.neon.tech:
-          ansible_host:  i-033584edf3f4b6742

    safekeepers:
      hosts:
--- a/.github/ansible/scripts/init_pageserver.sh
+++ b/.github/ansible/scripts/init_pageserver.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ EOF
 if ! curl -sf -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/pageservers/${INSTANCE_ID} -o /dev/null; then

    # not registered, so register it now
-    ID=$(curl -sf -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" -H "Content-Type: application/json" {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/pageservers -d@/tmp/payload | jq -r '.id')
+    ID=$(curl -sf -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/pageservers -d@/tmp/payload | jq -r '.id')

    # init pageserver
    sudo -u pageserver /usr/local/bin/pageserver -c "id=${ID}" -c "pg_distrib_dir='/usr/local'" --init -D /storage/pageserver/data
--- a/.github/ansible/scripts/init_safekeeper.sh
+++ b/.github/ansible/scripts/init_safekeeper.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ EOF
 if ! curl -sf -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/safekeepers/${INSTANCE_ID} -o /dev/null; then

    # not registered, so register it now
-    ID=$(curl -sf -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" -H "Content-Type: application/json" {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/safekeepers -d@/tmp/payload | jq -r '.id')
+    ID=$(curl -sf -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer {{ CONSOLE_API_TOKEN }}" {{ console_mgmt_base_url }}/management/api/v2/safekeepers -d@/tmp/payload | jq -r '.id')
    # init safekeeper
    sudo -u safekeeper /usr/local/bin/safekeeper --id ${ID} --init -D /storage/safekeeper/data
 fi
--- a/.github/ansible/systemd/pageserver.service
+++ b/.github/ansible/systemd/pageserver.service
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ After=network.target auditd.service
 Type=simple
 User=pageserver
 Environment=RUST_BACKTRACE=1 NEON_REPO_DIR=/storage/pageserver LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/v14/lib SENTRY_DSN={{ SENTRY_URL_PAGESERVER }} SENTRY_ENVIRONMENT={{ sentry_environment }}
-ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/pageserver -c "pg_distrib_dir='/usr/local'" -c "listen_pg_addr='0.0.0.0:6400'" -c "listen_http_addr='0.0.0.0:9898'" -c "broker_endpoint='{{ broker_endpoint }}'" -c "availability_zone='{{ ec2_availability_zone }}'" -D /storage/pageserver/data
+ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/pageserver -c "pg_distrib_dir='/usr/local'" -c "listen_pg_addr='0.0.0.0:6400'" -c "listen_http_addr='0.0.0.0:9898'" -c "broker_endpoint='{{ broker_endpoint }}'" -D /storage/pageserver/data
 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
 KillMode=mixed
 KillSignal=SIGINT
--- a/.github/ansible/systemd/safekeeper.service
+++ b/.github/ansible/systemd/safekeeper.service
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ After=network.target auditd.service
 Type=simple
 User=safekeeper
 Environment=RUST_BACKTRACE=1 NEON_REPO_DIR=/storage/safekeeper/data LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/v14/lib SENTRY_DSN={{ SENTRY_URL_SAFEKEEPER }} SENTRY_ENVIRONMENT={{ sentry_environment }}
-ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/safekeeper -l {{ inventory_hostname }}{{ hostname_suffix }}:6500 --listen-http {{ inventory_hostname }}{{ hostname_suffix }}:7676 -D /storage/safekeeper/data --broker-endpoint={{ broker_endpoint }} --remote-storage='{bucket_name="{{bucket_name}}", bucket_region="{{bucket_region}}", prefix_in_bucket="{{ safekeeper_s3_prefix }}"}' --availability-zone={{ ec2_availability_zone }}
+ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/safekeeper -l {{ inventory_hostname }}{{ hostname_suffix }}:6500 --listen-http {{ inventory_hostname }}{{ hostname_suffix }}:7676 -D /storage/safekeeper/data --broker-endpoint={{ broker_endpoint }} --remote-storage='{bucket_name="{{bucket_name}}", bucket_region="{{bucket_region}}", prefix_in_bucket="{{ safekeeper_s3_prefix }}"}'
 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
 KillMode=mixed
 KillSignal=SIGINT
--- a/.github/helm-values/prod-us-west-2-eta.neon-proxy-scram-legacy.yaml
+++ b/.github/helm-values/prod-us-west-2-eta.neon-proxy-scram-legacy.yaml
@@ -1,22 +1,6 @@
 # Helm chart values for neon-proxy-scram.
 # This is a YAML-formatted file.

-deploymentStrategy:
-  type: RollingUpdate
-  rollingUpdate:
-    maxSurge: 100%
-    maxUnavailable: 50%
-
-# Delay the kill signal by 7 days (7 * 24 * 60 * 60)
-# The pod(s) will stay in Terminating, keeps the existing connections
-# but doesn't receive new ones
-containerLifecycle:
-  preStop:
-    exec:
-      command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 604800"]
-terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 604800
-
-
 image:
  repository: neondatabase/neon

--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ on:
    branches:
      - main
      - release
-      - tmp-repro
  pull_request:

 defaults:
@@ -75,12 +74,15 @@ jobs:
      - name: Install Python deps
        run: ./scripts/pysync

-      - name: Run ruff to ensure code format
-        run: poetry run ruff .
+      - name: Run isort to ensure code format
+        run: poetry run isort --diff --check .

      - name: Run black to ensure code format
        run: poetry run black --diff --check .

+      - name: Run flake8 to ensure code format
+        run: poetry run flake8 .
+
      - name: Run mypy to check types
        run: poetry run mypy .

@@ -549,48 +551,6 @@ jobs:
      - name: Cleanup ECR folder
        run: rm -rf ~/.ecr

-
-  neon-image-depot:
-    # For testing this will run side-by-side for a few merges.
-    # This action is not really optimized yet, but gets the job done
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
-    needs: [ tag ]
-    container: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/base:pinned
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      id-token: write
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        with:
-          submodules: true
-          fetch-depth: 0
-
-      - name: Setup go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v3
-        with:
-          go-version: '1.19'
-
-      - name: Set up Depot CLI
-        uses: depot/setup-action@v1
-
-      - name: Install Crane & ECR helper
-        run: go install github.com/awslabs/amazon-ecr-credential-helper/ecr-login/cli/docker-credential-ecr-login@69c85dc22db6511932bbf119e1a0cc5c90c69a7f # v0.6.0
-
-      - name: Configure ECR login
-        run: |
-          mkdir /github/home/.docker/
-          echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /github/home/.docker/config.json
-
-      - name: Build and push
-        uses: depot/build-push-action@v1
-        with:
-          # if no depot.json file is at the root of your repo, you must specify the project id
-          project: nrdv0s4kcs
-          push: true
-          tags: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/neon:depot-${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
-
  compute-tools-image:
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    needs: [ tag ]
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -31,4 +31,3 @@ jobs:
        head: releases/${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}
        base: release
        title: Release ${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}
-        team_reviewers: release
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -851,7 +851,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures",
 "hyper",
 "notify",
- "num_cpus",
 "opentelemetry",
 "postgres",
 "regex",
@@ -914,7 +913,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "once_cell",
 "pageserver_api",
 "postgres",
- "postgres_backend",
 "postgres_connection",
 "regex",
 "reqwest",
@@ -2456,7 +2454,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "postgres",
 "postgres-protocol",
 "postgres-types",
- "postgres_backend",
 "postgres_connection",
 "postgres_ffi",
 "pq_proto",
@@ -2679,28 +2676,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "postgres-protocol",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "postgres_backend"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "async-trait",
- "bytes",
- "futures",
- "once_cell",
- "pq_proto",
- "rustls",
- "rustls-pemfile",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
- "tokio",
- "tokio-postgres",
- "tokio-postgres-rustls",
- "tokio-rustls",
- "tracing",
- "workspace_hack",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "postgres_connection"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -2748,7 +2723,7 @@ checksum = "5b40af805b3121feab8a3c29f04d8ad262fa8e0561883e7653e024ae4479e6de"
 name = "pq_proto"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
+ "anyhow",
 "bytes",
 "pin-project-lite",
 "postgres-protocol",
@@ -2923,7 +2898,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "opentelemetry",
 "parking_lot",
 "pin-project-lite",
- "postgres_backend",
 "pq_proto",
 "prometheus",
 "rand",
@@ -3303,6 +3277,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "base64 0.21.0",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-split"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "78802c9612b4689d207acff746f38132ca1b12dadb55d471aa5f10fd580f47d3"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustls",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.11"
@@ -3324,7 +3307,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "byteorder",
 "bytes",
- "chrono",
 "clap 4.1.4",
 "const_format",
 "crc32c",
@@ -3334,11 +3316,11 @@ dependencies = [
 "humantime",
 "hyper",
 "metrics",
+ "nix",
 "once_cell",
 "parking_lot",
 "postgres",
 "postgres-protocol",
- "postgres_backend",
 "postgres_ffi",
 "pq_proto",
 "regex",
@@ -4524,6 +4506,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "bytes",
 "criterion",
 "futures",
+ "git-version",
 "heapless",
 "hex",
 "hex-literal",
@@ -4532,9 +4515,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "metrics",
 "nix",
 "once_cell",
- "pin-project-lite",
+ "pq_proto",
 "rand",
 "routerify",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-pemfile",
+ "rustls-split",
 "sentry",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
@@ -4545,6 +4531,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "tempfile",
 "thiserror",
 "tokio",
+ "tokio-rustls",
 "tracing",
 "tracing-subscriber",
 "url",
@@ -4848,19 +4835,14 @@ name = "workspace_hack"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
- "byteorder",
 "bytes",
 "chrono",
 "clap 4.1.4",
 "crossbeam-utils",
- "digest",
 "either",
 "fail",
 "futures",
- "futures-channel",
- "futures-core",
 "futures-executor",
- "futures-sink",
 "futures-util",
 "hashbrown 0.12.3",
 "indexmap",
@@ -4885,7 +4867,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "socket2",
 "syn",
 "tokio",
- "tokio-rustls",
 "tokio-util",
 "tonic",
 "tower",
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ md5 = "0.7.0"
 memoffset = "0.8"
 nix = "0.26"
 notify = "5.0.0"
-num_cpus = "1.15"
 num-traits = "0.2.15"
 once_cell = "1.13"
 opentelemetry = "0.18.0"
@@ -134,7 +133,6 @@ heapless = { default-features=false, features=[], git = "https://github.com/japa
 consumption_metrics = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/consumption_metrics/" }
 metrics = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/metrics/" }
 pageserver_api = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/pageserver_api/" }
-postgres_backend = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/postgres_backend/" }
 postgres_connection = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/postgres_connection/" }
 postgres_ffi = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/postgres_ffi/" }
 pq_proto = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/pq_proto/" }
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ARG CACHEPOT_BUCKET=neon-github-dev

 COPY --from=pg-build /home/nonroot/pg_install/v14/include/postgresql/server pg_install/v14/include/postgresql/server
 COPY --from=pg-build /home/nonroot/pg_install/v15/include/postgresql/server pg_install/v15/include/postgresql/server
-COPY --chown=nonroot . .
+COPY . .

 # Show build caching stats to check if it was used in the end.
 # Has to be the part of the same RUN since cachepot daemon is killed in the end of this RUN, losing the compilation stats.
--- a/Dockerfile.compute-node
+++ b/Dockerfile.compute-node
@@ -240,66 +240,6 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/postgrespro/rum/archive/refs/tags/1.3.13.tar.gz -O r
    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/rum.control

-#########################################################################################
-#
-# Layer "pgtap-pg-build"
-# compile pgTAP extension
-#
-#########################################################################################
-FROM build-deps AS pgtap-pg-build
-COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-
-RUN wget https://github.com/theory/pgtap/archive/refs/tags/v1.2.0.tar.gz -O pgtap.tar.gz && \
-    mkdir pgtap-src && cd pgtap-src && tar xvzf ../pgtap.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgtap.control
-
-#########################################################################################
-#
-# Layer "prefix-pg-build"
-# compile Prefix extension
-#
-#########################################################################################
-FROM build-deps AS prefix-pg-build
-COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-
-RUN wget https://github.com/dimitri/prefix/archive/refs/tags/v1.2.9.tar.gz -O prefix.tar.gz && \
-    mkdir prefix-src && cd prefix-src && tar xvzf ../prefix.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/prefix.control
-
-#########################################################################################
-#
-# Layer "hll-pg-build"
-# compile hll extension
-#
-#########################################################################################
-FROM build-deps AS hll-pg-build
-COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-
-RUN wget https://github.com/citusdata/postgresql-hll/archive/refs/tags/v2.17.tar.gz -O hll.tar.gz && \
-    mkdir hll-src && cd hll-src && tar xvzf ../hll.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/hll.control
-
-#########################################################################################
-#
-# Layer "plpgsql-check-pg-build"
-# compile plpgsql_check extension
-#
-#########################################################################################
-FROM build-deps AS plpgsql-check-pg-build
-COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-
-RUN wget https://github.com/okbob/plpgsql_check/archive/refs/tags/v2.3.2.tar.gz -O plpgsql_check.tar.gz && \
-    mkdir plpgsql_check-src && cd plpgsql_check-src && tar xvzf ../plpgsql_check.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/plpgsql_check.control
-
 #########################################################################################
 # 
 # Layer "rust extensions"
@@ -323,7 +263,7 @@ RUN curl -sSO https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/dist/$(uname -m)-unknown-linux
    chmod +x rustup-init && \
    ./rustup-init -y --no-modify-path --profile minimal --default-toolchain stable && \
    rm rustup-init && \
-    cargo install --locked --version 0.7.3 cargo-pgx && \
+    cargo install --git https://github.com/vadim2404/pgx --branch neon_abi_v0.6.1 --locked cargo-pgx && \
    /bin/bash -c 'cargo pgx init --pg${PG_VERSION:1}=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config'

 USER root
@@ -337,11 +277,11 @@ USER root

 FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-jsonschema-pg-build

-# there is no release tag yet, but we need it due to the superuser fix in the control file
-RUN wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_jsonschema/archive/caeab60d70b2fd3ae421ec66466a3abbb37b7ee6.tar.gz -O pg_jsonschema.tar.gz && \
-    mkdir pg_jsonschema-src && cd pg_jsonschema-src && tar xvzf ../pg_jsonschema.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    sed -i 's/pgx = "0.7.1"/pgx = { version = "0.7.3", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+RUN git clone --depth=1 --single-branch --branch neon_abi_v0.1.4 https://github.com/vadim2404/pg_jsonschema/ && \
+    cd pg_jsonschema && \
    cargo pgx install --release && \
+    # it's needed to enable extension because it uses untrusted C language
+    sed -i 's/superuser = false/superuser = true/g' /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_jsonschema.control && \
    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_jsonschema.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -353,32 +293,13 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_jsonschema/archive/caeab60d70b2fd3ae421e

 FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-graphql-pg-build

-# Currently pgx version bump to >= 0.7.2  causes "call to unsafe function" compliation errors in
-# pgx-contrib-spiext. There is a branch that removes that dependency, so use it. It is on the
-# same 1.1 version we've used before.
-RUN git clone -b remove-pgx-contrib-spiext --single-branch https://github.com/yrashk/pg_graphql && \
-    cd pg_graphql && \
-    sed -i 's/pgx = "~0.7.1"/pgx = { version = "0.7.3", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
-    sed -i 's/pgx-tests = "~0.7.1"/pgx-tests = "0.7.3"/g' Cargo.toml && \
+RUN git clone --depth=1 --single-branch --branch neon_abi_v1.1.0 https://github.com/vadim2404/pg_graphql && \
+    cd pg_graphql && \  
    cargo pgx install --release && \
    # it's needed to enable extension because it uses untrusted C language
    sed -i 's/superuser = false/superuser = true/g' /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_graphql.control && \
    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_graphql.control

-#########################################################################################
-#
-# Layer "pg-tiktoken-build"
-# Compile "pg_tiktoken" extension
-#
-#########################################################################################
-
-FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-tiktoken-pg-build
-
-RUN git clone --depth=1 --single-branch https://github.com/kelvich/pg_tiktoken && \
-    cd pg_tiktoken && \
-    cargo pgx install --release && \
-    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_tiktoken.control
-
 #########################################################################################
 #
 # Layer "neon-pg-ext-build"
@@ -396,23 +317,14 @@ COPY --from=vector-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pgjwt-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-jsonschema-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-graphql-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-COPY --from=pg-tiktoken-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=hypopg-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-hashids-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=rum-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-COPY --from=pgtap-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-COPY --from=prefix-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-COPY --from=hll-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-COPY --from=plpgsql-check-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY pgxn/ pgxn/

 RUN make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) \
        PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config \
        -C pgxn/neon \
-        -s install && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) \
-        PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config \
-        -C pgxn/neon_utils \
        -s install

 #########################################################################################
@@ -467,7 +379,7 @@ COPY --from=compute-tools --chown=postgres /home/nonroot/target/release-line-deb

 # Install:
 # libreadline8 for psql
-# libicu67, locales for collations (including ICU and plpgsql_check)
+# libicu67, locales for collations (including ICU)
 # libossp-uuid16 for extension ossp-uuid
 # libgeos, libgdal, libsfcgal1, libproj and libprotobuf-c1 for PostGIS
 # libxml2, libxslt1.1 for xml2
--- a/Dockerfile.vm-compute-node
+++ b/Dockerfile.vm-compute-node
@@ -1,70 +1,25 @@
 # Note: this file *mostly* just builds on Dockerfile.compute-node

 ARG SRC_IMAGE
-ARG VM_INFORMANT_VERSION=v0.1.14
-# on libcgroup update, make sure to check bootstrap.sh for changes
-ARG LIBCGROUP_VERSION=v2.0.3
+ARG VM_INFORMANT_VERSION=v0.1.6

-# Pull VM informant, to copy from later
+# Pull VM informant and set up inittab
 FROM neondatabase/vm-informant:$VM_INFORMANT_VERSION as informant

-# Build cgroup-tools
-#
-# At time of writing (2023-03-14), debian bullseye has a version of cgroup-tools (technically
-# libcgroup) that doesn't support cgroup v2 (version 0.41-11). Unfortunately, the vm-informant
-# requires cgroup v2, so we'll build cgroup-tools ourselves.
-FROM debian:bullseye-slim as libcgroup-builder
-ARG LIBCGROUP_VERSION
-
-RUN set -exu \
-	&& apt update \
-	&& apt install --no-install-recommends -y \
-		git \
-		ca-certificates \
-		automake \
-		cmake \
-		make \
-		gcc \
-		byacc \
-		flex \
-		libtool \
-		libpam0g-dev \
-	&& git clone --depth 1 -b $LIBCGROUP_VERSION https://github.com/libcgroup/libcgroup \
-	&& INSTALL_DIR="/libcgroup-install" \
-	&& mkdir -p "$INSTALL_DIR/bin" "$INSTALL_DIR/include" \
-	&& cd libcgroup \
-	# extracted from bootstrap.sh, with modified flags:
-	&& (test -d m4 || mkdir m4) \
-	&& autoreconf -fi \
-	&& rm -rf autom4te.cache \
-	&& CFLAGS="-O3" ./configure --prefix="$INSTALL_DIR" --sysconfdir=/etc --localstatedir=/var --enable-opaque-hierarchy="name=systemd" \
-	# actually build the thing...
-	&& make install
-
-# Combine, starting from non-VM compute node image.
-FROM $SRC_IMAGE as base
-
-# Temporarily set user back to root so we can run adduser, set inittab
-USER root
-RUN adduser vm-informant --disabled-password --no-create-home
-
 RUN set -e \
 	&& rm -f /etc/inittab \
 	&& touch /etc/inittab

 RUN set -e \
-	&& echo "::sysinit:cgconfigparser -l /etc/cgconfig.conf -s 1664" >> /etc/inittab \
-	&& CONNSTR="dbname=neondb user=cloud_admin sslmode=disable" \
-	&& ARGS="--auto-restart --cgroup=neon-postgres --pgconnstr=\"$CONNSTR\"" \
-	&& echo "::respawn:su vm-informant -c '/usr/local/bin/vm-informant $ARGS'" >> /etc/inittab
+	&& echo "::respawn:su vm-informant -c '/usr/local/bin/vm-informant --auto-restart'" >> /etc/inittab

+# Combine, starting from non-VM compute node image.
+FROM $SRC_IMAGE as base
+
+# Temporarily set user back to root so we can run adduser
+USER root
+RUN adduser vm-informant --disabled-password --no-create-home
 USER postgres

-ADD vm-cgconfig.conf /etc/cgconfig.conf
+COPY --from=informant /etc/inittab /etc/inittab
 COPY --from=informant /usr/bin/vm-informant /usr/local/bin/vm-informant
-
-COPY --from=libcgroup-builder /libcgroup-install/bin/* /usr/bin/
-COPY --from=libcgroup-builder /libcgroup-install/lib/* /usr/lib/
-COPY --from=libcgroup-builder /libcgroup-install/sbin/* /usr/sbin/
-
-ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/sbin/cgexec", "-g", "*:neon-postgres", "/usr/local/bin/compute_ctl"]
--- a/8
+++ b/8
@@ -133,11 +133,6 @@ neon-pg-ext-%: postgres-%
 	$(MAKE) PG_CONFIG=$(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/$*/bin/pg_config CFLAGS='$(PG_CFLAGS) $(COPT)' \
 		-C $(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/neon-test-utils-$* \
 		-f $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/pgxn/neon_test_utils/Makefile install
-	+@echo "Compiling neon_utils $*"
-	mkdir -p $(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/neon-utils-$*
-	$(MAKE) PG_CONFIG=$(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/$*/bin/pg_config CFLAGS='$(PG_CFLAGS) $(COPT)' \
-		-C $(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/neon-utils-$* \
-		-f $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/pgxn/neon_utils/Makefile install

 .PHONY: neon-pg-ext-clean-%
 neon-pg-ext-clean-%:
@@ -150,9 +145,6 @@ neon-pg-ext-clean-%:
 	$(MAKE) PG_CONFIG=$(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/$*/bin/pg_config \
 	-C $(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/neon-test-utils-$* \
 	-f $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/pgxn/neon_test_utils/Makefile clean
-	$(MAKE) PG_CONFIG=$(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/$*/bin/pg_config \
-	-C $(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/neon-utils-$* \
-	-f $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/pgxn/neon_utils/Makefile clean

 .PHONY: neon-pg-ext
 neon-pg-ext: \
--- a/compute_tools/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compute_tools/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ clap.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
 notify.workspace = true
-num_cpus.workspace = true
 opentelemetry.workspace = true
 postgres.workspace = true
 regex.workspace = true
--- a/compute_tools/src/compute.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/compute.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use postgres::{Client, NoTls};
 use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
-use tokio_postgres;
 use tracing::{info, instrument, warn};

 use crate::checker::create_writability_check_data;
@@ -285,7 +284,6 @@ impl ComputeNode {
        handle_role_deletions(self, &mut client)?;
        handle_grants(self, &mut client)?;
        create_writability_check_data(&mut client)?;
-        handle_extensions(&self.spec, &mut client)?;

        // 'Close' connection
        drop(client);
@@ -402,43 +400,4 @@ impl ComputeNode {

        Ok(())
    }
-
-    /// Select `pg_stat_statements` data and return it as a stringified JSON
-    pub async fn collect_insights(&self) -> String {
-        let mut result_rows: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-        let connect_result = tokio_postgres::connect(self.connstr.as_str(), NoTls).await;
-        let (client, connection) = connect_result.unwrap();
-        tokio::spawn(async move {
-            if let Err(e) = connection.await {
-                eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
-            }
-        });
-        let result = client
-            .simple_query(
-                "SELECT
-    row_to_json(pg_stat_statements)
-FROM
-    pg_stat_statements
-WHERE
-    userid != 'cloud_admin'::regrole::oid
-ORDER BY
-    (mean_exec_time + mean_plan_time) DESC
-LIMIT 100",
-            )
-            .await;
-
-        if let Ok(raw_rows) = result {
-            for message in raw_rows.iter() {
-                if let postgres::SimpleQueryMessage::Row(row) = message {
-                    if let Some(json) = row.get(0) {
-                        result_rows.push(json.to_string());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            format!("{{\"pg_stat_statements\": [{}]}}", result_rows.join(","))
-        } else {
-            "{{\"pg_stat_statements\": []}}".to_string()
-        }
-    }
 }
--- a/compute_tools/src/http/api.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/http/api.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ use crate::compute::ComputeNode;
 use anyhow::Result;
 use hyper::service::{make_service_fn, service_fn};
 use hyper::{Body, Method, Request, Response, Server, StatusCode};
-use num_cpus;
 use serde_json;
 use tracing::{error, info};
 use tracing_utils::http::OtelName;
@@ -34,13 +33,6 @@ async fn routes(req: Request<Body>, compute: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> Response<Body
            Response::new(Body::from(serde_json::to_string(&compute.metrics).unwrap()))
        }

-        // Collect Postgres current usage insights
-        (&Method::GET, "/insights") => {
-            info!("serving /insights GET request");
-            let insights = compute.collect_insights().await;
-            Response::new(Body::from(insights))
-        }
-
        (&Method::POST, "/check_writability") => {
            info!("serving /check_writability POST request");
            let res = crate::checker::check_writability(compute).await;
@@ -50,17 +42,6 @@ async fn routes(req: Request<Body>, compute: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> Response<Body
            }
        }

-        (&Method::GET, "/info") => {
-            let num_cpus = num_cpus::get_physical();
-            info!("serving /info GET request. num_cpus: {}", num_cpus);
-            Response::new(Body::from(
-                serde_json::json!({
-                    "num_cpus": num_cpus,
-                })
-                .to_string(),
-            ))
-        }
-
        // Return the `404 Not Found` for any other routes.
        _ => {
            let mut not_found = Response::new(Body::from("404 Not Found"));
--- a/compute_tools/src/http/openapi_spec.yaml
+++ b/compute_tools/src/http/openapi_spec.yaml
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ paths:
  /status:
    get:
      tags:
-      - Info
+      - "info"
      summary: Get compute node internal status
      description: ""
      operationId: getComputeStatus
      responses:
-        200:
+        "200":
          description: ComputeState
          content:
            application/json:
@@ -25,58 +25,27 @@ paths:
  /metrics.json:
    get:
      tags:
-      - Info
+      - "info"
      summary: Get compute node startup metrics in JSON format
      description: ""
      operationId: getComputeMetricsJSON
      responses:
-        200:
+        "200":
          description: ComputeMetrics
          content:
            application/json:
              schema:
                $ref: "#/components/schemas/ComputeMetrics"

-  /insights:
-    get:
-      tags:
-      - Info
-      summary: Get current compute insights in JSON format
-      description: |
-        Note, that this doesn't include any historical data
-      operationId: getComputeInsights
-      responses:
-        200:
-          description: Compute insights
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                $ref: "#/components/schemas/ComputeInsights"
-
-  /info:
-    get:
-      tags:
-      - "info"
-      summary: Get info about the compute Pod/VM
-      description: ""
-      operationId: getInfo
-      responses:
-        "200":
-          description: Info
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                $ref: "#/components/schemas/Info"
-
  /check_writability:
    post:
      tags:
-      - Check
+      - "check"
      summary: Check that we can write new data on this compute
      description: ""
      operationId: checkComputeWritability
      responses:
-        200:
+        "200":
          description: Check result
          content:
            text/plain:
@@ -111,15 +80,6 @@ components:
        total_startup_ms:
          type: integer

-    Info:
-      type: object
-      description: Information about VM/Pod
-      required:
-        - num_cpus
-      properties:
-        num_cpus:
-          type: integer
-
    ComputeState:
      type: object
      required:
@@ -136,15 +96,6 @@ components:
          type: string
          description: Text of the error during compute startup, if any

-    ComputeInsights:
-      type: object
-      properties:
-        pg_stat_statements:
-          description: Contains raw output from pg_stat_statements in JSON format
-          type: array
-          items:
-            type: object
-
    ComputeStatus:
      type: string
      enum:
--- a/compute_tools/src/pg_helpers.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/pg_helpers.rs
@@ -47,23 +47,12 @@ pub struct GenericOption {
 /// declare a `trait` on it.
 pub type GenericOptions = Option<Vec<GenericOption>>;

-/// Escape a string for including it in a SQL literal
-fn escape_literal(s: &str) -> String {
-    s.replace('\'', "''").replace('\\', "\\\\")
-}
-
-/// Escape a string so that it can be used in postgresql.conf.
-/// Same as escape_literal, currently.
-fn escape_conf_value(s: &str) -> String {
-    s.replace('\'', "''").replace('\\', "\\\\")
-}
-
 impl GenericOption {
    /// Represent `GenericOption` as SQL statement parameter.
    pub fn to_pg_option(&self) -> String {
        if let Some(val) = &self.value {
            match self.vartype.as_ref() {
-                "string" => format!("{} '{}'", self.name, escape_literal(val)),
+                "string" => format!("{} '{}'", self.name, val),
                _ => format!("{} {}", self.name, val),
            }
        } else {
@@ -74,8 +63,6 @@ impl GenericOption {
    /// Represent `GenericOption` as configuration option.
    pub fn to_pg_setting(&self) -> String {
        if let Some(val) = &self.value {
-            // TODO: check in the console DB that we don't have these settings
-            // set for any non-deleted project and drop this override.
            let name = match self.name.as_str() {
                "safekeepers" => "neon.safekeepers",
                "wal_acceptor_reconnect" => "neon.safekeeper_reconnect_timeout",
@@ -84,7 +71,7 @@ impl GenericOption {
            };

            match self.vartype.as_ref() {
-                "string" => format!("{} = '{}'", name, escape_conf_value(val)),
+                "string" => format!("{} = '{}'", name, val),
                _ => format!("{} = {}", name, val),
            }
        } else {
@@ -120,7 +107,6 @@ impl PgOptionsSerialize for GenericOptions {
                .map(|op| op.to_pg_setting())
                .collect::<Vec<String>>()
                .join("\n")
-                + "\n" // newline after last setting
        } else {
            "".to_string()
        }
--- a/compute_tools/src/spec.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/spec.rs
@@ -515,18 +515,3 @@ pub fn handle_grants(node: &ComputeNode, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {

    Ok(())
 }
-
-/// Create required system extensions
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn handle_extensions(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    if let Some(libs) = spec.cluster.settings.find("shared_preload_libraries") {
-        if libs.contains("pg_stat_statements") {
-            // Create extension only if this compute really needs it
-            let query = "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements";
-            info!("creating system extensions with query: {}", query);
-            client.simple_query(query)?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/compute_tools/tests/cluster_spec.json
+++ b/compute_tools/tests/cluster_spec.json
@@ -178,11 +178,6 @@
                "name": "neon.pageserver_connstring",
                "value": "host=127.0.0.1 port=6400",
                "vartype": "string"
-            },
-            {
-                "name": "test.escaping",
-                "value": "here's a backslash \\ and a quote ' and a double-quote \" hooray",
-                "vartype": "string"
            }
        ]
    },
--- a/compute_tools/tests/pg_helpers_tests.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/tests/pg_helpers_tests.rs
@@ -28,30 +28,7 @@ mod pg_helpers_tests {

        assert_eq!(
            spec.cluster.settings.as_pg_settings(),
-            r#"fsync = off
-wal_level = replica
-hot_standby = on
-neon.safekeepers = '127.0.0.1:6502,127.0.0.1:6503,127.0.0.1:6501'
-wal_log_hints = on
-log_connections = on
-shared_buffers = 32768
-port = 55432
-max_connections = 100
-max_wal_senders = 10
-listen_addresses = '0.0.0.0'
-wal_sender_timeout = 0
-password_encryption = md5
-maintenance_work_mem = 65536
-max_parallel_workers = 8
-max_worker_processes = 8
-neon.tenant_id = 'b0554b632bd4d547a63b86c3630317e8'
-max_replication_slots = 10
-neon.timeline_id = '2414a61ffc94e428f14b5758fe308e13'
-shared_preload_libraries = 'neon'
-synchronous_standby_names = 'walproposer'
-neon.pageserver_connstring = 'host=127.0.0.1 port=6400'
-test.escaping = 'here''s a backslash \\ and a quote '' and a double-quote " hooray'
-"#
+            "fsync = off\nwal_level = replica\nhot_standby = on\nneon.safekeepers = '127.0.0.1:6502,127.0.0.1:6503,127.0.0.1:6501'\nwal_log_hints = on\nlog_connections = on\nshared_buffers = 32768\nport = 55432\nmax_connections = 100\nmax_wal_senders = 10\nlisten_addresses = '0.0.0.0'\nwal_sender_timeout = 0\npassword_encryption = md5\nmaintenance_work_mem = 65536\nmax_parallel_workers = 8\nmax_worker_processes = 8\nneon.tenant_id = 'b0554b632bd4d547a63b86c3630317e8'\nmax_replication_slots = 10\nneon.timeline_id = '2414a61ffc94e428f14b5758fe308e13'\nshared_preload_libraries = 'neon'\nsynchronous_standby_names = 'walproposer'\nneon.pageserver_connstring = 'host=127.0.0.1 port=6400'"
        );
    }

--- a/control_plane/Cargo.toml
+++ b/control_plane/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ url.workspace = true
 # Note: Do not directly depend on pageserver or safekeeper; use pageserver_api or safekeeper_api
 # instead, so that recompile times are better.
 pageserver_api.workspace = true
-postgres_backend.workspace = true
 safekeeper_api.workspace = true
 postgres_connection.workspace = true
 storage_broker.workspace = true
--- a/control_plane/safekeepers.conf
+++ b/control_plane/safekeepers.conf
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 [pageserver]
 listen_pg_addr = '127.0.0.1:64000'
 listen_http_addr = '127.0.0.1:9898'
-pg_auth_type = 'Trust'
-http_auth_type = 'Trust'
+auth_type = 'Trust'

 [[safekeepers]]
 id = 1
--- a/control_plane/simple.conf
+++ b/control_plane/simple.conf
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 [pageserver]
 listen_pg_addr = '127.0.0.1:64000'
 listen_http_addr = '127.0.0.1:9898'
-pg_auth_type = 'Trust'
-http_auth_type = 'Trust'
+auth_type = 'Trust'

 [[safekeepers]]
 id = 1
--- a/control_plane/src/bin/neon_local.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/bin/neon_local.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
 use clap::{value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 use control_plane::compute::ComputeControlPlane;
+use control_plane::compute::Replication;
 use control_plane::local_env::LocalEnv;
 use control_plane::pageserver::PageServerNode;
 use control_plane::safekeeper::SafekeeperNode;
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@ use pageserver_api::{
    DEFAULT_HTTP_LISTEN_ADDR as DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_HTTP_ADDR,
    DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_ADDR as DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_PG_ADDR,
 };
-use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use safekeeper_api::{
    DEFAULT_HTTP_LISTEN_PORT as DEFAULT_SAFEKEEPER_HTTP_PORT,
    DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_PORT as DEFAULT_SAFEKEEPER_PG_PORT,
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ use utils::{
    auth::{Claims, Scope},
    id::{NodeId, TenantId, TenantTimelineId, TimelineId},
    lsn::Lsn,
+    postgres_backend::AuthType,
    project_git_version,
 };

@@ -53,15 +54,14 @@ listen_addr = '{DEFAULT_BROKER_ADDR}'
 id = {DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_ID}
 listen_pg_addr = '{DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_PG_ADDR}'
 listen_http_addr = '{DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_HTTP_ADDR}'
-pg_auth_type = '{trust_auth}'
-http_auth_type = '{trust_auth}'
+auth_type = '{pageserver_auth_type}'

 [[safekeepers]]
 id = {DEFAULT_SAFEKEEPER_ID}
 pg_port = {DEFAULT_SAFEKEEPER_PG_PORT}
 http_port = {DEFAULT_SAFEKEEPER_HTTP_PORT}
 "#,
-        trust_auth = AuthType::Trust,
+        pageserver_auth_type = AuthType::Trust,
    )
 }

@@ -473,7 +473,14 @@ fn handle_timeline(timeline_match: &ArgMatches, env: &mut local_env::LocalEnv) -
            println!("Creating node for imported timeline ...");
            env.register_branch_mapping(name.to_string(), tenant_id, timeline_id)?;

-            cplane.new_node(tenant_id, name, timeline_id, None, None, pg_version)?;
+            cplane.new_node(
+                tenant_id,
+                name,
+                timeline_id,
+                None,
+                pg_version,
+                Replication::Primary,
+            )?;
            println!("Done");
        }
        Some(("branch", branch_match)) => {
@@ -559,20 +566,19 @@ fn handle_pg(pg_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Result<()> {
                .iter()
                .filter(|((node_tenant_id, _), _)| node_tenant_id == &tenant_id)
            {
-                let lsn_str = match node.lsn {
-                    None => {
-                        // -> primary node
+                let lsn_str = match node.replication {
+                    Replication::Static(lsn) => {
+                        // -> read-only node
+                        // Use the node's LSN.
+                        lsn.to_string()
+                    }
+                    _ => {
                        // Use the LSN at the end of the timeline.
                        timeline_infos
                            .get(&node.timeline_id)
                            .map(|bi| bi.last_record_lsn.to_string())
                            .unwrap_or_else(|| "?".to_string())
                    }
-                    Some(lsn) => {
-                        // -> read-only node
-                        // Use the node's LSN.
-                        lsn.to_string()
-                    }
                };

                let branch_name = timeline_name_mappings
@@ -618,7 +624,26 @@ fn handle_pg(pg_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Result<()> {
                .copied()
                .context("Failed to parse postgres version from the argument string")?;

-            cplane.new_node(tenant_id, &node_name, timeline_id, lsn, port, pg_version)?;
+            let hot_standby = sub_args
+                .get_one::<bool>("hot-standby")
+                .copied()
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+
+            let replication = match (lsn, hot_standby) {
+                (Some(lsn), false) => Replication::Static(lsn),
+                (None, true) => Replication::Replica,
+                (None, false) => Replication::Primary,
+                (Some(_), true) => anyhow::bail!("cannot specify both lsn and hot-standby"),
+            };
+
+            cplane.new_node(
+                tenant_id,
+                &node_name,
+                timeline_id,
+                port,
+                pg_version,
+                replication,
+            )?;
        }
        "start" => {
            let port: Option<u16> = sub_args.get_one::<u16>("port").copied();
@@ -628,7 +653,7 @@ fn handle_pg(pg_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Result<()> {

            let node = cplane.nodes.get(&(tenant_id, node_name.to_string()));

-            let auth_token = if matches!(env.pageserver.pg_auth_type, AuthType::NeonJWT) {
+            let auth_token = if matches!(env.pageserver.auth_type, AuthType::NeonJWT) {
                let claims = Claims::new(Some(tenant_id), Scope::Tenant);

                Some(env.generate_auth_token(&claims)?)
@@ -636,7 +661,21 @@ fn handle_pg(pg_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Result<()> {
                None
            };

+            let hot_standby = sub_args
+                .get_one::<bool>("hot-standby")
+                .copied()
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+
            if let Some(node) = node {
+                match (&node.replication, hot_standby) {
+                    (Replication::Static(_), true) => {
+                        bail!("Cannot start a node in hot standby mode when it is already configured as a static replica")
+                    }
+                    (Replication::Primary, true) => {
+                        bail!("Cannot start a node as a hot standby replica, it is already configured as primary node")
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
                println!("Starting existing postgres {node_name}...");
                node.start(&auth_token)?;
            } else {
@@ -658,6 +697,14 @@ fn handle_pg(pg_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Result<()> {
                    .get_one::<u32>("pg-version")
                    .copied()
                    .context("Failed to `pg-version` from the argument string")?;
+
+                let replication = match (lsn, hot_standby) {
+                    (Some(lsn), false) => Replication::Static(lsn),
+                    (None, true) => Replication::Replica,
+                    (None, false) => Replication::Primary,
+                    (Some(_), true) => anyhow::bail!("cannot specify both lsn and hot-standby"),
+                };
+
                // when used with custom port this results in non obvious behaviour
                // port is remembered from first start command, i e
                // start --port X
@@ -665,8 +712,14 @@ fn handle_pg(pg_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Result<()> {
                // start <-- will also use port X even without explicit port argument
                println!("Starting new postgres (v{pg_version}) {node_name} on timeline {timeline_id} ...");

-                let node =
-                    cplane.new_node(tenant_id, node_name, timeline_id, lsn, port, pg_version)?;
+                let node = cplane.new_node(
+                    tenant_id,
+                    node_name,
+                    timeline_id,
+                    port,
+                    pg_version,
+                    replication,
+                )?;
                node.start(&auth_token)?;
            }
        }
@@ -919,6 +972,12 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
        .help("Specify Lsn on the timeline to start from. By default, end of the timeline would be used.")
        .required(false);

+    let hot_standby_arg = Arg::new("hot-standby")
+        .value_parser(value_parser!(bool))
+        .long("hot-standby")
+        .help("If set, the node will be a hot replica on the specified timeline")
+        .required(false);
+
    Command::new("Neon CLI")
        .arg_required_else_help(true)
        .version(GIT_VERSION)
@@ -1043,6 +1102,7 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
                            .long("config-only")
                            .required(false))
                    .arg(pg_version_arg.clone())
+                    .arg(hot_standby_arg.clone())
                )
                .subcommand(Command::new("start")
                    .about("Start a postgres compute node.\n This command actually creates new node from scratch, but preserves existing config files")
@@ -1053,6 +1113,7 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
                    .arg(lsn_arg)
                    .arg(port_arg)
                    .arg(pg_version_arg)
+                    .arg(hot_standby_arg)
                )
                .subcommand(
                    Command::new("stop")
--- a/control_plane/src/compute.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/compute.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use utils::{
    id::{TenantId, TimelineId},
    lsn::Lsn,
+    postgres_backend::AuthType,
 };

 use crate::local_env::{LocalEnv, DEFAULT_PG_VERSION};
@@ -78,11 +78,12 @@ impl ComputeControlPlane {
        tenant_id: TenantId,
        name: &str,
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
-        lsn: Option<Lsn>,
        port: Option<u16>,
        pg_version: u32,
+        replication: Replication,
    ) -> Result<Arc<PostgresNode>> {
        let port = port.unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_port());
+
        let node = Arc::new(PostgresNode {
            name: name.to_owned(),
            address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), port),
@@ -90,14 +91,14 @@ impl ComputeControlPlane {
            pageserver: Arc::clone(&self.pageserver),
            is_test: false,
            timeline_id,
-            lsn,
+            replication,
            tenant_id,
            uses_wal_proposer: false,
            pg_version,
        });

        node.create_pgdata()?;
-        node.setup_pg_conf(self.env.pageserver.pg_auth_type)?;
+        node.setup_pg_conf(self.env.pageserver.auth_type)?;

        self.nodes
            .insert((tenant_id, node.name.clone()), Arc::clone(&node));
@@ -108,6 +109,16 @@ impl ComputeControlPlane {

 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Replication {
+    // Regular read-write node
+    Primary,
+    // if recovery_target_lsn is provided
+    Static(Lsn),
+    // Hot standby running on a timleine
+    Replica,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PostgresNode {
    pub address: SocketAddr,
@@ -116,7 +127,7 @@ pub struct PostgresNode {
    pageserver: Arc<PageServerNode>,
    is_test: bool,
    pub timeline_id: TimelineId,
-    pub lsn: Option<Lsn>, // if it's a read-only node. None for primary
+    pub replication: Replication,
    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
    uses_wal_proposer: bool,
    pg_version: u32,
@@ -162,9 +173,17 @@ impl PostgresNode {
            fs::read_to_string(pg_version_path).unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_PG_VERSION.to_string());
        let pg_version = u32::from_str(&pg_version_str)?;

-        // parse recovery_target_lsn, if any
-        let recovery_target_lsn: Option<Lsn> =
-            conf.parse_field_optional("recovery_target_lsn", &context)?;
+        // parse recovery_target_lsn and primary_conninfo into Recovery Target, if any
+        let replication = if let Some(lsn_str) = conf.get("recovery_target_lsn") {
+            Replication::Static(Lsn::from_str(lsn_str)?)
+        } else if let Some(slot_name) = conf.get("primary_slot_name") {
+            let slot_name = slot_name.to_string();
+            let prefix = format!("repl_{}_{}_", timeline_id, name);
+            assert!(slot_name.starts_with(&prefix));
+            Replication::Replica
+        } else {
+            Replication::Primary
+        };

        // ok now
        Ok(PostgresNode {
@@ -174,7 +193,7 @@ impl PostgresNode {
            pageserver: Arc::clone(pageserver),
            is_test: false,
            timeline_id,
-            lsn: recovery_target_lsn,
+            replication,
            tenant_id,
            uses_wal_proposer,
            pg_version,
@@ -327,50 +346,83 @@ impl PostgresNode {
        }
        conf.append("neon.tenant_id", &self.tenant_id.to_string());
        conf.append("neon.timeline_id", &self.timeline_id.to_string());
-        if let Some(lsn) = self.lsn {
-            conf.append("recovery_target_lsn", &lsn.to_string());
-        }

        conf.append_line("");
-        // Configure backpressure
-        // - Replication write lag depends on how fast the walreceiver can process incoming WAL.
-        //   This lag determines latency of get_page_at_lsn. Speed of applying WAL is about 10MB/sec,
-        //   so to avoid expiration of 1 minute timeout, this lag should not be larger than 600MB.
-        //   Actually latency should be much smaller (better if < 1sec). But we assume that recently
-        //   updates pages are not requested from pageserver.
-        // - Replication flush lag depends on speed of persisting data by checkpointer (creation of
-        //   delta/image layers) and advancing disk_consistent_lsn. Safekeepers are able to
-        //   remove/archive WAL only beyond disk_consistent_lsn. Too large a lag can cause long
-        //   recovery time (in case of pageserver crash) and disk space overflow at safekeepers.
-        // - Replication apply lag depends on speed of uploading changes to S3 by uploader thread.
-        //   To be able to restore database in case of pageserver node crash, safekeeper should not
-        //   remove WAL beyond this point. Too large lag can cause space exhaustion in safekeepers
-        //   (if they are not able to upload WAL to S3).
-        conf.append("max_replication_write_lag", "15MB");
-        conf.append("max_replication_flush_lag", "10GB");
+        // Replication-related configurations, such as WAL sending
+        match &self.replication {
+            Replication::Primary => {
+                // Configure backpressure
+                // - Replication write lag depends on how fast the walreceiver can process incoming WAL.
+                //   This lag determines latency of get_page_at_lsn. Speed of applying WAL is about 10MB/sec,
+                //   so to avoid expiration of 1 minute timeout, this lag should not be larger than 600MB.
+                //   Actually latency should be much smaller (better if < 1sec). But we assume that recently
+                //   updates pages are not requested from pageserver.
+                // - Replication flush lag depends on speed of persisting data by checkpointer (creation of
+                //   delta/image layers) and advancing disk_consistent_lsn. Safekeepers are able to
+                //   remove/archive WAL only beyond disk_consistent_lsn. Too large a lag can cause long
+                //   recovery time (in case of pageserver crash) and disk space overflow at safekeepers.
+                // - Replication apply lag depends on speed of uploading changes to S3 by uploader thread.
+                //   To be able to restore database in case of pageserver node crash, safekeeper should not
+                //   remove WAL beyond this point. Too large lag can cause space exhaustion in safekeepers
+                //   (if they are not able to upload WAL to S3).
+                conf.append("max_replication_write_lag", "15MB");
+                conf.append("max_replication_flush_lag", "10GB");

-        if !self.env.safekeepers.is_empty() {
-            // Configure the node to connect to the safekeepers
-            conf.append("synchronous_standby_names", "walproposer");
+                if !self.env.safekeepers.is_empty() {
+                    // Configure the node to connect to the safekeepers
+                    conf.append("synchronous_standby_names", "walproposer");

-            let safekeepers = self
-                .env
-                .safekeepers
-                .iter()
-                .map(|sk| format!("localhost:{}", sk.pg_port))
-                .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                .join(",");
-            conf.append("neon.safekeepers", &safekeepers);
-        } else {
-            // We only use setup without safekeepers for tests,
-            // and don't care about data durability on pageserver,
-            // so set more relaxed synchronous_commit.
-            conf.append("synchronous_commit", "remote_write");
+                    let safekeepers = self
+                        .env
+                        .safekeepers
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|sk| format!("localhost:{}", sk.pg_port))
+                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                        .join(",");
+                    conf.append("neon.safekeepers", &safekeepers);
+                } else {
+                    // We only use setup without safekeepers for tests,
+                    // and don't care about data durability on pageserver,
+                    // so set more relaxed synchronous_commit.
+                    conf.append("synchronous_commit", "remote_write");

-            // Configure the node to stream WAL directly to the pageserver
-            // This isn't really a supported configuration, but can be useful for
-            // testing.
-            conf.append("synchronous_standby_names", "pageserver");
+                    // Configure the node to stream WAL directly to the pageserver
+                    // This isn't really a supported configuration, but can be useful for
+                    // testing.
+                    conf.append("synchronous_standby_names", "pageserver");
+                }
+            }
+            Replication::Static(lsn) => {
+                conf.append("recovery_target_lsn", &lsn.to_string());
+            }
+            Replication::Replica => {
+                assert!(!self.env.safekeepers.is_empty());
+
+                // TODO: use future host field from safekeeper spec
+                // Pass the list of safekeepers to the replica so that it can connect to any of them,
+                // whichever is alailiable.
+                let sk_ports = self
+                    .env
+                    .safekeepers
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|x| x.pg_port.to_string())
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(",");
+                let sk_hosts = vec!["localhost"; self.env.safekeepers.len()].join(",");
+
+                let connstr = format!(
+                    "host={} port={} options='-c timeline_id={} tenant_id={}' application_name=replica replication=true",
+                    sk_hosts,
+                    sk_ports,
+                    &self.timeline_id.to_string(),
+                    &self.tenant_id.to_string(),
+                );
+
+                let slot_name = format!("repl_{}_", self.timeline_id);
+                conf.append("primary_conninfo", connstr.as_str());
+                conf.append("primary_slot_name", slot_name.as_str());
+                conf.append("hot_standby", "on");
+            }
        }

        let mut file = File::create(self.pgdata().join("postgresql.conf"))?;
@@ -383,21 +435,27 @@ impl PostgresNode {
    }

    fn load_basebackup(&self, auth_token: &Option<String>) -> Result<()> {
-        let backup_lsn = if let Some(lsn) = self.lsn {
-            Some(lsn)
-        } else if self.uses_wal_proposer {
-            // LSN 0 means that it is bootstrap and we need to download just
-            // latest data from the pageserver. That is a bit clumsy but whole bootstrap
-            // procedure evolves quite actively right now, so let's think about it again
-            // when things would be more stable (TODO).
-            let lsn = self.sync_safekeepers(auth_token, self.pg_version)?;
-            if lsn == Lsn(0) {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(lsn)
+        let backup_lsn = match &self.replication {
+            Replication::Primary => {
+                if self.uses_wal_proposer {
+                    // LSN 0 means that it is bootstrap and we need to download just
+                    // latest data from the pageserver. That is a bit clumsy but whole bootstrap
+                    // procedure evolves quite actively right now, so let's think about it again
+                    // when things would be more stable (TODO).
+                    let lsn = self.sync_safekeepers(auth_token, self.pg_version)?;
+                    if lsn == Lsn(0) {
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        Some(lsn)
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            Replication::Static(lsn) => Some(*lsn),
+            Replication::Replica => {
+                None // Take the latest snapshot available to start with
            }
-        } else {
-            None
        };

        self.do_basebackup(backup_lsn)?;
@@ -487,7 +545,7 @@ impl PostgresNode {
        // 3. Load basebackup
        self.load_basebackup(auth_token)?;

-        if self.lsn.is_some() {
+        if self.replication != Replication::Primary {
            File::create(self.pgdata().join("standby.signal"))?;
        }

--- a/control_plane/src/local_env.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/local_env.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@

 use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context};

-use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use reqwest::Url;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_with::{serde_as, DisplayFromStr};
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
 use utils::{
    auth::{encode_from_key_file, Claims, Scope},
    id::{NodeId, TenantId, TenantTimelineId, TimelineId},
+    postgres_backend::AuthType,
 };

 use crate::safekeeper::SafekeeperNode;
@@ -110,14 +110,12 @@ impl NeonBroker {
 pub struct PageServerConf {
    // node id
    pub id: NodeId,
-
    // Pageserver connection settings
    pub listen_pg_addr: String,
    pub listen_http_addr: String,

-    // auth type used for the PG and HTTP ports
-    pub pg_auth_type: AuthType,
-    pub http_auth_type: AuthType,
+    // used to determine which auth type is used
+    pub auth_type: AuthType,

    // jwt auth token used for communication with pageserver
    pub auth_token: String,
@@ -129,8 +127,7 @@ impl Default for PageServerConf {
            id: NodeId(0),
            listen_pg_addr: String::new(),
            listen_http_addr: String::new(),
-            pg_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
-            http_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
+            auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
            auth_token: String::new(),
        }
    }
--- a/control_plane/src/pageserver.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/pageserver.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use anyhow::{bail, Context};
 use pageserver_api::models::{
    TenantConfigRequest, TenantCreateRequest, TenantInfo, TimelineCreateRequest, TimelineInfo,
 };
-use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use postgres_connection::{parse_host_port, PgConnectionConfig};
 use reqwest::blocking::{Client, RequestBuilder, Response};
 use reqwest::{IntoUrl, Method};
@@ -21,6 +20,7 @@ use utils::{
    http::error::HttpErrorBody,
    id::{TenantId, TimelineId},
    lsn::Lsn,
+    postgres_backend::AuthType,
 };

 use crate::{background_process, local_env::LocalEnv};
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl PageServerNode {
        let (host, port) = parse_host_port(&env.pageserver.listen_pg_addr)
            .expect("Unable to parse listen_pg_addr");
        let port = port.unwrap_or(5432);
-        let password = if env.pageserver.pg_auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
+        let password = if env.pageserver.auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
            Some(env.pageserver.auth_token.clone())
        } else {
            None
@@ -106,32 +106,25 @@ impl PageServerNode {
            self.env.pg_distrib_dir_raw().display()
        );

-        let http_auth_type_param =
-            format!("http_auth_type='{}'", self.env.pageserver.http_auth_type);
+        let authg_type_param = format!("auth_type='{}'", self.env.pageserver.auth_type);
        let listen_http_addr_param = format!(
            "listen_http_addr='{}'",
            self.env.pageserver.listen_http_addr
        );
-
-        let pg_auth_type_param = format!("pg_auth_type='{}'", self.env.pageserver.pg_auth_type);
        let listen_pg_addr_param =
            format!("listen_pg_addr='{}'", self.env.pageserver.listen_pg_addr);
-
        let broker_endpoint_param = format!("broker_endpoint='{}'", self.env.broker.client_url());

        let mut overrides = vec![
            id,
            pg_distrib_dir_param,
-            http_auth_type_param,
-            pg_auth_type_param,
+            authg_type_param,
            listen_http_addr_param,
            listen_pg_addr_param,
            broker_endpoint_param,
        ];

-        if self.env.pageserver.http_auth_type != AuthType::Trust
-            || self.env.pageserver.pg_auth_type != AuthType::Trust
-        {
+        if self.env.pageserver.auth_type != AuthType::Trust {
            overrides.push("auth_validation_public_key_path='auth_public_key.pem'".to_owned());
        }
        overrides
@@ -254,10 +247,7 @@ impl PageServerNode {
    }

    fn pageserver_env_variables(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<(String, String)>> {
-        // FIXME: why is this tied to pageserver's auth type? Whether or not the safekeeper
-        // needs a token, and how to generate that token, seems independent to whether
-        // the pageserver requires a token in incoming requests.
-        Ok(if self.env.pageserver.http_auth_type != AuthType::Trust {
+        Ok(if self.env.pageserver.auth_type != AuthType::Trust {
            // Generate a token to connect from the pageserver to a safekeeper
            let token = self
                .env
@@ -293,7 +283,7 @@ impl PageServerNode {

    fn http_request<U: IntoUrl>(&self, method: Method, url: U) -> RequestBuilder {
        let mut builder = self.http_client.request(method, url);
-        if self.env.pageserver.http_auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
+        if self.env.pageserver.auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
            builder = builder.bearer_auth(&self.env.pageserver.auth_token)
        }
        builder
--- a/control_plane/src/postgresql_conf.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/postgresql_conf.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use std::io::BufRead;
 use std::str::FromStr;

 /// In-memory representation of a postgresql.conf file
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
 pub struct PostgresConf {
    lines: Vec<String>,
    hash: HashMap<String, String>,
--- a/control_plane/src/safekeeper.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/safekeeper.rs
@@ -115,10 +115,6 @@ impl SafekeeperNode {
        let datadir = self.datadir_path();

        let id_string = id.to_string();
-        // TODO: add availability_zone to the config.
-        // Right now we just specify any value here and use it to check metrics in tests.
-        let availability_zone = format!("sk-{}", id_string);
-
        let mut args = vec![
            "-D",
            datadir.to_str().with_context(|| {
@@ -130,8 +126,6 @@ impl SafekeeperNode {
            &listen_pg,
            "--listen-http",
            &listen_http,
-            "--availability-zone",
-            &availability_zone,
        ];
        if !self.conf.sync {
            args.push("--no-sync");
--- a/docs/authentication.md
+++ b/docs/authentication.md
@@ -29,41 +29,6 @@ These components should not have access to the private key and may only get toke
 The key pair is generated once for an installation of compute/pageserver/safekeeper, e.g. by `neon_local init`.
 There is currently no way to rotate the key without bringing down all components.

-### Token format
-
-The JWT tokens in Neon use RSA as the algorithm. Example:
-
-Header:
-
-```
-{
-  "alg": "RS512",     # RS256, RS384, or RS512
-  "typ": "JWT"
-}
-```
-
-Payload:
-
-```
-{
-  "scope": "tenant",  # "tenant", "pageserverapi", or "safekeeperdata"
-  "tenant_id": "5204921ff44f09de8094a1390a6a50f6",
-}
-```
-
-
-Meanings of scope:
-
-"tenant": Provides access to all data for a specific tenant
-
-"pageserverapi": Provides blanket access to all tenants on the pageserver plus pageserver-wide APIs.
-Should only be used e.g. for status check/tenant creation/list.
-
-"safekeeperdata": Provides blanket access to all data on the safekeeper plus safekeeper-wide APIs.
-Should only be used e.g. for status check.
-Currently also used for connection from any pageserver to any safekeeper.
-
-
 ### CLI
 CLI generates a key pair during call to `neon_local init` with the following commands:

@@ -137,12 +102,10 @@ Each compute should present a token valid for the timeline's tenant.
 Pageserver also has HTTP API: some parts are per-tenant,
 some parts are server-wide, these are different scopes.

-Authentication can be enabled separately for the HTTP mgmt API, and
-for the libpq connections from compute. The `http_auth_type` and
-`pg_auth_type` configuration variables in Pageserver's config may
-have one of these values:
+The `auth_type` configuration variable in Pageserver's config may have
+either of three values:

-* `Trust` removes all authentication.
+* `Trust` removes all authentication. The outdated `MD5` value does likewise
 * `NeonJWT` enables JWT validation.
   Tokens are validated using the public key which lies in a PEM file
   specified in the `auth_validation_public_key_path` config.
--- a/docs/sourcetree.md
+++ b/docs/sourcetree.md
@@ -129,12 +129,13 @@ Run `poetry shell` to activate the virtual environment.
 Alternatively, use `poetry run` to run a single command in the venv, e.g. `poetry run pytest`.

 ### Obligatory checks
-We force code formatting via `black`, `ruff`, and type hints via `mypy`.
+We force code formatting via `black`, `isort` and type hints via `mypy`.
 Run the following commands in the repository's root (next to `pyproject.toml`):

 ```bash
+poetry run isort .  # Imports are reformatted
 poetry run black .  # All code is reformatted
-poetry run ruff .  # Python linter
+poetry run flake8 .  # Python linter
 poetry run mypy .  # Ensure there are no typing errors
 ```

--- a/libs/postgres_backend/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/postgres_backend/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "postgres_backend"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-async-trait.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-bytes.workspace = true
-futures.workspace = true
-rustls.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-thiserror.workspace = true
-tokio.workspace = true
-tokio-rustls.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
-
-pq_proto.workspace = true
-workspace_hack.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-once_cell.workspace = true
-rustls-pemfile.workspace = true
-tokio-postgres.workspace = true
-tokio-postgres-rustls.workspace = true
--- a/libs/postgres_backend/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/postgres_backend/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,931 +0,0 @@
-//! Server-side asynchronous Postgres connection, as limited as we need.
-//! To use, create PostgresBackend and run() it, passing the Handler
-//! implementation determining how to process the queries. Currently its API
-//! is rather narrow, but we can extend it once required.
-use anyhow::Context;
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use futures::pin_mut;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::io::ErrorKind;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::task::{ready, Poll};
-use std::{fmt, io};
-use std::{future::Future, str::FromStr};
-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
-use tokio_rustls::TlsAcceptor;
-use tracing::{debug, error, info, trace};
-
-use pq_proto::framed::{ConnectionError, Framed, FramedReader, FramedWriter};
-use pq_proto::{
-    BeMessage, FeMessage, FeStartupPacket, ProtocolError, SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR,
-    SQLSTATE_SUCCESSFUL_COMPLETION,
-};
-
-/// An error, occurred during query processing:
-/// either during the connection ([`ConnectionError`]) or before/after it.
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
-pub enum QueryError {
-    /// The connection was lost while processing the query.
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Disconnected(#[from] ConnectionError),
-    /// Some other error
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),
-}
-
-impl From<io::Error> for QueryError {
-    fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
-        Self::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Io(e))
-    }
-}
-
-impl QueryError {
-    pub fn pg_error_code(&self) -> &'static [u8; 5] {
-        match self {
-            Self::Disconnected(_) => b"08006",         // connection failure
-            Self::Other(_) => SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR, // internal error
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn is_expected_io_error(e: &io::Error) -> bool {
-    use io::ErrorKind::*;
-    matches!(
-        e.kind(),
-        ConnectionRefused | ConnectionAborted | ConnectionReset
-    )
-}
-
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
-pub trait Handler<IO> {
-    /// Handle single query.
-    /// postgres_backend will issue ReadyForQuery after calling this (this
-    /// might be not what we want after CopyData streaming, but currently we don't
-    /// care). It will also flush out the output buffer.
-    async fn process_query(
-        &mut self,
-        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend<IO>,
-        query_string: &str,
-    ) -> Result<(), QueryError>;
-
-    /// Called on startup packet receival, allows to process params.
-    ///
-    /// If Ok(false) is returned postgres_backend will skip auth -- that is needed for new users
-    /// creation is the proxy code. That is quite hacky and ad-hoc solution, may be we could allow
-    /// to override whole init logic in implementations.
-    fn startup(
-        &mut self,
-        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend<IO>,
-        _sm: &FeStartupPacket,
-    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Check auth jwt
-    fn check_auth_jwt(
-        &mut self,
-        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend<IO>,
-        _jwt_response: &[u8],
-    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
-        Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("JWT auth failed")))
-    }
-}
-
-/// PostgresBackend protocol state.
-/// XXX: The order of the constructors matters.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd)]
-pub enum ProtoState {
-    /// Nothing happened yet.
-    Initialization,
-    /// Encryption handshake is done; waiting for encrypted Startup message.
-    Encrypted,
-    /// Waiting for password (auth token).
-    Authentication,
-    /// Performed handshake and auth, ReadyForQuery is issued.
-    Established,
-    Closed,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum ProcessMsgResult {
-    Continue,
-    Break,
-}
-
-/// Either plain TCP stream or encrypted one, implementing AsyncRead + AsyncWrite.
-pub enum MaybeTlsStream<IO> {
-    Unencrypted(IO),
-    Tls(Box<tokio_rustls::server::TlsStream<IO>>),
-}
-
-impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> AsyncWrite for MaybeTlsStream<IO> {
-    fn poll_write(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-        buf: &[u8],
-    ) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
-        match self.get_mut() {
-            Self::Unencrypted(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_write(cx, buf),
-            Self::Tls(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_write(cx, buf),
-        }
-    }
-    fn poll_flush(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        match self.get_mut() {
-            Self::Unencrypted(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_flush(cx),
-            Self::Tls(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_flush(cx),
-        }
-    }
-    fn poll_shutdown(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        match self.get_mut() {
-            Self::Unencrypted(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_shutdown(cx),
-            Self::Tls(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_shutdown(cx),
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> AsyncRead for MaybeTlsStream<IO> {
-    fn poll_read(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-        buf: &mut tokio::io::ReadBuf<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        match self.get_mut() {
-            Self::Unencrypted(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_read(cx, buf),
-            Self::Tls(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_read(cx, buf),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub enum AuthType {
-    Trust,
-    // This mimics postgres's AuthenticationCleartextPassword but instead of password expects JWT
-    NeonJWT,
-}
-
-impl FromStr for AuthType {
-    type Err = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s {
-            "Trust" => Ok(Self::Trust),
-            "NeonJWT" => Ok(Self::NeonJWT),
-            _ => anyhow::bail!("invalid value \"{s}\" for auth type"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for AuthType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(match self {
-            AuthType::Trust => "Trust",
-            AuthType::NeonJWT => "NeonJWT",
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// Either full duplex Framed or write only half; the latter is left in
-/// PostgresBackend after call to `split`. In principle we could always store a
-/// pair of splitted handles, but that would force to to pay splitting price
-/// (Arc and kinda mutex inside polling) for all uses (e.g. pageserver).
-enum MaybeWriteOnly<IO> {
-    Full(Framed<MaybeTlsStream<IO>>),
-    WriteOnly(FramedWriter<MaybeTlsStream<IO>>),
-    Broken, // temporary value palmed off during the split
-}
-
-impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> MaybeWriteOnly<IO> {
-    async fn read_startup_message(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FeStartupPacket>, ConnectionError> {
-        match self {
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Full(framed) => framed.read_startup_message().await,
-            MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(_) => {
-                Err(io::Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "reading from write only half").into())
-            }
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Broken => panic!("IO on invalid MaybeWriteOnly"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn read_message(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError> {
-        match self {
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Full(framed) => framed.read_message().await,
-            MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(_) => {
-                Err(io::Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "reading from write only half").into())
-            }
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Broken => panic!("IO on invalid MaybeWriteOnly"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_message_noflush(&mut self, msg: &BeMessage<'_>) -> Result<(), ProtocolError> {
-        match self {
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Full(framed) => framed.write_message(msg),
-            MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(framed_writer) => framed_writer.write_message_noflush(msg),
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Broken => panic!("IO on invalid MaybeWriteOnly"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Full(framed) => framed.flush().await,
-            MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(framed_writer) => framed_writer.flush().await,
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Broken => panic!("IO on invalid MaybeWriteOnly"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn shutdown(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Full(framed) => framed.shutdown().await,
-            MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(framed_writer) => framed_writer.shutdown().await,
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Broken => panic!("IO on invalid MaybeWriteOnly"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct PostgresBackend<IO> {
-    framed: MaybeWriteOnly<IO>,
-
-    pub state: ProtoState,
-
-    auth_type: AuthType,
-
-    peer_addr: SocketAddr,
-    pub tls_config: Option<Arc<rustls::ServerConfig>>,
-}
-
-pub type PostgresBackendTCP = PostgresBackend<tokio::net::TcpStream>;
-
-pub fn query_from_cstring(query_string: Bytes) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut query_string = query_string.to_vec();
-    if let Some(ch) = query_string.last() {
-        if *ch == 0 {
-            query_string.pop();
-        }
-    }
-    query_string
-}
-
-/// Cast a byte slice to a string slice, dropping null terminator if there's one.
-fn cstr_to_str(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<&str> {
-    let without_null = bytes.strip_suffix(&[0]).unwrap_or(bytes);
-    std::str::from_utf8(without_null).map_err(|e| e.into())
-}
-
-impl PostgresBackend<tokio::net::TcpStream> {
-    pub fn new(
-        socket: tokio::net::TcpStream,
-        auth_type: AuthType,
-        tls_config: Option<Arc<rustls::ServerConfig>>,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
-        let peer_addr = socket.peer_addr()?;
-        let stream = MaybeTlsStream::Unencrypted(socket);
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            framed: MaybeWriteOnly::Full(Framed::new(stream)),
-            state: ProtoState::Initialization,
-            auth_type,
-            tls_config,
-            peer_addr,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> PostgresBackend<IO> {
-    pub fn new_from_io(
-        socket: IO,
-        peer_addr: SocketAddr,
-        auth_type: AuthType,
-        tls_config: Option<Arc<rustls::ServerConfig>>,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
-        let stream = MaybeTlsStream::Unencrypted(socket);
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            framed: MaybeWriteOnly::Full(Framed::new(stream)),
-            state: ProtoState::Initialization,
-            auth_type,
-            tls_config,
-            peer_addr,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_peer_addr(&self) -> &SocketAddr {
-        &self.peer_addr
-    }
-
-    /// Read full message or return None if connection is cleanly closed with no
-    /// unprocessed data.
-    pub async fn read_message(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError> {
-        if let ProtoState::Closed = self.state {
-            Ok(None)
-        } else {
-            let m = self.framed.read_message().await?;
-            trace!("read msg {:?}", m);
-            Ok(m)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Write message into internal output buffer, doesn't flush it. Technically
-    /// error type can be only ProtocolError here (if, unlikely, serialization
-    /// fails), but callers typically wrap it anyway.
-    pub fn write_message_noflush(
-        &mut self,
-        message: &BeMessage<'_>,
-    ) -> Result<&mut Self, ConnectionError> {
-        self.framed.write_message_noflush(message)?;
-        trace!("wrote msg {:?}", message);
-        Ok(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Flush output buffer into the socket.
-    pub async fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.framed.flush().await
-    }
-
-    /// Polling version of `flush()`, saves the caller need to pin.
-    pub fn poll_flush(
-        &mut self,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
-        let flush_fut = self.flush();
-        pin_mut!(flush_fut);
-        flush_fut.poll(cx)
-    }
-
-    /// Write message into internal output buffer and flush it to the stream.
-    pub async fn write_message(
-        &mut self,
-        message: &BeMessage<'_>,
-    ) -> Result<&mut Self, ConnectionError> {
-        self.write_message_noflush(message)?;
-        self.flush().await?;
-        Ok(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an AsyncWrite implementation that wraps all the data written
-    /// to it in CopyData messages, and writes them to the connection
-    ///
-    /// The caller is responsible for sending CopyOutResponse and CopyDone messages.
-    pub fn copyout_writer(&mut self) -> CopyDataWriter<IO> {
-        CopyDataWriter { pgb: self }
-    }
-
-    /// Wrapper for run_message_loop() that shuts down socket when we are done
-    pub async fn run<F, S>(
-        mut self,
-        handler: &mut impl Handler<IO>,
-        shutdown_watcher: F,
-    ) -> Result<(), QueryError>
-    where
-        F: Fn() -> S,
-        S: Future,
-    {
-        let ret = self.run_message_loop(handler, shutdown_watcher).await;
-        // socket might be already closed, e.g. if previously received error,
-        // so ignore result.
-        self.framed.shutdown().await.ok();
-        ret
-    }
-
-    async fn run_message_loop<F, S>(
-        &mut self,
-        handler: &mut impl Handler<IO>,
-        shutdown_watcher: F,
-    ) -> Result<(), QueryError>
-    where
-        F: Fn() -> S,
-        S: Future,
-    {
-        trace!("postgres backend to {:?} started", self.peer_addr);
-
-        tokio::select!(
-            biased;
-
-            _ = shutdown_watcher() => {
-                // We were requested to shut down.
-                tracing::info!("shutdown request received during handshake");
-                return Ok(())
-            },
-
-            result = self.handshake(handler) => {
-                // Handshake complete.
-                result?;
-                if self.state == ProtoState::Closed {
-                    return Ok(()); // EOF during handshake
-                }
-            }
-        );
-
-        // Authentication completed
-        let mut query_string = Bytes::new();
-        while let Some(msg) = tokio::select!(
-            biased;
-            _ = shutdown_watcher() => {
-                // We were requested to shut down.
-                tracing::info!("shutdown request received in run_message_loop");
-                Ok(None)
-            },
-            msg = self.read_message() => { msg },
-        )? {
-            trace!("got message {:?}", msg);
-
-            let result = self.process_message(handler, msg, &mut query_string).await;
-            self.flush().await?;
-            match result? {
-                ProcessMsgResult::Continue => {
-                    self.flush().await?;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                ProcessMsgResult::Break => break,
-            }
-        }
-
-        trace!("postgres backend to {:?} exited", self.peer_addr);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Try to upgrade MaybeTlsStream into actual TLS one, performing handshake.
-    async fn tls_upgrade(
-        src: MaybeTlsStream<IO>,
-        tls_config: Arc<rustls::ServerConfig>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<MaybeTlsStream<IO>> {
-        match src {
-            MaybeTlsStream::Unencrypted(s) => {
-                let acceptor = TlsAcceptor::from(tls_config);
-                let tls_stream = acceptor.accept(s).await?;
-                Ok(MaybeTlsStream::Tls(Box::new(tls_stream)))
-            }
-            MaybeTlsStream::Tls(_) => {
-                anyhow::bail!("TLS already started");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn start_tls(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // temporary replace stream with fake to cook TLS one, Indiana Jones style
-        match std::mem::replace(&mut self.framed, MaybeWriteOnly::Broken) {
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Full(framed) => {
-                let tls_config = self
-                    .tls_config
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .context("start_tls called without conf")?
-                    .clone();
-                let tls_framed = framed
-                    .map_stream(|s| PostgresBackend::tls_upgrade(s, tls_config))
-                    .await?;
-                // push back ready TLS stream
-                self.framed = MaybeWriteOnly::Full(tls_framed);
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(_) => {
-                anyhow::bail!("TLS upgrade attempt in split state")
-            }
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Broken => panic!("TLS upgrade on framed in invalid state"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Split off owned read part from which messages can be read in different
-    /// task/thread.
-    pub fn split(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<PostgresBackendReader<IO>> {
-        // temporary replace stream with fake to cook split one, Indiana Jones style
-        match std::mem::replace(&mut self.framed, MaybeWriteOnly::Broken) {
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Full(framed) => {
-                let (reader, writer) = framed.split();
-                self.framed = MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(writer);
-                Ok(PostgresBackendReader(reader))
-            }
-            MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(_) => {
-                anyhow::bail!("PostgresBackend is already split")
-            }
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Broken => panic!("split on framed in invalid state"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Join read part back.
-    pub fn unsplit(&mut self, reader: PostgresBackendReader<IO>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // temporary replace stream with fake to cook joined one, Indiana Jones style
-        match std::mem::replace(&mut self.framed, MaybeWriteOnly::Broken) {
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Full(_) => {
-                anyhow::bail!("PostgresBackend is not split")
-            }
-            MaybeWriteOnly::WriteOnly(writer) => {
-                let joined = Framed::unsplit(reader.0, writer);
-                self.framed = MaybeWriteOnly::Full(joined);
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            MaybeWriteOnly::Broken => panic!("unsplit on framed in invalid state"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Perform handshake with the client, transitioning to Established.
-    /// In case of EOF during handshake logs this, sets state to Closed and returns Ok(()).
-    async fn handshake(&mut self, handler: &mut impl Handler<IO>) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
-        while self.state < ProtoState::Authentication {
-            match self.framed.read_startup_message().await? {
-                Some(msg) => {
-                    self.process_startup_message(handler, msg).await?;
-                }
-                None => {
-                    trace!(
-                        "postgres backend to {:?} received EOF during handshake",
-                        self.peer_addr
-                    );
-                    self.state = ProtoState::Closed;
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Perform auth, if needed.
-        if self.state == ProtoState::Authentication {
-            match self.framed.read_message().await? {
-                Some(FeMessage::PasswordMessage(m)) => {
-                    assert!(self.auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT);
-
-                    let (_, jwt_response) = m.split_last().context("protocol violation")?;
-
-                    if let Err(e) = handler.check_auth_jwt(self, jwt_response) {
-                        self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
-                            &e.to_string(),
-                            Some(e.pg_error_code()),
-                        ))?;
-                        return Err(e);
-                    }
-
-                    self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::AuthenticationOk)?
-                        .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CLIENT_ENCODING)?
-                        .write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)
-                        .await?;
-                    self.state = ProtoState::Established;
-                }
-                Some(m) => {
-                    return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                        "Unexpected message {:?} while waiting for handshake",
-                        m
-                    )));
-                }
-                None => {
-                    trace!(
-                        "postgres backend to {:?} received EOF during auth",
-                        self.peer_addr
-                    );
-                    self.state = ProtoState::Closed;
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Process startup packet:
-    /// - transition to Established if auth type is trust
-    /// - transition to Authentication if auth type is NeonJWT.
-    /// - or perform TLS handshake -- then need to call this again to receive
-    ///   actual startup packet.
-    async fn process_startup_message(
-        &mut self,
-        handler: &mut impl Handler<IO>,
-        msg: FeStartupPacket,
-    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
-        assert!(self.state < ProtoState::Authentication);
-        let have_tls = self.tls_config.is_some();
-        match msg {
-            FeStartupPacket::SslRequest => {
-                debug!("SSL requested");
-
-                self.write_message(&BeMessage::EncryptionResponse(have_tls))
-                    .await?;
-
-                if have_tls {
-                    self.start_tls().await?;
-                    self.state = ProtoState::Encrypted;
-                }
-            }
-            FeStartupPacket::GssEncRequest => {
-                debug!("GSS requested");
-                self.write_message(&BeMessage::EncryptionResponse(false))
-                    .await?;
-            }
-            FeStartupPacket::StartupMessage { .. } => {
-                if have_tls && !matches!(self.state, ProtoState::Encrypted) {
-                    self.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse("must connect with TLS", None))
-                        .await?;
-                    return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                        "client did not connect with TLS"
-                    )));
-                }
-
-                // NB: startup() may change self.auth_type -- we are using that in proxy code
-                // to bypass auth for new users.
-                handler.startup(self, &msg)?;
-
-                match self.auth_type {
-                    AuthType::Trust => {
-                        self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::AuthenticationOk)?
-                            .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CLIENT_ENCODING)?
-                            .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::INTEGER_DATETIMES)?
-                            // The async python driver requires a valid server_version
-                            .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::server_version("14.1"))?
-                            .write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)
-                            .await?;
-                        self.state = ProtoState::Established;
-                    }
-                    AuthType::NeonJWT => {
-                        self.write_message(&BeMessage::AuthenticationCleartextPassword)
-                            .await?;
-                        self.state = ProtoState::Authentication;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            FeStartupPacket::CancelRequest { .. } => {
-                return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                    "Unexpected CancelRequest message during handshake"
-                )));
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn process_message(
-        &mut self,
-        handler: &mut impl Handler<IO>,
-        msg: FeMessage,
-        unnamed_query_string: &mut Bytes,
-    ) -> Result<ProcessMsgResult, QueryError> {
-        // Allow only startup and password messages during auth. Otherwise client would be able to bypass auth
-        // TODO: change that to proper top-level match of protocol state with separate message handling for each state
-        assert!(self.state == ProtoState::Established);
-
-        match msg {
-            FeMessage::Query(body) => {
-                // remove null terminator
-                let query_string = cstr_to_str(&body)?;
-
-                trace!("got query {query_string:?}");
-                if let Err(e) = handler.process_query(self, query_string).await {
-                    log_query_error(query_string, &e);
-                    let short_error = short_error(&e);
-                    self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
-                        &short_error,
-                        Some(e.pg_error_code()),
-                    ))?;
-                }
-                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
-            }
-
-            FeMessage::Parse(m) => {
-                *unnamed_query_string = m.query_string;
-                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ParseComplete)?;
-            }
-
-            FeMessage::Describe(_) => {
-                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ParameterDescription)?
-                    .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::NoData)?;
-            }
-
-            FeMessage::Bind(_) => {
-                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::BindComplete)?;
-            }
-
-            FeMessage::Close(_) => {
-                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CloseComplete)?;
-            }
-
-            FeMessage::Execute(_) => {
-                let query_string = cstr_to_str(unnamed_query_string)?;
-                trace!("got execute {query_string:?}");
-                if let Err(e) = handler.process_query(self, query_string).await {
-                    log_query_error(query_string, &e);
-                    self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
-                        &e.to_string(),
-                        Some(e.pg_error_code()),
-                    ))?;
-                }
-                // NOTE there is no ReadyForQuery message. This handler is used
-                // for basebackup and it uses CopyOut which doesn't require
-                // ReadyForQuery message and backend just switches back to
-                // processing mode after sending CopyDone or ErrorResponse.
-            }
-
-            FeMessage::Sync => {
-                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
-            }
-
-            FeMessage::Terminate => {
-                return Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Break);
-            }
-
-            // We prefer explicit pattern matching to wildcards, because
-            // this helps us spot the places where new variants are missing
-            FeMessage::CopyData(_)
-            | FeMessage::CopyDone
-            | FeMessage::CopyFail
-            | FeMessage::PasswordMessage(_) => {
-                return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                    "unexpected message type: {msg:?}",
-                )));
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Continue)
-    }
-
-    /// Log as info/error result of handling COPY stream and send back
-    /// ErrorResponse if that makes sense. Shutdown the stream if we got
-    /// Terminate. TODO: transition into waiting for Sync msg if we initiate the
-    /// close.
-    pub async fn handle_copy_stream_end(&mut self, end: CopyStreamHandlerEnd) {
-        use CopyStreamHandlerEnd::*;
-
-        let expected_end = match &end {
-            ServerInitiated(_) | CopyDone | CopyFail | Terminate | EOF => true,
-            CopyStreamHandlerEnd::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Io(io_error))
-                if is_expected_io_error(io_error) =>
-            {
-                true
-            }
-            _ => false,
-        };
-        if expected_end {
-            info!("terminated: {:#}", end);
-        } else {
-            error!("terminated: {:?}", end);
-        }
-
-        // Note: no current usages ever send this
-        if let CopyDone = &end {
-            if let Err(e) = self.write_message(&BeMessage::CopyDone).await {
-                error!("failed to send CopyDone: {}", e);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Terminate = &end {
-            self.state = ProtoState::Closed;
-        }
-
-        let err_to_send_and_errcode = match &end {
-            ServerInitiated(_) => Some((end.to_string(), SQLSTATE_SUCCESSFUL_COMPLETION)),
-            Other(_) => Some((end.to_string(), SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR)),
-            // Note: CopyFail in duplex copy is somewhat unexpected (at least to
-            // PG walsender; evidently and per my docs reading client should
-            // finish it with CopyDone). It is not a problem to recover from it
-            // finishing the stream in both directions like we do, but note that
-            // sync rust-postgres client (which we don't use anymore) hangs if
-            // socket is not closed here.
-            // https://github.com/sfackler/rust-postgres/issues/755
-            // https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/935
-            //
-            // Currently, the version of tokio_postgres replication patch we use
-            // sends this when it closes the stream (e.g. pageserver decided to
-            // switch conn to another safekeeper and client gets dropped).
-            // Moreover, seems like 'connection' task errors with 'unexpected
-            // message from server' when it receives ErrorResponse (anything but
-            // CopyData/CopyDone) back.
-            CopyFail => Some((end.to_string(), SQLSTATE_SUCCESSFUL_COMPLETION)),
-            _ => None,
-        };
-        if let Some((err, errcode)) = err_to_send_and_errcode {
-            if let Err(ee) = self
-                .write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(&err, Some(errcode)))
-                .await
-            {
-                error!("failed to send ErrorResponse: {}", ee);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct PostgresBackendReader<IO>(FramedReader<MaybeTlsStream<IO>>);
-
-impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> PostgresBackendReader<IO> {
-    /// Read full message or return None if connection is cleanly closed with no
-    /// unprocessed data.
-    pub async fn read_message(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError> {
-        let m = self.0.read_message().await?;
-        trace!("read msg {:?}", m);
-        Ok(m)
-    }
-
-    /// Get CopyData contents of the next message in COPY stream or error
-    /// closing it. The error type is wider than actual errors which can happen
-    /// here -- it includes 'Other' and 'ServerInitiated', but that's ok for
-    /// current callers.
-    pub async fn read_copy_message(&mut self) -> Result<Bytes, CopyStreamHandlerEnd> {
-        match self.read_message().await? {
-            Some(msg) => match msg {
-                FeMessage::CopyData(m) => Ok(m),
-                FeMessage::CopyDone => Err(CopyStreamHandlerEnd::CopyDone),
-                FeMessage::CopyFail => Err(CopyStreamHandlerEnd::CopyFail),
-                FeMessage::Terminate => Err(CopyStreamHandlerEnd::Terminate),
-                _ => Err(CopyStreamHandlerEnd::from(ConnectionError::Protocol(
-                    ProtocolError::Protocol(format!("unexpected message in COPY stream {:?}", msg)),
-                ))),
-            },
-            None => Err(CopyStreamHandlerEnd::EOF),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-///
-/// A futures::AsyncWrite implementation that wraps all data written to it in CopyData
-/// messages.
-///
-
-pub struct CopyDataWriter<'a, IO> {
-    pgb: &'a mut PostgresBackend<IO>,
-}
-
-impl<'a, IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> AsyncWrite for CopyDataWriter<'a, IO> {
-    fn poll_write(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-        buf: &[u8],
-    ) -> Poll<Result<usize, std::io::Error>> {
-        let this = self.get_mut();
-
-        // It's not strictly required to flush between each message, but makes it easier
-        // to view in wireshark, and usually the messages that the callers write are
-        // decently-sized anyway.
-        if let Err(err) = ready!(this.pgb.poll_flush(cx)) {
-            return Poll::Ready(Err(err));
-        }
-
-        // CopyData
-        // XXX: if the input is large, we should split it into multiple messages.
-        // Not sure what the threshold should be, but the ultimate hard limit is that
-        // the length cannot exceed u32.
-        this.pgb
-            .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CopyData(buf))
-            // write_message only writes to the buffer, so it can fail iff the
-            // message is invaid, but CopyData can't be invalid.
-            .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "failed to serialize CopyData"))?;
-
-        Poll::Ready(Ok(buf.len()))
-    }
-
-    fn poll_flush(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
-        let this = self.get_mut();
-        this.pgb.poll_flush(cx)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_shutdown(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
-        let this = self.get_mut();
-        this.pgb.poll_flush(cx)
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn short_error(e: &QueryError) -> String {
-    match e {
-        QueryError::Disconnected(connection_error) => connection_error.to_string(),
-        QueryError::Other(e) => format!("{e:#}"),
-    }
-}
-
-fn log_query_error(query: &str, e: &QueryError) {
-    match e {
-        QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Io(io_error)) => {
-            if is_expected_io_error(io_error) {
-                info!("query handler for '{query}' failed with expected io error: {io_error}");
-            } else {
-                error!("query handler for '{query}' failed with io error: {io_error}");
-            }
-        }
-        QueryError::Disconnected(other_connection_error) => {
-            error!("query handler for '{query}' failed with connection error: {other_connection_error:?}")
-        }
-        QueryError::Other(e) => {
-            error!("query handler for '{query}' failed: {e:?}");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Something finishing handling of COPY stream, see handle_copy_stream_end.
-/// This is not always a real error, but it allows to use ? and thiserror impls.
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
-pub enum CopyStreamHandlerEnd {
-    /// Handler initiates the end of streaming.
-    #[error("{0}")]
-    ServerInitiated(String),
-    #[error("received CopyDone")]
-    CopyDone,
-    #[error("received CopyFail")]
-    CopyFail,
-    #[error("received Terminate")]
-    Terminate,
-    #[error("EOF on COPY stream")]
-    EOF,
-    /// The connection was lost
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Disconnected(#[from] ConnectionError),
-    /// Some other error
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),
-}
--- a/libs/postgres_backend/tests/simple_select.rs
+++ b/libs/postgres_backend/tests/simple_select.rs
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-/// Test postgres_backend_async with tokio_postgres
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use postgres_backend::{AuthType, Handler, PostgresBackend, QueryError};
-use pq_proto::{BeMessage, RowDescriptor};
-use std::io::Cursor;
-use std::{future, sync::Arc};
-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
-use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
-use tokio_postgres::config::SslMode;
-use tokio_postgres::tls::MakeTlsConnect;
-use tokio_postgres::{Config, NoTls, SimpleQueryMessage};
-use tokio_postgres_rustls::MakeRustlsConnect;
-
-// generate client, server test streams
-async fn make_tcp_pair() -> (TcpStream, TcpStream) {
-    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
-    let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
-    let client_stream = TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
-    let (server_stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
-    (client_stream, server_stream)
-}
-
-struct TestHandler {}
-
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin + Send> Handler<IO> for TestHandler {
-    // return single col 'hey' for any query
-    async fn process_query(
-        &mut self,
-        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend<IO>,
-        _query_string: &str,
-    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
-        pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::RowDescription(&[RowDescriptor::text_col(
-            b"hey",
-        )]))?
-        .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::DataRow(&[Some("hey".as_bytes())]))?
-        .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-// test that basic select works
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn simple_select() {
-    let (client_sock, server_sock) = make_tcp_pair().await;
-
-    // create and run pgbackend
-    let pgbackend =
-        PostgresBackend::new(server_sock, AuthType::Trust, None).expect("pgbackend creation");
-
-    tokio::spawn(async move {
-        let mut handler = TestHandler {};
-        pgbackend.run(&mut handler, future::pending::<()>).await
-    });
-
-    let conf = Config::new();
-    let (client, connection) = conf.connect_raw(client_sock, NoTls).await.expect("connect");
-    // The connection object performs the actual communication with the database,
-    // so spawn it off to run on its own.
-    tokio::spawn(async move {
-        if let Err(e) = connection.await {
-            eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
-        }
-    });
-
-    let first_val = &(client.simple_query("SELECT 42;").await.expect("select"))[0];
-    if let SimpleQueryMessage::Row(row) = first_val {
-        let first_col = row.get(0).expect("first column");
-        assert_eq!(first_col, "hey");
-    } else {
-        panic!("expected SimpleQueryMessage::Row");
-    }
-}
-
-static KEY: Lazy<rustls::PrivateKey> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    let mut cursor = Cursor::new(include_bytes!("key.pem"));
-    rustls::PrivateKey(rustls_pemfile::rsa_private_keys(&mut cursor).unwrap()[0].clone())
-});
-
-static CERT: Lazy<rustls::Certificate> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    let mut cursor = Cursor::new(include_bytes!("cert.pem"));
-    rustls::Certificate(rustls_pemfile::certs(&mut cursor).unwrap()[0].clone())
-});
-
-// test that basic select with ssl works
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn simple_select_ssl() {
-    let (client_sock, server_sock) = make_tcp_pair().await;
-
-    let server_cfg = rustls::ServerConfig::builder()
-        .with_safe_defaults()
-        .with_no_client_auth()
-        .with_single_cert(vec![CERT.clone()], KEY.clone())
-        .unwrap();
-    let tls_config = Some(Arc::new(server_cfg));
-    let pgbackend =
-        PostgresBackend::new(server_sock, AuthType::Trust, tls_config).expect("pgbackend creation");
-
-    tokio::spawn(async move {
-        let mut handler = TestHandler {};
-        pgbackend.run(&mut handler, future::pending::<()>).await
-    });
-
-    let client_cfg = rustls::ClientConfig::builder()
-        .with_safe_defaults()
-        .with_root_certificates({
-            let mut store = rustls::RootCertStore::empty();
-            store.add(&CERT).unwrap();
-            store
-        })
-        .with_no_client_auth();
-    let mut make_tls_connect = tokio_postgres_rustls::MakeRustlsConnect::new(client_cfg);
-    let tls_connect = <MakeRustlsConnect as MakeTlsConnect<TcpStream>>::make_tls_connect(
-        &mut make_tls_connect,
-        "localhost",
-    )
-    .expect("make_tls_connect");
-
-    let mut conf = Config::new();
-    conf.ssl_mode(SslMode::Require);
-    let (client, connection) = conf
-        .connect_raw(client_sock, tls_connect)
-        .await
-        .expect("connect");
-    // The connection object performs the actual communication with the database,
-    // so spawn it off to run on its own.
-    tokio::spawn(async move {
-        if let Err(e) = connection.await {
-            eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
-        }
-    });
-
-    let first_val = &(client.simple_query("SELECT 42;").await.expect("select"))[0];
-    if let SimpleQueryMessage::Row(row) = first_val {
-        let first_col = row.get(0).expect("first column");
-        assert_eq!(first_col, "hey");
-    } else {
-        panic!("expected SimpleQueryMessage::Row");
-    }
-}
--- a/libs/postgres_ffi/build.rs
+++ b/libs/postgres_ffi/build.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,10 @@ fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
            pg_install_dir_versioned = cwd.join("..").join("..").join(pg_install_dir_versioned);
        }

-        let pg_config_bin = pg_install_dir_versioned.join("bin").join("pg_config");
+        let pg_config_bin = pg_install_dir_versioned
+            .join(pg_version)
+            .join("bin")
+            .join("pg_config");
        let inc_server_path: String = if pg_config_bin.exists() {
            let output = Command::new(pg_config_bin)
                .arg("--includedir-server")
--- a/libs/pq_proto/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/pq_proto/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

 [dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
-byteorder.workspace = true
 pin-project-lite.workspace = true
 postgres-protocol.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
--- a/libs/pq_proto/src/framed.rs
+++ b/libs/pq_proto/src/framed.rs
@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
-//! Provides `Framed` -- writing/flushing and reading Postgres messages to/from
-//! the async stream based on (and buffered with) BytesMut. All functions are
-//! cancellation safe.
-//!
-//! It is similar to what tokio_util::codec::Framed with appropriate codec
-//! provides, but `FramedReader` and `FramedWriter` read/write parts can be used
-//! separately without using split from futures::stream::StreamExt (which
-//! allocates box[1] in polling internally). tokio::io::split is used for splitting
-//! instead. Plus we customize error messages more than a single type for all io
-//! calls.
-//!
-//! [1] https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.26/src/futures_util/lock/bilock.rs.html#107
-use bytes::{Buf, BytesMut};
-use std::{
-    future::Future,
-    io::{self, ErrorKind},
-};
-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt, ReadHalf, WriteHalf};
-
-use crate::{BeMessage, FeMessage, FeStartupPacket, ProtocolError};
-
-const INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 8 * 1024;
-
-/// Error on postgres connection: either IO (physical transport error) or
-/// protocol violation.
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
-pub enum ConnectionError {
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Io(#[from] io::Error),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Protocol(#[from] ProtocolError),
-}
-
-impl ConnectionError {
-    /// Proxy stream.rs uses only io::Error; provide it.
-    pub fn into_io_error(self) -> io::Error {
-        match self {
-            ConnectionError::Io(io) => io,
-            ConnectionError::Protocol(pe) => io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, pe.to_string()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Wraps async io `stream`, providing messages to write/flush + read Postgres
-/// messages.
-pub struct Framed<S> {
-    stream: S,
-    read_buf: BytesMut,
-    write_buf: BytesMut,
-}
-
-impl<S> Framed<S> {
-    pub fn new(stream: S) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            stream,
-            read_buf: BytesMut::with_capacity(INITIAL_CAPACITY),
-            write_buf: BytesMut::with_capacity(INITIAL_CAPACITY),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get a shared reference to the underlying stream.
-    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &S {
-        &self.stream
-    }
-
-    /// Deconstruct into the underlying stream and read buffer.
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> (S, BytesMut) {
-        (self.stream, self.read_buf)
-    }
-
-    /// Return new Framed with stream type transformed by async f, for TLS
-    /// upgrade.
-    pub async fn map_stream<S2, E, F, Fut>(self, f: F) -> Result<Framed<S2>, E>
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(S) -> Fut,
-        Fut: Future<Output = Result<S2, E>>,
-    {
-        let stream = f(self.stream).await?;
-        Ok(Framed {
-            stream,
-            read_buf: self.read_buf,
-            write_buf: self.write_buf,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: AsyncRead + Unpin> Framed<S> {
-    pub async fn read_startup_message(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> Result<Option<FeStartupPacket>, ConnectionError> {
-        read_message(&mut self.stream, &mut self.read_buf, FeStartupPacket::parse).await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn read_message(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError> {
-        read_message(&mut self.stream, &mut self.read_buf, FeMessage::parse).await
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: AsyncWrite + Unpin> Framed<S> {
-    /// Write next message to the output buffer; doesn't flush.
-    pub fn write_message(&mut self, msg: &BeMessage<'_>) -> Result<(), ProtocolError> {
-        BeMessage::write(&mut self.write_buf, msg)
-    }
-
-    /// Flush out the buffer. This function is cancellation safe: it can be
-    /// interrupted and flushing will be continued in the next call.
-    pub async fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        flush(&mut self.stream, &mut self.write_buf).await
-    }
-
-    /// Flush out the buffer and shutdown the stream.
-    pub async fn shutdown(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        shutdown(&mut self.stream, &mut self.write_buf).await
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> Framed<S> {
-    /// Split into owned read and write parts. Beware of potential issues with
-    /// using halves in different tasks on TLS stream:
-    /// https://github.com/tokio-rs/tls/issues/40
-    pub fn split(self) -> (FramedReader<S>, FramedWriter<S>) {
-        let (read_half, write_half) = tokio::io::split(self.stream);
-        let reader = FramedReader {
-            stream: read_half,
-            read_buf: self.read_buf,
-        };
-        let writer = FramedWriter {
-            stream: write_half,
-            write_buf: self.write_buf,
-        };
-        (reader, writer)
-    }
-
-    /// Join read and write parts back.
-    pub fn unsplit(reader: FramedReader<S>, writer: FramedWriter<S>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            stream: reader.stream.unsplit(writer.stream),
-            read_buf: reader.read_buf,
-            write_buf: writer.write_buf,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Read-only version of `Framed`.
-pub struct FramedReader<S> {
-    stream: ReadHalf<S>,
-    read_buf: BytesMut,
-}
-
-impl<S: AsyncRead + Unpin> FramedReader<S> {
-    pub async fn read_message(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError> {
-        read_message(&mut self.stream, &mut self.read_buf, FeMessage::parse).await
-    }
-}
-
-/// Write-only version of `Framed`.
-pub struct FramedWriter<S> {
-    stream: WriteHalf<S>,
-    write_buf: BytesMut,
-}
-
-impl<S: AsyncWrite + Unpin> FramedWriter<S> {
-    /// Write next message to the output buffer; doesn't flush.
-    pub fn write_message_noflush(&mut self, msg: &BeMessage<'_>) -> Result<(), ProtocolError> {
-        BeMessage::write(&mut self.write_buf, msg)
-    }
-
-    /// Flush out the buffer. This function is cancellation safe: it can be
-    /// interrupted and flushing will be continued in the next call.
-    pub async fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        flush(&mut self.stream, &mut self.write_buf).await
-    }
-
-    /// Flush out the buffer and shutdown the stream.
-    pub async fn shutdown(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        shutdown(&mut self.stream, &mut self.write_buf).await
-    }
-}
-
-/// Read next message from the stream. Returns Ok(None), if EOF happened and we
-/// don't have remaining data in the buffer. This function is cancellation safe:
-/// you can drop future which is not yet complete and finalize reading message
-/// with the next call.
-///
-/// Parametrized to allow reading startup or usual message, having different
-/// format.
-async fn read_message<S: AsyncRead + Unpin, M, P>(
-    stream: &mut S,
-    read_buf: &mut BytesMut,
-    parse: P,
-) -> Result<Option<M>, ConnectionError>
-where
-    P: Fn(&mut BytesMut) -> Result<Option<M>, ProtocolError>,
-{
-    loop {
-        if let Some(msg) = parse(read_buf)? {
-            return Ok(Some(msg));
-        }
-        // If we can't build a frame yet, try to read more data and try again.
-        // Make sure we've got room for at least one byte to read to ensure
-        // that we don't get a spurious 0 that looks like EOF.
-        read_buf.reserve(1);
-        if stream.read_buf(read_buf).await? == 0 {
-            if read_buf.has_remaining() {
-                return Err(io::Error::new(
-                    ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
-                    "EOF with unprocessed data in the buffer",
-                )
-                .into());
-            } else {
-                return Ok(None); // clean EOF
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-async fn flush<S: AsyncWrite + Unpin>(
-    stream: &mut S,
-    write_buf: &mut BytesMut,
-) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-    while write_buf.has_remaining() {
-        let bytes_written = stream.write(write_buf.chunk()).await?;
-        if bytes_written == 0 {
-            return Err(io::Error::new(
-                ErrorKind::WriteZero,
-                "failed to write message",
-            ));
-        }
-        // The advanced part will be garbage collected, likely during shifting
-        // data left on next attempt to write to buffer when free space is not
-        // enough.
-        write_buf.advance(bytes_written);
-    }
-    write_buf.clear();
-    stream.flush().await
-}
-
-async fn shutdown<S: AsyncWrite + Unpin>(
-    stream: &mut S,
-    write_buf: &mut BytesMut,
-) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-    flush(stream, write_buf).await?;
-    stream.shutdown().await
-}
--- a/libs/pq_proto/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/pq_proto/src/lib.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,24 @@
 //! <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/protocol-message-formats.html>
 //! on message formats.

-pub mod framed;
+// Tools for calling certain async methods in sync contexts.
+pub mod sync;

-use byteorder::{BigEndian, ReadBytesExt};
+use anyhow::{ensure, Context, Result};
 use bytes::{Buf, BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
 use postgres_protocol::PG_EPOCH;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
    borrow::Cow,
    collections::HashMap,
-    fmt, io, str,
+    fmt,
+    future::Future,
+    io::{self, Cursor},
+    str,
    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
 };
+use sync::{AsyncishRead, SyncFuture};
+use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tracing::{trace, warn};

 pub type Oid = u32;
@@ -25,6 +31,7 @@ pub const TEXT_OID: Oid = 25;

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum FeMessage {
+    StartupPacket(FeStartupPacket),
    // Simple query.
    Query(Bytes),
    // Extended query protocol.
@@ -184,205 +191,260 @@ pub struct FeExecuteMessage {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct FeCloseMessage;

-/// An error occured while parsing or serializing raw stream into Postgres
-/// messages.
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
-pub enum ProtocolError {
-    /// Invalid packet was received from the client (e.g. unexpected message
-    /// type or broken len).
-    #[error("Protocol error: {0}")]
-    Protocol(String),
-    /// Failed to parse or, (unlikely), serialize a protocol message.
-    #[error("Message parse error: {0}")]
-    BadMessage(String),
+/// Retry a read on EINTR
+///
+/// This runs the enclosed expression, and if it returns
+/// Err(io::ErrorKind::Interrupted), retries it.
+macro_rules! retry_read {
+    ( $x:expr ) => {
+        loop {
+            match $x {
+                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
+                res => break res,
+            }
+        }
+    };
 }

-impl ProtocolError {
-    /// Proxy stream.rs uses only io::Error; provide it.
+/// An error occured during connection being open.
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum ConnectionError {
+    /// IO error during writing to or reading from the connection socket.
+    #[error("Socket IO error: {0}")]
+    Socket(std::io::Error),
+    /// Invalid packet was received from client
+    #[error("Protocol error: {0}")]
+    Protocol(String),
+    /// Failed to parse a protocol mesage
+    #[error("Message parse error: {0}")]
+    MessageParse(anyhow::Error),
+}
+
+impl From<anyhow::Error> for ConnectionError {
+    fn from(e: anyhow::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::MessageParse(e)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ConnectionError {
    pub fn into_io_error(self) -> io::Error {
-        io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, self.to_string())
+        match self {
+            ConnectionError::Socket(io) => io,
+            other => io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, other.to_string()),
+        }
    }
 }

 impl FeMessage {
-    /// Read and parse one message from the `buf` input buffer. If there is at
-    /// least one valid message, returns it, advancing `buf`; redundant copies
-    /// are avoided, as thanks to `bytes` crate ptrs in parsed message point
-    /// directly into the `buf` (processed data is garbage collected after
-    /// parsed message is dropped).
+    /// Read one message from the stream.
+    /// This function returns `Ok(None)` in case of EOF.
+    /// One way to handle this properly:
    ///
-    /// Returns None if `buf` doesn't contain enough data for a single message.
-    /// For efficiency, tries to reserve large enough space in `buf` for the
-    /// next message in this case to save the repeated calls.
+    /// ```
+    /// # use std::io;
+    /// # use pq_proto::FeMessage;
+    /// #
+    /// # fn process_message(msg: FeMessage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// #     Ok(())
+    /// # };
+    /// #
+    /// fn do_the_job(stream: &mut (impl io::Read + Unpin)) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    ///     while let Some(msg) = FeMessage::read(stream)? {
+    ///         process_message(msg)?;
+    ///     }
    ///
-    /// Returns Error if message is malformed, the only possible ErrorKind is
-    /// InvalidInput.
-    //
-    // Inspired by rust-postgres Message::parse.
-    pub fn parse(buf: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, ProtocolError> {
-        // Every message contains message type byte and 4 bytes len; can't do
-        // much without them.
-        if buf.len() < 5 {
-            let to_read = 5 - buf.len();
-            buf.reserve(to_read);
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline(never)]
+    pub fn read(
+        stream: &mut (impl io::Read + Unpin),
+    ) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError> {
+        Self::read_fut(&mut AsyncishRead(stream)).wait()
+    }

-        // We shouldn't advance `buf` as probably full message is not there yet,
-        // so can't directly use Bytes::get_u32 etc.
-        let tag = buf[0];
-        let len = (&buf[1..5]).read_u32::<BigEndian>().unwrap();
-        if len < 4 {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::Protocol(format!(
-                "invalid message length {}",
-                len
-            )));
-        }
+    /// Read one message from the stream.
+    /// See documentation for `Self::read`.
+    pub fn read_fut<Reader>(
+        stream: &mut Reader,
+    ) -> SyncFuture<Reader, impl Future<Output = Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError>> + '_>
+    where
+        Reader: tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin,
+    {
+        // We return a Future that's sync (has a `wait` method) if and only if the provided stream is SyncProof.
+        // SyncFuture contract: we are only allowed to await on sync-proof futures, the AsyncRead and
+        // AsyncReadExt methods of the stream.
+        SyncFuture::new(async move {
+            // Each libpq message begins with a message type byte, followed by message length
+            // If the client closes the connection, return None. But if the client closes the
+            // connection in the middle of a message, we will return an error.
+            let tag = match retry_read!(stream.read_u8().await) {
+                Ok(b) => b,
+                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => return Ok(None),
+                Err(e) => return Err(ConnectionError::Socket(e)),
+            };

-        // length field includes itself, but not message type.
-        let total_len = len as usize + 1;
-        if buf.len() < total_len {
-            // Don't have full message yet.
-            let to_read = total_len - buf.len();
-            buf.reserve(to_read);
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+            // The message length includes itself, so it better be at least 4.
+            let len = retry_read!(stream.read_u32().await)
+                .map_err(ConnectionError::Socket)?
+                .checked_sub(4)
+                .ok_or_else(|| ConnectionError::Protocol("invalid message length".to_string()))?;

-        // got the message, advance buffer
-        let mut msg = buf.split_to(total_len).freeze();
-        msg.advance(5); // consume message type and len
+            let body = {
+                let mut buffer = vec![0u8; len as usize];
+                stream
+                    .read_exact(&mut buffer)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(ConnectionError::Socket)?;
+                Bytes::from(buffer)
+            };

-        match tag {
-            b'Q' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::Query(msg))),
-            b'P' => Ok(Some(FeParseMessage::parse(msg)?)),
-            b'D' => Ok(Some(FeDescribeMessage::parse(msg)?)),
-            b'E' => Ok(Some(FeExecuteMessage::parse(msg)?)),
-            b'B' => Ok(Some(FeBindMessage::parse(msg)?)),
-            b'C' => Ok(Some(FeCloseMessage::parse(msg)?)),
-            b'S' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::Sync)),
-            b'X' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::Terminate)),
-            b'd' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::CopyData(msg))),
-            b'c' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::CopyDone)),
-            b'f' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::CopyFail)),
-            b'p' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::PasswordMessage(msg))),
-            tag => Err(ProtocolError::Protocol(format!(
-                "unknown message tag: {tag},'{msg:?}'"
-            ))),
-        }
+            match tag {
+                b'Q' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::Query(body))),
+                b'P' => Ok(Some(FeParseMessage::parse(body)?)),
+                b'D' => Ok(Some(FeDescribeMessage::parse(body)?)),
+                b'E' => Ok(Some(FeExecuteMessage::parse(body)?)),
+                b'B' => Ok(Some(FeBindMessage::parse(body)?)),
+                b'C' => Ok(Some(FeCloseMessage::parse(body)?)),
+                b'S' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::Sync)),
+                b'X' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::Terminate)),
+                b'd' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::CopyData(body))),
+                b'c' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::CopyDone)),
+                b'f' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::CopyFail)),
+                b'p' => Ok(Some(FeMessage::PasswordMessage(body))),
+                tag => {
+                    return Err(ConnectionError::Protocol(format!(
+                        "unknown message tag: {tag},'{body:?}'"
+                    )))
+                }
+            }
+        })
    }
 }

 impl FeStartupPacket {
-    /// Read and parse startup message from the `buf` input buffer. It is
-    /// different from [`FeMessage::parse`] because startup messages don't have
-    /// message type byte; otherwise, its comments apply.
-    pub fn parse(buf: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<Option<FeStartupPacket>, ProtocolError> {
+    /// Read startup message from the stream.
+    // XXX: It's tempting yet undesirable to accept `stream` by value,
+    // since such a change will cause user-supplied &mut references to be consumed
+    pub fn read(
+        stream: &mut (impl io::Read + Unpin),
+    ) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError> {
+        Self::read_fut(&mut AsyncishRead(stream)).wait()
+    }
+
+    /// Read startup message from the stream.
+    // XXX: It's tempting yet undesirable to accept `stream` by value,
+    // since such a change will cause user-supplied &mut references to be consumed
+    pub fn read_fut<Reader>(
+        stream: &mut Reader,
+    ) -> SyncFuture<Reader, impl Future<Output = Result<Option<FeMessage>, ConnectionError>> + '_>
+    where
+        Reader: tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin,
+    {
        const MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH: usize = 10000;
        const RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION: u32 = 1234;
        const CANCEL_REQUEST_CODE: u32 = 5678;
        const NEGOTIATE_SSL_CODE: u32 = 5679;
        const NEGOTIATE_GSS_CODE: u32 = 5680;

-        // need at least 4 bytes with packet len
-        if buf.len() < 4 {
-            let to_read = 4 - buf.len();
-            buf.reserve(to_read);
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+        SyncFuture::new(async move {
+            // Read length. If the connection is closed before reading anything (or before
+            // reading 4 bytes, to be precise), return None to indicate that the connection
+            // was closed. This matches the PostgreSQL server's behavior, which avoids noise
+            // in the log if the client opens connection but closes it immediately.
+            let len = match retry_read!(stream.read_u32().await) {
+                Ok(len) => len as usize,
+                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => return Ok(None),
+                Err(e) => return Err(ConnectionError::Socket(e)),
+            };

-        // We shouldn't advance `buf` as probably full message is not there yet,
-        // so can't directly use Bytes::get_u32 etc.
-        let len = (&buf[0..4]).read_u32::<BigEndian>().unwrap() as usize;
-        if len < 4 || len > MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::Protocol(format!(
-                "invalid startup packet message length {}",
-                len
-            )));
-        }
-
-        if buf.len() < len {
-            // Don't have full message yet.
-            let to_read = len - buf.len();
-            buf.reserve(to_read);
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-
-        // got the message, advance buffer
-        let mut msg = buf.split_to(len).freeze();
-        msg.advance(4); // consume len
-
-        let request_code = msg.get_u32();
-        let req_hi = request_code >> 16;
-        let req_lo = request_code & ((1 << 16) - 1);
-        // StartupMessage, CancelRequest, SSLRequest etc are differentiated by request code.
-        let message = match (req_hi, req_lo) {
-            (RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION, CANCEL_REQUEST_CODE) => {
-                if msg.remaining() != 8 {
-                    return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-                        "CancelRequest message is malformed, backend PID / secret key missing"
-                            .to_owned(),
-                    ));
-                }
-                FeStartupPacket::CancelRequest(CancelKeyData {
-                    backend_pid: msg.get_i32(),
-                    cancel_key: msg.get_i32(),
-                })
-            }
-            (RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION, NEGOTIATE_SSL_CODE) => {
-                // Requested upgrade to SSL (aka TLS)
-                FeStartupPacket::SslRequest
-            }
-            (RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION, NEGOTIATE_GSS_CODE) => {
-                // Requested upgrade to GSSAPI
-                FeStartupPacket::GssEncRequest
-            }
-            (RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION, unrecognized_code) => {
-                return Err(ProtocolError::Protocol(format!(
-                    "Unrecognized request code {unrecognized_code}"
+            #[allow(clippy::manual_range_contains)]
+            if len < 4 || len > MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH {
+                return Err(ConnectionError::Protocol(format!(
+                    "invalid message length {len}"
                )));
            }
-            // TODO bail if protocol major_version is not 3?
-            (major_version, minor_version) => {
-                // StartupMessage

-                // Parse pairs of null-terminated strings (key, value).
-                // See `postgres: ProcessStartupPacket, build_startup_packet`.
-                let mut tokens = str::from_utf8(&msg)
-                    .map_err(|_e| {
-                        ProtocolError::BadMessage("StartupMessage params: invalid utf-8".to_owned())
-                    })?
-                    .strip_suffix('\0') // drop packet's own null
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        ProtocolError::Protocol(
-                            "StartupMessage params: missing null terminator".to_string(),
-                        )
-                    })?
-                    .split_terminator('\0');
+            let request_code =
+                retry_read!(stream.read_u32().await).map_err(ConnectionError::Socket)?;

-                let mut params = HashMap::new();
-                while let Some(name) = tokens.next() {
-                    let value = tokens.next().ok_or_else(|| {
-                        ProtocolError::Protocol(
-                            "StartupMessage params: key without value".to_string(),
-                        )
-                    })?;
+            // the rest of startup packet are params
+            let params_len = len - 8;
+            let mut params_bytes = vec![0u8; params_len];
+            stream
+                .read_exact(params_bytes.as_mut())
+                .await
+                .map_err(ConnectionError::Socket)?;

-                    params.insert(name.to_owned(), value.to_owned());
+            // Parse params depending on request code
+            let req_hi = request_code >> 16;
+            let req_lo = request_code & ((1 << 16) - 1);
+            let message = match (req_hi, req_lo) {
+                (RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION, CANCEL_REQUEST_CODE) => {
+                    if params_len != 8 {
+                        return Err(ConnectionError::Protocol(
+                            "expected 8 bytes for CancelRequest params".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    let mut cursor = Cursor::new(params_bytes);
+                    FeStartupPacket::CancelRequest(CancelKeyData {
+                        backend_pid: cursor.read_i32().await.map_err(ConnectionError::Socket)?,
+                        cancel_key: cursor.read_i32().await.map_err(ConnectionError::Socket)?,
+                    })
                }
-
-                FeStartupPacket::StartupMessage {
-                    major_version,
-                    minor_version,
-                    params: StartupMessageParams { params },
+                (RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION, NEGOTIATE_SSL_CODE) => {
+                    // Requested upgrade to SSL (aka TLS)
+                    FeStartupPacket::SslRequest
                }
-            }
-        };
-        Ok(Some(message))
+                (RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION, NEGOTIATE_GSS_CODE) => {
+                    // Requested upgrade to GSSAPI
+                    FeStartupPacket::GssEncRequest
+                }
+                (RESERVED_INVALID_MAJOR_VERSION, unrecognized_code) => {
+                    return Err(ConnectionError::Protocol(format!(
+                        "Unrecognized request code {unrecognized_code}"
+                    )));
+                }
+                // TODO bail if protocol major_version is not 3?
+                (major_version, minor_version) => {
+                    // Parse pairs of null-terminated strings (key, value).
+                    // See `postgres: ProcessStartupPacket, build_startup_packet`.
+                    let mut tokens = str::from_utf8(&params_bytes)
+                        .context("StartupMessage params: invalid utf-8")?
+                        .strip_suffix('\0') // drop packet's own null
+                        .ok_or_else(|| {
+                            ConnectionError::Protocol(
+                                "StartupMessage params: missing null terminator".to_string(),
+                            )
+                        })?
+                        .split_terminator('\0');
+
+                    let mut params = HashMap::new();
+                    while let Some(name) = tokens.next() {
+                        let value = tokens.next().ok_or_else(|| {
+                            ConnectionError::Protocol(
+                                "StartupMessage params: key without value".to_string(),
+                            )
+                        })?;
+
+                        params.insert(name.to_owned(), value.to_owned());
+                    }
+
+                    FeStartupPacket::StartupMessage {
+                        major_version,
+                        minor_version,
+                        params: StartupMessageParams { params },
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            Ok(Some(FeMessage::StartupPacket(message)))
+        })
    }
 }

 impl FeParseMessage {
-    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> Result<FeMessage, ProtocolError> {
+    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> anyhow::Result<FeMessage> {
        // FIXME: the rust-postgres driver uses a named prepared statement
        // for copy_out(). We're not prepared to handle that correctly. For
        // now, just ignore the statement name, assuming that the client never
@@ -390,82 +452,55 @@ impl FeParseMessage {

        let _pstmt_name = read_cstr(&mut buf)?;
        let query_string = read_cstr(&mut buf)?;
-        if buf.remaining() < 2 {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-                "Parse message is malformed, nparams missing".to_string(),
-            ));
-        }
        let nparams = buf.get_i16();

-        if nparams != 0 {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-                "query params not implemented".to_string(),
-            ));
-        }
+        ensure!(nparams == 0, "query params not implemented");

        Ok(FeMessage::Parse(FeParseMessage { query_string }))
    }
 }

 impl FeDescribeMessage {
-    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> Result<FeMessage, ProtocolError> {
+    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> anyhow::Result<FeMessage> {
        let kind = buf.get_u8();
        let _pstmt_name = read_cstr(&mut buf)?;

        // FIXME: see FeParseMessage::parse
-        if kind != b'S' {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-                "only prepared statemement Describe is implemented".to_string(),
-            ));
-        }
+        ensure!(
+            kind == b'S',
+            "only prepared statemement Describe is implemented"
+        );

        Ok(FeMessage::Describe(FeDescribeMessage { kind }))
    }
 }

 impl FeExecuteMessage {
-    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> Result<FeMessage, ProtocolError> {
+    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> anyhow::Result<FeMessage> {
        let portal_name = read_cstr(&mut buf)?;
-        if buf.remaining() < 4 {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-                "FeExecuteMessage message is malformed, maxrows missing".to_string(),
-            ));
-        }
        let maxrows = buf.get_i32();

-        if !portal_name.is_empty() {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-                "named portals not implemented".to_string(),
-            ));
-        }
-        if maxrows != 0 {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-                "row limit in Execute message not implemented".to_string(),
-            ));
-        }
+        ensure!(portal_name.is_empty(), "named portals not implemented");
+        ensure!(maxrows == 0, "row limit in Execute message not implemented");

        Ok(FeMessage::Execute(FeExecuteMessage { maxrows }))
    }
 }

 impl FeBindMessage {
-    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> Result<FeMessage, ProtocolError> {
+    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> anyhow::Result<FeMessage> {
        let portal_name = read_cstr(&mut buf)?;
        let _pstmt_name = read_cstr(&mut buf)?;

        // FIXME: see FeParseMessage::parse
-        if !portal_name.is_empty() {
-            return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-                "named portals not implemented".to_string(),
-            ));
-        }
+        ensure!(portal_name.is_empty(), "named portals not implemented");

        Ok(FeMessage::Bind(FeBindMessage))
    }
 }

 impl FeCloseMessage {
-    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> Result<FeMessage, ProtocolError> {
+    fn parse(mut buf: Bytes) -> anyhow::Result<FeMessage> {
        let _kind = buf.get_u8();
        let _pstmt_or_portal_name = read_cstr(&mut buf)?;

@@ -494,7 +529,6 @@ pub enum BeMessage<'a> {
    CloseComplete,
    // None means column is NULL
    DataRow(&'a [Option<&'a [u8]>]),
-    // None errcode means internal_error will be sent.
    ErrorResponse(&'a str, Option<&'a [u8; 5]>),
    /// Single byte - used in response to SSLRequest/GSSENCRequest.
    EncryptionResponse(bool),
@@ -525,11 +559,6 @@ impl<'a> BeMessage<'a> {
        value: b"UTF8",
    };

-    pub const INTEGER_DATETIMES: Self = Self::ParameterStatus {
-        name: b"integer_datetimes",
-        value: b"on",
-    };
-
    /// Build a [`BeMessage::ParameterStatus`] holding the server version.
    pub fn server_version(version: &'a str) -> Self {
        Self::ParameterStatus {
@@ -608,7 +637,7 @@ impl RowDescriptor<'_> {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct XLogDataBody<'a> {
    pub wal_start: u64,
-    pub wal_end: u64, // current end of WAL on the server
+    pub wal_end: u64,
    pub timestamp: i64,
    pub data: &'a [u8],
 }
@@ -648,11 +677,12 @@ fn write_body<R>(buf: &mut BytesMut, f: impl FnOnce(&mut BytesMut) -> R) -> R {
 }

 /// Safe write of s into buf as cstring (String in the protocol).
-fn write_cstr(s: impl AsRef<[u8]>, buf: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<(), ProtocolError> {
+fn write_cstr(s: impl AsRef<[u8]>, buf: &mut BytesMut) -> io::Result<()> {
    let bytes = s.as_ref();
    if bytes.contains(&0) {
-        return Err(ProtocolError::BadMessage(
-            "string contains embedded null".to_owned(),
+        return Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+            "string contains embedded null",
        ));
    }
    buf.put_slice(bytes);
@@ -660,27 +690,22 @@ fn write_cstr(s: impl AsRef<[u8]>, buf: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<(), ProtocolErr
    Ok(())
 }

-/// Read cstring from buf, advancing it.
-fn read_cstr(buf: &mut Bytes) -> Result<Bytes, ProtocolError> {
-    let pos = buf
-        .iter()
-        .position(|x| *x == 0)
-        .ok_or_else(|| ProtocolError::BadMessage("missing cstring terminator".to_owned()))?;
-    let result = buf.split_to(pos);
+fn read_cstr(buf: &mut Bytes) -> anyhow::Result<Bytes> {
+    let pos = buf.iter().position(|x| *x == 0);
+    let result = buf.split_to(pos.context("missing terminator")?);
    buf.advance(1); // drop the null terminator
    Ok(result)
 }

 pub const SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR: &[u8; 5] = b"XX000";
-pub const SQLSTATE_SUCCESSFUL_COMPLETION: &[u8; 5] = b"00000";

 impl<'a> BeMessage<'a> {
-    /// Serialize `message` to the given `buf`.
-    /// Apart from smart memory managemet, BytesMut is good here as msg len
-    /// precedes its body and it is handy to write it down first and then fill
-    /// the length. With Write we would have to either calc it manually or have
-    /// one more buffer.
-    pub fn write(buf: &mut BytesMut, message: &BeMessage) -> Result<(), ProtocolError> {
+    /// Write message to the given buf.
+    // Unlike the reading side, we use BytesMut
+    // here as msg len precedes its body and it is handy to write it down first
+    // and then fill the length. With Write we would have to either calc it
+    // manually or have one more buffer.
+    pub fn write(buf: &mut BytesMut, message: &BeMessage) -> io::Result<()> {
        match message {
            BeMessage::AuthenticationOk => {
                buf.put_u8(b'R');
@@ -725,7 +750,7 @@ impl<'a> BeMessage<'a> {
                            buf.put_slice(extra);
                        }
                    }
-                    Ok(())
+                    Ok::<_, io::Error>(())
                })?;
            }

@@ -829,7 +854,7 @@ impl<'a> BeMessage<'a> {
                    write_cstr(error_msg, buf)?;

                    buf.put_u8(0); // terminator
-                    Ok(())
+                    Ok::<_, io::Error>(())
                })?;
            }

@@ -852,7 +877,7 @@ impl<'a> BeMessage<'a> {
                    write_cstr(error_msg.as_bytes(), buf)?;

                    buf.put_u8(0); // terminator
-                    Ok(())
+                    Ok::<_, io::Error>(())
                })?;
            }

@@ -907,7 +932,7 @@ impl<'a> BeMessage<'a> {
                        buf.put_i32(-1); /* typmod */
                        buf.put_i16(0); /* format code */
                    }
-                    Ok(())
+                    Ok::<_, io::Error>(())
                })?;
            }

@@ -974,7 +999,7 @@ impl ReplicationFeedback {
    // null-terminated string - key,
    // uint32 - value length in bytes
    // value itself
-    pub fn serialize(&self, buf: &mut BytesMut) {
+    pub fn serialize(&self, buf: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<()> {
        buf.put_u8(REPLICATION_FEEDBACK_FIELDS_NUMBER); // # of keys
        buf.put_slice(b"current_timeline_size\0");
        buf.put_i32(8);
@@ -999,6 +1024,7 @@ impl ReplicationFeedback {
        buf.put_slice(b"ps_replytime\0");
        buf.put_i32(8);
        buf.put_i64(timestamp);
+        Ok(())
    }

    // Deserialize ReplicationFeedback message
@@ -1066,7 +1092,7 @@ mod tests {
        // because it is rounded up to microseconds during serialization.
        rf.ps_replytime = *PG_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(100_000_000);
        let mut data = BytesMut::new();
-        rf.serialize(&mut data);
+        rf.serialize(&mut data).unwrap();

        let rf_parsed = ReplicationFeedback::parse(data.freeze());
        assert_eq!(rf, rf_parsed);
@@ -1081,7 +1107,7 @@ mod tests {
        // because it is rounded up to microseconds during serialization.
        rf.ps_replytime = *PG_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(100_000_000);
        let mut data = BytesMut::new();
-        rf.serialize(&mut data);
+        rf.serialize(&mut data).unwrap();

        // Add an extra field to the buffer and adjust number of keys
        if let Some(first) = data.first_mut() {
@@ -1123,6 +1149,15 @@ mod tests {
        let params = make_params("foo\\ bar \\ \\\\ baz\\  lol");
        assert_eq!(split_options(&params), ["foo bar", " \\", "baz ", "lol"]);
    }
+
+    // Make sure that `read` is sync/async callable
+    async fn _assert(stream: &mut (impl tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin)) {
+        let _ = FeMessage::read(&mut [].as_ref());
+        let _ = FeMessage::read_fut(stream).await;
+
+        let _ = FeStartupPacket::read(&mut [].as_ref());
+        let _ = FeStartupPacket::read_fut(stream).await;
+    }
 }

 fn terminate_code(code: &[u8; 5]) -> [u8; 6] {
--- a/libs/pq_proto/src/sync.rs
+++ b/libs/pq_proto/src/sync.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::{io, task};
+
+pin_project! {
+    /// We use this future to mark certain methods
+    /// as callable in both sync and async modes.
+    #[repr(transparent)]
+    pub struct SyncFuture<S, T: Future> {
+        #[pin]
+        inner: T,
+        _marker: PhantomData<S>,
+    }
+}
+
+/// This wrapper lets us synchronously wait for inner future's completion
+/// (see [`SyncFuture::wait`]) **provided that `S` implements [`SyncProof`]**.
+/// For instance, `S` may be substituted with types implementing
+/// [`tokio::io::AsyncRead`], but it's not the only viable option.
+impl<S, T: Future> SyncFuture<S, T> {
+    /// NOTE: caller should carefully pick a type for `S`,
+    /// because we don't want to enable [`SyncFuture::wait`] when
+    /// it's in fact impossible to run the future synchronously.
+    /// Violation of this contract will not cause UB, but
+    /// panics and async event loop freezes won't please you.
+    ///
+    /// Example:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use pq_proto::sync::SyncFuture;
+    /// # use std::future::Future;
+    /// # use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
+    /// #
+    /// // Parse a pair of numbers from a stream
+    /// pub fn parse_pair<Reader>(
+    ///     stream: &mut Reader,
+    /// ) -> SyncFuture<Reader, impl Future<Output = anyhow::Result<(u32, u64)>> + '_>
+    /// where
+    ///     Reader: tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin,
+    /// {
+    ///     // If `Reader` is a `SyncProof`, this will give caller
+    ///     // an opportunity to use `SyncFuture::wait`, because
+    ///     // `.await` will always result in `Poll::Ready`.
+    ///     SyncFuture::new(async move {
+    ///         let x = stream.read_u32().await?;
+    ///         let y = stream.read_u64().await?;
+    ///         Ok((x, y))
+    ///     })
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(inner: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, T: Future> Future for SyncFuture<S, T> {
+    type Output = T::Output;
+
+    /// In async code, [`SyncFuture`] behaves like a regular wrapper.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut task::Context<'_>) -> task::Poll<Self::Output> {
+        self.project().inner.poll(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Postulates that we can call [`SyncFuture::wait`].
+/// If implementer is also a [`Future`], it should always
+/// return [`task::Poll::Ready`] from [`Future::poll`].
+///
+/// Each implementation should document which futures
+/// specifically are being declared sync-proof.
+pub trait SyncPostulate {}
+
+impl<T: SyncPostulate> SyncPostulate for &T {}
+impl<T: SyncPostulate> SyncPostulate for &mut T {}
+
+impl<P: SyncPostulate, T: Future> SyncFuture<P, T> {
+    /// Synchronously wait for future completion.
+    pub fn wait(mut self) -> T::Output {
+        const RAW_WAKER: task::RawWaker = task::RawWaker::new(
+            std::ptr::null(),
+            &task::RawWakerVTable::new(
+                |_| RAW_WAKER,
+                |_| panic!("SyncFuture: failed to wake"),
+                |_| panic!("SyncFuture: failed to wake by ref"),
+                |_| { /* drop is no-op */ },
+            ),
+        );
+
+        // SAFETY: We never move `self` during this call;
+        // furthermore, it will be dropped in the end regardless of panics
+        let this = unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(&mut self) };
+
+        // SAFETY: This waker doesn't do anything apart from panicking
+        let waker = unsafe { task::Waker::from_raw(RAW_WAKER) };
+        let context = &mut task::Context::from_waker(&waker);
+
+        match this.poll(context) {
+            task::Poll::Ready(res) => res,
+            _ => panic!("SyncFuture: unexpected pending!"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// This wrapper turns any [`std::io::Read`] into a blocking [`tokio::io::AsyncRead`],
+/// which lets us abstract over sync & async readers in methods returning [`SyncFuture`].
+/// NOTE: you **should not** use this in async code.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct AsyncishRead<T: io::Read + Unpin>(pub T);
+
+/// This lets us call [`SyncFuture<AsyncishRead<_>, _>::wait`],
+/// and allows the future to await on any of the [`AsyncRead`]
+/// and [`AsyncReadExt`] methods on `AsyncishRead`.
+impl<T: io::Read + Unpin> SyncPostulate for AsyncishRead<T> {}
+
+impl<T: io::Read + Unpin> tokio::io::AsyncRead for AsyncishRead<T> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn poll_read(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        _cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut tokio::io::ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        task::Poll::Ready(
+            // `Read::read` will block, meaning we don't need a real event loop!
+            self.0
+                .read(buf.initialize_unfilled())
+                .map(|sz| buf.advance(sz)),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+
+    // async helper(stream: &mut impl AsyncRead) -> io::Result<u32>
+    fn bytes_add<Reader>(
+        stream: &mut Reader,
+    ) -> SyncFuture<Reader, impl Future<Output = io::Result<u32>> + '_>
+    where
+        Reader: tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin,
+    {
+        SyncFuture::new(async move {
+            let a = stream.read_u32().await?;
+            let b = stream.read_u32().await?;
+            Ok(a + b)
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sync() {
+        let bytes = [100u32.to_be_bytes(), 200u32.to_be_bytes()].concat();
+        let res = bytes_add(&mut AsyncishRead(&mut &bytes[..]))
+            .wait()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(res, 300);
+    }
+
+    // We need a single-threaded executor for this test
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "current_thread")]
+    async fn test_async() {
+        let (mut tx, mut rx) = tokio::net::UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
+
+        let write = async move {
+            tx.write_u32(100).await?;
+            tx.write_u32(200).await?;
+            Ok(())
+        };
+
+        let (res, ()) = tokio::try_join!(bytes_add(&mut rx), write).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(res, 300);
+    }
+}
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/lib.rs
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ pub trait RemoteStorage: Send + Sync + 'static {
 }

 pub struct Download {
-    pub download_stream: Pin<Box<dyn io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync>>,
+    pub download_stream: Pin<Box<dyn io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send>>,
    /// Extra key-value data, associated with the current remote file.
    pub metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
 }
--- a/libs/utils/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/utils/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,37 +12,42 @@ anyhow.workspace = true
 bincode.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
 heapless.workspace = true
-hex = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
 hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
 futures = { workspace = true}
-jsonwebtoken.workspace = true
-nix.workspace = true
-once_cell.workspace = true
-pin-project-lite.workspace = true
 routerify.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
-signal-hook.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
+tokio-rustls.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
 tracing-subscriber = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
+nix.workspace = true
+signal-hook.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
+jsonwebtoken.workspace = true
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
+rustls.workspace = true
+rustls-split.workspace = true
+git-version.workspace = true
 serde_with.workspace = true
+once_cell.workspace = true
 strum.workspace = true
 strum_macros.workspace = true
-url.workspace = true
-uuid = { version = "1.2", features = ["v4", "serde"] }

 metrics.workspace = true
-workspace_hack.workspace = true
+pq_proto.workspace = true

+workspace_hack.workspace = true
+url.workspace = true
+uuid = { version = "1.2", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
 [dev-dependencies]
 byteorder.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
-criterion.workspace = true
 hex-literal.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
+criterion.workspace = true
+rustls-pemfile.workspace = true

 [[bench]]
 name = "benchmarks"
--- a/libs/utils/src/auth.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/auth.rs
@@ -9,28 +9,16 @@ use std::path::Path;

 use anyhow::Result;
 use jsonwebtoken::{
-    decode, encode, Algorithm, Algorithm::*, DecodingKey, EncodingKey, Header, TokenData,
-    Validation,
+    decode, encode, Algorithm, DecodingKey, EncodingKey, Header, TokenData, Validation,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_with::{serde_as, DisplayFromStr};

 use crate::id::TenantId;

-/// Algorithms accepted during validation.
-///
-/// Accept all RSA-based algorithms. We pass this list to jsonwebtoken::decode,
-/// which checks that the algorithm in the token is one of these.
-///
-/// XXX: It also fails the validation if there are any algorithms in this list that belong
-/// to different family than the token's algorithm. In other words, we can *not* list any
-/// non-RSA algorithms here, or the validation always fails with InvalidAlgorithm error.
-const ACCEPTED_ALGORITHMS: &[Algorithm] = &[RS256, RS384, RS512];
+const JWT_ALGORITHM: Algorithm = Algorithm::RS256;

-/// Algorithm to use when generating a new token in [`encode_from_key_file`]
-const ENCODE_ALGORITHM: Algorithm = Algorithm::RS256;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
 pub enum Scope {
    // Provides access to all data for a specific tenant (specified in `struct Claims` below)
@@ -45,9 +33,8 @@ pub enum Scope {
    SafekeeperData,
 }

-/// JWT payload. See docs/authentication.md for the format
 #[serde_as]
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
 pub struct Claims {
    #[serde(default)]
    #[serde_as(as = "Option<DisplayFromStr>")]
@@ -68,8 +55,7 @@ pub struct JwtAuth {

 impl JwtAuth {
    pub fn new(decoding_key: DecodingKey) -> Self {
-        let mut validation = Validation::default();
-        validation.algorithms = ACCEPTED_ALGORITHMS.into();
+        let mut validation = Validation::new(JWT_ALGORITHM);
        // The default 'required_spec_claims' is 'exp'. But we don't want to require
        // expiration.
        validation.required_spec_claims = [].into();
@@ -100,113 +86,5 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for JwtAuth {
 // this function is used only for testing purposes in CLI e g generate tokens during init
 pub fn encode_from_key_file(claims: &Claims, key_data: &[u8]) -> Result<String> {
    let key = EncodingKey::from_rsa_pem(key_data)?;
-    Ok(encode(&Header::new(ENCODE_ALGORITHM), claims, &key)?)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    // generated with:
-    //
-    // openssl genpkey -algorithm rsa -out storage-auth-priv.pem
-    // openssl pkey -in storage-auth-priv.pem -pubout -out storage-auth-pub.pem
-    const TEST_PUB_KEY_RSA: &[u8] = br#"
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
-MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAy6OZ+/kQXcueVJA/KTzO
-v4ljxylc/Kcb0sXWuXg1GB8k3nDA1gK66LFYToH0aTnqrnqG32Vu6wrhwuvqsZA7
-jQvP0ZePAbWhpEqho7EpNunDPcxZ/XDy5TQlB1P58F9I3lkJXDC+DsHYLuuzwhAv
-vo2MtWRdYlVHblCVLyZtANHhUMp2HUhgjHnJh5UrLIKOl4doCBxkM3rK0wjKsNCt
-M92PCR6S9rvYzldfeAYFNppBkEQrXt2CgUqZ4KaS4LXtjTRUJxljijA4HWffhxsr
-euRu3ufq8kVqie7fum0rdZZSkONmce0V0LesQ4aE2jB+2Sn48h6jb4dLXGWdq8TV
-wQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
-"#;
-    const TEST_PRIV_KEY_RSA: &[u8] = br#"
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIIEvQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKcwggSjAgEAAoIBAQDLo5n7+RBdy55U
-kD8pPM6/iWPHKVz8pxvSxda5eDUYHyTecMDWArrosVhOgfRpOequeobfZW7rCuHC
-6+qxkDuNC8/Rl48BtaGkSqGjsSk26cM9zFn9cPLlNCUHU/nwX0jeWQlcML4Owdgu
-67PCEC++jYy1ZF1iVUduUJUvJm0A0eFQynYdSGCMecmHlSssgo6Xh2gIHGQzesrT
-CMqw0K0z3Y8JHpL2u9jOV194BgU2mkGQRCte3YKBSpngppLgte2NNFQnGWOKMDgd
-Z9+HGyt65G7e5+ryRWqJ7t+6bSt1llKQ42Zx7RXQt6xDhoTaMH7ZKfjyHqNvh0tc
-ZZ2rxNXBAgMBAAECggEAVz3u4Wlx3o02dsoZlSQs+xf0PEX3RXKeU+1YMbtTG9Nz
-6yxpIQaoZrpbt76rJE2gwkFR+PEu1NmjoOuLb6j4KlQuI4AHz1auOoGSwFtM6e66
-K4aZ4x95oEJ3vqz2fkmEIWYJwYpMUmwvnuJx76kZm0xvROMLsu4QHS2+zCVtO5Tr
-hvS05IMVuZ2TdQBZw0+JaFdwXbgDjQnQGY5n9MoTWSx1a4s/FF4Eby65BbDutcpn
-Vt3jQAOmO1X2kbPeWSGuPJRzyUs7Kg8qfeglBIR3ppGP3vPYAdWX+ho00bmsVkSp
-Q8vjul6C3WiM+kjwDxotHSDgbl/xldAl7OqPh0bfAQKBgQDnycXuq14Vg8nZvyn9
-rTnvucO8RBz5P6G+FZ+44cAS2x79+85onARmMnm+9MKYLSMo8fOvsK034NDI68XM
-04QQ/vlfouvFklMTGJIurgEImTZbGCmlMYCvFyIxaEWixon8OpeI4rFe4Hmbiijh
-PxhxWg221AwvBS2sco8J/ylEkQKBgQDg6Rh2QYb/j0Wou1rJPbuy3NhHofd5Rq35
-4YV3f2lfVYcPrgRhwe3T9SVII7Dx8LfwzsX5TAlf48ESlI3Dzv40uOCDM+xdtBRI
-r96SfSm+jup6gsXU3AsdNkrRK3HoOG9Z/TkrUp213QAIlVnvIx65l4ckFMlpnPJ0
-lo1LDXZWMQKBgFArzjZ7N5OhfdO+9zszC3MLgdRAivT7OWqR+CjujIz5FYMr8Xzl
-WfAvTUTrS9Nu6VZkObFvHrrRG+YjBsuN7YQjbQXTSFGSBwH34bgbn2fl9pMTjHQC
-50uoaL9GHa/rlBaV/YvvPQJgCi/uXa1rMX0jdNLkDULGO8IF7cu7Yf7BAoGBAIUU
-J29BkpmAst0GDs/ogTlyR18LTR0rXyHt+UUd1MGeH859TwZw80JpWWf4BmkB4DTS
-hH3gKePdJY7S65ci0XNsuRupC4DeXuorde0DtkGU2tUmr9wlX0Ynq9lcdYfMbMa4
-eK1TsxG69JwfkxlWlIWITWRiEFM3lJa7xlrUWmLhAoGAFpKWF/hn4zYg3seU9gai
-EYHKSbhxA4mRb+F0/9IlCBPMCqFrL5yftUsYIh2XFKn8+QhO97Nmk8wJSK6TzQ5t
-ZaSRmgySrUUhx4nZ/MgqWCFv8VUbLM5MBzwxPKhXkSTfR4z2vLYLJwVY7Tb4kZtp
-8ismApXVGHpOCstzikV9W7k=
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
-"#;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_decode() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
-        let expected_claims = Claims {
-            tenant_id: Some(TenantId::from_str("3d1f7595b468230304e0b73cecbcb081")?),
-            scope: Scope::Tenant,
-        };
-
-        // Here are tokens containing the following payload, signed using TEST_PRIV_KEY_RSA
-        // using RS512, RS384 and RS256 algorithms:
-        //
-        // ```
-        // {
-        //   "scope": "tenant",
-        //   "tenant_id": "3d1f7595b468230304e0b73cecbcb081",
-        //   "iss": "neon.controlplane",
-        //   "exp": 1709200879,
-        //   "iat": 1678442479
-        // }
-        // ```
-        //
-        // These were encoded with the online debugger at https://jwt.io
-        //
-        let encoded_rs512 = "eyJhbGciOiJSUzUxMiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzY29wZSI6InRlbmFudCIsInRlbmFudF9pZCI6IjNkMWY3NTk1YjQ2ODIzMDMwNGUwYjczY2VjYmNiMDgxIiwiaXNzIjoibmVvbi5jb250cm9scGxhbmUiLCJleHAiOjE3MDkyMDA4NzksImlhdCI6MTY3ODQ0MjQ3OX0.QmqfteDQmDGoxQ5EFkasbt35Lx0W0Nh63muQnYZvFq93DSh4ZbOG9Mc4yaiXZoiS5HgeKtFKv3mbWkDqjz3En06aY17hWwguBtAsGASX48lYeCPADYGlGAuaWnOnVRwe3iiOC7tvPFvwX_45S84X73sNUXyUiXv6nLdcDqVXudtNrGST_DnZDnjuUJX11w7sebtKqQQ8l9-iGHiXOl5yevpMCoB1OcTWcT6DfDtffoNuMHDC3fyhmEGG5oKAt1qBybqAIiyC9-UBAowRZXhdfxrzUl-I9jzKWvk85c5ulhVRwbPeP6TTTlPKwFzBNHg1i2U-1GONew5osQ3aoptwsA";
-
-        let encoded_rs384 = "eyJhbGciOiJSUzM4NCIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzY29wZSI6InRlbmFudCIsInRlbmFudF9pZCI6IjNkMWY3NTk1YjQ2ODIzMDMwNGUwYjczY2VjYmNiMDgxIiwiaXNzIjoibmVvbi5jb250cm9scGxhbmUiLCJleHAiOjE3MDkyMDA4NzksImlhdCI6MTY3ODQ0MjQ3OX0.qqk4nkxKzOJP38c_g57_w_SfdQVmCsDT_bsLmdFj_N6LIB22gr6U6_P_5mvk3pIAsp0VCTDwPrCU908TxqjibEkwvQoJwbogHamSGHpD7eJBxGblSnA-Nr3MlEMxpFtec8QokSm6C5mH7DoBYjB2xzeOlxAmpR2GAzInKiMkU4kZ_OcqqrmVcMXY_6VnbxZWMekuw56zE1-PP_qNF1HvYOH-P08ONP8qdo5UPtBG7QBEFlCqZXJZCFihQaI4Vzil9rDuZGCm3I7xQJ8-yh1PX3BTbGo8EzqLdRyBeTpr08UTuRbp_MJDWevHpP3afvJetAItqZXIoZQrbJjcByHqKw";
-
-        let encoded_rs256 = "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzY29wZSI6InRlbmFudCIsInRlbmFudF9pZCI6IjNkMWY3NTk1YjQ2ODIzMDMwNGUwYjczY2VjYmNiMDgxIiwiaXNzIjoibmVvbi5jb250cm9scGxhbmUiLCJleHAiOjE3MDkyMDA4NzksImlhdCI6MTY3ODQ0MjQ3OX0.dF2N9KXG8ftFKHYbd5jQtXMQqv0Ej8FISGp1b_dmqOCotXj5S1y2AWjwyB_EXHM77JXfbEoJPAPrFFBNfd8cWtkCSTvpxWoHaecGzegDFGv5ZSc5AECFV1Daahc3PI3jii9wEiGkFOiwiBNfZ5INomOAsV--XXxlqIwKbTcgSYI7lrOTfecXAbAHiMKQlQYiIBSGnytRCgafhRkyGzPAL8ismthFJ9RHfeejyskht-9GbVHURw02bUyijuHEulpf9eEY3ZiB28de6jnCdU7ftIYaUMaYWt0nZQGkzxKPSfSLZNy14DTOYLDS04DVstWQPqnCUW_ojg0wJETOOfo9Zw";
-
-        // Check that RS512, RS384 and RS256 tokens can all be validated
-        let auth = JwtAuth::new(DecodingKey::from_rsa_pem(TEST_PUB_KEY_RSA)?);
-
-        for encoded in [encoded_rs512, encoded_rs384, encoded_rs256] {
-            let claims_from_token = auth.decode(encoded)?.claims;
-            assert_eq!(claims_from_token, expected_claims);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_encode() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
-        let claims = Claims {
-            tenant_id: Some(TenantId::from_str("3d1f7595b468230304e0b73cecbcb081")?),
-            scope: Scope::Tenant,
-        };
-
-        let encoded = encode_from_key_file(&claims, TEST_PRIV_KEY_RSA)?;
-
-        // decode it back
-        let auth = JwtAuth::new(DecodingKey::from_rsa_pem(TEST_PUB_KEY_RSA)?);
-        let decoded = auth.decode(&encoded)?;
-
-        assert_eq!(decoded.claims, claims);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
+    Ok(encode(&Header::new(JWT_ALGORITHM), claims, &key)?)
 }
--- a/libs/utils/src/fs_ext.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/fs_ext.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ where
    P: AsRef<Path>,
 {
    fn is_empty_dir(&self) -> io::Result<bool> {
-        Ok(fs::read_dir(self)?.next().is_none())
+        Ok(fs::read_dir(self)?.into_iter().next().is_none())
    }
 }

--- a/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ use crate::http::error;
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
 use hyper::header::{HeaderName, AUTHORIZATION};
 use hyper::http::HeaderValue;
-use hyper::Method;
 use hyper::{header::CONTENT_TYPE, Body, Request, Response, Server};
+use hyper::{Method, StatusCode};
 use metrics::{register_int_counter, Encoder, IntCounter, TextEncoder};
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use routerify::ext::RequestExt;
 use routerify::{Middleware, RequestInfo, Router, RouterBuilder, RouterService};
 use tokio::task::JoinError;
-use tracing::{self, debug, info, info_span, warn, Instrument};
+use tracing;

 use std::future::Future;
 use std::net::TcpListener;
@@ -32,77 +32,31 @@ static X_REQUEST_ID_HEADER: HeaderName = HeaderName::from_static(X_REQUEST_ID_HE
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
 struct RequestId(String);

-/// Adds a tracing info_span! instrumentation around the handler events,
-/// logs the request start and end events for non-GET requests and non-200 responses.
-///
-/// Use this to distinguish between logs of different HTTP requests: every request handler wrapped
-/// in this type will get request info logged in the wrapping span, including the unique request ID.
-///
-/// There could be other ways to implement similar functionality:
-///
-/// * procmacros placed on top of all handler methods
-/// With all the drawbacks of procmacros, brings no difference implementation-wise,
-/// and little code reduction compared to the existing approach.
-///
-/// * Another `TraitExt` with e.g. the `get_with_span`, `post_with_span` methods to do similar logic,
-/// implemented for [`RouterBuilder`].
-/// Could be simpler, but we don't want to depend on [`routerify`] more, targeting to use other library later.
-///
-/// * In theory, a span guard could've been created in a pre-request middleware and placed into a global collection, to be dropped
-/// later, in a post-response middleware.
-/// Due to suspendable nature of the futures, would give contradictive results which is exactly the opposite of what `tracing-futures`
-/// tries to achive with its `.instrument` used in the current approach.
-///
-/// If needed, a declarative macro to substitute the |r| ... closure boilerplate could be introduced.
-pub struct RequestSpan<E, R, H>(pub H)
-where
-    E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> + 'static,
-    R: Future<Output = Result<Response<Body>, E>> + Send + 'static,
-    H: Fn(Request<Body>) -> R + Send + Sync + 'static;
+async fn logger(res: Response<Body>, info: RequestInfo) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let request_id = info.context::<RequestId>().unwrap_or_default().0;

-impl<E, R, H> RequestSpan<E, R, H>
-where
-    E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> + 'static,
-    R: Future<Output = Result<Response<Body>, E>> + Send + 'static,
-    H: Fn(Request<Body>) -> R + Send + Sync + 'static,
-{
-    /// Creates a tracing span around inner request handler and executes the request handler in the contex of that span.
-    /// Use as `|r| RequestSpan(my_handler).handle(r)` instead of `my_handler` as the request handler to get the span enabled.
-    pub async fn handle(self, request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, E> {
-        let request_id = request.context::<RequestId>().unwrap_or_default().0;
-        let method = request.method();
-        let path = request.uri().path();
-        let request_span = info_span!("request", %method, %path, %request_id);
+    // cannot factor out the Level to avoid the repetition
+    // because tracing can only work with const Level
+    // which is not the case here

-        let log_quietly = method == Method::GET;
-        async move {
-            if log_quietly {
-                debug!("Handling request");
-            } else {
-                info!("Handling request");
-            }
-
-            // Note that we reuse `error::handler` here and not returning and error at all,
-            // yet cannot use `!` directly in the method signature due to `routerify::RouterBuilder` limitation.
-            // Usage of the error handler also means that we expect only the `ApiError` errors to be raised in this call.
-            //
-            // Panics are not handled separately, there's a `tracing_panic_hook` from another module to do that globally.
-            match (self.0)(request).await {
-                Ok(response) => {
-                    let response_status = response.status();
-                    if log_quietly && response_status.is_success() {
-                        debug!("Request handled, status: {response_status}");
-                    } else {
-                        info!("Request handled, status: {response_status}");
-                    }
-                    Ok(response)
-                }
-                Err(e) => Ok(error::handler(e.into()).await),
-            }
-        }
-        .instrument(request_span)
-        .await
+    if info.method() == Method::GET && res.status() == StatusCode::OK {
+        tracing::debug!(
+            "{} {} {} {}",
+            info.method(),
+            info.uri().path(),
+            request_id,
+            res.status()
+        );
+    } else {
+        tracing::info!(
+            "{} {} {} {}",
+            info.method(),
+            info.uri().path(),
+            request_id,
+            res.status()
+        );
    }
+    Ok(res)
 }

 async fn prometheus_metrics_handler(_req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
@@ -142,6 +96,12 @@ pub fn add_request_id_middleware<B: hyper::body::HttpBody + Send + Sync + 'stati
                request_id.to_string()
            }
        };
+
+        if req.method() == Method::GET {
+            tracing::debug!("{} {} {}", req.method(), req.uri().path(), request_id);
+        } else {
+            tracing::info!("{} {} {}", req.method(), req.uri().path(), request_id);
+        }
        req.set_context(RequestId(request_id));

        Ok(req)
@@ -165,12 +125,11 @@ async fn add_request_id_header_to_response(
 pub fn make_router() -> RouterBuilder<hyper::Body, ApiError> {
    Router::builder()
        .middleware(add_request_id_middleware())
+        .middleware(Middleware::post_with_info(logger))
        .middleware(Middleware::post_with_info(
            add_request_id_header_to_response,
        ))
-        .get("/metrics", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(prometheus_metrics_handler).handle(r)
-        })
+        .get("/metrics", prometheus_metrics_handler)
        .err_handler(error::handler)
 }

@@ -180,43 +139,40 @@ pub fn attach_openapi_ui(
    spec_mount_path: &'static str,
    ui_mount_path: &'static str,
 ) -> RouterBuilder<hyper::Body, ApiError> {
-    router_builder
-        .get(spec_mount_path, move |r| {
-            RequestSpan(move |_| async move { Ok(Response::builder().body(Body::from(spec)).unwrap()) })
-                .handle(r)
-        })
-        .get(ui_mount_path, move |r| RequestSpan( move |_| async move {
-            Ok(Response::builder().body(Body::from(format!(r#"
-                <!DOCTYPE html>
-                <html lang="en">
-                <head>
-                <title>rweb</title>
-                <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css" rel="stylesheet">
-                </head>
-                <body>
-                    <div id="swagger-ui"></div>
-                    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js" charset="UTF-8"> </script>
-                    <script>
-                        window.onload = function() {{
-                        const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({{
-                            "dom_id": "\#swagger-ui",
-                            presets: [
-                            SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis,
-                            SwaggerUIBundle.SwaggerUIStandalonePreset
-                            ],
-                            layout: "BaseLayout",
-                            deepLinking: true,
-                            showExtensions: true,
-                            showCommonExtensions: true,
-                            url: "{}",
-                        }})
-                        window.ui = ui;
-                    }};
-                </script>
-                </body>
-                </html>
-            "#, spec_mount_path))).unwrap())
-        }).handle(r))
+    router_builder.get(spec_mount_path, move |_| async move {
+        Ok(Response::builder().body(Body::from(spec)).unwrap())
+    }).get(ui_mount_path, move |_| async move {
+        Ok(Response::builder().body(Body::from(format!(r#"
+            <!DOCTYPE html>
+            <html lang="en">
+            <head>
+            <title>rweb</title>
+            <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css" rel="stylesheet">
+            </head>
+            <body>
+                <div id="swagger-ui"></div>
+                <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js" charset="UTF-8"> </script>
+                <script>
+                    window.onload = function() {{
+                    const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({{
+                        "dom_id": "\#swagger-ui",
+                        presets: [
+                        SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis,
+                        SwaggerUIBundle.SwaggerUIStandalonePreset
+                        ],
+                        layout: "BaseLayout",
+                        deepLinking: true,
+                        showExtensions: true,
+                        showCommonExtensions: true,
+                        url: "{}",
+                    }})
+                    window.ui = ui;
+                }};
+            </script>
+            </body>
+            </html>
+        "#, spec_mount_path))).unwrap())
+    })
 }

 fn parse_token(header_value: &str) -> Result<&str, ApiError> {
@@ -278,7 +234,7 @@ where
            async move {
                let headers = response.headers_mut();
                if headers.contains_key(&name) {
-                    warn!(
+                    tracing::warn!(
                        "{} response already contains header {:?}",
                        request_info.uri(),
                        &name,
@@ -318,7 +274,7 @@ pub fn serve_thread_main<S>(
 where
    S: Future<Output = ()> + Send + Sync,
 {
-    info!("Starting an HTTP endpoint at {}", listener.local_addr()?);
+    tracing::info!("Starting an HTTP endpoint at {}", listener.local_addr()?);

    // Create a Service from the router above to handle incoming requests.
    let service = RouterService::new(router_builder.build().map_err(|err| anyhow!(err))?).unwrap();
--- a/libs/utils/src/http/json.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/http/json.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-use std::fmt::Display;
-
 use anyhow::Context;
 use bytes::Buf;
 use hyper::{header, Body, Request, Response, StatusCode};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize, Serializer};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

 use super::error::ApiError;

@@ -33,12 +31,3 @@ pub fn json_response<T: Serialize>(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::InternalServerError(e.into()))?;
    Ok(response)
 }
-
-/// Serialize through Display trait.
-pub fn display_serialize<S, F>(z: &F, s: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-where
-    S: Serializer,
-    F: Display,
-{
-    s.serialize_str(&format!("{}", z))
-}
--- a/libs/utils/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ pub mod simple_rcu;
 pub mod vec_map;

 pub mod bin_ser;
+pub mod postgres_backend;
+pub mod postgres_backend_async;

 // helper functions for creating and fsyncing
 pub mod crashsafe;
@@ -25,6 +27,9 @@ pub mod id;
 // http endpoint utils
 pub mod http;

+// socket splitting utils
+pub mod sock_split;
+
 // common log initialisation routine
 pub mod logging;

@@ -49,8 +54,6 @@ pub mod fs_ext;

 pub mod history_buffer;

-pub mod measured_stream;
-
 /// use with fail::cfg("$name", "return(2000)")
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! failpoint_sleep_millis_async {
--- a/libs/utils/src/measured_stream.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/measured_stream.rs
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::{io, task};
-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
-
-pin_project! {
-    /// This stream tracks all writes and calls user provided
-    /// callback when the underlying stream is flushed.
-    pub struct MeasuredStream<S, R, W> {
-        #[pin]
-        stream: S,
-        write_count: usize,
-        inc_read_count: R,
-        inc_write_count: W,
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S, R, W> MeasuredStream<S, R, W> {
-    pub fn new(stream: S, inc_read_count: R, inc_write_count: W) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            stream,
-            write_count: 0,
-            inc_read_count,
-            inc_write_count,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: AsyncRead + Unpin, R: FnMut(usize), W> AsyncRead for MeasuredStream<S, R, W> {
-    fn poll_read(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        context: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
-    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        let this = self.project();
-        let filled = buf.filled().len();
-        this.stream.poll_read(context, buf).map_ok(|()| {
-            let cnt = buf.filled().len() - filled;
-            // Increment the read count.
-            (this.inc_read_count)(cnt);
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: AsyncWrite + Unpin, R, W: FnMut(usize)> AsyncWrite for MeasuredStream<S, R, W> {
-    fn poll_write(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        context: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-        buf: &[u8],
-    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
-        let this = self.project();
-        this.stream.poll_write(context, buf).map_ok(|cnt| {
-            // Increment the write count.
-            *this.write_count += cnt;
-            cnt
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn poll_flush(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        context: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        let this = self.project();
-        this.stream.poll_flush(context).map_ok(|()| {
-            // Call the user provided callback and reset the write count.
-            (this.inc_write_count)(*this.write_count);
-            *this.write_count = 0;
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn poll_shutdown(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        context: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_shutdown(context)
-    }
-}
--- a/libs/utils/src/postgres_backend.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/postgres_backend.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+//! Server-side synchronous Postgres connection, as limited as we need.
+//! To use, create PostgresBackend and run() it, passing the Handler
+//! implementation determining how to process the queries. Currently its API
+//! is rather narrow, but we can extend it once required.
+
+use crate::postgres_backend_async::{log_query_error, short_error, QueryError};
+use crate::sock_split::{BidiStream, ReadStream, WriteStream};
+use anyhow::Context;
+use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
+use pq_proto::{BeMessage, FeMessage, FeStartupPacket};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::fmt;
+use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::net::{Shutdown, SocketAddr, TcpStream};
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tracing::*;
+
+pub trait Handler {
+    /// Handle single query.
+    /// postgres_backend will issue ReadyForQuery after calling this (this
+    /// might be not what we want after CopyData streaming, but currently we don't
+    /// care).
+    fn process_query(
+        &mut self,
+        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+        query_string: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError>;
+
+    /// Called on startup packet receival, allows to process params.
+    ///
+    /// If Ok(false) is returned postgres_backend will skip auth -- that is needed for new users
+    /// creation is the proxy code. That is quite hacky and ad-hoc solution, may be we could allow
+    /// to override whole init logic in implementations.
+    fn startup(
+        &mut self,
+        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+        _sm: &FeStartupPacket,
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Check auth jwt
+    fn check_auth_jwt(
+        &mut self,
+        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+        _jwt_response: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+        Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("JWT auth failed")))
+    }
+
+    fn is_shutdown_requested(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+/// PostgresBackend protocol state.
+/// XXX: The order of the constructors matters.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd)]
+pub enum ProtoState {
+    Initialization,
+    Encrypted,
+    Authentication,
+    Established,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum AuthType {
+    Trust,
+    // This mimics postgres's AuthenticationCleartextPassword but instead of password expects JWT
+    NeonJWT,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for AuthType {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "Trust" => Ok(Self::Trust),
+            "NeonJWT" => Ok(Self::NeonJWT),
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("invalid value \"{s}\" for auth type"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for AuthType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(match self {
+            AuthType::Trust => "Trust",
+            AuthType::NeonJWT => "NeonJWT",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum ProcessMsgResult {
+    Continue,
+    Break,
+}
+
+/// Always-writeable sock_split stream.
+/// May not be readable. See [`PostgresBackend::take_stream_in`]
+pub enum Stream {
+    Bidirectional(BidiStream),
+    WriteOnly(WriteStream),
+}
+
+impl Stream {
+    fn shutdown(&mut self, how: Shutdown) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Bidirectional(bidi_stream) => bidi_stream.shutdown(how),
+            Self::WriteOnly(write_stream) => write_stream.shutdown(how),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl io::Write for Stream {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Bidirectional(bidi_stream) => bidi_stream.write(buf),
+            Self::WriteOnly(write_stream) => write_stream.write(buf),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Bidirectional(bidi_stream) => bidi_stream.flush(),
+            Self::WriteOnly(write_stream) => write_stream.flush(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct PostgresBackend {
+    stream: Option<Stream>,
+    // Output buffer. c.f. BeMessage::write why we are using BytesMut here.
+    buf_out: BytesMut,
+
+    pub state: ProtoState,
+
+    auth_type: AuthType,
+
+    peer_addr: SocketAddr,
+    pub tls_config: Option<Arc<rustls::ServerConfig>>,
+}
+
+pub fn query_from_cstring(query_string: Bytes) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut query_string = query_string.to_vec();
+    if let Some(ch) = query_string.last() {
+        if *ch == 0 {
+            query_string.pop();
+        }
+    }
+    query_string
+}
+
+// Helper function for socket read loops
+pub fn is_socket_read_timed_out(error: &anyhow::Error) -> bool {
+    for cause in error.chain() {
+        if let Some(io_error) = cause.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() {
+            if io_error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+// Cast a byte slice to a string slice, dropping null terminator if there's one.
+fn cstr_to_str(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<&str> {
+    let without_null = bytes.strip_suffix(&[0]).unwrap_or(bytes);
+    std::str::from_utf8(without_null).map_err(|e| e.into())
+}
+
+impl PostgresBackend {
+    pub fn new(
+        socket: TcpStream,
+        auth_type: AuthType,
+        tls_config: Option<Arc<rustls::ServerConfig>>,
+        set_read_timeout: bool,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let peer_addr = socket.peer_addr()?;
+        if set_read_timeout {
+            socket
+                .set_read_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(5)))
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            stream: Some(Stream::Bidirectional(BidiStream::from_tcp(socket))),
+            buf_out: BytesMut::with_capacity(10 * 1024),
+            state: ProtoState::Initialization,
+            auth_type,
+            tls_config,
+            peer_addr,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_stream(self) -> Stream {
+        self.stream.unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Get direct reference (into the Option) to the read stream.
+    fn get_stream_in(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<&mut BidiStream> {
+        match &mut self.stream {
+            Some(Stream::Bidirectional(stream)) => Ok(stream),
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("reader taken"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_peer_addr(&self) -> &SocketAddr {
+        &self.peer_addr
+    }
+
+    pub fn take_stream_in(&mut self) -> Option<ReadStream> {
+        let stream = self.stream.take();
+        match stream {
+            Some(Stream::Bidirectional(bidi_stream)) => {
+                let (read, write) = bidi_stream.split();
+                self.stream = Some(Stream::WriteOnly(write));
+                Some(read)
+            }
+            stream => {
+                self.stream = stream;
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Read full message or return None if connection is closed.
+    pub fn read_message(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, QueryError> {
+        let (state, stream) = (self.state, self.get_stream_in()?);
+
+        use ProtoState::*;
+        match state {
+            Initialization | Encrypted => FeStartupPacket::read(stream),
+            Authentication | Established => FeMessage::read(stream),
+        }
+        .map_err(QueryError::from)
+    }
+
+    /// Write message into internal output buffer.
+    pub fn write_message_noflush(&mut self, message: &BeMessage) -> io::Result<&mut Self> {
+        BeMessage::write(&mut self.buf_out, message)?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Flush output buffer into the socket.
+    pub fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<&mut Self> {
+        let stream = self.stream.as_mut().unwrap();
+        stream.write_all(&self.buf_out)?;
+        self.buf_out.clear();
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Write message into internal buffer and flush it.
+    pub fn write_message(&mut self, message: &BeMessage) -> io::Result<&mut Self> {
+        self.write_message_noflush(message)?;
+        self.flush()
+    }
+
+    // Wrapper for run_message_loop() that shuts down socket when we are done
+    pub fn run(mut self, handler: &mut impl Handler) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+        let ret = self.run_message_loop(handler);
+        if let Some(stream) = self.stream.as_mut() {
+            let _ = stream.shutdown(Shutdown::Both);
+        }
+        ret
+    }
+
+    fn run_message_loop(&mut self, handler: &mut impl Handler) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+        trace!("postgres backend to {:?} started", self.peer_addr);
+
+        let mut unnamed_query_string = Bytes::new();
+
+        while !handler.is_shutdown_requested() {
+            match self.read_message() {
+                Ok(message) => {
+                    if let Some(msg) = message {
+                        trace!("got message {msg:?}");
+
+                        match self.process_message(handler, msg, &mut unnamed_query_string)? {
+                            ProcessMsgResult::Continue => continue,
+                            ProcessMsgResult::Break => break,
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    if let QueryError::Other(e) = &e {
+                        if is_socket_read_timed_out(e) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return Err(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        trace!("postgres backend to {:?} exited", self.peer_addr);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_tls(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        match self.stream.take() {
+            Some(Stream::Bidirectional(bidi_stream)) => {
+                let conn = rustls::ServerConnection::new(self.tls_config.clone().unwrap())?;
+                self.stream = Some(Stream::Bidirectional(bidi_stream.start_tls(conn)?));
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            stream => {
+                self.stream = stream;
+                anyhow::bail!("can't start TLs without bidi stream");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn process_message(
+        &mut self,
+        handler: &mut impl Handler,
+        msg: FeMessage,
+        unnamed_query_string: &mut Bytes,
+    ) -> Result<ProcessMsgResult, QueryError> {
+        // Allow only startup and password messages during auth. Otherwise client would be able to bypass auth
+        // TODO: change that to proper top-level match of protocol state with separate message handling for each state
+        if self.state < ProtoState::Established
+            && !matches!(
+                msg,
+                FeMessage::PasswordMessage(_) | FeMessage::StartupPacket(_)
+            )
+        {
+            return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("protocol violation")));
+        }
+
+        let have_tls = self.tls_config.is_some();
+        match msg {
+            FeMessage::StartupPacket(m) => {
+                trace!("got startup message {m:?}");
+
+                match m {
+                    FeStartupPacket::SslRequest => {
+                        debug!("SSL requested");
+
+                        self.write_message(&BeMessage::EncryptionResponse(have_tls))?;
+                        if have_tls {
+                            self.start_tls()?;
+                            self.state = ProtoState::Encrypted;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    FeStartupPacket::GssEncRequest => {
+                        debug!("GSS requested");
+                        self.write_message(&BeMessage::EncryptionResponse(false))?;
+                    }
+                    FeStartupPacket::StartupMessage { .. } => {
+                        if have_tls && !matches!(self.state, ProtoState::Encrypted) {
+                            self.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                                "must connect with TLS",
+                                None,
+                            ))?;
+                            return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                                "client did not connect with TLS"
+                            )));
+                        }
+
+                        // NB: startup() may change self.auth_type -- we are using that in proxy code
+                        // to bypass auth for new users.
+                        handler.startup(self, &m)?;
+
+                        match self.auth_type {
+                            AuthType::Trust => {
+                                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::AuthenticationOk)?
+                                    .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CLIENT_ENCODING)?
+                                    // The async python driver requires a valid server_version
+                                    .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::server_version("14.1"))?
+                                    .write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
+                                self.state = ProtoState::Established;
+                            }
+                            AuthType::NeonJWT => {
+                                self.write_message(&BeMessage::AuthenticationCleartextPassword)?;
+                                self.state = ProtoState::Authentication;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    FeStartupPacket::CancelRequest { .. } => {
+                        return Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Break);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::PasswordMessage(m) => {
+                trace!("got password message '{:?}'", m);
+
+                assert!(self.state == ProtoState::Authentication);
+
+                match self.auth_type {
+                    AuthType::Trust => unreachable!(),
+                    AuthType::NeonJWT => {
+                        let (_, jwt_response) = m.split_last().context("protocol violation")?;
+
+                        if let Err(e) = handler.check_auth_jwt(self, jwt_response) {
+                            self.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                                &e.to_string(),
+                                Some(e.pg_error_code()),
+                            ))?;
+                            return Err(e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::AuthenticationOk)?
+                    .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CLIENT_ENCODING)?
+                    .write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
+                self.state = ProtoState::Established;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Query(body) => {
+                // remove null terminator
+                let query_string = cstr_to_str(&body)?;
+
+                trace!("got query {query_string:?}");
+                if let Err(e) = handler.process_query(self, query_string) {
+                    log_query_error(query_string, &e);
+                    let short_error = short_error(&e);
+                    self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                        &short_error,
+                        Some(e.pg_error_code()),
+                    ))?;
+                }
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Parse(m) => {
+                *unnamed_query_string = m.query_string;
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::ParseComplete)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Describe(_) => {
+                self.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ParameterDescription)?
+                    .write_message(&BeMessage::NoData)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Bind(_) => {
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::BindComplete)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Close(_) => {
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::CloseComplete)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Execute(_) => {
+                let query_string = cstr_to_str(unnamed_query_string)?;
+                trace!("got execute {query_string:?}");
+                if let Err(e) = handler.process_query(self, query_string) {
+                    log_query_error(query_string, &e);
+                    self.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                        &e.to_string(),
+                        Some(e.pg_error_code()),
+                    ))?;
+                }
+                // NOTE there is no ReadyForQuery message. This handler is used
+                // for basebackup and it uses CopyOut which doesn't require
+                // ReadyForQuery message and backend just switches back to
+                // processing mode after sending CopyDone or ErrorResponse.
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Sync => {
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Terminate => {
+                return Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Break);
+            }
+
+            // We prefer explicit pattern matching to wildcards, because
+            // this helps us spot the places where new variants are missing
+            FeMessage::CopyData(_) | FeMessage::CopyDone | FeMessage::CopyFail => {
+                return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "unexpected message type: {msg:?}"
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Continue)
+    }
+}
--- a/libs/utils/src/postgres_backend_async.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/postgres_backend_async.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
+//! Server-side asynchronous Postgres connection, as limited as we need.
+//! To use, create PostgresBackend and run() it, passing the Handler
+//! implementation determining how to process the queries. Currently its API
+//! is rather narrow, but we can extend it once required.
+
+use crate::postgres_backend::AuthType;
+use anyhow::Context;
+use bytes::{Buf, Bytes, BytesMut};
+use pq_proto::{BeMessage, ConnectionError, FeMessage, FeStartupPacket, SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR};
+use std::io;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::Poll;
+use std::{future::Future, task::ready};
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, trace};
+
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt, BufReader};
+use tokio_rustls::TlsAcceptor;
+
+pub fn is_expected_io_error(e: &io::Error) -> bool {
+    use io::ErrorKind::*;
+    matches!(
+        e.kind(),
+        ConnectionRefused | ConnectionAborted | ConnectionReset
+    )
+}
+
+/// An error, occurred during query processing:
+/// either during the connection ([`ConnectionError`]) or before/after it.
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum QueryError {
+    /// The connection was lost while processing the query.
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Disconnected(#[from] ConnectionError),
+    /// Some other error
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),
+}
+
+impl From<io::Error> for QueryError {
+    fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Socket(e))
+    }
+}
+
+impl QueryError {
+    pub fn pg_error_code(&self) -> &'static [u8; 5] {
+        match self {
+            Self::Disconnected(_) => b"08006",         // connection failure
+            Self::Other(_) => SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR, // internal error
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+pub trait Handler {
+    /// Handle single query.
+    /// postgres_backend will issue ReadyForQuery after calling this (this
+    /// might be not what we want after CopyData streaming, but currently we don't
+    /// care).
+    async fn process_query(
+        &mut self,
+        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+        query_string: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError>;
+
+    /// Called on startup packet receival, allows to process params.
+    ///
+    /// If Ok(false) is returned postgres_backend will skip auth -- that is needed for new users
+    /// creation is the proxy code. That is quite hacky and ad-hoc solution, may be we could allow
+    /// to override whole init logic in implementations.
+    fn startup(
+        &mut self,
+        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+        _sm: &FeStartupPacket,
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Check auth jwt
+    fn check_auth_jwt(
+        &mut self,
+        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+        _jwt_response: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+        Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("JWT auth failed")))
+    }
+}
+
+/// PostgresBackend protocol state.
+/// XXX: The order of the constructors matters.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd)]
+pub enum ProtoState {
+    Initialization,
+    Encrypted,
+    Authentication,
+    Established,
+    Closed,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum ProcessMsgResult {
+    Continue,
+    Break,
+}
+
+/// Always-writeable sock_split stream.
+/// May not be readable. See [`PostgresBackend::take_stream_in`]
+pub enum Stream {
+    Unencrypted(BufReader<tokio::net::TcpStream>),
+    Tls(Box<tokio_rustls::server::TlsStream<BufReader<tokio::net::TcpStream>>>),
+    Broken,
+}
+
+impl AsyncWrite for Stream {
+    fn poll_write(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        match self.get_mut() {
+            Self::Unencrypted(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_write(cx, buf),
+            Self::Tls(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_write(cx, buf),
+            Self::Broken => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+    fn poll_flush(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        match self.get_mut() {
+            Self::Unencrypted(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_flush(cx),
+            Self::Tls(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_flush(cx),
+            Self::Broken => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+    fn poll_shutdown(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        match self.get_mut() {
+            Self::Unencrypted(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_shutdown(cx),
+            Self::Tls(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_shutdown(cx),
+            Self::Broken => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl AsyncRead for Stream {
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut tokio::io::ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        match self.get_mut() {
+            Self::Unencrypted(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_read(cx, buf),
+            Self::Tls(stream) => Pin::new(stream).poll_read(cx, buf),
+            Self::Broken => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct PostgresBackend {
+    stream: Stream,
+
+    // Output buffer. c.f. BeMessage::write why we are using BytesMut here.
+    // The data between 0 and "current position" as tracked by the bytes::Buf
+    // implementation of BytesMut, have already been written.
+    buf_out: BytesMut,
+
+    pub state: ProtoState,
+
+    auth_type: AuthType,
+
+    peer_addr: SocketAddr,
+    pub tls_config: Option<Arc<rustls::ServerConfig>>,
+}
+
+pub fn query_from_cstring(query_string: Bytes) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut query_string = query_string.to_vec();
+    if let Some(ch) = query_string.last() {
+        if *ch == 0 {
+            query_string.pop();
+        }
+    }
+    query_string
+}
+
+// Cast a byte slice to a string slice, dropping null terminator if there's one.
+fn cstr_to_str(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<&str> {
+    let without_null = bytes.strip_suffix(&[0]).unwrap_or(bytes);
+    std::str::from_utf8(without_null).map_err(|e| e.into())
+}
+
+impl PostgresBackend {
+    pub fn new(
+        socket: tokio::net::TcpStream,
+        auth_type: AuthType,
+        tls_config: Option<Arc<rustls::ServerConfig>>,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let peer_addr = socket.peer_addr()?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            stream: Stream::Unencrypted(BufReader::new(socket)),
+            buf_out: BytesMut::with_capacity(10 * 1024),
+            state: ProtoState::Initialization,
+            auth_type,
+            tls_config,
+            peer_addr,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_peer_addr(&self) -> &SocketAddr {
+        &self.peer_addr
+    }
+
+    /// Read full message or return None if connection is closed.
+    pub async fn read_message(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FeMessage>, QueryError> {
+        use ProtoState::*;
+        match self.state {
+            Initialization | Encrypted => FeStartupPacket::read_fut(&mut self.stream).await,
+            Authentication | Established => FeMessage::read_fut(&mut self.stream).await,
+            Closed => Ok(None),
+        }
+        .map_err(QueryError::from)
+    }
+
+    /// Flush output buffer into the socket.
+    pub async fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        while self.buf_out.has_remaining() {
+            let bytes_written = self.stream.write(self.buf_out.chunk()).await?;
+            self.buf_out.advance(bytes_written);
+        }
+        self.buf_out.clear();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Write message into internal output buffer.
+    pub fn write_message(&mut self, message: &BeMessage<'_>) -> io::Result<&mut Self> {
+        BeMessage::write(&mut self.buf_out, message)?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an AsyncWrite implementation that wraps all the data written
+    /// to it in CopyData messages, and writes them to the connection
+    ///
+    /// The caller is responsible for sending CopyOutResponse and CopyDone messages.
+    pub fn copyout_writer(&mut self) -> CopyDataWriter {
+        CopyDataWriter { pgb: self }
+    }
+
+    /// A polling function that tries to write all the data from 'buf_out' to the
+    /// underlying stream.
+    fn poll_write_buf(
+        &mut self,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
+        while self.buf_out.has_remaining() {
+            match ready!(Pin::new(&mut self.stream).poll_write(cx, self.buf_out.chunk())) {
+                Ok(bytes_written) => self.buf_out.advance(bytes_written),
+                Err(err) => return Poll::Ready(Err(err)),
+            }
+        }
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(&mut self, cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.stream).poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+
+    // Wrapper for run_message_loop() that shuts down socket when we are done
+    pub async fn run<F, S>(
+        mut self,
+        handler: &mut impl Handler,
+        shutdown_watcher: F,
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError>
+    where
+        F: Fn() -> S,
+        S: Future,
+    {
+        let ret = self.run_message_loop(handler, shutdown_watcher).await;
+        let _ = self.stream.shutdown();
+        ret
+    }
+
+    async fn run_message_loop<F, S>(
+        &mut self,
+        handler: &mut impl Handler,
+        shutdown_watcher: F,
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError>
+    where
+        F: Fn() -> S,
+        S: Future,
+    {
+        trace!("postgres backend to {:?} started", self.peer_addr);
+
+        tokio::select!(
+            biased;
+
+            _ = shutdown_watcher() => {
+                // We were requested to shut down.
+                tracing::info!("shutdown request received during handshake");
+                return Ok(())
+            },
+
+            result = async {
+                while self.state < ProtoState::Established {
+                    if let Some(msg) = self.read_message().await? {
+                        trace!("got message {msg:?} during handshake");
+
+                        match self.process_handshake_message(handler, msg).await? {
+                            ProcessMsgResult::Continue => {
+                                self.flush().await?;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            ProcessMsgResult::Break => {
+                                trace!("postgres backend to {:?} exited during handshake", self.peer_addr);
+                                return Ok(());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        trace!("postgres backend to {:?} exited during handshake", self.peer_addr);
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok::<(), QueryError>(())
+            } => {
+                // Handshake complete.
+                result?;
+            }
+        );
+
+        // Authentication completed
+        let mut query_string = Bytes::new();
+        while let Some(msg) = tokio::select!(
+            biased;
+            _ = shutdown_watcher() => {
+                // We were requested to shut down.
+                tracing::info!("shutdown request received in run_message_loop");
+                Ok(None)
+            },
+            msg = self.read_message() => { msg },
+        )? {
+            trace!("got message {:?}", msg);
+
+            let result = self.process_message(handler, msg, &mut query_string).await;
+            self.flush().await?;
+            match result? {
+                ProcessMsgResult::Continue => {
+                    self.flush().await?;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                ProcessMsgResult::Break => break,
+            }
+        }
+
+        trace!("postgres backend to {:?} exited", self.peer_addr);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn start_tls(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if let Stream::Unencrypted(plain_stream) =
+            std::mem::replace(&mut self.stream, Stream::Broken)
+        {
+            let acceptor = TlsAcceptor::from(self.tls_config.clone().unwrap());
+            let tls_stream = acceptor.accept(plain_stream).await?;
+
+            self.stream = Stream::Tls(Box::new(tls_stream));
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        anyhow::bail!("TLS already started");
+    }
+
+    async fn process_handshake_message(
+        &mut self,
+        handler: &mut impl Handler,
+        msg: FeMessage,
+    ) -> Result<ProcessMsgResult, QueryError> {
+        assert!(self.state < ProtoState::Established);
+        let have_tls = self.tls_config.is_some();
+        match msg {
+            FeMessage::StartupPacket(m) => {
+                trace!("got startup message {m:?}");
+
+                match m {
+                    FeStartupPacket::SslRequest => {
+                        debug!("SSL requested");
+
+                        self.write_message(&BeMessage::EncryptionResponse(have_tls))?;
+                        if have_tls {
+                            self.start_tls().await?;
+                            self.state = ProtoState::Encrypted;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    FeStartupPacket::GssEncRequest => {
+                        debug!("GSS requested");
+                        self.write_message(&BeMessage::EncryptionResponse(false))?;
+                    }
+                    FeStartupPacket::StartupMessage { .. } => {
+                        if have_tls && !matches!(self.state, ProtoState::Encrypted) {
+                            self.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                                "must connect with TLS",
+                                None,
+                            ))?;
+                            return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                                "client did not connect with TLS"
+                            )));
+                        }
+
+                        // NB: startup() may change self.auth_type -- we are using that in proxy code
+                        // to bypass auth for new users.
+                        handler.startup(self, &m)?;
+
+                        match self.auth_type {
+                            AuthType::Trust => {
+                                self.write_message(&BeMessage::AuthenticationOk)?
+                                    .write_message(&BeMessage::CLIENT_ENCODING)?
+                                    // The async python driver requires a valid server_version
+                                    .write_message(&BeMessage::server_version("14.1"))?
+                                    .write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
+                                self.state = ProtoState::Established;
+                            }
+                            AuthType::NeonJWT => {
+                                self.write_message(&BeMessage::AuthenticationCleartextPassword)?;
+                                self.state = ProtoState::Authentication;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    FeStartupPacket::CancelRequest { .. } => {
+                        self.state = ProtoState::Closed;
+                        return Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Break);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::PasswordMessage(m) => {
+                trace!("got password message '{:?}'", m);
+
+                assert!(self.state == ProtoState::Authentication);
+
+                match self.auth_type {
+                    AuthType::Trust => unreachable!(),
+                    AuthType::NeonJWT => {
+                        let (_, jwt_response) = m.split_last().context("protocol violation")?;
+
+                        if let Err(e) = handler.check_auth_jwt(self, jwt_response) {
+                            self.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                                &e.to_string(),
+                                Some(e.pg_error_code()),
+                            ))?;
+                            return Err(e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::AuthenticationOk)?
+                    .write_message(&BeMessage::CLIENT_ENCODING)?
+                    .write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
+                self.state = ProtoState::Established;
+            }
+
+            _ => {
+                self.state = ProtoState::Closed;
+                return Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Break);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Continue)
+    }
+
+    async fn process_message(
+        &mut self,
+        handler: &mut impl Handler,
+        msg: FeMessage,
+        unnamed_query_string: &mut Bytes,
+    ) -> Result<ProcessMsgResult, QueryError> {
+        // Allow only startup and password messages during auth. Otherwise client would be able to bypass auth
+        // TODO: change that to proper top-level match of protocol state with separate message handling for each state
+        assert!(self.state == ProtoState::Established);
+
+        match msg {
+            FeMessage::StartupPacket(_) | FeMessage::PasswordMessage(_) => {
+                return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("protocol violation")));
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Query(body) => {
+                // remove null terminator
+                let query_string = cstr_to_str(&body)?;
+
+                trace!("got query {query_string:?}");
+                if let Err(e) = handler.process_query(self, query_string).await {
+                    log_query_error(query_string, &e);
+                    let short_error = short_error(&e);
+                    self.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                        &short_error,
+                        Some(e.pg_error_code()),
+                    ))?;
+                }
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Parse(m) => {
+                *unnamed_query_string = m.query_string;
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::ParseComplete)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Describe(_) => {
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::ParameterDescription)?
+                    .write_message(&BeMessage::NoData)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Bind(_) => {
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::BindComplete)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Close(_) => {
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::CloseComplete)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Execute(_) => {
+                let query_string = cstr_to_str(unnamed_query_string)?;
+                trace!("got execute {query_string:?}");
+                if let Err(e) = handler.process_query(self, query_string).await {
+                    log_query_error(query_string, &e);
+                    self.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                        &e.to_string(),
+                        Some(e.pg_error_code()),
+                    ))?;
+                }
+                // NOTE there is no ReadyForQuery message. This handler is used
+                // for basebackup and it uses CopyOut which doesn't require
+                // ReadyForQuery message and backend just switches back to
+                // processing mode after sending CopyDone or ErrorResponse.
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Sync => {
+                self.write_message(&BeMessage::ReadyForQuery)?;
+            }
+
+            FeMessage::Terminate => {
+                return Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Break);
+            }
+
+            // We prefer explicit pattern matching to wildcards, because
+            // this helps us spot the places where new variants are missing
+            FeMessage::CopyData(_) | FeMessage::CopyDone | FeMessage::CopyFail => {
+                return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "unexpected message type: {:?}",
+                    msg
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(ProcessMsgResult::Continue)
+    }
+}
+
+///
+/// A futures::AsyncWrite implementation that wraps all data written to it in CopyData
+/// messages.
+///
+
+pub struct CopyDataWriter<'a> {
+    pgb: &'a mut PostgresBackend,
+}
+
+impl<'a> AsyncWrite for CopyDataWriter<'a> {
+    fn poll_write(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> Poll<Result<usize, std::io::Error>> {
+        let this = self.get_mut();
+
+        // It's not strictly required to flush between each message, but makes it easier
+        // to view in wireshark, and usually the messages that the callers write are
+        // decently-sized anyway.
+        match ready!(this.pgb.poll_write_buf(cx)) {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(err) => return Poll::Ready(Err(err)),
+        }
+
+        // CopyData
+        // XXX: if the input is large, we should split it into multiple messages.
+        // Not sure what the threshold should be, but the ultimate hard limit is that
+        // the length cannot exceed u32.
+        this.pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CopyData(buf))?;
+
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(buf.len()))
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
+        let this = self.get_mut();
+        match ready!(this.pgb.poll_write_buf(cx)) {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(err) => return Poll::Ready(Err(err)),
+        }
+        this.pgb.poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+    fn poll_shutdown(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
+        let this = self.get_mut();
+        match ready!(this.pgb.poll_write_buf(cx)) {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(err) => return Poll::Ready(Err(err)),
+        }
+        this.pgb.poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn short_error(e: &QueryError) -> String {
+    match e {
+        QueryError::Disconnected(connection_error) => connection_error.to_string(),
+        QueryError::Other(e) => format!("{e:#}"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn log_query_error(query: &str, e: &QueryError) {
+    match e {
+        QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Socket(io_error)) => {
+            if is_expected_io_error(io_error) {
+                info!("query handler for '{query}' failed with expected io error: {io_error}");
+            } else {
+                error!("query handler for '{query}' failed with io error: {io_error}");
+            }
+        }
+        QueryError::Disconnected(other_connection_error) => {
+            error!("query handler for '{query}' failed with connection error: {other_connection_error:?}")
+        }
+        QueryError::Other(e) => {
+            error!("query handler for '{query}' failed: {e:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/libs/utils/src/sock_split.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/sock_split.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+use std::{
+    io::{self, BufReader, Write},
+    net::{Shutdown, TcpStream},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+use rustls::Connection;
+
+/// Wrapper supporting reads of a shared TcpStream.
+pub struct ArcTcpRead(Arc<TcpStream>);
+
+impl io::Read for ArcTcpRead {
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+        (&*self.0).read(buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for ArcTcpRead {
+    type Target = TcpStream;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.0.deref()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper around a TCP Stream supporting buffered reads.
+pub struct BufStream(BufReader<ArcTcpRead>);
+
+impl io::Read for BufStream {
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        self.0.read(buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl io::Write for BufStream {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        self.get_ref().write(buf)
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.get_ref().flush()
+    }
+}
+
+impl BufStream {
+    /// Unwrap into the internal BufReader.
+    fn into_reader(self) -> BufReader<ArcTcpRead> {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the underlying TcpStream.
+    fn get_ref(&self) -> &TcpStream {
+        &self.0.get_ref().0
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum ReadStream {
+    Tcp(BufReader<ArcTcpRead>),
+    Tls(rustls_split::ReadHalf),
+}
+
+impl io::Read for ReadStream {
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(reader) => reader.read(buf),
+            Self::Tls(read_half) => read_half.read(buf),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ReadStream {
+    pub fn shutdown(&mut self, how: Shutdown) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => stream.get_ref().shutdown(how),
+            Self::Tls(write_half) => write_half.shutdown(how),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum WriteStream {
+    Tcp(Arc<TcpStream>),
+    Tls(rustls_split::WriteHalf),
+}
+
+impl WriteStream {
+    pub fn shutdown(&mut self, how: Shutdown) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => stream.shutdown(how),
+            Self::Tls(write_half) => write_half.shutdown(how),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl io::Write for WriteStream {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => stream.as_ref().write(buf),
+            Self::Tls(write_half) => write_half.write(buf),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => stream.as_ref().flush(),
+            Self::Tls(write_half) => write_half.flush(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+type TlsStream<T> = rustls::StreamOwned<rustls::ServerConnection, T>;
+
+pub enum BidiStream {
+    Tcp(BufStream),
+    /// This variant is boxed, because [`rustls::ServerConnection`] is quite larger than [`BufStream`].
+    Tls(Box<TlsStream<BufStream>>),
+}
+
+impl BidiStream {
+    pub fn from_tcp(stream: TcpStream) -> Self {
+        Self::Tcp(BufStream(BufReader::new(ArcTcpRead(Arc::new(stream)))))
+    }
+
+    pub fn shutdown(&mut self, how: Shutdown) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => stream.get_ref().shutdown(how),
+            Self::Tls(tls_boxed) => {
+                if how == Shutdown::Read {
+                    tls_boxed.sock.get_ref().shutdown(how)
+                } else {
+                    tls_boxed.conn.send_close_notify();
+                    let res = tls_boxed.flush();
+                    tls_boxed.sock.get_ref().shutdown(how)?;
+                    res
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Split the bi-directional stream into two owned read and write halves.
+    pub fn split(self) -> (ReadStream, WriteStream) {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => {
+                let reader = stream.into_reader();
+                let stream: Arc<TcpStream> = reader.get_ref().0.clone();
+
+                (ReadStream::Tcp(reader), WriteStream::Tcp(stream))
+            }
+            Self::Tls(tls_boxed) => {
+                let reader = tls_boxed.sock.into_reader();
+                let buffer_data = reader.buffer().to_owned();
+                let read_buf_cfg = rustls_split::BufCfg::with_data(buffer_data, 8192);
+                let write_buf_cfg = rustls_split::BufCfg::with_capacity(8192);
+
+                // TODO would be nice to avoid the Arc here
+                let socket = Arc::try_unwrap(reader.into_inner().0).unwrap();
+
+                let (read_half, write_half) = rustls_split::split(
+                    socket,
+                    Connection::Server(tls_boxed.conn),
+                    read_buf_cfg,
+                    write_buf_cfg,
+                );
+                (ReadStream::Tls(read_half), WriteStream::Tls(write_half))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_tls(self, mut conn: rustls::ServerConnection) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(mut stream) => {
+                conn.complete_io(&mut stream)?;
+                assert!(!conn.is_handshaking());
+                Ok(Self::Tls(Box::new(TlsStream::new(conn, stream))))
+            }
+            Self::Tls { .. } => Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                "TLS is already started on this stream",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl io::Read for BidiStream {
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => stream.read(buf),
+            Self::Tls(tls_boxed) => tls_boxed.read(buf),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl io::Write for BidiStream {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => stream.write(buf),
+            Self::Tls(tls_boxed) => tls_boxed.write(buf),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tcp(stream) => stream.flush(),
+            Self::Tls(tls_boxed) => tls_boxed.flush(),
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/libs/postgres_backend/tests/cert.pem
+++ b/libs/postgres_backend/tests/cert.pem
--- a/libs/postgres_backend/tests/key.pem
+++ b/libs/postgres_backend/tests/key.pem
--- a/libs/utils/tests/ssl_test.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/tests/ssl_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    io::{Cursor, Read, Write},
+    net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+use byteorder::{BigEndian, ReadBytesExt, WriteBytesExt};
+use bytes::{Buf, BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+
+use utils::{
+    postgres_backend::{AuthType, Handler, PostgresBackend},
+    postgres_backend_async::QueryError,
+};
+
+fn make_tcp_pair() -> (TcpStream, TcpStream) {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
+    let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+    let client_stream = TcpStream::connect(addr).unwrap();
+    let (server_stream, _) = listener.accept().unwrap();
+    (server_stream, client_stream)
+}
+
+static KEY: Lazy<rustls::PrivateKey> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    let mut cursor = Cursor::new(include_bytes!("key.pem"));
+    rustls::PrivateKey(rustls_pemfile::rsa_private_keys(&mut cursor).unwrap()[0].clone())
+});
+
+static CERT: Lazy<rustls::Certificate> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    let mut cursor = Cursor::new(include_bytes!("cert.pem"));
+    rustls::Certificate(rustls_pemfile::certs(&mut cursor).unwrap()[0].clone())
+});
+
+#[test]
+// [false-positive](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/9274),
+// we resize the vector so doing some modifications after all
+#[allow(clippy::read_zero_byte_vec)]
+fn ssl() {
+    let (mut client_sock, server_sock) = make_tcp_pair();
+
+    const QUERY: &str = "hello world";
+
+    let client_jh = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+        // SSLRequest
+        client_sock.write_u32::<BigEndian>(8).unwrap();
+        client_sock.write_u32::<BigEndian>(80877103).unwrap();
+
+        let ssl_response = client_sock.read_u8().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(b'S', ssl_response);
+
+        let cfg = rustls::ClientConfig::builder()
+            .with_safe_defaults()
+            .with_root_certificates({
+                let mut store = rustls::RootCertStore::empty();
+                store.add(&CERT).unwrap();
+                store
+            })
+            .with_no_client_auth();
+        let client_config = Arc::new(cfg);
+
+        let dns_name = "localhost".try_into().unwrap();
+        let mut conn = rustls::ClientConnection::new(client_config, dns_name).unwrap();
+
+        conn.complete_io(&mut client_sock).unwrap();
+        assert!(!conn.is_handshaking());
+
+        let mut stream = rustls::Stream::new(&mut conn, &mut client_sock);
+
+        // StartupMessage
+        stream.write_u32::<BigEndian>(9).unwrap();
+        stream.write_u32::<BigEndian>(196608).unwrap();
+        stream.write_u8(0).unwrap();
+        stream.flush().unwrap();
+
+        // wait for ReadyForQuery
+        let mut msg_buf = Vec::new();
+        loop {
+            let msg = stream.read_u8().unwrap();
+            let size = stream.read_u32::<BigEndian>().unwrap() - 4;
+            msg_buf.resize(size as usize, 0);
+            stream.read_exact(&mut msg_buf).unwrap();
+
+            if msg == b'Z' {
+                // ReadyForQuery
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Query
+        stream.write_u8(b'Q').unwrap();
+        stream
+            .write_u32::<BigEndian>(4u32 + QUERY.len() as u32)
+            .unwrap();
+        stream.write_all(QUERY.as_ref()).unwrap();
+        stream.flush().unwrap();
+
+        // ReadyForQuery
+        let msg = stream.read_u8().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(msg, b'Z');
+    });
+
+    struct TestHandler {
+        got_query: bool,
+    }
+    impl Handler for TestHandler {
+        fn process_query(
+            &mut self,
+            _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+            query_string: &str,
+        ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+            self.got_query = query_string == QUERY;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+    let mut handler = TestHandler { got_query: false };
+
+    let cfg = rustls::ServerConfig::builder()
+        .with_safe_defaults()
+        .with_no_client_auth()
+        .with_single_cert(vec![CERT.clone()], KEY.clone())
+        .unwrap();
+    let tls_config = Some(Arc::new(cfg));
+
+    let pgb = PostgresBackend::new(server_sock, AuthType::Trust, tls_config, true).unwrap();
+    pgb.run(&mut handler).unwrap();
+    assert!(handler.got_query);
+
+    client_jh.join().unwrap();
+
+    // TODO consider shutdown behavior
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_ssl() {
+    let (mut client_sock, server_sock) = make_tcp_pair();
+
+    let client_jh = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+        let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
+
+        // SSLRequest
+        buf.put_u32(8);
+        buf.put_u32(80877103);
+        client_sock.write_all(&buf).unwrap();
+        buf.clear();
+
+        let ssl_response = client_sock.read_u8().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(b'N', ssl_response);
+    });
+
+    struct TestHandler;
+
+    impl Handler for TestHandler {
+        fn process_query(
+            &mut self,
+            _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+            _query_string: &str,
+        ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+            panic!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut handler = TestHandler;
+
+    let pgb = PostgresBackend::new(server_sock, AuthType::Trust, None, true).unwrap();
+    pgb.run(&mut handler).unwrap();
+
+    client_jh.join().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn server_forces_ssl() {
+    let (mut client_sock, server_sock) = make_tcp_pair();
+
+    let client_jh = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+        // StartupMessage
+        client_sock.write_u32::<BigEndian>(9).unwrap();
+        client_sock.write_u32::<BigEndian>(196608).unwrap();
+        client_sock.write_u8(0).unwrap();
+        client_sock.flush().unwrap();
+
+        // ErrorResponse
+        assert_eq!(client_sock.read_u8().unwrap(), b'E');
+        let len = client_sock.read_u32::<BigEndian>().unwrap() - 4;
+
+        let mut body = vec![0; len as usize];
+        client_sock.read_exact(&mut body).unwrap();
+        let mut body = Bytes::from(body);
+
+        let mut errors = HashMap::new();
+        loop {
+            let field_type = body.get_u8();
+            if field_type == 0u8 {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            let end_idx = body.iter().position(|&b| b == 0u8).unwrap();
+            let mut value = body.split_to(end_idx + 1);
+            assert_eq!(value[end_idx], 0u8);
+            value.truncate(end_idx);
+            let old = errors.insert(field_type, value);
+            assert!(old.is_none());
+        }
+
+        assert!(!body.has_remaining());
+
+        assert_eq!("must connect with TLS", errors.get(&b'M').unwrap());
+
+        // TODO read failure
+    });
+
+    struct TestHandler;
+    impl Handler for TestHandler {
+        fn process_query(
+            &mut self,
+            _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
+            _query_string: &str,
+        ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+            panic!()
+        }
+    }
+    let mut handler = TestHandler;
+
+    let cfg = rustls::ServerConfig::builder()
+        .with_safe_defaults()
+        .with_no_client_auth()
+        .with_single_cert(vec![CERT.clone()], KEY.clone())
+        .unwrap();
+    let tls_config = Some(Arc::new(cfg));
+
+    let pgb = PostgresBackend::new(server_sock, AuthType::Trust, tls_config, true).unwrap();
+    let res = pgb.run(&mut handler).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!("client did not connect with TLS", format!("{}", res));
+
+    client_jh.join().unwrap();
+
+    // TODO consider shutdown behavior
+}
--- a/pageserver/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pageserver/Cargo.toml
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ num-traits.workspace = true
 once_cell.workspace = true
 pin-project-lite.workspace = true
 postgres.workspace = true
-postgres_backend.workspace = true
 postgres-protocol.workspace = true
 postgres-types.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
--- a/pageserver/src/bin/pageserver.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/bin/pageserver.rs
@@ -23,10 +23,11 @@ use pageserver::{
    tenant::mgr,
    virtual_file,
 };
-use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use utils::{
    auth::JwtAuth,
-    logging, project_git_version,
+    logging,
+    postgres_backend::AuthType,
+    project_git_version,
    sentry_init::init_sentry,
    signals::{self, Signal},
    tcp_listener,
@@ -270,43 +271,43 @@ fn start_pageserver(
    WALRECEIVER_RUNTIME.block_on(pageserver::broker_client::init_broker_client(conf))?;

    // Initialize authentication for incoming connections
-    let http_auth;
-    let pg_auth;
-    if conf.http_auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT || conf.pg_auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
-        // unwrap is ok because check is performed when creating config, so path is set and file exists
-        let key_path = conf.auth_validation_public_key_path.as_ref().unwrap();
-        info!(
-            "Loading public key for verifying JWT tokens from {:#?}",
-            key_path
-        );
-        let auth: Arc<JwtAuth> = Arc::new(JwtAuth::from_key_path(key_path)?);
+    let auth = match &conf.auth_type {
+        AuthType::Trust => None,
+        AuthType::NeonJWT => {
+            // unwrap is ok because check is performed when creating config, so path is set and file exists
+            let key_path = conf.auth_validation_public_key_path.as_ref().unwrap();
+            Some(JwtAuth::from_key_path(key_path)?.into())
+        }
+    };
+    info!("Using auth: {:#?}", conf.auth_type);

-        http_auth = match &conf.http_auth_type {
-            AuthType::Trust => None,
-            AuthType::NeonJWT => Some(auth.clone()),
-        };
-        pg_auth = match &conf.pg_auth_type {
-            AuthType::Trust => None,
-            AuthType::NeonJWT => Some(auth),
-        };
-    } else {
-        http_auth = None;
-        pg_auth = None;
-    }
-    info!("Using auth for http API: {:#?}", conf.http_auth_type);
-    info!("Using auth for pg connections: {:#?}", conf.pg_auth_type);
-
-    match var("NEON_AUTH_TOKEN") {
-        Ok(v) => {
+    // TODO: remove ZENITH_AUTH_TOKEN once it's not used anywhere in development/staging/prod configuration.
+    match (var("ZENITH_AUTH_TOKEN"), var("NEON_AUTH_TOKEN")) {
+        (old, Ok(v)) => {
            info!("Loaded JWT token for authentication with Safekeeper");
+            if let Ok(v_old) = old {
+                warn!(
+                    "JWT token for Safekeeper is specified twice, ZENITH_AUTH_TOKEN is deprecated"
+                );
+                if v_old != v {
+                    warn!("JWT token for Safekeeper has two different values, choosing NEON_AUTH_TOKEN");
+                }
+            }
            pageserver::config::SAFEKEEPER_AUTH_TOKEN
                .set(Arc::new(v))
                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("Could not initialize SAFEKEEPER_AUTH_TOKEN"))?;
        }
-        Err(VarError::NotPresent) => {
+        (Ok(v), _) => {
+            info!("Loaded JWT token for authentication with Safekeeper");
+            warn!("Please update pageserver configuration: the JWT token should be NEON_AUTH_TOKEN, not ZENITH_AUTH_TOKEN");
+            pageserver::config::SAFEKEEPER_AUTH_TOKEN
+                .set(Arc::new(v))
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("Could not initialize SAFEKEEPER_AUTH_TOKEN"))?;
+        }
+        (_, Err(VarError::NotPresent)) => {
            info!("No JWT token for authentication with Safekeeper detected");
        }
-        Err(e) => {
+        (_, Err(e)) => {
            return Err(e).with_context(|| {
                "Failed to either load to detect non-present NEON_AUTH_TOKEN environment variable"
            })
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@ fn start_pageserver(
    {
        let _rt_guard = MGMT_REQUEST_RUNTIME.enter();

-        let router = http::make_router(conf, launch_ts, http_auth, remote_storage)?
+        let router = http::make_router(conf, launch_ts, auth.clone(), remote_storage)?
            .build()
            .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err))?;
        let service = utils::http::RouterService::new(router).unwrap();
@@ -398,9 +399,9 @@ fn start_pageserver(
            async move {
                page_service::libpq_listener_main(
                    conf,
-                    pg_auth,
+                    auth,
                    pageserver_listener,
-                    conf.pg_auth_type,
+                    conf.auth_type,
                    libpq_ctx,
                )
                .await
--- a/pageserver/src/config.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/config.rs
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use toml_edit;
 use toml_edit::{Document, Item};

-use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use utils::{
    id::{NodeId, TenantId, TimelineId},
    logging::LogFormat,
+    postgres_backend::AuthType,
 };

 use crate::tenant::config::TenantConf;
@@ -118,9 +118,6 @@ pub struct PageServerConf {
    /// Example (default): 127.0.0.1:9898
    pub listen_http_addr: String,

-    /// Current availability zone. Used for traffic metrics.
-    pub availability_zone: Option<String>,
-
    // Timeout when waiting for WAL receiver to catch up to an LSN given in a GetPage@LSN call.
    pub wait_lsn_timeout: Duration,
    // How long to wait for WAL redo to complete.
@@ -141,15 +138,9 @@ pub struct PageServerConf {

    pub pg_distrib_dir: PathBuf,

-    // Authentication
-    /// authentication method for the HTTP mgmt API
-    pub http_auth_type: AuthType,
-    /// authentication method for libpq connections from compute
-    pub pg_auth_type: AuthType,
-    /// Path to a file containing public key for verifying JWT tokens.
-    /// Used for both mgmt and compute auth, if enabled.
-    pub auth_validation_public_key_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    pub auth_type: AuthType,

+    pub auth_validation_public_key_path: Option<PathBuf>,
    pub remote_storage_config: Option<RemoteStorageConfig>,

    pub default_tenant_conf: TenantConf,
@@ -205,8 +196,6 @@ struct PageServerConfigBuilder {

    listen_http_addr: BuilderValue<String>,

-    availability_zone: BuilderValue<Option<String>>,
-
    wait_lsn_timeout: BuilderValue<Duration>,
    wal_redo_timeout: BuilderValue<Duration>,

@@ -219,8 +208,7 @@ struct PageServerConfigBuilder {

    pg_distrib_dir: BuilderValue<PathBuf>,

-    http_auth_type: BuilderValue<AuthType>,
-    pg_auth_type: BuilderValue<AuthType>,
+    auth_type: BuilderValue<AuthType>,

    //
    auth_validation_public_key_path: BuilderValue<Option<PathBuf>>,
@@ -252,7 +240,6 @@ impl Default for PageServerConfigBuilder {
        Self {
            listen_pg_addr: Set(DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_ADDR.to_string()),
            listen_http_addr: Set(DEFAULT_HTTP_LISTEN_ADDR.to_string()),
-            availability_zone: Set(None),
            wait_lsn_timeout: Set(humantime::parse_duration(DEFAULT_WAIT_LSN_TIMEOUT)
                .expect("cannot parse default wait lsn timeout")),
            wal_redo_timeout: Set(humantime::parse_duration(DEFAULT_WAL_REDO_TIMEOUT)
@@ -264,8 +251,7 @@ impl Default for PageServerConfigBuilder {
            pg_distrib_dir: Set(env::current_dir()
                .expect("cannot access current directory")
                .join("pg_install")),
-            http_auth_type: Set(AuthType::Trust),
-            pg_auth_type: Set(AuthType::Trust),
+            auth_type: Set(AuthType::Trust),
            auth_validation_public_key_path: Set(None),
            remote_storage_config: Set(None),
            id: NotSet,
@@ -309,10 +295,6 @@ impl PageServerConfigBuilder {
        self.listen_http_addr = BuilderValue::Set(listen_http_addr)
    }

-    pub fn availability_zone(&mut self, availability_zone: Option<String>) {
-        self.availability_zone = BuilderValue::Set(availability_zone)
-    }
-
    pub fn wait_lsn_timeout(&mut self, wait_lsn_timeout: Duration) {
        self.wait_lsn_timeout = BuilderValue::Set(wait_lsn_timeout)
    }
@@ -341,12 +323,8 @@ impl PageServerConfigBuilder {
        self.pg_distrib_dir = BuilderValue::Set(pg_distrib_dir)
    }

-    pub fn http_auth_type(&mut self, auth_type: AuthType) {
-        self.http_auth_type = BuilderValue::Set(auth_type)
-    }
-
-    pub fn pg_auth_type(&mut self, auth_type: AuthType) {
-        self.pg_auth_type = BuilderValue::Set(auth_type)
+    pub fn auth_type(&mut self, auth_type: AuthType) {
+        self.auth_type = BuilderValue::Set(auth_type)
    }

    pub fn auth_validation_public_key_path(
@@ -424,9 +402,6 @@ impl PageServerConfigBuilder {
            listen_http_addr: self
                .listen_http_addr
                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing listen_http_addr"))?,
-            availability_zone: self
-                .availability_zone
-                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing availability_zone"))?,
            wait_lsn_timeout: self
                .wait_lsn_timeout
                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing wait_lsn_timeout"))?,
@@ -444,10 +419,7 @@ impl PageServerConfigBuilder {
            pg_distrib_dir: self
                .pg_distrib_dir
                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing pg_distrib_dir"))?,
-            http_auth_type: self
-                .http_auth_type
-                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing http_auth_type"))?,
-            pg_auth_type: self.pg_auth_type.ok_or(anyhow!("missing pg_auth_type"))?,
+            auth_type: self.auth_type.ok_or(anyhow!("missing auth_type"))?,
            auth_validation_public_key_path: self
                .auth_validation_public_key_path
                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing auth_validation_public_key_path"))?,
@@ -627,7 +599,6 @@ impl PageServerConf {
            match key {
                "listen_pg_addr" => builder.listen_pg_addr(parse_toml_string(key, item)?),
                "listen_http_addr" => builder.listen_http_addr(parse_toml_string(key, item)?),
-                "availability_zone" => builder.availability_zone(Some(parse_toml_string(key, item)?)),
                "wait_lsn_timeout" => builder.wait_lsn_timeout(parse_toml_duration(key, item)?),
                "wal_redo_timeout" => builder.wal_redo_timeout(parse_toml_duration(key, item)?),
                "initial_superuser_name" => builder.superuser(parse_toml_string(key, item)?),
@@ -641,8 +612,7 @@ impl PageServerConf {
                "auth_validation_public_key_path" => builder.auth_validation_public_key_path(Some(
                    PathBuf::from(parse_toml_string(key, item)?),
                )),
-                "http_auth_type" => builder.http_auth_type(parse_toml_from_str(key, item)?),
-                "pg_auth_type" => builder.pg_auth_type(parse_toml_from_str(key, item)?),
+                "auth_type" => builder.auth_type(parse_toml_from_str(key, item)?),
                "remote_storage" => {
                    builder.remote_storage_config(RemoteStorageConfig::from_toml(item)?)
                }
@@ -677,7 +647,7 @@ impl PageServerConf {

        let mut conf = builder.build().context("invalid config")?;

-        if conf.http_auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT || conf.pg_auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
+        if conf.auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
            let auth_validation_public_key_path = conf
                .auth_validation_public_key_path
                .get_or_insert_with(|| workdir.join("auth_public_key.pem"));
@@ -728,12 +698,6 @@ impl PageServerConf {
                Some(parse_toml_u64("compaction_threshold", compaction_threshold)?.try_into()?);
        }

-        if let Some(image_creation_threshold) = item.get("image_creation_threshold") {
-            t_conf.image_creation_threshold = Some(
-                parse_toml_u64("image_creation_threshold", image_creation_threshold)?.try_into()?,
-            );
-        }
-
        if let Some(gc_horizon) = item.get("gc_horizon") {
            t_conf.gc_horizon = Some(parse_toml_u64("gc_horizon", gc_horizon)?);
        }
@@ -793,12 +757,10 @@ impl PageServerConf {
            max_file_descriptors: defaults::DEFAULT_MAX_FILE_DESCRIPTORS,
            listen_pg_addr: defaults::DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_ADDR.to_string(),
            listen_http_addr: defaults::DEFAULT_HTTP_LISTEN_ADDR.to_string(),
-            availability_zone: None,
            superuser: "cloud_admin".to_string(),
            workdir: repo_dir,
            pg_distrib_dir,
-            http_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
-            pg_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
+            auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
            auth_validation_public_key_path: None,
            remote_storage_config: None,
            default_tenant_conf: TenantConf::default(),
@@ -976,7 +938,6 @@ log_format = 'json'
                id: NodeId(10),
                listen_pg_addr: defaults::DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_ADDR.to_string(),
                listen_http_addr: defaults::DEFAULT_HTTP_LISTEN_ADDR.to_string(),
-                availability_zone: None,
                wait_lsn_timeout: humantime::parse_duration(defaults::DEFAULT_WAIT_LSN_TIMEOUT)?,
                wal_redo_timeout: humantime::parse_duration(defaults::DEFAULT_WAL_REDO_TIMEOUT)?,
                superuser: defaults::DEFAULT_SUPERUSER.to_string(),
@@ -984,8 +945,7 @@ log_format = 'json'
                max_file_descriptors: defaults::DEFAULT_MAX_FILE_DESCRIPTORS,
                workdir,
                pg_distrib_dir,
-                http_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
-                pg_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
+                auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
                auth_validation_public_key_path: None,
                remote_storage_config: None,
                default_tenant_conf: TenantConf::default(),
@@ -1035,7 +995,6 @@ log_format = 'json'
                id: NodeId(10),
                listen_pg_addr: "127.0.0.1:64000".to_string(),
                listen_http_addr: "127.0.0.1:9898".to_string(),
-                availability_zone: None,
                wait_lsn_timeout: Duration::from_secs(111),
                wal_redo_timeout: Duration::from_secs(111),
                superuser: "zzzz".to_string(),
@@ -1043,8 +1002,7 @@ log_format = 'json'
                max_file_descriptors: 333,
                workdir,
                pg_distrib_dir,
-                http_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
-                pg_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
+                auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
                auth_validation_public_key_path: None,
                remote_storage_config: None,
                default_tenant_conf: TenantConf::default(),
--- a/pageserver/src/http/openapi_spec.yml
+++ b/pageserver/src/http/openapi_spec.yml
@@ -245,53 +245,6 @@ paths:
            application/json:
              schema:
                $ref: "#/components/schemas/Error"
-  /v1/tenant/{tenant_id}/timeline/{timeline_id}/do_gc:
-    parameters:
-      - name: tenant_id
-        in: path
-        required: true
-        schema:
-          type: string
-          format: hex
-      - name: timeline_id
-        in: path
-        required: true
-        schema:
-          type: string
-          format: hex
-    put:
-      description: Garbage collect given timeline
-      responses:
-        "200":
-          description: OK
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                type: string
-        "400":
-          description: Error when no tenant id found in path, no timeline id or invalid timestamp
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                $ref: "#/components/schemas/Error"
-        "401":
-          description: Unauthorized Error
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                $ref: "#/components/schemas/UnauthorizedError"
-        "403":
-          description: Forbidden Error
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                $ref: "#/components/schemas/ForbiddenError"
-        "500":
-          description: Generic operation error
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                $ref: "#/components/schemas/Error"
  /v1/tenant/{tenant_id}/attach:
    parameters:
      - name: tenant_id
--- a/pageserver/src/http/routes.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/http/routes.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use remote_storage::GenericRemoteStorage;
 use tenant_size_model::{SizeResult, StorageModel};
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 use tracing::*;
-use utils::http::endpoint::RequestSpan;
 use utils::http::request::{get_request_param, must_get_query_param, parse_query_param};

 use super::models::{
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::context::{DownloadBehavior, RequestContext};
 use crate::pgdatadir_mapping::LsnForTimestamp;
 use crate::task_mgr::TaskKind;
 use crate::tenant::config::TenantConfOpt;
-use crate::tenant::mgr::{TenantMapInsertError, TenantStateError};
+use crate::tenant::mgr::TenantMapInsertError;
 use crate::tenant::size::ModelInputs;
 use crate::tenant::storage_layer::LayerAccessStatsReset;
 use crate::tenant::{PageReconstructError, Timeline};
@@ -82,52 +81,38 @@ fn get_config(request: &Request<Body>) -> &'static PageServerConf {
    get_state(request).conf
 }

-/// Check that the requester is authorized to operate on given tenant
 fn check_permission(request: &Request<Body>, tenant_id: Option<TenantId>) -> Result<(), ApiError> {
    check_permission_with(request, |claims| {
        crate::auth::check_permission(claims, tenant_id)
    })
 }

-impl From<PageReconstructError> for ApiError {
-    fn from(pre: PageReconstructError) -> ApiError {
-        match pre {
-            PageReconstructError::Other(pre) => ApiError::InternalServerError(pre),
-            PageReconstructError::NeedsDownload(_, _) => {
-                // This shouldn't happen, because we use a RequestContext that requests to
-                // download any missing layer files on-demand.
-                ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::anyhow!("need to download remote layer file"))
-            }
-            PageReconstructError::Cancelled => {
-                ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::anyhow!("request was cancelled"))
-            }
-            PageReconstructError::WalRedo(pre) => {
-                ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::Error::new(pre))
-            }
+fn apierror_from_prerror(err: PageReconstructError) -> ApiError {
+    match err {
+        PageReconstructError::Other(err) => ApiError::InternalServerError(err),
+        PageReconstructError::NeedsDownload(_, _) => {
+            // This shouldn't happen, because we use a RequestContext that requests to
+            // download any missing layer files on-demand.
+            ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::anyhow!("need to download remote layer file"))
+        }
+        PageReconstructError::Cancelled => {
+            ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::anyhow!("request was cancelled"))
+        }
+        PageReconstructError::WalRedo(err) => {
+            ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::Error::new(err))
        }
    }
 }

-impl From<TenantMapInsertError> for ApiError {
-    fn from(tmie: TenantMapInsertError) -> ApiError {
-        match tmie {
-            TenantMapInsertError::StillInitializing | TenantMapInsertError::ShuttingDown => {
-                ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::Error::new(tmie))
-            }
-            TenantMapInsertError::TenantAlreadyExists(id, state) => {
-                ApiError::Conflict(format!("tenant {id} already exists, state: {state:?}"))
-            }
-            TenantMapInsertError::Closure(e) => ApiError::InternalServerError(e),
+fn apierror_from_tenant_map_insert_error(e: TenantMapInsertError) -> ApiError {
+    match e {
+        TenantMapInsertError::StillInitializing | TenantMapInsertError::ShuttingDown => {
+            ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::Error::new(e))
        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<TenantStateError> for ApiError {
-    fn from(tse: TenantStateError) -> ApiError {
-        match tse {
-            TenantStateError::NotFound(tid) => ApiError::NotFound(anyhow!("tenant {}", tid)),
-            _ => ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::Error::new(tse)),
+        TenantMapInsertError::TenantAlreadyExists(id, state) => {
+            ApiError::Conflict(format!("tenant {id} already exists, state: {state:?}"))
        }
+        TenantMapInsertError::Closure(e) => ApiError::InternalServerError(e),
    }
 }

@@ -231,7 +216,9 @@ async fn timeline_create_handler(mut request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<

    let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Error);

-    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true).await?;
+    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true)
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::NotFound)?;
    match tenant.create_timeline(
        new_timeline_id,
        request_data.ancestor_timeline_id.map(TimelineId::from),
@@ -261,7 +248,9 @@ async fn timeline_list_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,
    let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Download);

    let response_data = async {
-        let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true).await?;
+        let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true)
+            .await
+            .map_err(ApiError::NotFound)?;
        let timelines = tenant.list_timelines();

        let mut response_data = Vec::with_capacity(timelines.len());
@@ -277,7 +266,7 @@ async fn timeline_list_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,

            response_data.push(timeline_info);
        }
-        Ok::<Vec<TimelineInfo>, ApiError>(response_data)
+        Ok(response_data)
    }
    .instrument(info_span!("timeline_list", tenant = %tenant_id))
    .await?;
@@ -296,7 +285,9 @@ async fn timeline_detail_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body
    let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Download);

    let timeline_info = async {
-        let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true).await?;
+        let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true)
+            .await
+            .map_err(ApiError::NotFound)?;

        let timeline = tenant
            .get_timeline(timeline_id, false)
@@ -332,7 +323,10 @@ async fn get_lsn_by_timestamp_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response

    let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Download);
    let timeline = active_timeline_of_active_tenant(tenant_id, timeline_id).await?;
-    let result = timeline.find_lsn_for_timestamp(timestamp_pg, &ctx).await?;
+    let result = timeline
+        .find_lsn_for_timestamp(timestamp_pg, &ctx)
+        .await
+        .map_err(apierror_from_prerror)?;

    let result = match result {
        LsnForTimestamp::Present(lsn) => format!("{lsn}"),
@@ -357,7 +351,8 @@ async fn tenant_attach_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,
    if let Some(remote_storage) = &state.remote_storage {
        mgr::attach_tenant(state.conf, tenant_id, remote_storage.clone(), &ctx)
            .instrument(info_span!("tenant_attach", tenant = %tenant_id))
-            .await?;
+            .await
+            .map_err(apierror_from_tenant_map_insert_error)?;
    } else {
        return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow!(
            "attach_tenant is not possible because pageserver was configured without remote storage"
@@ -376,7 +371,11 @@ async fn timeline_delete_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body

    mgr::delete_timeline(tenant_id, timeline_id, &ctx)
        .instrument(info_span!("timeline_delete", tenant = %tenant_id, timeline = %timeline_id))
-        .await?;
+        .await
+        // FIXME: Errors from `delete_timeline` can occur for a number of reasons, incuding both
+        // user and internal errors. Replace this with better handling once the error type permits
+        // it.
+        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;

    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
 }
@@ -389,7 +388,10 @@ async fn tenant_detach_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,
    let conf = state.conf;
    mgr::detach_tenant(conf, tenant_id)
        .instrument(info_span!("tenant_detach", tenant = %tenant_id))
-        .await?;
+        .await
+        // FIXME: Errors from `detach_tenant` can be caused by both both user and internal errors.
+        // Replace this with better handling once the error type permits it.
+        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;

    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
 }
@@ -403,7 +405,8 @@ async fn tenant_load_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, A
    let state = get_state(&request);
    mgr::load_tenant(state.conf, tenant_id, state.remote_storage.clone(), &ctx)
        .instrument(info_span!("load", tenant = %tenant_id))
-        .await?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(apierror_from_tenant_map_insert_error)?;

    json_response(StatusCode::ACCEPTED, ())
 }
@@ -416,7 +419,10 @@ async fn tenant_ignore_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,
    let conf = state.conf;
    mgr::ignore_tenant(conf, tenant_id)
        .instrument(info_span!("ignore_tenant", tenant = %tenant_id))
-        .await?;
+        .await
+        // FIXME: Errors from `ignore_tenant` can be caused by both both user and internal errors.
+        // Replace this with better handling once the error type permits it.
+        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;

    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
 }
@@ -490,7 +496,9 @@ async fn tenant_size_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, A
    let headers = request.headers();

    let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Download);
-    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true).await?;
+    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true)
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;

    // this can be long operation
    let inputs = tenant
@@ -753,7 +761,8 @@ async fn tenant_create_handler(mut request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Bo
        &ctx,
    )
    .instrument(info_span!("tenant_create", tenant = ?target_tenant_id))
-    .await?;
+    .await
+    .map_err(apierror_from_tenant_map_insert_error)?;

    // We created the tenant. Existing API semantics are that the tenant
    // is Active when this function returns.
@@ -777,7 +786,9 @@ async fn get_tenant_config_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Bo
    let tenant_id: TenantId = parse_request_param(&request, "tenant_id")?;
    check_permission(&request, Some(tenant_id))?;

-    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, false).await?;
+    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, false)
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::NotFound)?;

    let response = HashMap::from([
        (
@@ -872,7 +883,10 @@ async fn update_tenant_config_handler(
    let state = get_state(&request);
    mgr::set_new_tenant_config(state.conf, tenant_conf, tenant_id)
        .instrument(info_span!("tenant_config", tenant = ?tenant_id))
-        .await?;
+        .await
+        // FIXME: `update_tenant_config` can fail because of both user and internal errors.
+        // Replace this `map_err` with better error handling once the type permits it
+        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;

    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
 }
@@ -957,22 +971,19 @@ async fn timeline_checkpoint_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<
    let tenant_id: TenantId = parse_request_param(&request, "tenant_id")?;
    let timeline_id: TimelineId = parse_request_param(&request, "timeline_id")?;
    check_permission(&request, Some(tenant_id))?;
-    async {
-        let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Download);
-        let timeline = active_timeline_of_active_tenant(tenant_id, timeline_id).await?;
-        timeline
-            .freeze_and_flush()
-            .await
-            .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
-        timeline
-            .compact(&ctx)
-            .await
-            .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;

-        json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
-    }
-    .instrument(info_span!("manual_checkpoint", tenant_id = %tenant_id, timeline_id = %timeline_id))
-    .await
+    let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Download);
+    let timeline = active_timeline_of_active_tenant(tenant_id, timeline_id).await?;
+    timeline
+        .freeze_and_flush()
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
+    timeline
+        .compact(&ctx)
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
+
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
 }

 async fn timeline_download_remote_layers_handler_post(
@@ -1009,7 +1020,9 @@ async fn active_timeline_of_active_tenant(
    tenant_id: TenantId,
    timeline_id: TimelineId,
 ) -> Result<Arc<Timeline>, ApiError> {
-    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true).await?;
+    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true)
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::NotFound)?;
    tenant
        .get_timeline(timeline_id, true)
        .map_err(ApiError::NotFound)
@@ -1075,8 +1088,7 @@ pub fn make_router(
            let handler = $handler;
            #[cfg(not(feature = "testing"))]
            let handler = cfg_disabled;
-
-            move |r| RequestSpan(handler).handle(r)
+            handler
        }};
    }

@@ -1084,55 +1096,35 @@ pub fn make_router(
        .data(Arc::new(
            State::new(conf, auth, remote_storage).context("Failed to initialize router state")?,
        ))
-        .get("/v1/status", |r| RequestSpan(status_handler).handle(r))
+        .get("/v1/status", status_handler)
        .put(
            "/v1/failpoints",
            testing_api!("manage failpoints", failpoints_handler),
        )
-        .get("/v1/tenant", |r| RequestSpan(tenant_list_handler).handle(r))
-        .post("/v1/tenant", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(tenant_create_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(tenant_status).handle(r)
-        })
-        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/synthetic_size", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(tenant_size_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .put("/v1/tenant/config", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(update_tenant_config_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/config", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(get_tenant_config_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(timeline_list_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(timeline_create_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/attach", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(tenant_attach_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/detach", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(tenant_detach_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/load", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(tenant_load_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/ignore", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(tenant_ignore_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(timeline_detail_handler).handle(r)
-        })
+        .get("/v1/tenant", tenant_list_handler)
+        .post("/v1/tenant", tenant_create_handler)
+        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id", tenant_status)
+        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/synthetic_size", tenant_size_handler)
+        .put("/v1/tenant/config", update_tenant_config_handler)
+        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/config", get_tenant_config_handler)
+        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline", timeline_list_handler)
+        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline", timeline_create_handler)
+        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/attach", tenant_attach_handler)
+        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/detach", tenant_detach_handler)
+        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/load", tenant_load_handler)
+        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/ignore", tenant_ignore_handler)
+        .get(
+            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id",
+            timeline_detail_handler,
+        )
        .get(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/get_lsn_by_timestamp",
-            |r| RequestSpan(get_lsn_by_timestamp_handler).handle(r),
+            get_lsn_by_timestamp_handler,
+        )
+        .put(
+            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/do_gc",
+            timeline_gc_handler,
        )
-        .put("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/do_gc", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(timeline_gc_handler).handle(r)
-        })
        .put(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/compact",
            testing_api!("run timeline compaction", timeline_compact_handler),
@@ -1143,26 +1135,28 @@ pub fn make_router(
        )
        .post(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/download_remote_layers",
-            |r| RequestSpan(timeline_download_remote_layers_handler_post).handle(r),
+            timeline_download_remote_layers_handler_post,
        )
        .get(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/download_remote_layers",
-            |r| RequestSpan(timeline_download_remote_layers_handler_get).handle(r),
+            timeline_download_remote_layers_handler_get,
+        )
+        .delete(
+            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id",
+            timeline_delete_handler,
+        )
+        .get(
+            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/layer",
+            layer_map_info_handler,
        )
-        .delete("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(timeline_delete_handler).handle(r)
-        })
-        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/layer", |r| {
-            RequestSpan(layer_map_info_handler).handle(r)
-        })
        .get(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/layer/:layer_file_name",
-            |r| RequestSpan(layer_download_handler).handle(r),
+            layer_download_handler,
        )
        .delete(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/layer/:layer_file_name",
-            |r| RequestSpan(evict_timeline_layer_handler).handle(r),
+            evict_timeline_layer_handler,
        )
-        .get("/v1/panic", |r| RequestSpan(always_panic_handler).handle(r))
+        .get("/v1/panic", always_panic_handler)
        .any(handler_404))
 }
--- a/pageserver/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/metrics.rs
@@ -123,22 +123,6 @@ static REMOTE_PHYSICAL_SIZE: Lazy<UIntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });

-pub static REMOTE_ONDEMAND_DOWNLOADED_LAYERS: Lazy<IntCounter> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    register_int_counter!(
-        "pageserver_remote_ondemand_downloaded_layers_total",
-        "Total on-demand downloaded layers"
-    )
-    .unwrap()
-});
-
-pub static REMOTE_ONDEMAND_DOWNLOADED_BYTES: Lazy<IntCounter> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    register_int_counter!(
-        "pageserver_remote_ondemand_downloaded_bytes_total",
-        "Total bytes of layers on-demand downloaded",
-    )
-    .unwrap()
-});
-
 static CURRENT_LOGICAL_SIZE: Lazy<UIntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_uint_gauge_vec!(
        "pageserver_current_logical_size",
--- a/pageserver/src/page_service.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/page_service.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 use anyhow::Context;
 use bytes::Buf;
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use futures::Stream;
+use futures::{Stream, StreamExt};
 use pageserver_api::models::TenantState;
 use pageserver_api::models::{
    PagestreamBeMessage, PagestreamDbSizeRequest, PagestreamDbSizeResponse,
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ use pageserver_api::models::{
    PagestreamFeMessage, PagestreamGetPageRequest, PagestreamGetPageResponse,
    PagestreamNblocksRequest, PagestreamNblocksResponse,
 };
-use postgres_backend::PostgresBackendTCP;
-use postgres_backend::{self, is_expected_io_error, AuthType, PostgresBackend, QueryError};
-use pq_proto::framed::ConnectionError;
+use pq_proto::ConnectionError;
 use pq_proto::FeStartupPacket;
 use pq_proto::{BeMessage, FeMessage, RowDescriptor};
 use std::io;
@@ -31,13 +29,14 @@ use std::str;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
-use tokio_util::io::StreamReader;
 use tracing::*;
 use utils::id::ConnectionId;
 use utils::{
    auth::{Claims, JwtAuth, Scope},
    id::{TenantId, TimelineId},
    lsn::Lsn,
+    postgres_backend::AuthType,
+    postgres_backend_async::{self, is_expected_io_error, PostgresBackend, QueryError},
    simple_rcu::RcuReadGuard,
 };

@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ use crate::trace::Tracer;
 use postgres_ffi::pg_constants::DEFAULTTABLESPACE_OID;
 use postgres_ffi::BLCKSZ;

-fn copyin_stream(pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP) -> impl Stream<Item = io::Result<Bytes>> + '_ {
+fn copyin_stream(pgb: &mut PostgresBackend) -> impl Stream<Item = io::Result<Bytes>> + '_ {
    async_stream::try_stream! {
        loop {
            let msg = tokio::select! {
@@ -65,11 +64,11 @@ fn copyin_stream(pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP) -> impl Stream<Item = io::Result<
                _ = task_mgr::shutdown_watcher() => {
                    // We were requested to shut down.
                    let msg = format!("pageserver is shutting down");
-                    let _ = pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(&msg, None));
+                    let _ = pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(&msg, None));
                    Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(msg)))
                }

-                msg = pgb.read_message() => { msg.map_err(QueryError::from)}
+                msg = pgb.read_message() => { msg }
            };

            match msg {
@@ -80,16 +79,14 @@ fn copyin_stream(pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP) -> impl Stream<Item = io::Result<
                        FeMessage::Sync => continue,
                        FeMessage::Terminate => {
                            let msg = "client terminated connection with Terminate message during COPY";
-                            let query_error = QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Io(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset, msg)));
-                            // error can't happen here, ErrorResponse serialization should be always ok
-                            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(msg, Some(query_error.pg_error_code()))).map_err(|e| e.into_io_error())?;
+                            let query_error_error = QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Socket(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset, msg)));
+                            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(msg, Some(query_error_error.pg_error_code())))?;
                            Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset, msg))?;
                            break;
                        }
                        m => {
                            let msg = format!("unexpected message {m:?}");
-                            // error can't happen here, ErrorResponse serialization should be always ok
-                            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(&msg, None)).map_err(|e| e.into_io_error())?;
+                            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(&msg, None))?;
                            Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, msg))?;
                            break;
                        }
@@ -99,66 +96,22 @@ fn copyin_stream(pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP) -> impl Stream<Item = io::Result<
                }
                Ok(None) => {
                    let msg = "client closed connection during COPY";
-                    let query_error = QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Io(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset, msg)));
-                    // error can't happen here, ErrorResponse serialization should be always ok
-                    pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(msg, Some(query_error.pg_error_code()))).map_err(|e| e.into_io_error())?;
+                    let query_error_error = QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Socket(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset, msg)));
+                    pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(msg, Some(query_error_error.pg_error_code())))?;
                    pgb.flush().await?;
                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset, msg))?;
                }
-                Err(QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Io(io_error))) => {
+                Err(QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Socket(io_error))) => {
                    Err(io_error)?;
                }
                Err(other) => {
-                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, other.to_string()))?;
+                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, other))?;
                }
            };
        }
    }
 }

-/// Read the end of a tar archive.
-///
-/// A tar archive normally ends with two consecutive blocks of zeros, 512 bytes each.
-/// `tokio_tar` already read the first such block. Read the second all-zeros block,
-/// and check that there is no more data after the EOF marker.
-///
-/// XXX: Currently, any trailing data after the EOF marker prints a warning.
-/// Perhaps it should be a hard error?
-async fn read_tar_eof(mut reader: (impl tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin)) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
-    let mut buf = [0u8; 512];
-
-    // Read the all-zeros block, and verify it
-    let mut total_bytes = 0;
-    while total_bytes < 512 {
-        let nbytes = reader.read(&mut buf[total_bytes..]).await?;
-        total_bytes += nbytes;
-        if nbytes == 0 {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    if total_bytes < 512 {
-        anyhow::bail!("incomplete or invalid tar EOF marker");
-    }
-    if !buf.iter().all(|&x| x == 0) {
-        anyhow::bail!("invalid tar EOF marker");
-    }
-
-    // Drain any data after the EOF marker
-    let mut trailing_bytes = 0;
-    loop {
-        let nbytes = reader.read(&mut buf).await?;
-        trailing_bytes += nbytes;
-        if nbytes == 0 {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    if trailing_bytes > 0 {
-        warn!("ignored {trailing_bytes} unexpected bytes after the tar archive");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

 ///
@@ -259,7 +212,7 @@ async fn page_service_conn_main(
            // we've been requested to shut down
            Ok(())
        }
-        Err(QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Io(io_error))) => {
+        Err(QueryError::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Socket(io_error))) => {
            if is_expected_io_error(&io_error) {
                info!("Postgres client disconnected ({io_error})");
                Ok(())
@@ -333,7 +286,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
    #[instrument(skip(self, pgb, ctx))]
    async fn handle_pagerequests(
        &self,
-        pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP,
+        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
        tenant_id: TenantId,
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
        ctx: RequestContext,
@@ -358,7 +311,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
        let timeline = tenant.get_timeline(timeline_id, true)?;

        // switch client to COPYBOTH
-        pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CopyBothResponse)?;
+        pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CopyBothResponse)?;
        pgb.flush().await?;

        let metrics = PageRequestMetrics::new(&tenant_id, &timeline_id);
@@ -427,7 +380,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                })
            });

-            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CopyData(&response.serialize()))?;
+            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CopyData(&response.serialize()))?;
            pgb.flush().await?;
        }
        Ok(())
@@ -437,7 +390,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
    #[instrument(skip(self, pgb, ctx))]
    async fn handle_import_basebackup(
        &self,
-        pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP,
+        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
        tenant_id: TenantId,
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
        base_lsn: Lsn,
@@ -463,17 +416,22 @@ impl PageServerHandler {

        // Import basebackup provided via CopyData
        info!("importing basebackup");
-        pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CopyInResponse)?;
+        pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CopyInResponse)?;
        pgb.flush().await?;

-        let copyin_reader = StreamReader::new(copyin_stream(pgb));
-        tokio::pin!(copyin_reader);
+        let mut copyin_stream = Box::pin(copyin_stream(pgb));
        timeline
-            .import_basebackup_from_tar(&mut copyin_reader, base_lsn, &ctx)
+            .import_basebackup_from_tar(&mut copyin_stream, base_lsn, &ctx)
            .await?;

-        // Read the end of the tar archive.
-        read_tar_eof(copyin_reader).await?;
+        // Drain the rest of the Copy data
+        let mut bytes_after_tar = 0;
+        while let Some(bytes) = copyin_stream.next().await {
+            bytes_after_tar += bytes?.len();
+        }
+        if bytes_after_tar > 0 {
+            warn!("ignored {bytes_after_tar} unexpected bytes after the tar archive");
+        }

        // TODO check checksum
        // Meanwhile you can verify client-side by taking fullbackup
@@ -488,7 +446,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
    #[instrument(skip(self, pgb, ctx))]
    async fn handle_import_wal(
        &self,
-        pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP,
+        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
        tenant_id: TenantId,
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
        start_lsn: Lsn,
@@ -510,15 +468,21 @@ impl PageServerHandler {

        // Import wal provided via CopyData
        info!("importing wal");
-        pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CopyInResponse)?;
+        pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CopyInResponse)?;
        pgb.flush().await?;
-        let copyin_reader = StreamReader::new(copyin_stream(pgb));
-        tokio::pin!(copyin_reader);
-        import_wal_from_tar(&timeline, &mut copyin_reader, start_lsn, end_lsn, &ctx).await?;
+        let mut copyin_stream = Box::pin(copyin_stream(pgb));
+        let mut reader = tokio_util::io::StreamReader::new(&mut copyin_stream);
+        import_wal_from_tar(&timeline, &mut reader, start_lsn, end_lsn, &ctx).await?;
        info!("wal import complete");

-        // Read the end of the tar archive.
-        read_tar_eof(copyin_reader).await?;
+        // Drain the rest of the Copy data
+        let mut bytes_after_tar = 0;
+        while let Some(bytes) = copyin_stream.next().await {
+            bytes_after_tar += bytes?.len();
+        }
+        if bytes_after_tar > 0 {
+            warn!("ignored {bytes_after_tar} unexpected bytes after the tar archive");
+        }

        // TODO Does it make sense to overshoot?
        if timeline.get_last_record_lsn() < end_lsn {
@@ -693,7 +657,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
    #[instrument(skip(self, pgb, ctx))]
    async fn handle_basebackup_request(
        &mut self,
-        pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP,
+        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
        tenant_id: TenantId,
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
        lsn: Option<Lsn>,
@@ -714,7 +678,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
        }

        // switch client to COPYOUT
-        pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CopyOutResponse)?;
+        pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CopyOutResponse)?;
        pgb.flush().await?;

        // Send a tarball of the latest layer on the timeline
@@ -731,7 +695,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
            .await?;
        }

-        pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CopyDone)?;
+        pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CopyDone)?;
        pgb.flush().await?;
        info!("basebackup complete");

@@ -757,10 +721,10 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
+impl postgres_backend_async::Handler for PageServerHandler {
    fn check_auth_jwt(
        &mut self,
-        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP,
+        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
        jwt_response: &[u8],
    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
        // this unwrap is never triggered, because check_auth_jwt only called when auth_type is NeonJWT
@@ -788,7 +752,7 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {

    fn startup(
        &mut self,
-        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP,
+        _pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
        _sm: &FeStartupPacket,
    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
        Ok(())
@@ -796,7 +760,7 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {

    async fn process_query(
        &mut self,
-        pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP,
+        pgb: &mut PostgresBackend,
        query_string: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
        let ctx = self.connection_ctx.attached_child();
@@ -848,7 +812,7 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
            // Check that the timeline exists
            self.handle_basebackup_request(pgb, tenant_id, timeline_id, lsn, None, false, ctx)
                .await?;
-            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
+            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
        }
        // return pair of prev_lsn and last_lsn
        else if query_string.starts_with("get_last_record_rlsn ") {
@@ -871,15 +835,15 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {

            let end_of_timeline = timeline.get_last_record_rlsn();

-            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::RowDescription(&[
+            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::RowDescription(&[
                RowDescriptor::text_col(b"prev_lsn"),
                RowDescriptor::text_col(b"last_lsn"),
            ]))?
-            .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::DataRow(&[
+            .write_message(&BeMessage::DataRow(&[
                Some(end_of_timeline.prev.to_string().as_bytes()),
                Some(end_of_timeline.last.to_string().as_bytes()),
            ]))?
-            .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
+            .write_message(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
        }
        // same as basebackup, but result includes relational data as well
        else if query_string.starts_with("fullbackup ") {
@@ -920,7 +884,7 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
            // Check that the timeline exists
            self.handle_basebackup_request(pgb, tenant_id, timeline_id, lsn, prev_lsn, true, ctx)
                .await?;
-            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
+            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
        } else if query_string.starts_with("import basebackup ") {
            // Import the `base` section (everything but the wal) of a basebackup.
            // Assumes the tenant already exists on this pageserver.
@@ -965,10 +929,10 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
                )
                .await
            {
-                Ok(()) => pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?,
+                Ok(()) => pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?,
                Err(e) => {
                    error!("error importing base backup between {base_lsn} and {end_lsn}: {e:?}");
-                    pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                    pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
                        &e.to_string(),
                        Some(e.pg_error_code()),
                    ))?
@@ -1001,10 +965,10 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
                .handle_import_wal(pgb, tenant_id, timeline_id, start_lsn, end_lsn, ctx)
                .await
            {
-                Ok(()) => pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?,
+                Ok(()) => pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?,
                Err(e) => {
                    error!("error importing WAL between {start_lsn} and {end_lsn}: {e:?}");
-                    pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
+                    pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(
                        &e.to_string(),
                        Some(e.pg_error_code()),
                    ))?
@@ -1013,7 +977,7 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
        } else if query_string.to_ascii_lowercase().starts_with("set ") {
            // important because psycopg2 executes "SET datestyle TO 'ISO'"
            // on connect
-            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
+            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
        } else if query_string.starts_with("show ") {
            // show <tenant_id>
            let (_, params_raw) = query_string.split_at("show ".len());
@@ -1029,7 +993,7 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
            self.check_permission(Some(tenant_id))?;

            let tenant = get_active_tenant_with_timeout(tenant_id, &ctx).await?;
-            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::RowDescription(&[
+            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::RowDescription(&[
                RowDescriptor::int8_col(b"checkpoint_distance"),
                RowDescriptor::int8_col(b"checkpoint_timeout"),
                RowDescriptor::int8_col(b"compaction_target_size"),
@@ -1040,7 +1004,7 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
                RowDescriptor::int8_col(b"image_creation_threshold"),
                RowDescriptor::int8_col(b"pitr_interval"),
            ]))?
-            .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::DataRow(&[
+            .write_message(&BeMessage::DataRow(&[
                Some(tenant.get_checkpoint_distance().to_string().as_bytes()),
                Some(
                    tenant
@@ -1063,7 +1027,7 @@ impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for PageServerHandler {
                Some(tenant.get_image_creation_threshold().to_string().as_bytes()),
                Some(tenant.get_pitr_interval().as_secs().to_string().as_bytes()),
            ]))?
-            .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
+            .write_message(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
        } else {
            return Err(QueryError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "unknown command {query_string}"
@@ -1091,7 +1055,7 @@ impl From<GetActiveTenantError> for QueryError {
    fn from(e: GetActiveTenantError) -> Self {
        match e {
            GetActiveTenantError::WaitForActiveTimeout { .. } => QueryError::Disconnected(
-                ConnectionError::Io(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, e.to_string())),
+                ConnectionError::Socket(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, e.to_string())),
            ),
            GetActiveTenantError::Other(e) => QueryError::Other(e),
        }
@@ -1107,10 +1071,7 @@ async fn get_active_tenant_with_timeout(
    tenant_id: TenantId,
    _ctx: &RequestContext, /* require get a context to support cancellation in the future */
 ) -> Result<Arc<Tenant>, GetActiveTenantError> {
-    let tenant = match mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, false).await {
-        Ok(tenant) => tenant,
-        Err(e) => return Err(GetActiveTenantError::Other(e.into())),
-    };
+    let tenant = mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, false).await?;
    let wait_time = Duration::from_secs(30);
    match tokio::time::timeout(wait_time, tenant.wait_to_become_active()).await {
        Ok(Ok(())) => Ok(tenant),
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@
 //!

 use anyhow::{bail, Context};
+use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::FutureExt;
+use futures::Stream;
 use pageserver_api::models::TimelineState;
 use remote_storage::DownloadError;
 use remote_storage::GenericRemoteStorage;
@@ -237,13 +239,14 @@ impl UninitializedTimeline<'_> {
    /// Prepares timeline data by loading it from the basebackup archive.
    pub async fn import_basebackup_from_tar(
        self,
-        copyin_read: &mut (impl tokio::io::AsyncRead + Send + Sync + Unpin),
+        copyin_stream: &mut (impl Stream<Item = io::Result<Bytes>> + Sync + Send + Unpin),
        base_lsn: Lsn,
        ctx: &RequestContext,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Arc<Timeline>> {
        let raw_timeline = self.raw_timeline()?;

-        import_datadir::import_basebackup_from_tar(raw_timeline, copyin_read, base_lsn, ctx)
+        let mut reader = tokio_util::io::StreamReader::new(copyin_stream);
+        import_datadir::import_basebackup_from_tar(raw_timeline, &mut reader, base_lsn, ctx)
            .await
            .context("Failed to import basebackup")?;

@@ -1240,8 +1243,11 @@ impl Tenant {
            "Cannot run GC iteration on inactive tenant"
        );

-        self.gc_iteration_internal(target_timeline_id, horizon, pitr, ctx)
-            .await
+        let gc_result = self
+            .gc_iteration_internal(target_timeline_id, horizon, pitr, ctx)
+            .await;
+
+        gc_result
    }

    /// Perform one compaction iteration.
@@ -3170,44 +3176,6 @@ mod tests {
    }
     */

-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_get_branchpoints_from_an_inactive_timeline() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let (tenant, ctx) =
-            TenantHarness::create("test_get_branchpoints_from_an_inactive_timeline")?
-                .load()
-                .await;
-        let tline = tenant
-            .create_empty_timeline(TIMELINE_ID, Lsn(0), DEFAULT_PG_VERSION, &ctx)?
-            .initialize(&ctx)?;
-        make_some_layers(tline.as_ref(), Lsn(0x20)).await?;
-
-        tenant
-            .branch_timeline(&tline, NEW_TIMELINE_ID, Some(Lsn(0x40)), &ctx)
-            .await?;
-        let newtline = tenant
-            .get_timeline(NEW_TIMELINE_ID, true)
-            .expect("Should have a local timeline");
-
-        make_some_layers(newtline.as_ref(), Lsn(0x60)).await?;
-
-        tline.set_state(TimelineState::Broken);
-
-        tenant
-            .gc_iteration(Some(TIMELINE_ID), 0x10, Duration::ZERO, &ctx)
-            .await?;
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            newtline.get(*TEST_KEY, Lsn(0x50), &ctx).await?,
-            TEST_IMG(&format!("foo at {}", Lsn(0x40)))
-        );
-
-        let branchpoints = &tline.gc_info.read().unwrap().retain_lsns;
-        assert_eq!(branchpoints.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(branchpoints[0], Lsn(0x40));
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_retain_data_in_parent_which_is_needed_for_child() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let (tenant, ctx) =
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/block_io.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/block_io.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ where
 ///
 /// A "cursor" for efficiently reading multiple pages from a BlockReader
 ///
+/// A cursor caches the last accessed page, allowing for faster access if the
+/// same block is accessed repeatedly.
+///
 /// You can access the last page with `*cursor`. 'read_blk' returns 'self', so
 /// that in many cases you can use a BlockCursor as a drop-in replacement for
 /// the underlying BlockReader. For example:
@@ -70,6 +73,8 @@ where
    R: BlockReader,
 {
    reader: R,
+    /// last accessed page
+    cache: Option<(u32, R::BlockLease)>,
 }

 impl<R> BlockCursor<R>
@@ -77,13 +82,40 @@ where
    R: BlockReader,
 {
    pub fn new(reader: R) -> Self {
-        BlockCursor { reader }
+        BlockCursor {
+            reader,
+            cache: None,
+        }
    }

-    pub fn read_blk(&mut self, blknum: u32) -> Result<R::BlockLease, std::io::Error> {
-        self.reader.read_blk(blknum)
+    pub fn read_blk(&mut self, blknum: u32) -> Result<&Self, std::io::Error> {
+        // Fast return if this is the same block as before
+        if let Some((cached_blk, _buf)) = &self.cache {
+            if *cached_blk == blknum {
+                return Ok(self);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Read the block from the underlying reader, and cache it
+        self.cache = None;
+        let buf = self.reader.read_blk(blknum)?;
+        self.cache = Some((blknum, buf));
+
+        Ok(self)
    }
 }
+
+impl<R> Deref for BlockCursor<R>
+where
+    R: BlockReader,
+{
+    type Target = [u8; PAGE_SZ];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &<Self as Deref>::Target {
+        &self.cache.as_ref().unwrap().1
+    }
+}
+
 static NEXT_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);

 /// An adapter for reading a (virtual) file using the page cache.
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/config.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/config.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,6 @@ pub struct TenantConfOpt {
    pub checkpoint_distance: Option<u64>,

    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
    #[serde(default)]
    pub checkpoint_timeout: Option<Duration>,

@@ -222,6 +221,48 @@ impl TenantConfOpt {
            eviction_policy: self.eviction_policy.unwrap_or(global_conf.eviction_policy),
        }
    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self, other: &TenantConfOpt) {
+        if let Some(checkpoint_distance) = other.checkpoint_distance {
+            self.checkpoint_distance = Some(checkpoint_distance);
+        }
+        if let Some(checkpoint_timeout) = other.checkpoint_timeout {
+            self.checkpoint_timeout = Some(checkpoint_timeout);
+        }
+        if let Some(compaction_target_size) = other.compaction_target_size {
+            self.compaction_target_size = Some(compaction_target_size);
+        }
+        if let Some(compaction_period) = other.compaction_period {
+            self.compaction_period = Some(compaction_period);
+        }
+        if let Some(compaction_threshold) = other.compaction_threshold {
+            self.compaction_threshold = Some(compaction_threshold);
+        }
+        if let Some(gc_horizon) = other.gc_horizon {
+            self.gc_horizon = Some(gc_horizon);
+        }
+        if let Some(gc_period) = other.gc_period {
+            self.gc_period = Some(gc_period);
+        }
+        if let Some(image_creation_threshold) = other.image_creation_threshold {
+            self.image_creation_threshold = Some(image_creation_threshold);
+        }
+        if let Some(pitr_interval) = other.pitr_interval {
+            self.pitr_interval = Some(pitr_interval);
+        }
+        if let Some(walreceiver_connect_timeout) = other.walreceiver_connect_timeout {
+            self.walreceiver_connect_timeout = Some(walreceiver_connect_timeout);
+        }
+        if let Some(lagging_wal_timeout) = other.lagging_wal_timeout {
+            self.lagging_wal_timeout = Some(lagging_wal_timeout);
+        }
+        if let Some(max_lsn_wal_lag) = other.max_lsn_wal_lag {
+            self.max_lsn_wal_lag = Some(max_lsn_wal_lag);
+        }
+        if let Some(trace_read_requests) = other.trace_read_requests {
+            self.trace_read_requests = Some(trace_read_requests);
+        }
+    }
 }

 impl Default for TenantConf {
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/ephemeral_file.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/ephemeral_file.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 //! used to keep in-memory layers spilled on disk.

 use crate::config::PageServerConf;
-use crate::page_cache::{self, ReadBufResult, WriteBufResult, PAGE_SZ};
+use crate::page_cache;
+use crate::page_cache::PAGE_SZ;
+use crate::page_cache::{ReadBufResult, WriteBufResult};
 use crate::tenant::blob_io::BlobWriter;
 use crate::tenant::block_io::BlockReader;
 use crate::virtual_file::VirtualFile;
@@ -425,6 +427,7 @@ mod tests {
            let actual = cursor.read_blob(pos)?;
            assert_eq!(actual, expected);
        }
+        drop(cursor);

        // Test a large blob that spans multiple pages
        let mut large_data = Vec::new();
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/layer_map.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/layer_map.rs
@@ -154,7 +154,11 @@ where
        expected: &Arc<L>,
        new: Arc<L>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Replacement<Arc<L>>> {
-        fail::fail_point!("layermap-replace-notfound", |_| Ok(Replacement::NotFound));
+        fail::fail_point!("layermap-replace-notfound", |_| Ok(
+            // this is not what happens if an L0 layer was not found a anyhow error but perhaps
+            // that should be changed. this is good enough to show a replacement failure.
+            Replacement::NotFound
+        ));

        self.layer_map.replace_historic_noflush(expected, new)
    }
@@ -336,15 +340,12 @@ where

        let l0_index = if expected_l0 {
            // find the index in case replace worked, we need to replace that as well
-            let pos = self
-                .l0_delta_layers
-                .iter()
-                .position(|slot| Self::compare_arced_layers(slot, expected));
-
-            if pos.is_none() {
-                return Ok(Replacement::NotFound);
-            }
-            pos
+            Some(
+                self.l0_delta_layers
+                    .iter()
+                    .position(|slot| Self::compare_arced_layers(slot, expected))
+                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("existing l0 delta layer was not found"))?,
+            )
        } else {
            None
        };
@@ -803,26 +804,6 @@ mod tests {
            )
        }

-        #[test]
-        fn replacing_missing_l0_is_notfound() {
-            // original impl had an oversight, and L0 was an anyhow::Error. anyhow::Error should
-            // however only happen for precondition failures.
-
-            let layer = "000000000000000000000000000000000000-FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF__0000000053423C21-0000000053424D69";
-            let layer = LayerFileName::from_str(layer).unwrap();
-            let layer = LayerDescriptor::from(layer);
-
-            // same skeletan construction; see scenario below
-            let not_found: Arc<dyn Layer> = Arc::new(layer.clone());
-            let new_version: Arc<dyn Layer> = Arc::new(layer);
-
-            let mut map = LayerMap::default();
-
-            let res = map.batch_update().replace_historic(&not_found, new_version);
-
-            assert!(matches!(res, Ok(Replacement::NotFound)), "{res:?}");
-        }
-
        fn l0_delta_layers_updated_scenario(layer_name: &str, expected_l0: bool) {
            let name = LayerFileName::from_str(layer_name).unwrap();
            let skeleton = LayerDescriptor::from(name);
@@ -832,8 +813,7 @@ mod tests {

            let mut map = LayerMap::default();

-            // two disjoint Arcs in different lifecycle phases. even if it seems they must be the
-            // same layer, we use LayerMap::compare_arced_layers as the identity of layers.
+            // two disjoint Arcs in different lifecycle phases.
            assert!(!LayerMap::compare_arced_layers(&remote, &downloaded));

            let expected_in_counts = (1, usize::from(expected_l0));
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/mgr.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/mgr.rs
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ pub async fn set_new_tenant_config(
    conf: &'static PageServerConf,
    new_tenant_conf: TenantConfOpt,
    tenant_id: TenantId,
-) -> Result<(), TenantStateError> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    info!("configuring tenant {tenant_id}");
    let tenant = get_tenant(tenant_id, true).await?;

@@ -306,20 +306,16 @@ pub async fn set_new_tenant_config(

 /// Gets the tenant from the in-memory data, erroring if it's absent or is not fitting to the query.
 /// `active_only = true` allows to query only tenants that are ready for operations, erroring on other kinds of tenants.
-pub async fn get_tenant(
-    tenant_id: TenantId,
-    active_only: bool,
-) -> Result<Arc<Tenant>, TenantStateError> {
+pub async fn get_tenant(tenant_id: TenantId, active_only: bool) -> anyhow::Result<Arc<Tenant>> {
    let m = TENANTS.read().await;
    let tenant = m
        .get(&tenant_id)
-        .ok_or(TenantStateError::NotFound(tenant_id))?;
+        .with_context(|| format!("Tenant {tenant_id} not found in the local state"))?;
    if active_only && !tenant.is_active() {
-        tracing::warn!(
+        anyhow::bail!(
            "Tenant {tenant_id} is not active. Current state: {:?}",
            tenant.current_state()
-        );
-        Err(TenantStateError::NotActive(tenant_id))
+        )
    } else {
        Ok(Arc::clone(tenant))
    }
@@ -329,28 +325,21 @@ pub async fn delete_timeline(
    tenant_id: TenantId,
    timeline_id: TimelineId,
    ctx: &RequestContext,
-) -> Result<(), TenantStateError> {
-    let tenant = get_tenant(tenant_id, true).await?;
-    tenant.delete_timeline(timeline_id, ctx).await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    match get_tenant(tenant_id, true).await {
+        Ok(tenant) => {
+            tenant.delete_timeline(timeline_id, ctx).await?;
+        }
+        Err(e) => anyhow::bail!("Cannot access tenant {tenant_id} in local tenant state: {e:?}"),
+    }

-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-pub enum TenantStateError {
-    #[error("Tenant {0} not found")]
-    NotFound(TenantId),
-    #[error("Tenant {0} is stopping")]
-    IsStopping(TenantId),
-    #[error("Tenant {0} is not active")]
-    NotActive(TenantId),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),
+    Ok(())
 }

 pub async fn detach_tenant(
    conf: &'static PageServerConf,
    tenant_id: TenantId,
-) -> Result<(), TenantStateError> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    remove_tenant_from_memory(tenant_id, async {
        let local_tenant_directory = conf.tenant_path(&tenant_id);
        fs::remove_dir_all(&local_tenant_directory)
@@ -390,7 +379,7 @@ pub async fn load_tenant(
 pub async fn ignore_tenant(
    conf: &'static PageServerConf,
    tenant_id: TenantId,
-) -> Result<(), TenantStateError> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    remove_tenant_from_memory(tenant_id, async {
        let ignore_mark_file = conf.tenant_ignore_mark_file_path(tenant_id);
        fs::File::create(&ignore_mark_file)
@@ -500,7 +489,7 @@ where
 async fn remove_tenant_from_memory<V, F>(
    tenant_id: TenantId,
    tenant_cleanup: F,
-) -> Result<V, TenantStateError>
+) -> anyhow::Result<V>
 where
    F: std::future::Future<Output = anyhow::Result<V>>,
 {
@@ -516,9 +505,11 @@ where
                | TenantState::Loading
                | TenantState::Broken
                | TenantState::Active => tenant.set_stopping(),
-                TenantState::Stopping => return Err(TenantStateError::IsStopping(tenant_id)),
+                TenantState::Stopping => {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Tenant {tenant_id} is stopping already")
+                }
            },
-            None => return Err(TenantStateError::NotFound(tenant_id)),
+            None => anyhow::bail!("Tenant not found for id {tenant_id}"),
        }
    }

@@ -541,15 +532,10 @@ where
        Err(e) => {
            let tenants_accessor = TENANTS.read().await;
            match tenants_accessor.get(&tenant_id) {
-                Some(tenant) => {
-                    tenant.set_broken(&e.to_string());
-                }
-                None => {
-                    warn!("Tenant {tenant_id} got removed from memory");
-                    return Err(TenantStateError::NotFound(tenant_id));
-                }
+                Some(tenant) => tenant.set_broken(&e.to_string()),
+                None => warn!("Tenant {tenant_id} got removed from memory"),
            }
-            Err(TenantStateError::Other(e))
+            Err(e)
        }
    }
 }
@@ -569,7 +555,7 @@ pub async fn immediate_gc(
    let tenant = guard
        .get(&tenant_id)
        .map(Arc::clone)
-        .with_context(|| format!("tenant {tenant_id}"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("Tenant {tenant_id} not found"))
        .map_err(ApiError::NotFound)?;

    let gc_horizon = gc_req.gc_horizon.unwrap_or_else(|| tenant.get_gc_horizon());
@@ -619,7 +605,7 @@ pub async fn immediate_compact(
    let tenant = guard
        .get(&tenant_id)
        .map(Arc::clone)
-        .with_context(|| format!("tenant {tenant_id}"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("Tenant {tenant_id} not found"))
        .map_err(ApiError::NotFound)?;

    let timeline = tenant
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/remote_timeline_client.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/remote_timeline_client.rs
@@ -218,10 +218,9 @@ use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
 use tracing::{info_span, Instrument};
 use utils::lsn::Lsn;

-use crate::metrics::{
-    MeasureRemoteOp, RemoteOpFileKind, RemoteOpKind, RemoteTimelineClientMetrics,
-    REMOTE_ONDEMAND_DOWNLOADED_BYTES, REMOTE_ONDEMAND_DOWNLOADED_LAYERS,
-};
+use crate::metrics::RemoteOpFileKind;
+use crate::metrics::RemoteOpKind;
+use crate::metrics::{MeasureRemoteOp, RemoteTimelineClientMetrics};
 use crate::tenant::remote_timeline_client::index::LayerFileMetadata;
 use crate::{
    config::PageServerConf,
@@ -447,10 +446,6 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
                );
            }
        }
-
-        REMOTE_ONDEMAND_DOWNLOADED_LAYERS.inc();
-        REMOTE_ONDEMAND_DOWNLOADED_BYTES.inc_by(downloaded_size);
-
        Ok(downloaded_size)
    }

--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/remote_timeline_client/download.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/remote_timeline_client/download.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,11 @@
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::time::Duration;

 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
 use tokio::fs;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
-
-use tracing::{info, warn};
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};

 use crate::config::PageServerConf;
 use crate::tenant::storage_layer::LayerFileName;
@@ -28,8 +26,6 @@ async fn fsync_path(path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> Result<(), std::io::Er
    fs::File::open(path).await?.sync_all().await
 }

-static MAX_DOWNLOAD_DURATION: Duration = Duration::from_secs(120);
-
 ///
 /// If 'metadata' is given, we will validate that the downloaded file's size matches that
 /// in the metadata. (In the future, we might do more cross-checks, like CRC validation)
@@ -68,28 +64,22 @@ pub async fn download_layer_file<'a>(
            // TODO: this doesn't use the cached fd for some reason?
            let mut destination_file = fs::File::create(&temp_file_path).await.with_context(|| {
                format!(
-                    "create a destination file for layer '{}'",
+                    "Failed to create a destination file for layer '{}'",
                    temp_file_path.display()
                )
            })
            .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;
            let mut download = storage.download(&remote_path).await.with_context(|| {
                format!(
-                    "open a download stream for layer with remote storage path '{remote_path:?}'"
+                    "Failed to open a download stream for layer with remote storage path '{remote_path:?}'"
                )
            })
            .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;
-
-            let bytes_amount = tokio::time::timeout(MAX_DOWNLOAD_DURATION, tokio::io::copy(&mut download.download_stream, &mut destination_file))
-                .await
-                .map_err(|e| DownloadError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("Timed out  {:?}", e)))?
-                .with_context(|| {
-                    format!("Failed to download layer with remote storage path '{remote_path:?}' into file {temp_file_path:?}")
-                })
-                .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;
-
+            let bytes_amount = tokio::io::copy(&mut download.download_stream, &mut destination_file).await.with_context(|| {
+                format!("Failed to download layer with remote storage path '{remote_path:?}' into file {temp_file_path:?}")
+            })
+            .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;
            Ok((destination_file, bytes_amount))
-
        },
        &format!("download {remote_path:?}"),
    ).await?;
@@ -310,7 +300,7 @@ where
            }
            Err(DownloadError::Other(ref err)) => {
                // Operation failed FAILED_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES times. Time to give up.
-                warn!("{description} still failed after {attempts} retries, giving up: {err:?}");
+                error!("{description} still failed after {attempts} retries, giving up: {err:?}");
                return result;
            }
        }
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer.rs
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ pub trait PersistentLayer: Layer {
    }

    /// Permanently remove this layer from disk.
-    fn delete_resident_layer_file(&self) -> Result<()>;
+    fn delete(&self) -> Result<()>;

    fn downcast_remote_layer(self: Arc<Self>) -> Option<std::sync::Arc<RemoteLayer>> {
        None
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/delta_layer.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/delta_layer.rs
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ impl PersistentLayer for DeltaLayer {
        ))
    }

-    fn delete_resident_layer_file(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn delete(&self) -> Result<()> {
        // delete underlying file
        fs::remove_file(self.path())?;
        Ok(())
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/image_layer.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/image_layer.rs
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ impl PersistentLayer for ImageLayer {
        unimplemented!();
    }

-    fn delete_resident_layer_file(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn delete(&self) -> Result<()> {
        // delete underlying file
        fs::remove_file(self.path())?;
        Ok(())
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/remote_layer.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/remote_layer.rs
@@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ impl PersistentLayer for RemoteLayer {
        bail!("cannot iterate a remote layer");
    }

-    fn delete_resident_layer_file(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        bail!("remote layer has no layer file");
+    fn delete(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
    }

    fn downcast_remote_layer<'a>(self: Arc<Self>) -> Option<std::sync::Arc<RemoteLayer>> {
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline.rs
@@ -662,8 +662,8 @@ impl Timeline {
            // update the index file on next flush iteration too. But it
            // could take a while until that happens.
            //
-            // Additionally, only do this once before we return from this function.
-            if last_round || res.is_ok() {
+            // Additionally, only do this on the terminal round before sleeping.
+            if last_round {
                if let Some(remote_client) = &self.remote_client {
                    remote_client.schedule_index_upload_for_file_changes()?;
                }
@@ -1047,12 +1047,11 @@ impl Timeline {
            return Ok(false);
        }

-        let layer_file_size = local_layer
-            .file_size()
-            .expect("Local layer should have a file size");
-
-        let layer_metadata = LayerFileMetadata::new(layer_file_size);
-
+        let layer_metadata = LayerFileMetadata::new(
+            local_layer
+                .file_size()
+                .expect("Local layer should have a file size"),
+        );
        let new_remote_layer = Arc::new(match local_layer.filename() {
            LayerFileName::Image(image_name) => RemoteLayer::new_img(
                self.tenant_id,
@@ -1076,22 +1075,15 @@ impl Timeline {

        let replaced = match batch_updates.replace_historic(local_layer, new_remote_layer)? {
            Replacement::Replaced { .. } => {
-                if let Err(e) = local_layer.delete_resident_layer_file() {
+                let layer_size = local_layer.file_size();
+
+                if let Err(e) = local_layer.delete() {
                    error!("failed to remove layer file on evict after replacement: {e:#?}");
                }
-                // Always decrement the physical size gauge, even if we failed to delete the file.
-                // Rationale: we already replaced the layer with a remote layer in the layer map,
-                // and any subsequent download_remote_layer will
-                // 1. overwrite the file on disk and
-                // 2. add the downloaded size to the resident size gauge.
-                //
-                // If there is no re-download, and we restart the pageserver, then load_layer_map
-                // will treat the file as a local layer again, count it towards resident size,
-                // and it'll be like the layer removal never happened.
-                // The bump in resident size is perhaps unexpected but overall a robust behavior.
-                self.metrics
-                    .resident_physical_size_gauge
-                    .sub(layer_file_size);
+
+                if let Some(layer_size) = layer_size {
+                    self.metrics.resident_physical_size_gauge.sub(layer_size);
+                }

                true
            }
@@ -1335,7 +1327,6 @@ impl Timeline {
            lagging_wal_timeout,
            max_lsn_wal_lag,
            crate::config::SAFEKEEPER_AUTH_TOKEN.get().cloned(),
-            self.conf.availability_zone.clone(),
            background_ctx,
        );
    }
@@ -1951,14 +1942,11 @@ impl Timeline {
        layer: Arc<dyn PersistentLayer>,
        updates: &mut BatchedUpdates<'_, dyn PersistentLayer>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if !layer.is_remote_layer() {
-            layer.delete_resident_layer_file()?;
-            let layer_file_size = layer
-                .file_size()
-                .expect("Local layer should have a file size");
-            self.metrics
-                .resident_physical_size_gauge
-                .sub(layer_file_size);
+        let layer_size = layer.file_size();
+
+        layer.delete()?;
+        if let Some(layer_size) = layer_size {
+            self.metrics.resident_physical_size_gauge.sub(layer_size);
        }

        // TODO Removing from the bottom of the layer map is expensive.
@@ -2716,22 +2704,10 @@ impl Timeline {
    ) -> Result<HashMap<LayerFileName, LayerFileMetadata>, PageReconstructError> {
        let timer = self.metrics.create_images_time_histo.start_timer();
        let mut image_layers: Vec<ImageLayer> = Vec::new();
-
-        // We need to avoid holes between generated image layers.
-        // Otherwise LayerMap::image_layer_exists will return false if key range of some layer is covered by more than one
-        // image layer with hole between them. In this case such layer can not be utilized by GC.
-        //
-        // How such hole between partitions can appear?
-        // if we have relation with relid=1 and size 100 and relation with relid=2 with size 200 then result of
-        // KeySpace::partition may contain partitions <100000000..100000099> and <200000000..200000199>.
-        // If there is delta layer <100000000..300000000> then it never be garbage collected because
-        // image layers  <100000000..100000099> and <200000000..200000199> are not completely covering it.
-        let mut start = Key::MIN;
-
        for partition in partitioning.parts.iter() {
-            let img_range = start..partition.ranges.last().unwrap().end;
-            start = img_range.end;
            if force || self.time_for_new_image_layer(partition, lsn)? {
+                let img_range =
+                    partition.ranges.first().unwrap().start..partition.ranges.last().unwrap().end;
                let mut image_layer_writer = ImageLayerWriter::new(
                    self.conf,
                    self.timeline_id,
@@ -2745,6 +2721,7 @@ impl Timeline {
                        "failpoint image-layer-writer-fail-before-finish"
                    )))
                });
+
                for range in &partition.ranges {
                    let mut key = range.start;
                    while key < range.end {
@@ -3159,7 +3136,9 @@ impl Timeline {
            }

            fail_point!("delta-layer-writer-fail-before-finish", |_| {
-                Err(anyhow::anyhow!("failpoint delta-layer-writer-fail-before-finish").into())
+                return Err(
+                    anyhow::anyhow!("failpoint delta-layer-writer-fail-before-finish").into(),
+                );
            });

            writer.as_mut().unwrap().put_value(key, lsn, value)?;
@@ -3829,7 +3808,7 @@ impl Timeline {
                    remote_layer.ongoing_download.close();
                } else {
                    // Keep semaphore open. We'll drop the permit at the end of the function.
-                    error!("on-demand download failed: {:?}", result.as_ref().unwrap_err());
+                    info!("on-demand download failed: {:?}", result.as_ref().unwrap_err());
                }

                // Don't treat it as an error if the task that triggered the download
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/walreceiver/connection_manager.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/walreceiver/connection_manager.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ pub fn spawn_connection_manager_task(
    lagging_wal_timeout: Duration,
    max_lsn_wal_lag: NonZeroU64,
    auth_token: Option<Arc<String>>,
-    availability_zone: Option<String>,
    ctx: RequestContext,
 ) {
    let mut broker_client = get_broker_client().clone();
@@ -68,7 +67,6 @@ pub fn spawn_connection_manager_task(
                lagging_wal_timeout,
                max_lsn_wal_lag,
                auth_token,
-                availability_zone,
            );
            loop {
                select! {
@@ -336,7 +334,6 @@ struct WalreceiverState {
    /// Data about all timelines, available for connection, fetched from storage broker, grouped by their corresponding safekeeper node id.
    wal_stream_candidates: HashMap<NodeId, BrokerSkTimeline>,
    auth_token: Option<Arc<String>>,
-    availability_zone: Option<String>,
 }

 /// Current connection data.
@@ -384,7 +381,6 @@ impl WalreceiverState {
        lagging_wal_timeout: Duration,
        max_lsn_wal_lag: NonZeroU64,
        auth_token: Option<Arc<String>>,
-        availability_zone: Option<String>,
    ) -> Self {
        let id = TenantTimelineId {
            tenant_id: timeline.tenant_id,
@@ -400,7 +396,6 @@ impl WalreceiverState {
            wal_stream_candidates: HashMap::new(),
            wal_connection_retries: HashMap::new(),
            auth_token,
-            availability_zone,
        }
    }

@@ -745,7 +740,6 @@ impl WalreceiverState {
                        None => None,
                        Some(x) => Some(x),
                    },
-                    self.availability_zone.as_deref(),
                ) {
                    Ok(connstr) => Some((*sk_id, info, connstr)),
                    Err(e) => {
@@ -830,24 +824,17 @@ fn wal_stream_connection_config(
    }: TenantTimelineId,
    listen_pg_addr_str: &str,
    auth_token: Option<&str>,
-    availability_zone: Option<&str>,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<PgConnectionConfig> {
    let (host, port) =
        parse_host_port(listen_pg_addr_str).context("Unable to parse listen_pg_addr_str")?;
    let port = port.unwrap_or(5432);
-    let mut connstr = PgConnectionConfig::new_host_port(host, port)
+    Ok(PgConnectionConfig::new_host_port(host, port)
        .extend_options([
            "-c".to_owned(),
            format!("timeline_id={}", timeline_id),
            format!("tenant_id={}", tenant_id),
        ])
-        .set_password(auth_token.map(|s| s.to_owned()));
-
-    if let Some(availability_zone) = availability_zone {
-        connstr = connstr.extend_options([format!("availability_zone={}", availability_zone)]);
-    }
-
-    Ok(connstr)
+        .set_password(auth_token.map(|s| s.to_owned())))
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -1286,7 +1273,6 @@ mod tests {
            wal_stream_candidates: HashMap::new(),
            wal_connection_retries: HashMap::new(),
            auth_token: None,
-            availability_zone: None,
        }
    }
 }
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/walreceiver/walreceiver_connection.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/walreceiver/walreceiver_connection.rs
@@ -33,11 +33,10 @@ use crate::{
    walingest::WalIngest,
    walrecord::DecodedWALRecord,
 };
-use postgres_backend::is_expected_io_error;
 use postgres_connection::PgConnectionConfig;
 use postgres_ffi::waldecoder::WalStreamDecoder;
 use pq_proto::ReplicationFeedback;
-use utils::lsn::Lsn;
+use utils::{lsn::Lsn, postgres_backend_async::is_expected_io_error};

 /// Status of the connection.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -354,7 +353,7 @@ pub async fn handle_walreceiver_connection(
            debug!("neon_status_update {status_update:?}");

            let mut data = BytesMut::new();
-            status_update.serialize(&mut data);
+            status_update.serialize(&mut data)?;
            physical_stream
                .as_mut()
                .zenith_status_update(data.len() as u64, &data)
@@ -435,8 +434,8 @@ fn ignore_expected_errors(pg_error: postgres::Error) -> anyhow::Result<postgres:
    {
        return Ok(pg_error);
    } else if let Some(db_error) = pg_error.as_db_error() {
-        if db_error.code() == &SqlState::SUCCESSFUL_COMPLETION
-            && db_error.message().contains("ending streaming")
+        if db_error.code() == &SqlState::CONNECTION_FAILURE
+            && db_error.message().contains("end streaming")
        {
            return Ok(pg_error);
        }
--- a/pageserver/src/walredo.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/walredo.rs
@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@ use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
 use nix::poll::*;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::fs::OpenOptions;
 use std::io::prelude::*;
 use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, RawFd};
 use std::os::unix::prelude::CommandExt;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::process::Stdio;
 use std::process::{Child, ChildStderr, ChildStdin, ChildStdout, Command};
 use std::sync::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
@@ -254,53 +256,52 @@ impl PostgresRedoManager {
        pg_version: u32,
    ) -> Result<Bytes, WalRedoError> {
        let (rel, blknum) = key_to_rel_block(key).or(Err(WalRedoError::InvalidRecord))?;
-        const MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS: u32 = 1;
+
        let start_time = Instant::now();
-        let mut n_attempts = 0u32;
-        loop {
-            let mut proc = self.stdin.lock().unwrap();
-            let lock_time = Instant::now();

-            // launch the WAL redo process on first use
-            if proc.is_none() {
-                self.launch(&mut proc, pg_version)?;
-            }
-            WAL_REDO_WAIT_TIME.observe(lock_time.duration_since(start_time).as_secs_f64());
+        let mut proc = self.stdin.lock().unwrap();
+        let lock_time = Instant::now();

-            // Relational WAL records are applied using wal-redo-postgres
-            let buf_tag = BufferTag { rel, blknum };
-            let result = self
-                .apply_wal_records(proc, buf_tag, &base_img, records, wal_redo_timeout)
-                .map_err(WalRedoError::IoError);
+        // launch the WAL redo process on first use
+        if proc.is_none() {
+            self.launch(&mut proc, pg_version)?;
+        }
+        WAL_REDO_WAIT_TIME.observe(lock_time.duration_since(start_time).as_secs_f64());

-            let end_time = Instant::now();
-            let duration = end_time.duration_since(lock_time);
+        // Relational WAL records are applied using wal-redo-postgres
+        let buf_tag = BufferTag { rel, blknum };
+        let result = self
+            .apply_wal_records(proc, buf_tag, base_img, records, wal_redo_timeout)
+            .map_err(WalRedoError::IoError);

-            let len = records.len();
-            let nbytes = records.iter().fold(0, |acumulator, record| {
-                acumulator
-                    + match &record.1 {
-                        NeonWalRecord::Postgres { rec, .. } => rec.len(),
-                        _ => unreachable!("Only PostgreSQL records are accepted in this batch"),
-                    }
-            });
+        let end_time = Instant::now();
+        let duration = end_time.duration_since(lock_time);

-            WAL_REDO_TIME.observe(duration.as_secs_f64());
-            WAL_REDO_RECORDS_HISTOGRAM.observe(len as f64);
-            WAL_REDO_BYTES_HISTOGRAM.observe(nbytes as f64);
+        let len = records.len();
+        let nbytes = records.iter().fold(0, |acumulator, record| {
+            acumulator
+                + match &record.1 {
+                    NeonWalRecord::Postgres { rec, .. } => rec.len(),
+                    _ => unreachable!("Only PostgreSQL records are accepted in this batch"),
+                }
+        });

-            debug!(
-				"postgres applied {} WAL records ({} bytes) in {} us to reconstruct page image at LSN {}",
-				len,
-				nbytes,
-				duration.as_micros(),
-				lsn
-			);
+        WAL_REDO_TIME.observe(duration.as_secs_f64());
+        WAL_REDO_RECORDS_HISTOGRAM.observe(len as f64);
+        WAL_REDO_BYTES_HISTOGRAM.observe(nbytes as f64);

-            // If something went wrong, don't try to reuse the process. Kill it, and
-            // next request will launch a new one.
-            if result.is_err() {
-                error!(
+        debug!(
+            "postgres applied {} WAL records ({} bytes) in {} us to reconstruct page image at LSN {}",
+            len,
+            nbytes,
+            duration.as_micros(),
+            lsn
+        );
+
+        // If something went wrong, don't try to reuse the process. Kill it, and
+        // next request will launch a new one.
+        if result.is_err() {
+            error!(
                "error applying {} WAL records {}..{} ({} bytes) to base image with LSN {} to reconstruct page image at LSN {}",
                records.len(),
 				records.first().map(|p| p.0).unwrap_or(Lsn(0)),
@@ -309,28 +310,24 @@ impl PostgresRedoManager {
 				base_img_lsn,
                lsn
            );
-                // self.stdin only holds stdin & stderr as_raw_fd().
-                // Dropping it as part of take() doesn't close them.
-                // The owning objects (ChildStdout and ChildStderr) are stored in
-                // self.stdout and self.stderr, respsectively.
-                // We intentionally keep them open here to avoid a race between
-                // currently running `apply_wal_records()` and a `launch()` call
-                // after we return here.
-                // The currently running `apply_wal_records()` must not read from
-                // the newly launched process.
-                // By keeping self.stdout and self.stderr open here, `launch()` will
-                // get other file descriptors for the new child's stdout and stderr,
-                // and hence the current `apply_wal_records()` calls will observe
-                //  `output.stdout.as_raw_fd() != stdout_fd` .
-                if let Some(proc) = self.stdin.lock().unwrap().take() {
-                    proc.child.kill_and_wait();
-                }
-            }
-            n_attempts += 1;
-            if n_attempts > MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS || result.is_ok() {
-                return result;
+            // self.stdin only holds stdin & stderr as_raw_fd().
+            // Dropping it as part of take() doesn't close them.
+            // The owning objects (ChildStdout and ChildStderr) are stored in
+            // self.stdout and self.stderr, respsectively.
+            // We intentionally keep them open here to avoid a race between
+            // currently running `apply_wal_records()` and a `launch()` call
+            // after we return here.
+            // The currently running `apply_wal_records()` must not read from
+            // the newly launched process.
+            // By keeping self.stdout and self.stderr open here, `launch()` will
+            // get other file descriptors for the new child's stdout and stderr,
+            // and hence the current `apply_wal_records()` calls will observe
+            //  `output.stdout.as_raw_fd() != stdout_fd` .
+            if let Some(proc) = self.stdin.lock().unwrap().take() {
+                proc.child.kill_and_wait();
            }
        }
+        result
    }

    ///
@@ -637,26 +634,26 @@ impl PostgresRedoManager {
        input: &mut MutexGuard<Option<ProcessInput>>,
        pg_version: u32,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        // Previous versions of wal-redo required data directory and that directories
-        // occupied some space on disk. Remove it if we face it.
-        //
-        // This code could be dropped after one release cycle.
-        let legacy_datadir = path_with_suffix_extension(
+        // FIXME: We need a dummy Postgres cluster to run the process in. Currently, we
+        // just create one with constant name. That fails if you try to launch more than
+        // one WAL redo manager concurrently.
+        let datadir = path_with_suffix_extension(
            self.conf
                .tenant_path(&self.tenant_id)
                .join("wal-redo-datadir"),
            TEMP_FILE_SUFFIX,
        );
-        if legacy_datadir.exists() {
-            info!("legacy wal-redo datadir {legacy_datadir:?} exists, removing");
-            fs::remove_dir_all(&legacy_datadir).map_err(|e| {
+
+        // Create empty data directory for wal-redo postgres, deleting old one first.
+        if datadir.exists() {
+            info!("old temporary datadir {datadir:?} exists, removing");
+            fs::remove_dir_all(&datadir).map_err(|e| {
                Error::new(
                    e.kind(),
-                    format!("legacy wal-redo datadir {legacy_datadir:?} removal failure: {e}"),
+                    format!("Old temporary dir {datadir:?} removal failure: {e}"),
                )
            })?;
        }
-
        let pg_bin_dir_path = self
            .conf
            .pg_bin_dir(pg_version)
@@ -666,6 +663,35 @@ impl PostgresRedoManager {
            .pg_lib_dir(pg_version)
            .map_err(|e| Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, format!("incorrect pg_lib_dir path: {e}")))?;

+        info!("running initdb in {}", datadir.display());
+        let initdb = Command::new(pg_bin_dir_path.join("initdb"))
+            .args(["-D", &datadir.to_string_lossy()])
+            .arg("-N")
+            .env_clear()
+            .env("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", &pg_lib_dir_path)
+            .env("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH", &pg_lib_dir_path) // macOS
+            .close_fds()
+            .output()
+            .map_err(|e| Error::new(e.kind(), format!("failed to execute initdb: {e}")))?;
+
+        if !initdb.status.success() {
+            return Err(Error::new(
+                ErrorKind::Other,
+                format!(
+                    "initdb failed\nstdout: {}\nstderr:\n{}",
+                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&initdb.stdout),
+                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&initdb.stderr)
+                ),
+            ));
+        } else {
+            // Limit shared cache for wal-redo-postgres
+            let mut config = OpenOptions::new()
+                .append(true)
+                .open(PathBuf::from(&datadir).join("postgresql.conf"))?;
+            config.write_all(b"shared_buffers=128kB\n")?;
+            config.write_all(b"fsync=off\n")?;
+        }
+
        // Start postgres itself
        let child = Command::new(pg_bin_dir_path.join("postgres"))
            .arg("--wal-redo")
@@ -675,6 +701,7 @@ impl PostgresRedoManager {
            .env_clear()
            .env("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", &pg_lib_dir_path)
            .env("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH", &pg_lib_dir_path)
+            .env("PGDATA", &datadir)
            // The redo process is not trusted, and runs in seccomp mode that
            // doesn't allow it to open any files. We have to also make sure it
            // doesn't inherit any file descriptors from the pageserver, that
@@ -744,7 +771,7 @@ impl PostgresRedoManager {
        &self,
        mut input: MutexGuard<Option<ProcessInput>>,
        tag: BufferTag,
-        base_img: &Option<Bytes>,
+        base_img: Option<Bytes>,
        records: &[(Lsn, NeonWalRecord)],
        wal_redo_timeout: Duration,
    ) -> Result<Bytes, std::io::Error> {
@@ -760,7 +787,7 @@ impl PostgresRedoManager {
        let mut writebuf: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity((BLCKSZ as usize) * 3);
        build_begin_redo_for_block_msg(tag, &mut writebuf);
        if let Some(img) = base_img {
-            build_push_page_msg(tag, img, &mut writebuf);
+            build_push_page_msg(tag, &img, &mut writebuf);
        }
        for (lsn, rec) in records.iter() {
            if let NeonWalRecord::Postgres {
--- a/pgxn/neon/libpagestore.c
+++ b/pgxn/neon/libpagestore.c
@@ -32,9 +32,6 @@

 #define PageStoreTrace DEBUG5

-#define MAX_RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS 5
-#define RECONNECT_INTERVAL_USEC 1000000
-
 bool		connected = false;
 PGconn	   *pageserver_conn = NULL;

@@ -55,8 +52,8 @@ int			readahead_buffer_size = 128;

 static void pageserver_flush(void);

-static bool
-pageserver_connect(int elevel)
+static void
+pageserver_connect()
 {
 	char	   *query;
 	int			ret;
@@ -72,11 +69,10 @@ pageserver_connect(int elevel)
 		PQfinish(pageserver_conn);
 		pageserver_conn = NULL;

-		ereport(elevel,
+		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SQLCLIENT_UNABLE_TO_ESTABLISH_SQLCONNECTION),
 				 errmsg(NEON_TAG "could not establish connection to pageserver"),
 				 errdetail_internal("%s", msg)));
-		return false;
 	}

 	query = psprintf("pagestream %s %s", neon_tenant, neon_timeline);
@@ -85,8 +81,7 @@ pageserver_connect(int elevel)
 	{
 		PQfinish(pageserver_conn);
 		pageserver_conn = NULL;
-		neon_log(elevel, "could not send pagestream command to pageserver");
-		return false;
+		neon_log(ERROR, "could not send pagestream command to pageserver");
 	}

 	pageserver_conn_wes = CreateWaitEventSet(TopMemoryContext, 3);
@@ -118,9 +113,8 @@ pageserver_connect(int elevel)
 				FreeWaitEventSet(pageserver_conn_wes);
 				pageserver_conn_wes = NULL;

-				neon_log(elevel, "could not complete handshake with pageserver: %s",
+				neon_log(ERROR, "could not complete handshake with pageserver: %s",
 						 msg);
-				return false;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -128,7 +122,6 @@ pageserver_connect(int elevel)
 	neon_log(LOG, "libpagestore: connected to '%s'", page_server_connstring_raw);

 	connected = true;
-	return true;
 }

 /*
@@ -156,11 +149,8 @@ retry:
 		if (event.events & WL_SOCKET_READABLE)
 		{
 			if (!PQconsumeInput(pageserver_conn))
-			{
-				neon_log(LOG, "could not get response from pageserver: %s",
+				neon_log(ERROR, "could not get response from pageserver: %s",
 						 PQerrorMessage(pageserver_conn));
-				return -1;
-			}
 		}

 		goto retry;
@@ -200,62 +190,31 @@ static void
 pageserver_send(NeonRequest * request)
 {
 	StringInfoData req_buff;
-	int n_reconnect_attempts = 0;

 	/* If the connection was lost for some reason, reconnect */
 	if (connected && PQstatus(pageserver_conn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
 		pageserver_disconnect();

+	if (!connected)
+		pageserver_connect();

 	req_buff = nm_pack_request(request);

 	/*
-	 * If pageserver is stopped, the connections from compute node are broken.
-	 * The compute node doesn't notice that immediately, but it will cause the next request to fail, usually on the next query.
-	 * That causes user-visible errors if pageserver is restarted, or the tenant is moved from one pageserver to another.
-	 * See https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/1138
-	 * So try to reestablish connection in case of failure.
+	 * Send request.
+	 *
+	 * In principle, this could block if the output buffer is full, and we
+	 * should use async mode and check for interrupts while waiting. In
+	 * practice, our requests are small enough to always fit in the output and
+	 * TCP buffer.
 	 */
-	while (true)
+	if (PQputCopyData(pageserver_conn, req_buff.data, req_buff.len) <= 0)
 	{
-		if (!connected)
-		{
-			if (!pageserver_connect(n_reconnect_attempts < MAX_RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS ? LOG : ERROR))
-			{
-				n_reconnect_attempts += 1;
-				pg_usleep(RECONNECT_INTERVAL_USEC);
-				continue;
-			}
-		}
+		char	   *msg = pchomp(PQerrorMessage(pageserver_conn));

-		/*
-		 * Send request.
-		 *
-		 * In principle, this could block if the output buffer is full, and we
-		 * should use async mode and check for interrupts while waiting. In
-		 * practice, our requests are small enough to always fit in the output and
-		 * TCP buffer.
-		 */
-		if (PQputCopyData(pageserver_conn, req_buff.data, req_buff.len) <= 0)
-		{
-			char	   *msg = pchomp(PQerrorMessage(pageserver_conn));
-			if (n_reconnect_attempts < MAX_RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS)
-			{
-				neon_log(LOG, "failed to send page request (try to reconnect): %s", msg);
-				if (n_reconnect_attempts != 0) /* do not sleep before first reconnect attempt, assuming that pageserver is already restarted */
-					pg_usleep(RECONNECT_INTERVAL_USEC);
-				n_reconnect_attempts += 1;
-				continue;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				pageserver_disconnect();
-				neon_log(ERROR, "failed to send page request: %s", msg);
-			}
-		}
-		break;
+		pageserver_disconnect();
+		neon_log(ERROR, "failed to send page request: %s", msg);
 	}
-
 	pfree(req_buff.data);

 	n_unflushed_requests++;
--- a/pgxn/neon_utils/Makefile
+++ b/pgxn/neon_utils/Makefile
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# pgxs/neon_utils/Makefile
-
-
-MODULE_big = neon_utils
-OBJS = \
-	$(WIN32RES) \
-	neon_utils.o
-
-EXTENSION = neon_utils
-DATA = neon_utils--1.0.sql
-PGFILEDESC = "neon_utils - small useful functions"
-
-PG_CONFIG = pg_config
-PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
-include $(PGXS)
--- a/pgxn/neon_utils/neon_utils--1.0.sql
+++ b/pgxn/neon_utils/neon_utils--1.0.sql
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-CREATE FUNCTION num_cpus()
-RETURNS int
-AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'num_cpus'
-LANGUAGE C STRICT
-PARALLEL UNSAFE
-VOLATILE;
--- a/pgxn/neon_utils/neon_utils.c
+++ b/pgxn/neon_utils/neon_utils.c
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *
- * neon_utils.c
- *	  neon_utils - small useful functions
- *
- * IDENTIFICATION
- *	 contrib/neon_utils/neon_utils.c
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#include <windows.h>
-#else
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "postgres.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
-
-PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
-
-PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(num_cpus);
-
-Datum
-num_cpus(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-#ifdef _WIN32
-	SYSTEM_INFO sysinfo;
-	GetSystemInfo(&sysinfo);
-	uint32 num_cpus = (uint32) sysinfo.dwNumberOfProcessors;
-#else
-	uint32 num_cpus = (uint32) sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
-#endif
-	PG_RETURN_UINT32(num_cpus);
-}
--- a/pgxn/neon_utils/neon_utils.control
+++ b/pgxn/neon_utils/neon_utils.control
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# neon_utils extension
-comment = 'neon_utils - small useful functions'
-default_version = '1.0'
-module_pathname = '$libdir/neon_utils'
-relocatable = true
-trusted = true
--- a/pgxn/neon_walredo/walredoproc.c
+++ b/pgxn/neon_walredo/walredoproc.c
@@ -65,14 +65,6 @@
 #include "rusagestub.h"
 #endif

-#include "access/clog.h"
-#include "access/commit_ts.h"
-#include "access/heapam.h"
-#include "access/multixact.h"
-#include "access/nbtree.h"
-#include "access/subtrans.h"
-#include "access/syncscan.h"
-#include "access/twophase.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "access/xlog_internal.h"
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
@@ -80,36 +72,18 @@
 #endif
 #include "access/xlogutils.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_class.h"
-#include "commands/async.h"
+#include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
-#include "pgstat.h"
-#include "postmaster/autovacuum.h"
-#include "postmaster/bgworker_internals.h"
-#include "postmaster/bgwriter.h"
 #include "postmaster/postmaster.h"
-#include "replication/logicallauncher.h"
-#include "replication/origin.h"
-#include "replication/slot.h"
-#include "replication/walreceiver.h"
-#include "replication/walsender.h"
 #include "storage/buf_internals.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "storage/dsm.h"
 #include "storage/ipc.h"
-#include "storage/pg_shmem.h"
-#include "storage/pmsignal.h"
-#include "storage/predicate.h"
 #include "storage/proc.h"
-#include "storage/procarray.h"
-#include "storage/procsignal.h"
-#include "storage/sinvaladt.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
-#include "storage/spin.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
-#include "utils/snapmgr.h"

 #include "inmem_smgr.h"

@@ -127,7 +101,6 @@ static void apply_error_callback(void *arg);
 static bool redo_block_filter(XLogReaderState *record, uint8 block_id);
 static void GetPage(StringInfo input_message);
 static ssize_t buffered_read(void *buf, size_t count);
-static void CreateFakeSharedMemoryAndSemaphores();

 static BufferTag target_redo_tag;

@@ -168,7 +141,7 @@ enter_seccomp_mode(void)
 		PG_SCMP_ALLOW(shmctl),
 		PG_SCMP_ALLOW(shmdt),
 		PG_SCMP_ALLOW(unlink), // shm_unlink
-	 */
+		*/
 	};

 #ifdef MALLOC_NO_MMAP
@@ -204,7 +177,6 @@ WalRedoMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 	 * buffers. So let's keep it small (default value is 1024)
 	 */
 	num_temp_buffers = 4;
-	NBuffers = 4;

 	/*
 	 * install the simple in-memory smgr
@@ -212,33 +184,49 @@ WalRedoMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 	smgr_hook = smgr_inmem;
 	smgr_init_hook = smgr_init_inmem;

+	/*
+	 * Validate we have been given a reasonable-looking DataDir and change into it.
+	 */
+	checkDataDir();
+	ChangeToDataDir();
+
+	/*
+	 * Create lockfile for data directory.
+	 */
+	CreateDataDirLockFile(false);
+
+	/* read control file (error checking and contains config ) */
+	LocalProcessControlFile(false);
+
+	/*
+	 * process any libraries that should be preloaded at postmaster start
+	 */
+	process_shared_preload_libraries();

 	/* Initialize MaxBackends (if under postmaster, was done already) */
-	MaxConnections = 1;
-	max_worker_processes = 0;
-	max_parallel_workers = 0;
-	max_wal_senders = 0;
 	InitializeMaxBackends();

-	/* Disable lastWrittenLsnCache */
-	lastWrittenLsnCacheSize = 0;
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
+	/*
+	 * Give preloaded libraries a chance to request additional shared memory.
+	 */
 	process_shmem_requests();
+
+	/*
+	 * Now that loadable modules have had their chance to request additional
+	 * shared memory, determine the value of any runtime-computed GUCs that
+	 * depend on the amount of shared memory required.
+	 */
 	InitializeShmemGUCs();

 	/*
-	 * This will try to access data directory which we do not set.
-	 * Seems to be pretty safe to disable.
+	 * Now that modules have been loaded, we can process any custom resource
+	 * managers specified in the wal_consistency_checking GUC.
 	 */
-	/* InitializeWalConsistencyChecking(); */
+	InitializeWalConsistencyChecking();
 #endif

-	/*
-	 * We have our own version of CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores() that
-	 * sets up local memory instead of shared one.
-	 */
-	CreateFakeSharedMemoryAndSemaphores();
+	CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores();

 	/*
 	 * Remember stand-alone backend startup time,roughly at the same point
@@ -366,172 +354,6 @@ WalRedoMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 }


-/*
- * Initialize dummy shmem.
- *
- * This code follows CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores() but manually sets up
- * the shmem header and skips few initialization steps that are not needed for
- * WAL redo.
- *
- * I've also tried removing most of initialization functions that request some
- * memory (like ApplyLauncherShmemInit and friends) but in reality it haven't had
- * any sizeable effect on RSS, so probably such clean up not worth the risk of having
- * half-initialized postgres.
- */
-static void
-CreateFakeSharedMemoryAndSemaphores()
-{
-	PGShmemHeader *shim = NULL;
-	PGShmemHeader *hdr;
-	Size		size;
-	int			numSemas;
-	char		cwd[MAXPGPATH];
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
-	size = CalculateShmemSize(&numSemas);
-#else
-	/*
-	 * Postgres v14 doesn't have a separate CalculateShmemSize(). Use result of the
-	 * corresponging calculation in CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores()
-	 */
-	size = 1409024;
-	numSemas = 10;
-#endif
-
-	/* Dummy implementation of PGSharedMemoryCreate() */
-	{
-		hdr = (PGShmemHeader *) malloc(size);
-		if (!hdr)
-			ereport(FATAL,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
-					 errmsg("[neon-wal-redo] can not allocate (pseudo-) shared memory")));
-
-		hdr->creatorPID = getpid();
-		hdr->magic = PGShmemMagic;
-		hdr->dsm_control = 0;
-		hdr->device = 42; /* not relevant for non-shared memory */
-		hdr->inode = 43; /* not relevant for non-shared memory */
-		hdr->totalsize = size;
-		hdr->freeoffset = MAXALIGN(sizeof(PGShmemHeader));
-
-		shim = hdr;
-		UsedShmemSegAddr = hdr;
-		UsedShmemSegID = (unsigned long) 42; /* not relevant for non-shared memory */
-	}
-
-	InitShmemAccess(hdr);
-
-	/*
-	 * Reserve semaphores uses dir name as a source of entropy. Set it to cwd(). Rest
-	 * of the code does not need DataDir access so nullify DataDir after
-	 * PGReserveSemaphores() to error out if something will try to access it.
-	 */
-	if (!getcwd(cwd, MAXPGPATH))
-		ereport(FATAL,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR),
-			 errmsg("[neon-wal-redo] can not read current directory name")));
-	DataDir = cwd;
-	PGReserveSemaphores(numSemas);
-	DataDir = NULL;
-
-	/*
-	 * The rest of function follows CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores() closely,
-	 * skipped parts are marked with comments.
-	 */
-	InitShmemAllocation();
-
-	/*
-	 * Now initialize LWLocks, which do shared memory allocation and are
-	 * needed for InitShmemIndex.
-	 */
-	CreateLWLocks();
-
-	/*
-	 * Set up shmem.c index hashtable
-	 */
-	InitShmemIndex();
-
-	dsm_shmem_init();
-
-	/*
-	 * Set up xlog, clog, and buffers
-	 */
-	XLOGShmemInit();
-	CLOGShmemInit();
-	CommitTsShmemInit();
-	SUBTRANSShmemInit();
-	MultiXactShmemInit();
-	InitBufferPool();
-
-	/*
-	 * Set up lock manager
-	 */
-	InitLocks();
-
-	/*
-	 * Set up predicate lock manager
-	 */
-	InitPredicateLocks();
-
-	/*
-	 * Set up process table
-	 */
-	if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
-		InitProcGlobal();
-	CreateSharedProcArray();
-	CreateSharedBackendStatus();
-	TwoPhaseShmemInit();
-	BackgroundWorkerShmemInit();
-
-	/*
-	 * Set up shared-inval messaging
-	 */
-	CreateSharedInvalidationState();
-
-	/*
-	 * Set up interprocess signaling mechanisms
-	 */
-	PMSignalShmemInit();
-	ProcSignalShmemInit();
-	CheckpointerShmemInit();
-	AutoVacuumShmemInit();
-	ReplicationSlotsShmemInit();
-	ReplicationOriginShmemInit();
-	WalSndShmemInit();
-	WalRcvShmemInit();
-	PgArchShmemInit();
-	ApplyLauncherShmemInit();
-
-	/*
-	 * Set up other modules that need some shared memory space
-	 */
-	SnapMgrInit();
-	BTreeShmemInit();
-	SyncScanShmemInit();
-	/* Skip due to the 'pg_notify' directory check */
-	/* AsyncShmemInit(); */
-
-#ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
-
-	/*
-	 * Alloc the win32 shared backend array
-	 */
-	if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
-		ShmemBackendArrayAllocation();
-#endif
-
-	/* Initialize dynamic shared memory facilities. */
-	if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
-		dsm_postmaster_startup(shim);
-
-	/*
-	 * Now give loadable modules a chance to set up their shmem allocations
-	 */
-	if (shmem_startup_hook)
-		shmem_startup_hook();
-}
-
-
 /* Version compatility wrapper for ReadBufferWithoutRelcache */
 static inline Buffer
 NeonRedoReadBuffer(RelFileNode rnode,
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.4.1 and should not be changed by hand.
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry and should not be changed by hand.

 [[package]]
 name = "aiohttp"
@@ -253,46 +253,43 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "black"
-version = "23.1.0"
+version = "22.6.0"
 description = "The uncompromising code formatter."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
+python-versions = ">=3.6.2"
 files = [
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-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:afa17f5bc4d1b10afd4466fd3a44dc0e245382deca5b3c353d8b757f9e3ecb8d"},
-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_s390x.manylinux2014_s390x.whl", hash = "sha256:dbad0e9d368bb989f4515da330b88a057617d16b6a8245084f1b05400f24609f"},
-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:432557aa2c09802be39460360ddffd48156e30721f5e8d917f01d31694216782"},
-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp311-cp311-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:bfaef573a63ba8923503d27530362590ff4f576c626d86a9fed95822a8255fd7"},
-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp311-cp311-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:01b45c0191e6d66c470b6cf1b9531a771a83c1c4208272ead47a3ae4f2f603bf"},
    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp36-cp36m-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:897b80890765f037df3403d22bab41627ca8811ae55e9a722fd0392850ec4d86"},
    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp36-cp36m-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:50602afada6d6cbfad699b0c7bb50d5ccffa7e46a3d738092afddc1f9758427f"},
    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp36-cp36m-manylinux_2_17_s390x.manylinux2014_s390x.whl", hash = "sha256:48c346915c114f5fdb3ead70312bd042a953a8ce5c7106d5bfb1a5254e47da92"},
@@ -2147,33 +2205,6 @@ files = [
 [package.dependencies]
 pyasn1 = ">=0.1.3"

-[[package]]
-name = "ruff"
-version = "0.0.255"
-description = "An extremely fast Python linter, written in Rust."
-category = "dev"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
-files = [
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-macosx_10_7_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:b2d71fb6a7e50501a2473864acffc85dee6b750c25db198f7e71fe1dbbff1aad"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-macosx_10_9_x86_64.macosx_11_0_arm64.macosx_10_9_universal2.whl", hash = "sha256:6c97d746861a6010f941179e84bba9feb8a871815667471d9ed6beb98d45c252"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:9a7fa60085079b91a298b963361be9b1b1c724582af6c84be954cbabdbd9309a"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_armv7l.manylinux2014_armv7l.whl", hash = "sha256:c089f7141496334ab5a127b54ce55e41f0d6714e68a4453a1e09d2204cdea8c3"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_i686.manylinux2014_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:0423908caa7d437a416b853214565b9c33bbd1106c4f88147982216dddcbbd96"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_ppc64.manylinux2014_ppc64.whl", hash = "sha256:981493e92547cacbb8e0874904ec049fe744507ee890dc8736caf89a8864f9a7"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_ppc64le.manylinux2014_ppc64le.whl", hash = "sha256:59d5193d2aedb35db180824462b374dbcfc306b2e76076245088afa6e5837df2"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_s390x.manylinux2014_s390x.whl", hash = "sha256:dd5e00733c9d160c8a34a22e62b390da9d1e9f326676402421cb8c1236beefc3"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:694418cf41838bd19c6229e4e1b2d04505b1e6b86fe3ab81165484fc96d36f01"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:5d0408985c9777369daebb5d3340a99e9f7294bdd7120642239261508185cf89"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_armv7l.whl", hash = "sha256:abd6376ef9d12f370d95a8c7c98682fbb9bfedfba59f40e84a816fef8ddcb8de"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:f9b1a5df0bc09193cbef58a6f78e4a9a0b058a4f9733c0442866d078006d1bb9"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:6a25c5f4ff087445b2e1bbcb9963f2ae7c868d65e4a8d5f84c36c12f71571179"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:1ff87a8310354f9f1a099625e54a27fdd6756d9cd2a40b45922f2e943daf982d"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:f3d8416be618f023f93ec4fd6ee3048585ef85dba9563b2a7e38fc7e5131d5b1"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255-py3-none-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:8ba124819624145d7b6b53add40c367c44318893215ffc1bfe3d72e0225a1c9c"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.0.255.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:f9eb1d3b2eecbeedae419fa494c4e2a5e4484baf93a1ce0f81eddb005e1919c5"},
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "s3transfer"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -2612,4 +2643,4 @@ testing = ["func-timeout", "jaraco.itertools", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = "^3.9"
-content-hash = "ce00f0cf8735e850b1cfb29d8ddf8f66fab2395c589fe7e16becc774edcc7845"
+content-hash = "3038940781ef59d1ed28cedf46120ad6623e21e602c38ad3c359428d79fa1efd"
--- a/pre-commit.py
+++ b/pre-commit.py
@@ -43,13 +43,17 @@ def black(fix_inplace: bool) -> str:
    return cmd


-def ruff(fix_inplace: bool) -> str:
-    cmd = "poetry run ruff"
-    if fix_inplace:
-        cmd += " --fix"
+def isort(fix_inplace: bool) -> str:
+    cmd = "poetry run isort"
+    if not fix_inplace:
+        cmd += " --diff --check"
    return cmd


+def flake8() -> str:
+    return "poetry run flake8"
+
+
 def mypy() -> str:
    return "poetry run mypy"

@@ -108,6 +112,13 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        changed_files=files,
        no_color=args.no_color,
    )
+    check(
+        name="isort",
+        suffix=".py",
+        cmd=isort(fix_inplace=args.fix_inplace),
+        changed_files=files,
+        no_color=args.no_color,
+    )
    check(
        name="black",
        suffix=".py",
@@ -116,9 +127,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        no_color=args.no_color,
    )
    check(
-        name="ruff",
+        name="flake8",
        suffix=".py",
-        cmd=ruff(fix_inplace=args.fix_inplace),
+        cmd=flake8(),
        changed_files=files,
        no_color=args.no_color,
    )
--- a/proxy/Cargo.toml
+++ b/proxy/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ once_cell.workspace = true
 opentelemetry.workspace = true
 parking_lot.workspace = true
 pin-project-lite.workspace = true
-postgres_backend.workspace = true
 pq_proto.workspace = true
 prometheus.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
--- a/proxy/src/compute.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/compute.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use std::{io, net::SocketAddr};
 use thiserror::Error;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio_postgres::NoTls;
-use tracing::{error, info, warn};
+use tracing::{error, info};

-const COULD_NOT_CONNECT: &str = "Couldn't connect to compute node";
+const COULD_NOT_CONNECT: &str = "Could not connect to compute node";

 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
 pub enum ConnectionError {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl ConnCfg {
        use tokio_postgres::config::Host;

        let connect_once = |host, port| {
-            info!("trying to connect to compute node at {host}:{port}");
+            info!("trying to connect to a compute node at {host}:{port}");
            TcpStream::connect((host, port)).and_then(|socket| async {
                let socket_addr = socket.peer_addr()?;
                // This prevents load balancer from severing the connection.
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ impl ConnCfg {
            return Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                format!(
-                    "bad compute config, \
+                    "couldn't connect: bad compute config, \
                     ports and hosts entries' count does not match: {:?}",
                    self.0
                ),
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl ConnCfg {
                Ok(socket) => return Ok(socket),
                Err(err) => {
                    // We can't throw an error here, as there might be more hosts to try.
-                    warn!("couldn't connect to compute node at {host}:{port}: {err}");
+                    error!("failed to connect to a compute node at {host}:{port}: {err}");
                    connection_error = Some(err);
                }
            }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ impl ConnCfg {
        Err(connection_error.unwrap_or_else(|| {
            io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                format!("bad compute config: {:?}", self.0),
+                format!("couldn't connect: bad compute config: {:?}", self.0),
            )
        }))
    }
@@ -195,11 +195,12 @@ pub struct PostgresConnection {
 }

 impl ConnCfg {
-    async fn do_connect(&self) -> Result<PostgresConnection, ConnectionError> {
+    /// Connect to a corresponding compute node.
+    pub async fn connect(&self) -> Result<PostgresConnection, ConnectionError> {
        // TODO: establish a secure connection to the DB.
        let (socket_addr, mut stream) = self.connect_raw().await?;
        let (client, connection) = self.0.connect_raw(&mut stream, NoTls).await?;
-        info!("connected to compute node at {socket_addr}");
+        info!("connected to user's compute node at {socket_addr}");

        // This is very ugly but as of now there's no better way to
        // extract the connection parameters from tokio-postgres' connection.
@@ -218,16 +219,6 @@ impl ConnCfg {

        Ok(connection)
    }
-
-    /// Connect to a corresponding compute node.
-    pub async fn connect(&self) -> Result<PostgresConnection, ConnectionError> {
-        self.do_connect()
-            .inspect_err(|err| {
-                // Immediately log the error we have at our disposal.
-                error!("couldn't connect to compute node: {err}");
-            })
-            .await
-    }
 }

 /// Retrieve `options` from a startup message, dropping all proxy-secific flags.
--- a/proxy/src/console/mgmt.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/console/mgmt.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use anyhow::Context;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use postgres_backend::{self, AuthType, PostgresBackend, PostgresBackendTCP, QueryError};
 use pq_proto::{BeMessage, SINGLE_COL_ROWDESC};
-use std::future;
-use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
+use std::{net::TcpStream, thread};
 use tracing::{error, info, info_span};
+use utils::{
+    postgres_backend::{self, AuthType, PostgresBackend},
+    postgres_backend_async::QueryError,
+};

 static CPLANE_WAITERS: Lazy<Waiters<ComputeReady>> = Lazy::new(Default::default);

@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn notify(psql_session_id: &str, msg: ComputeReady) -> Result<(), waiters::N

 /// Console management API listener task.
 /// It spawns console response handlers needed for the link auth.
-pub async fn task_main(listener: TcpListener) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+pub async fn task_main(listener: tokio::net::TcpListener) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    scopeguard::defer! {
        info!("mgmt has shut down");
    }
@@ -40,12 +42,18 @@ pub async fn task_main(listener: TcpListener) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let (socket, peer_addr) = listener.accept().await?;
        info!("accepted connection from {peer_addr}");

+        let socket = socket.into_std()?;
        socket
            .set_nodelay(true)
            .context("failed to set client socket option")?;
+        socket
+            .set_nonblocking(false)
+            .context("failed to set client socket option")?;

-        tokio::task::spawn(async move {
-            let span = info_span!("mgmt", peer = %peer_addr);
+        // TODO: replace with async tasks.
+        thread::spawn(move || {
+            let tid = std::thread::current().id();
+            let span = info_span!("mgmt", thread = format_args!("{tid:?}"));
            let _enter = span.enter();

            info!("started a new console management API thread");
@@ -53,16 +61,16 @@ pub async fn task_main(listener: TcpListener) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                info!("console management API thread is about to finish");
            }

-            if let Err(e) = handle_connection(socket).await {
+            if let Err(e) = handle_connection(socket) {
                error!("thread failed with an error: {e}");
            }
        });
    }
 }

-async fn handle_connection(socket: TcpStream) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
-    let pgbackend = PostgresBackend::new(socket, AuthType::Trust, None)?;
-    pgbackend.run(&mut MgmtHandler, future::pending::<()>).await
+fn handle_connection(socket: TcpStream) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+    let pgbackend = PostgresBackend::new(socket, AuthType::Trust, None, true)?;
+    pgbackend.run(&mut MgmtHandler)
 }

 /// A message received by `mgmt` when a compute node is ready.
@@ -70,21 +78,16 @@ pub type ComputeReady = Result<DatabaseInfo, String>;

 // TODO: replace with an http-based protocol.
 struct MgmtHandler;
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl postgres_backend::Handler<tokio::net::TcpStream> for MgmtHandler {
-    async fn process_query(
-        &mut self,
-        pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP,
-        query: &str,
-    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
-        try_process_query(pgb, query).await.map_err(|e| {
+impl postgres_backend::Handler for MgmtHandler {
+    fn process_query(&mut self, pgb: &mut PostgresBackend, query: &str) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+        try_process_query(pgb, query).map_err(|e| {
            error!("failed to process response: {e:?}");
            e
        })
    }
 }

-async fn try_process_query(pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP, query: &str) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+fn try_process_query(pgb: &mut PostgresBackend, query: &str) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
    let resp: KickSession = serde_json::from_str(query).context("Failed to parse query as json")?;

    let span = info_span!("event", session_id = resp.session_id);
@@ -95,11 +98,11 @@ async fn try_process_query(pgb: &mut PostgresBackendTCP, query: &str) -> Result<
        Ok(()) => {
            pgb.write_message_noflush(&SINGLE_COL_ROWDESC)?
                .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::DataRow(&[Some(b"ok")]))?
-                .write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
+                .write_message(&BeMessage::CommandComplete(b"SELECT 1"))?;
        }
        Err(e) => {
            error!("failed to deliver response to per-client task");
-            pgb.write_message_noflush(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(&e.to_string(), None))?;
+            pgb.write_message(&BeMessage::ErrorResponse(&e.to_string(), None))?;
        }
    }

--- a/proxy/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/metrics.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ const PROXY_IO_BYTES_PER_CLIENT: &str = "proxy_io_bytes_per_client";
 #[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize, Debug)]
 pub struct Ids {
    pub endpoint_id: String,
-    pub branch_id: String,
 }

 pub async fn task_main(config: &MetricCollectionConfig) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@@ -75,23 +74,12 @@ fn gather_proxy_io_bytes_per_client() -> Vec<(Ids, (u64, DateTime<Utc>))> {
                        .find(|l| l.get_name() == "endpoint_id")
                        .unwrap()
                        .get_value();
-                    let branch_id = ms
-                        .get_label()
-                        .iter()
-                        .find(|l| l.get_name() == "branch_id")
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .get_value();
-
                    let value = ms.get_counter().get_value() as u64;

-                    debug!(
-                        "branch_id {} endpoint_id {} val: {}",
-                        branch_id, endpoint_id, value
-                    );
+                    debug!("endpoint_id:val - {}: {}", endpoint_id, value);
                    current_metrics.push((
                        Ids {
                            endpoint_id: endpoint_id.to_string(),
-                            branch_id: "".to_string(),
                        },
                        (value, Utc::now()),
                    ));
@@ -143,7 +131,6 @@ async fn collect_metrics_iteration(
                value,
                extra: Ids {
                    endpoint_id: curr_key.endpoint_id.clone(),
-                    branch_id: curr_key.branch_id.clone(),
                },
            })
        })
@@ -185,7 +172,6 @@ async fn collect_metrics_iteration(
                cached_metrics
                    .entry(Ids {
                        endpoint_id: send_metric.extra.endpoint_id.clone(),
-                        branch_id: send_metric.extra.branch_id.clone(),
                    })
                    // update cached value (add delta) and time
                    .and_modify(|e| {
--- a/proxy/src/proxy.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/proxy.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
    config::{ProxyConfig, TlsConfig},
    console::{self, messages::MetricsAuxInfo},
    error::io_error,
-    stream::{PqStream, Stream},
+    stream::{MeasuredStream, PqStream, Stream},
 };
 use anyhow::{bail, Context};
 use futures::TryFutureExt;
@@ -16,9 +16,8 @@ use metrics::{register_int_counter, register_int_counter_vec, IntCounter, IntCou
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use pq_proto::{BeMessage as Be, FeStartupPacket, StartupMessageParams};
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
 use tracing::{error, info, warn};
-use utils::measured_stream::MeasuredStream;

 /// Number of times we should retry the `/proxy_wake_compute` http request.
 const NUM_RETRIES_WAKE_COMPUTE: usize = 1;
@@ -209,18 +208,9 @@ async fn handshake<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin>(
                    if let Some(tls) = tls.take() {
                        // Upgrade raw stream into a secure TLS-backed stream.
                        // NOTE: We've consumed `tls`; this fact will be used later.
-
-                        let (raw, read_buf) = stream.into_inner();
-                        // TODO: Normally, client doesn't send any data before
-                        // server says TLS handshake is ok and read_buf is empy.
-                        // However, you could imagine pipelining of postgres
-                        // SSLRequest + TLS ClientHello in one hunk similar to
-                        // pipelining in our node js driver. We should probably
-                        // support that by chaining read_buf with the stream.
-                        if !read_buf.is_empty() {
-                            bail!("data is sent before server replied with EncryptionResponse");
-                        }
-                        stream = PqStream::new(raw.upgrade(tls.to_server_config()).await?);
+                        stream = PqStream::new(
+                            stream.into_inner().upgrade(tls.to_server_config()).await?,
+                        );
                    }
                }
                _ => bail!(ERR_PROTO_VIOLATION),
@@ -363,24 +353,16 @@ async fn proxy_pass(
    aux: &MetricsAuxInfo,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let m_sent = NUM_BYTES_PROXIED_COUNTER.with_label_values(&aux.traffic_labels("tx"));
-    let mut client = MeasuredStream::new(
-        client,
-        |_| {},
-        |cnt| {
-            // Number of bytes we sent to the client (outbound).
-            m_sent.inc_by(cnt as u64);
-        },
-    );
+    let mut client = MeasuredStream::new(client, |cnt| {
+        // Number of bytes we sent to the client (outbound).
+        m_sent.inc_by(cnt as u64);
+    });

    let m_recv = NUM_BYTES_PROXIED_COUNTER.with_label_values(&aux.traffic_labels("rx"));
-    let mut compute = MeasuredStream::new(
-        compute,
-        |_| {},
-        |cnt| {
-            // Number of bytes the client sent to the compute node (inbound).
-            m_recv.inc_by(cnt as u64);
-        },
-    );
+    let mut compute = MeasuredStream::new(compute, |cnt| {
+        // Number of bytes the client sent to the compute node (inbound).
+        m_recv.inc_by(cnt as u64);
+    });

    // Starting from here we only proxy the client's traffic.
    info!("performing the proxy pass...");
@@ -452,17 +434,11 @@ impl<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> Client<'_, S> {
            value: mut node_info,
        } = auth_result;

-        let mut node = connect_to_compute(&mut node_info, params, &extra, &creds)
+        let node = connect_to_compute(&mut node_info, params, &extra, &creds)
            .or_else(|e| stream.throw_error(e))
            .await?;

        prepare_client_connection(&node, reported_auth_ok, session, &mut stream).await?;
-        // Before proxy passing, forward to compute whatever data is left in the
-        // PqStream input buffer. Normally there is none, but our serverless npm
-        // driver in pipeline mode sends startup, password and first query
-        // immediately after opening the connection.
-        let (stream, read_buf) = stream.into_inner();
-        node.stream.write_all(&read_buf).await?;
-        proxy_pass(stream, node.stream, &node_info.aux).await
+        proxy_pass(stream.into_inner(), node.stream, &node_info.aux).await
    }
 }
--- a/proxy/src/scram/messages.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/scram/messages.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub const SCRAM_RAW_NONCE_LEN: usize = 18;
 fn validate_sasl_extensions<'a>(parts: impl Iterator<Item = &'a str>) -> Option<()> {
    for mut chars in parts.map(|s| s.chars()) {
        let attr = chars.next()?;
-        if !attr.is_ascii_alphabetic() {
+        if !('a'..='z').contains(&attr) && !('A'..='Z').contains(&attr) {
            return None;
        }
        let eq = chars.next()?;
--- a/proxy/src/stream.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/stream.rs
@@ -2,40 +2,44 @@ use crate::error::UserFacingError;
 use anyhow::bail;
 use bytes::BytesMut;
 use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
-use pq_proto::framed::{ConnectionError, Framed};
-use pq_proto::{BeMessage, FeMessage, FeStartupPacket, ProtocolError};
+use pq_proto::{BeMessage, ConnectionError, FeMessage, FeStartupPacket};
 use rustls::ServerConfig;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{io, task};
 use thiserror::Error;
-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt, ReadBuf};
 use tokio_rustls::server::TlsStream;

-/// Stream wrapper which implements libpq's protocol.
-/// NOTE: This object deliberately doesn't implement [`AsyncRead`]
-/// or [`AsyncWrite`] to prevent subtle errors (e.g. trying
-/// to pass random malformed bytes through the connection).
-pub struct PqStream<S> {
-    framed: Framed<S>,
+pin_project! {
+    /// Stream wrapper which implements libpq's protocol.
+    /// NOTE: This object deliberately doesn't implement [`AsyncRead`]
+    /// or [`AsyncWrite`] to prevent subtle errors (e.g. trying
+    /// to pass random malformed bytes through the connection).
+    pub struct PqStream<S> {
+        #[pin]
+        stream: S,
+        buffer: BytesMut,
+    }
 }

 impl<S> PqStream<S> {
    /// Construct a new libpq protocol wrapper.
    pub fn new(stream: S) -> Self {
        Self {
-            framed: Framed::new(stream),
+            stream,
+            buffer: Default::default(),
        }
    }

-    /// Extract the underlying stream and read buffer.
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> (S, BytesMut) {
-        self.framed.into_inner()
+    /// Extract the underlying stream.
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> S {
+        self.stream
    }

    /// Get a shared reference to the underlying stream.
    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &S {
-        self.framed.get_ref()
+        &self.stream
    }
 }

@@ -46,19 +50,16 @@ fn err_connection() -> io::Error {
 impl<S: AsyncRead + Unpin> PqStream<S> {
    /// Receive [`FeStartupPacket`], which is a first packet sent by a client.
    pub async fn read_startup_packet(&mut self) -> io::Result<FeStartupPacket> {
-        self.framed
-            .read_startup_message()
+        // TODO: `FeStartupPacket::read_fut` should return `FeStartupPacket`
+        let msg = FeStartupPacket::read_fut(&mut self.stream)
            .await
            .map_err(ConnectionError::into_io_error)?
-            .ok_or_else(err_connection)
-    }
+            .ok_or_else(err_connection)?;

-    async fn read_message(&mut self) -> io::Result<FeMessage> {
-        self.framed
-            .read_message()
-            .await
-            .map_err(ConnectionError::into_io_error)?
-            .ok_or_else(err_connection)
+        match msg {
+            FeMessage::StartupPacket(packet) => Ok(packet),
+            _ => panic!("unreachable state"),
+        }
    }

    pub async fn read_password_message(&mut self) -> io::Result<bytes::Bytes> {
@@ -70,14 +71,19 @@ impl<S: AsyncRead + Unpin> PqStream<S> {
            )),
        }
    }
+
+    async fn read_message(&mut self) -> io::Result<FeMessage> {
+        FeMessage::read_fut(&mut self.stream)
+            .await
+            .map_err(ConnectionError::into_io_error)?
+            .ok_or_else(err_connection)
+    }
 }

 impl<S: AsyncWrite + Unpin> PqStream<S> {
    /// Write the message into an internal buffer, but don't flush the underlying stream.
    pub fn write_message_noflush(&mut self, message: &BeMessage<'_>) -> io::Result<&mut Self> {
-        self.framed
-            .write_message(message)
-            .map_err(ProtocolError::into_io_error)?;
+        BeMessage::write(&mut self.buffer, message)?;
        Ok(self)
    }

@@ -90,7 +96,9 @@ impl<S: AsyncWrite + Unpin> PqStream<S> {

    /// Flush the output buffer into the underlying stream.
    pub async fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<&mut Self> {
-        self.framed.flush().await?;
+        self.stream.write_all(&self.buffer).await?;
+        self.buffer.clear();
+        self.stream.flush().await?;
        Ok(self)
    }

@@ -218,3 +226,68 @@ impl<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> AsyncWrite for Stream<S> {
        }
    }
 }
+
+pin_project! {
+    /// This stream tracks all writes and calls user provided
+    /// callback when the underlying stream is flushed.
+    pub struct MeasuredStream<S, W> {
+        #[pin]
+        stream: S,
+        write_count: usize,
+        inc_write_count: W,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, W> MeasuredStream<S, W> {
+    pub fn new(stream: S, inc_write_count: W) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            stream,
+            write_count: 0,
+            inc_write_count,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: AsyncRead + Unpin, W> AsyncRead for MeasuredStream<S, W> {
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        context: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_read(context, buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: AsyncWrite + Unpin, W: FnMut(usize)> AsyncWrite for MeasuredStream<S, W> {
+    fn poll_write(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        context: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        let this = self.project();
+        this.stream.poll_write(context, buf).map_ok(|cnt| {
+            // Increment the write count.
+            *this.write_count += cnt;
+            cnt
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        context: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        let this = self.project();
+        this.stream.poll_flush(context).map_ok(|()| {
+            // Call the user provided callback and reset the write count.
+            (this.inc_write_count)(*this.write_count);
+            *this.write_count = 0;
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn poll_shutdown(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        context: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_shutdown(context)
+    }
+}
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ types-psutil = "^5.9.5.4"
 types-toml = "^0.10.8"
 pytest-httpserver = "^1.0.6"
 aiohttp = "3.7.4"
-pytest-repeat = "^0.9.1"

-[tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies]
-black = "^23.1.0"
-mypy = "==1.1.1"
-ruff = "^0.0.255"
+[tool.poetry.dev-dependencies]
+flake8 = "^5.0.4"
+mypy = "==0.991"
+black = "^22.6.0"
+isort = "^5.10.1"

 [build-system]
 requires = ["poetry-core>=1.0.0"]
@@ -53,6 +53,14 @@ extend-exclude = '''
 )/
 '''

+[tool.isort]
+profile = "black"
+line_length = 100
+skip_gitignore = true
+skip = [
+    "vendor",
+]
+
 [tool.mypy]
 exclude = "^vendor/"
 check_untyped_defs = true
@@ -72,13 +80,3 @@ module = [
    "pg8000.*",
 ]
 ignore_missing_imports = true
-
-[tool.ruff]
-extend-exclude = ["vendor/"]
-ignore = ["E501"]
-select = [
-    "E", # pycodestyle
-    "F", # Pyflakes
-    "I", # isort
-    "W", # pycodestyle
-]
--- a/run_clippy.sh
+++ b/run_clippy.sh
@@ -8,13 +8,15 @@
 # warnings and errors right in the editor.
 # In vscode, this setting is Rust-analyzer>Check On Save:Command

-# manual-range-contains wants
-#   !(4..=MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH).contains(&len)
-# instead of
-#   len < 4 || len > MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH
-# , let's disagree.

-# * `-A unknown_lints` – do not warn about unknown lint suppressions
-#                        that people with newer toolchains might use
-# * `-D warnings`      - fail on any warnings (`cargo` returns non-zero exit status)
-cargo clippy --locked --all --all-targets --all-features -- -A unknown_lints -A clippy::manual-range-contains -D warnings
+# Not every feature is supported in macOS builds. Avoid running regular linting
+# script that checks every feature.
+if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
+    # no extra features to test currently, add more here when needed
+    cargo clippy --locked --all --all-targets --features testing -- -A unknown_lints -D warnings
+else
+    # * `-A unknown_lints` – do not warn about unknown lint suppressions
+    #                        that people with newer toolchains might use
+    # * `-D warnings`      - fail on any warnings (`cargo` returns non-zero exit status)
+    cargo clippy --locked --all --all-targets --all-features -- -A unknown_lints -D warnings
+fi
--- a/safekeeper/Cargo.toml
+++ b/safekeeper/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ anyhow.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 byteorder.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
-chrono.workspace = true
 clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 const_format.workspace = true
 crc32c.workspace = true
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ git-version.workspace = true
 hex.workspace = true
 humantime.workspace = true
 hyper.workspace = true
+nix.workspace = true
 once_cell.workspace = true
 parking_lot.workspace = true
 postgres.workspace = true
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ toml_edit.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
 url.workspace = true
 metrics.workspace = true
-postgres_backend.workspace = true
 postgres_ffi.workspace = true
 pq_proto.workspace = true
 remote_storage.workspace = true
--- a/safekeeper/src/bin/safekeeper.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/bin/safekeeper.rs
@@ -71,9 +71,6 @@ struct Args {
    /// Listen http endpoint for management and metrics in the form host:port.
    #[arg(long, default_value = DEFAULT_HTTP_LISTEN_ADDR)]
    listen_http: String,
-    /// Availability zone of the safekeeper.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    availability_zone: Option<String>,
    /// Do not wait for changes to be written safely to disk. Unsafe.
    #[arg(short, long)]
    no_sync: bool,
@@ -169,7 +166,6 @@ fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        my_id: id,
        listen_pg_addr: args.listen_pg,
        listen_http_addr: args.listen_http,
-        availability_zone: args.availability_zone,
        no_sync: args.no_sync,
        broker_endpoint: args.broker_endpoint,
        broker_keepalive_interval: args.broker_keepalive_interval,
@@ -240,7 +236,7 @@ fn start_safekeeper(conf: SafeKeeperConf) -> Result<()> {

    let conf_cloned = conf.clone();
    let safekeeper_thread = thread::Builder::new()
-        .name("WAL service thread".into())
+        .name("safekeeper thread".into())
        .spawn(|| wal_service::thread_main(conf_cloned, pg_listener))
        .unwrap();

--- a/safekeeper/src/debug_dump.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/debug_dump.rs
@@ -1,264 +0,0 @@
-//! Utils for dumping full state of the safekeeper.
-
-use std::fs;
-use std::fs::DirEntry;
-use std::io::BufReader;
-use std::io::Read;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-use anyhow::Result;
-use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
-use postgres_ffi::XLogSegNo;
-use serde::Serialize;
-
-use utils::http::json::display_serialize;
-use utils::id::NodeId;
-use utils::id::TenantTimelineId;
-use utils::id::{TenantId, TimelineId};
-use utils::lsn::Lsn;
-
-use crate::safekeeper::SafeKeeperState;
-use crate::safekeeper::SafekeeperMemState;
-use crate::safekeeper::TermHistory;
-use crate::SafeKeeperConf;
-
-use crate::timeline::ReplicaState;
-use crate::GlobalTimelines;
-
-/// Various filters that influence the resulting JSON output.
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct Args {
-    /// Dump all available safekeeper state. False by default.
-    pub dump_all: bool,
-
-    /// Dump control_file content. Uses value of `dump_all` by default.
-    pub dump_control_file: bool,
-
-    /// Dump in-memory state. Uses value of `dump_all` by default.
-    pub dump_memory: bool,
-
-    /// Dump all disk files in a timeline directory. Uses value of `dump_all` by default.
-    pub dump_disk_content: bool,
-
-    /// Dump full term history. True by default.
-    pub dump_term_history: bool,
-
-    /// Filter timelines by tenant_id.
-    pub tenant_id: Option<TenantId>,
-
-    /// Filter timelines by timeline_id.
-    pub timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
-}
-
-/// Response for debug dump request.
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct Response {
-    pub start_time: DateTime<Utc>,
-    pub finish_time: DateTime<Utc>,
-    pub timelines: Vec<Timeline>,
-    pub timelines_count: usize,
-    pub config: Config,
-}
-
-/// Safekeeper configuration.
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct Config {
-    pub id: NodeId,
-    pub workdir: PathBuf,
-    pub listen_pg_addr: String,
-    pub listen_http_addr: String,
-    pub no_sync: bool,
-    pub max_offloader_lag_bytes: u64,
-    pub wal_backup_enabled: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct Timeline {
-    #[serde(serialize_with = "display_serialize")]
-    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
-    #[serde(serialize_with = "display_serialize")]
-    pub timeline_id: TimelineId,
-    pub control_file: Option<SafeKeeperState>,
-    pub memory: Option<Memory>,
-    pub disk_content: Option<DiskContent>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct Memory {
-    pub is_cancelled: bool,
-    pub peers_info_len: usize,
-    pub replicas: Vec<Option<ReplicaState>>,
-    pub wal_backup_active: bool,
-    pub active: bool,
-    pub num_computes: u32,
-    pub last_removed_segno: XLogSegNo,
-    pub epoch_start_lsn: Lsn,
-    pub mem_state: SafekeeperMemState,
-
-    // PhysicalStorage state.
-    pub write_lsn: Lsn,
-    pub write_record_lsn: Lsn,
-    pub flush_lsn: Lsn,
-    pub file_open: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct DiskContent {
-    pub files: Vec<FileInfo>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct FileInfo {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub size: u64,
-    pub created: DateTime<Utc>,
-    pub modified: DateTime<Utc>,
-    pub start_zeroes: u64,
-    pub end_zeroes: u64,
-    // TODO: add sha256 checksum
-}
-
-/// Build debug dump response, using the provided [`Args`] filters.
-pub fn build(args: Args) -> Result<Response> {
-    let start_time = Utc::now();
-    let timelines_count = GlobalTimelines::timelines_count();
-
-    let ptrs_snapshot = if args.tenant_id.is_some() && args.timeline_id.is_some() {
-        // If both tenant_id and timeline_id are specified, we can just get the
-        // timeline directly, without taking a snapshot of the whole list.
-        let ttid = TenantTimelineId::new(args.tenant_id.unwrap(), args.timeline_id.unwrap());
-        if let Ok(tli) = GlobalTimelines::get(ttid) {
-            vec![tli]
-        } else {
-            vec![]
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Otherwise, take a snapshot of the whole list.
-        GlobalTimelines::get_all()
-    };
-
-    // TODO: return Stream instead of Vec
-    let mut timelines = Vec::new();
-    for tli in ptrs_snapshot {
-        let ttid = tli.ttid;
-        if let Some(tenant_id) = args.tenant_id {
-            if tenant_id != ttid.tenant_id {
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(timeline_id) = args.timeline_id {
-            if timeline_id != ttid.timeline_id {
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-
-        let control_file = if args.dump_control_file {
-            let mut state = tli.get_state().1;
-            if !args.dump_term_history {
-                state.acceptor_state.term_history = TermHistory(vec![]);
-            }
-            Some(state)
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
-        let memory = if args.dump_memory {
-            Some(tli.memory_dump())
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
-        let disk_content = if args.dump_disk_content {
-            // build_disk_content can fail, but we don't want to fail the whole
-            // request because of that.
-            build_disk_content(&tli.timeline_dir).ok()
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
-        let timeline = Timeline {
-            tenant_id: ttid.tenant_id,
-            timeline_id: ttid.timeline_id,
-            control_file,
-            memory,
-            disk_content,
-        };
-        timelines.push(timeline);
-    }
-
-    let config = GlobalTimelines::get_global_config();
-
-    Ok(Response {
-        start_time,
-        finish_time: Utc::now(),
-        timelines,
-        timelines_count,
-        config: build_config(config),
-    })
-}
-
-/// Builds DiskContent from a directory path. It can fail if the directory
-/// is deleted between the time we get the path and the time we try to open it.
-fn build_disk_content(path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<DiskContent> {
-    let mut files = Vec::new();
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(path)? {
-        if entry.is_err() {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let file = build_file_info(entry?);
-        if file.is_err() {
-            continue;
-        }
-        files.push(file?);
-    }
-
-    Ok(DiskContent { files })
-}
-
-/// Builds FileInfo from DirEntry. Sometimes it can return an error
-/// if the file is deleted between the time we get the DirEntry
-/// and the time we try to open it.
-fn build_file_info(entry: DirEntry) -> Result<FileInfo> {
-    let metadata = entry.metadata()?;
-    let path = entry.path();
-    let name = path
-        .file_name()
-        .and_then(|x| x.to_str())
-        .unwrap_or("")
-        .to_owned();
-    let mut file = fs::File::open(path)?;
-    let mut reader = BufReader::new(&mut file).bytes().filter_map(|x| x.ok());
-
-    let start_zeroes = reader.by_ref().take_while(|&x| x == 0).count() as u64;
-    let mut end_zeroes = 0;
-    for b in reader {
-        if b == 0 {
-            end_zeroes += 1;
-        } else {
-            end_zeroes = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(FileInfo {
-        name,
-        size: metadata.len(),
-        created: DateTime::from(metadata.created()?),
-        modified: DateTime::from(metadata.modified()?),
-        start_zeroes,
-        end_zeroes,
-    })
-}
-
-/// Converts SafeKeeperConf to Config, filtering out the fields that are not
-/// supposed to be exposed.
-fn build_config(config: SafeKeeperConf) -> Config {
-    Config {
-        id: config.my_id,
-        workdir: config.workdir,
-        listen_pg_addr: config.listen_pg_addr,
-        listen_http_addr: config.listen_http_addr,
-        no_sync: config.no_sync,
-        max_offloader_lag_bytes: config.max_offloader_lag_bytes,
-        wal_backup_enabled: config.wal_backup_enabled,
-    }
-}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Anastasia Lubennikova	afaaeb94a2	pass multiple safekeeper hostaddrs to primary_conninfo	2023-03-02 18:05:17 +02:00
Anastasia Lubennikova	2c683b38de	Change --replicates option to --hot-standby flag	2023-03-02 17:38:31 +02:00
Anastasia Lubennikova	cb9a558eb5	WIP: Add new neon_local option to spin up read-only replica. Usage example: neon_local pg start main_roo --replicates main	2023-03-02 17:38:31 +02:00