fix: remove initdb image layer optimization

the oldest commit I checked not to have a working initdb image layer optimization was 4b25b9652a more a year ago. it is safe to say we have been doing fine without it.
2026-01-18 10:52:55 +00:00 · 2023-11-09 20:45:40 +00:00
382 changed files with 14442 additions and 41007 deletions
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -1,3 +1,17 @@
+# The binaries are really slow, if you compile them in 'dev' mode with the defaults.
+# Enable some optimizations even in 'dev' mode, to make tests faster. The basic
+# optimizations enabled by "opt-level=1" don't affect debuggability too much.
+#
+# See https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/gvrgca/this_is_a_neat_trick_for_getting_good_runtime/
+#
+[profile.dev.package."*"]
+# Set the default for dependencies in Development mode.
+opt-level = 3
+
+[profile.dev]
+# Turn on a small amount of optimization in Development mode.
+opt-level = 1
+
 [build]
 # This is only present for local builds, as it will be overridden
 # by the RUSTDOCFLAGS env var in CI.
--- a/.config/nextest.toml
+++ b/.config/nextest.toml
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[profile.default]
-slow-timeout = "1m"
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE/release-pr.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE/release-pr.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 **NB: this PR must be merged only by 'Create a merge commit'!**

 ### Checklist when preparing for release
- [ ] Read or refresh [the release flow guide](https://www.notion.so/neondatabase/Release-general-flow-61f2e39fd45d4d14a70c7749604bd70b)
+- [ ] Read or refresh [the release flow guide](https://github.com/neondatabase/cloud/wiki/Release:-general-flow)
 - [ ] Ask in the [cloud Slack channel](https://neondb.slack.com/archives/C033A2WE6BZ) that you are going to rollout the release. Any blockers?
 - [ ] Does this release contain any db migrations? Destructive ones? What is the rollback plan?

--- a/.github/actionlint.yml
+++ b/.github/actionlint.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 self-hosted-runner:
  labels:
-    - arm64
-    - dev
    - gen3
    - large
    - small
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmarking.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmarking.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ on:
    #          │ │ ┌───────────── day of the month (1 - 31)
    #          │ │ │ ┌───────────── month (1 - 12 or JAN-DEC)
    #          │ │ │ │ ┌───────────── day of the week (0 - 6 or SUN-SAT)
-    - cron:   '0 3 * * *' # run once a day, timezone is utc
+    - cron:  '0 3 * * *' # run once a day, timezone is utc

  workflow_dispatch: # adds ability to run this manually
    inputs:
@@ -23,21 +23,6 @@ on:
        type: boolean
        description: 'Publish perf report. If not set, the report will be published only for the main branch'
        required: false
-      collect_olap_explain:
-        type: boolean
-        description: 'Collect EXPLAIN ANALYZE for OLAP queries. If not set, EXPLAIN ANALYZE will not be collected'
-        required: false
-        default: false
-      collect_pg_stat_statements:
-        type: boolean
-        description: 'Collect pg_stat_statements for OLAP queries. If not set, pg_stat_statements will not be collected'
-        required: false
-        default: false
-      run_AWS_RDS_AND_AURORA:
-        type: boolean
-        description: 'AWS-RDS and AWS-AURORA normally only run on Saturday. Set this to true to run them on every workflow_dispatch'
-        required: false
-        default: false

 defaults:
  run:
@@ -128,8 +113,6 @@ jobs:
    # - neon-captest-reuse: Reusing existing project
    # - rds-aurora: Aurora Postgres Serverless v2 with autoscaling from 0.5 to 2 ACUs
    # - rds-postgres: RDS Postgres db.m5.large instance (2 vCPU, 8 GiB) with gp3 EBS storage
-    env:
-      RUN_AWS_RDS_AND_AURORA: ${{ github.event.inputs.run_AWS_RDS_AND_AURORA || 'false' }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    outputs:
      pgbench-compare-matrix: ${{ steps.pgbench-compare-matrix.outputs.matrix }}
@@ -169,7 +152,7 @@ jobs:
          ]
        }'

-        if [ "$(date +%A)" = "Saturday" ] || [ ${RUN_AWS_RDS_AND_AURORA} = "true" ]; then
+        if [ "$(date +%A)" = "Saturday" ]; then
          matrix=$(echo "$matrix" | jq '.include += [{ "platform": "rds-postgres" },
                                                   { "platform": "rds-aurora"   }]')
        fi
@@ -188,9 +171,9 @@ jobs:
          ]
        }'

-        if [ "$(date +%A)" = "Saturday" ] || [ ${RUN_AWS_RDS_AND_AURORA} = "true" ]; then
+        if [ "$(date +%A)" = "Saturday" ]; then
          matrix=$(echo "$matrix" | jq '.include += [{ "platform": "rds-postgres", "scale": "10" },
-                                                    { "platform": "rds-aurora",   "scale": "10" }]')
+                                                   { "platform": "rds-aurora",   "scale": "10" }]')
        fi

        echo "matrix=$(echo "$matrix" | jq --compact-output '.')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
@@ -354,8 +337,6 @@ jobs:
      POSTGRES_DISTRIB_DIR: /tmp/neon/pg_install
      DEFAULT_PG_VERSION: 14
      TEST_OUTPUT: /tmp/test_output
-      TEST_OLAP_COLLECT_EXPLAIN: ${{ github.event.inputs.collect_olap_explain }}
-      TEST_OLAP_COLLECT_PG_STAT_STATEMENTS: ${{ github.event.inputs.collect_pg_stat_statements }}
      BUILD_TYPE: remote
      SAVE_PERF_REPORT: ${{ github.event.inputs.save_perf_report || ( github.ref_name == 'main' ) }}
      PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform }}
@@ -418,8 +399,6 @@ jobs:
      env:
        VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
        PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: "${{ secrets.PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR }}"
-        TEST_OLAP_COLLECT_EXPLAIN: ${{ github.event.inputs.collect_olap_explain || 'false' }}
-        TEST_OLAP_COLLECT_PG_STAT_STATEMENTS: ${{ github.event.inputs.collect_pg_stat_statements || 'false' }}
        BENCHMARK_CONNSTR: ${{ steps.set-up-connstr.outputs.connstr }}
        TEST_OLAP_SCALE: 10

--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_push_docker_image.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_push_docker_image.yml
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-name: Build and Push Docker Image
-
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-    inputs:
-      dockerfile-path:
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      image-name:
-        required: true
-        type: string
-    outputs:
-      build-tools-tag:
-        description: "tag generated for build tools"
-        value: ${{ jobs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
-
-jobs:
-  check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    outputs:
-      docker_file_changed: ${{ steps.dockerfile.outputs.docker_file_changed }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Check if Dockerfile.buildtools has changed
-        id: dockerfile
-        run: |
-          if [[ "$GITHUB_EVENT_NAME" != "pull_request" ]]; then
-            echo "docker_file_changed=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-            exit
-          fi
-          updated_files=$(gh pr --repo neondatabase/neon diff ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }} --name-only)
-          if [[ $updated_files == *"Dockerfile.buildtools"* ]]; then
-            echo "docker_file_changed=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          fi
-        env:
-          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
-  tag:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: [ check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed ]
-    outputs:
-      build-tools-tag: ${{steps.buildtools-tag.outputs.image_tag}}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Get buildtools tag
-        env:
-          DOCKERFILE_CHANGED: ${{ needs.check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed.outputs.docker_file_changed }}
-        run: |
-          if [[ "$GITHUB_EVENT_NAME" == "pull_request" ]] && [[ "${DOCKERFILE_CHANGED}" == "true" ]]; then
-            IMAGE_TAG=$GITHUB_RUN_ID
-          else
-            IMAGE_TAG=pinned
-          fi
-
-          echo "image_tag=${IMAGE_TAG}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        shell: bash
-        id: buildtools-tag
-
-  kaniko:
-    if: needs.check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed.outputs.docker_file_changed == 'true'
-    needs: [ tag, check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed ]
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, dev, x64 ]
-    container: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.7.0-debug
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v1
-
-      - name: Configure ECR login
-        run: echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
-
-      - name: Kaniko build
-        run: /kaniko/executor --reproducible --snapshotMode=redo --skip-unused-stages --dockerfile ${{ inputs.dockerfile-path }} --cache=true --cache-repo 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/cache  --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}-amd64
-
-  kaniko-arm:
-    if: needs.check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed.outputs.docker_file_changed == 'true'
-    needs: [ tag, check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed ]
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, dev, arm64 ]
-    container: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.7.0-debug
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v1
-
-      - name: Configure ECR login
-        run: echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
-
-      - name: Kaniko build
-        run: /kaniko/executor --reproducible --snapshotMode=redo --skip-unused-stages --dockerfile ${{ inputs.dockerfile-path }} --cache=true --cache-repo 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/cache --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}-arm64
-
-  manifest:
-    if: needs.check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed.outputs.docker_file_changed == 'true'
-    name: 'manifest'
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, dev, x64 ]
-    needs:
-      - tag
-      - kaniko
-      - kaniko-arm
-      - check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Create manifest
-        run: docker manifest create 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }} --amend 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}-amd64 --amend 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}-arm64
-
-      - name: Push manifest
-        run: docker manifest push 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ jobs:

        exit 1

+
  tag:
    needs: [ check-permissions ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
@@ -73,19 +74,11 @@ jobs:
        shell: bash
        id: build-tag

-  build-buildtools-image:
-    needs: [ check-permissions ]
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/build_and_push_docker_image.yml
-    with:
-      dockerfile-path: Dockerfile.buildtools
-      image-name: build-tools
-    secrets: inherit
-
  check-codestyle-python:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
      options: --init

    steps:
@@ -105,20 +98,20 @@ jobs:
      - name: Install Python deps
        run: ./scripts/pysync

-      - name: Run `ruff check` to ensure code format
-        run: poetry run ruff check .
+      - name: Run ruff to ensure code format
+        run: poetry run ruff .

-      - name: Run `ruff format` to ensure code format
-        run: poetry run ruff format --check .
+      - name: Run black to ensure code format
+        run: poetry run black --diff --check .

      - name: Run mypy to check types
        run: poetry run mypy .

  check-codestyle-rust:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
      options: --init

    steps:
@@ -179,13 +172,13 @@ jobs:
      # https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny
      - name: Check rust licenses/bans/advisories/sources
        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
-        run: cargo deny check --hide-inclusion-graph
+        run: cargo deny check

  build-neon:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, tag, build-buildtools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
      options: --init
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
@@ -194,7 +187,6 @@ jobs:
    env:
      BUILD_TYPE: ${{ matrix.build_type }}
      GIT_VERSION: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
-      BUILD_TAG: ${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}

    steps:
      - name: Fix git ownership
@@ -206,10 +198,6 @@ jobs:
          #
          git config --global --add safe.directory ${{ github.workspace }}
          git config --global --add safe.directory ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}
-          for r in 14 15 16; do
-            git config --global --add safe.directory "${{ github.workspace }}/vendor/postgres-v$r"
-            git config --global --add safe.directory "${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/vendor/postgres-v$r"
-          done

      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -339,16 +327,16 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          ${cov_prefix} mold -run cargo build $CARGO_FLAGS $CARGO_FEATURES --bins --tests

-      - name: Run rust tests
+      - name: Run cargo test
        run: |
-          ${cov_prefix} cargo nextest run $CARGO_FLAGS $CARGO_FEATURES
+          ${cov_prefix} cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS $CARGO_FEATURES

          # Run separate tests for real S3
          export ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE=nonempty
-          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_BUCKET=neon-github-ci-tests
+          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_BUCKET=neon-github-public-dev
          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_REGION=eu-central-1
          # Avoid `$CARGO_FEATURES` since there's no `testing` feature in the e2e tests now
-          ${cov_prefix} cargo nextest run $CARGO_FLAGS -E 'package(remote_storage)' -E 'test(test_real_s3)'
+          ${cov_prefix} cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS --package remote_storage --test test_real_s3

          # Run separate tests for real Azure Blob Storage
          # XXX: replace region with `eu-central-1`-like region
@@ -358,7 +346,7 @@ jobs:
          export REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_CONTAINER="${{ vars.REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_CONTAINER }}"
          export REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_REGION="${{ vars.REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_REGION }}"
          # Avoid `$CARGO_FEATURES` since there's no `testing` feature in the e2e tests now
-          ${cov_prefix} cargo nextest run $CARGO_FLAGS -E 'package(remote_storage)' -E 'test(test_real_azure)'
+          ${cov_prefix} cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS --package remote_storage --test test_real_azure

      - name: Install rust binaries
        run: |
@@ -415,10 +403,10 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/save-coverage-data

  regress-tests:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-neon, build-buildtools-image, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-neon ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
      # Default shared memory is 64mb
      options: --init --shm-size=512mb
    strategy:
@@ -447,17 +435,16 @@ jobs:
        env:
          TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: ${{ secrets.REGRESS_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR_NEW }}
          CHECK_ONDISK_DATA_COMPATIBILITY: nonempty
-          BUILD_TAG: ${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}

      - name: Merge and upload coverage data
        if: matrix.build_type == 'debug' && matrix.pg_version == 'v14'
        uses: ./.github/actions/save-coverage-data

  benchmarks:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-neon, build-buildtools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-neon ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
      # Default shared memory is 64mb
      options: --init --shm-size=512mb
    if: github.ref_name == 'main' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-benchmarks')
@@ -486,12 +473,12 @@ jobs:
      # while coverage is currently collected for the debug ones

  create-test-report:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, regress-tests, coverage-report, benchmarks, build-buildtools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, regress-tests, coverage-report, benchmarks ]
    if: ${{ !cancelled() && contains(fromJSON('["skipped", "success"]'), needs.check-permissions.result) }}

    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
      options: --init

    steps:
@@ -533,10 +520,11 @@ jobs:
            })

  coverage-report:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, regress-tests, build-buildtools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, regress-tests ]
+
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
      options: --init
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
@@ -597,13 +585,10 @@ jobs:
        id: upload-coverage-report-new
        env:
          BUCKET: neon-github-public-dev
-          # A differential coverage report is available only for PRs.
-          # (i.e. for pushes into main/release branches we have a regular coverage report)
          COMMIT_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
-          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha || github.sha }}
        run: |
+          BASELINE="$(git merge-base HEAD origin/main)"
          CURRENT="${COMMIT_SHA}"
-          BASELINE="$(git merge-base $BASE_SHA $CURRENT)"

          cp /tmp/coverage/report/lcov.info ./${CURRENT}.info

@@ -700,7 +685,7 @@ jobs:
            }"

  neon-image:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, tag ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.9.2-debug
    defaults:
@@ -739,7 +724,6 @@ jobs:
                           --context .
                           --build-arg GIT_VERSION=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
                           --build-arg BUILD_TAG=${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
-                           --build-arg TAG=${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
                           --build-arg REPOSITORY=369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
                           --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/neon:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
                           --destination neondatabase/neon:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
@@ -750,7 +734,7 @@ jobs:

  compute-tools-image:
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, tag ]
    container: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.9.2-debug
    defaults:
      run:
@@ -785,7 +769,6 @@ jobs:
                           --context .
                           --build-arg GIT_VERSION=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
                           --build-arg BUILD_TAG=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
-                           --build-arg TAG=${{needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag}}
                           --build-arg REPOSITORY=369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
                           --dockerfile Dockerfile.compute-tools
                           --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/compute-tools:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
@@ -796,7 +779,7 @@ jobs:
        run: rm -rf ~/.ecr

  compute-node-image:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, tag ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
      image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.9.2-debug
@@ -844,7 +827,6 @@ jobs:
                           --build-arg GIT_VERSION=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
                           --build-arg PG_VERSION=${{ matrix.version }}
                           --build-arg BUILD_TAG=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
-                           --build-arg TAG=${{needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag}}
                           --build-arg REPOSITORY=369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
                           --dockerfile Dockerfile.compute-node
                           --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/compute-node-${{ matrix.version }}:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
@@ -866,7 +848,7 @@ jobs:
      run:
        shell: sh -eu {0}
    env:
-      VM_BUILDER_VERSION: v0.21.0
+      VM_BUILDER_VERSION: v0.18.5

    steps:
      - name: Checkout
@@ -888,7 +870,8 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build vm image
        run: |
          ./vm-builder \
-            -spec=vm-image-spec.yaml \
+            -enable-file-cache \
+            -cgroup-uid=postgres \
            -src=369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/compute-node-${{ matrix.version }}:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}} \
            -dst=369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/vm-compute-node-${{ matrix.version }}:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}

@@ -1110,10 +1093,6 @@ jobs:
          #
          git config --global --add safe.directory ${{ github.workspace }}
          git config --global --add safe.directory ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}
-          for r in 14 15 16; do
-            git config --global --add safe.directory "${{ github.workspace }}/vendor/postgres-v$r"
-            git config --global --add safe.directory "${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/vendor/postgres-v$r"
-          done

      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -1131,7 +1110,7 @@ jobs:
            # TODO: move deployPreprodRegion to release (`"$GITHUB_REF_NAME" == "release"` block), once Staging support different compute tag prefixes for different regions
            gh workflow --repo neondatabase/aws run deploy-dev.yml --ref main -f branch=main -f dockerTag=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}} -f deployPreprodRegion=true
          elif [[ "$GITHUB_REF_NAME" == "release" ]]; then
-            gh workflow --repo neondatabase/aws run deploy-prod.yml --ref main -f branch=main -f dockerTag=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
+            gh workflow --repo neondatabase/aws run deploy-prod.yml --ref main -f branch=main -f dockerTag=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}} -f disclamerAcknowledged=true
          else
            echo "GITHUB_REF_NAME (value '$GITHUB_REF_NAME') is not set to either 'main' or 'release'"
            exit 1
--- a/.github/workflows/neon_extra_builds.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/neon_extra_builds.yml
@@ -21,10 +21,7 @@ env:

 jobs:
  check-macos-build:
-    if: |
-      contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-extra-build-macos')  ||
-      contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-extra-build-*') ||
-      github.ref_name == 'main'
+    if: github.ref_name == 'main' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-extra-build-macos')
    timeout-minutes: 90
    runs-on: macos-latest

@@ -115,200 +112,8 @@ jobs:
      - name: Check that no warnings are produced
        run: ./run_clippy.sh

-  check-linux-arm-build:
-    timeout-minutes: 90
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, dev, arm64 ]
-
-    env:
-      # Use release build only, to have less debug info around
-      # Hence keeping target/ (and general cache size) smaller
-      BUILD_TYPE: release
-      CARGO_FEATURES: --features testing
-      CARGO_FLAGS: --locked --release
-      AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_DEV }}
-      AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_KEY_DEV }}
-
-    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
-      options: --init
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Fix git ownership
-        run: |
-          # Workaround for `fatal: detected dubious ownership in repository at ...`
-          #
-          # Use both ${{ github.workspace }} and ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE} because they're different on host and in containers
-          #   Ref https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/785
-          #
-          git config --global --add safe.directory ${{ github.workspace }}
-          git config --global --add safe.directory ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}
-          for r in 14 15 16; do
-            git config --global --add safe.directory "${{ github.workspace }}/vendor/postgres-v$r"
-            git config --global --add safe.directory "${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/vendor/postgres-v$r"
-          done
-
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          submodules: true
-          fetch-depth: 1
-
-      - name: Set pg 14 revision for caching
-        id: pg_v14_rev
-        run: echo pg_rev=$(git rev-parse HEAD:vendor/postgres-v14) >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Set pg 15 revision for caching
-        id: pg_v15_rev
-        run: echo pg_rev=$(git rev-parse HEAD:vendor/postgres-v15) >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Set pg 16 revision for caching
-        id: pg_v16_rev
-        run: echo pg_rev=$(git rev-parse HEAD:vendor/postgres-v16) >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Set env variables
-        run: |
-          echo "CARGO_HOME=${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/.cargo" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-      - name: Cache postgres v14 build
-        id: cache_pg_14
-        uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: pg_install/v14
-          key: v1-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-pg-${{ steps.pg_v14_rev.outputs.pg_rev }}-${{ hashFiles('Makefile') }}
-
-      - name: Cache postgres v15 build
-        id: cache_pg_15
-        uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: pg_install/v15
-          key: v1-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-pg-${{ steps.pg_v15_rev.outputs.pg_rev }}-${{ hashFiles('Makefile') }}
-
-      - name: Cache postgres v16 build
-        id: cache_pg_16
-        uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: pg_install/v16
-          key: v1-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-pg-${{ steps.pg_v16_rev.outputs.pg_rev }}-${{ hashFiles('Makefile') }}
-
-      - name: Build postgres v14
-        if: steps.cache_pg_14.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: mold -run make postgres-v14 -j$(nproc)
-
-      - name: Build postgres v15
-        if: steps.cache_pg_15.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: mold -run make postgres-v15 -j$(nproc)
-
-      - name: Build postgres v16
-        if: steps.cache_pg_16.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: mold -run make postgres-v16 -j$(nproc)
-
-      - name: Build neon extensions
-        run: mold -run make neon-pg-ext -j$(nproc)
-
-      - name: Build walproposer-lib
-        run: mold -run make walproposer-lib -j$(nproc)
-
-      - name: Run cargo build
-        run: |
-          mold -run cargo build $CARGO_FLAGS $CARGO_FEATURES --bins --tests
-
-      - name: Run cargo test
-        run: |
-          cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS $CARGO_FEATURES
-
-          # Run separate tests for real S3
-          export ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE=nonempty
-          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_BUCKET=neon-github-ci-tests
-          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_REGION=eu-central-1
-          # Avoid `$CARGO_FEATURES` since there's no `testing` feature in the e2e tests now
-          cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS --package remote_storage --test test_real_s3
-
-          # Run separate tests for real Azure Blob Storage
-          # XXX: replace region with `eu-central-1`-like region
-          export ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE=y
-          export AZURE_STORAGE_ACCOUNT="${{ secrets.AZURE_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_DEV }}"
-          export AZURE_STORAGE_ACCESS_KEY="${{ secrets.AZURE_STORAGE_ACCESS_KEY_DEV }}"
-          export REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_CONTAINER="${{ vars.REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_CONTAINER }}"
-          export REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_REGION="${{ vars.REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_REGION }}"
-          # Avoid `$CARGO_FEATURES` since there's no `testing` feature in the e2e tests now
-          cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS --package remote_storage --test test_real_azure
-
-  check-codestyle-rust-arm:
-    timeout-minutes: 90
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, dev, arm64 ]
-
-    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
-      options: --init
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Fix git ownership
-        run: |
-          # Workaround for `fatal: detected dubious ownership in repository at ...`
-          #
-          # Use both ${{ github.workspace }} and ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE} because they're different on host and in containers
-          #   Ref https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/785
-          #
-          git config --global --add safe.directory ${{ github.workspace }}
-          git config --global --add safe.directory ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}
-          for r in 14 15 16; do
-            git config --global --add safe.directory "${{ github.workspace }}/vendor/postgres-v$r"
-            git config --global --add safe.directory "${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/vendor/postgres-v$r"
-          done
-
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          submodules: true
-          fetch-depth: 1
-
-      # Some of our rust modules use FFI and need those to be checked
-      - name: Get postgres headers
-        run: make postgres-headers -j$(nproc)
-
-      # cargo hack runs the given cargo subcommand (clippy in this case) for all feature combinations.
-      # This will catch compiler & clippy warnings in all feature combinations.
-      # TODO: use cargo hack for build and test as well, but, that's quite expensive.
-      # NB: keep clippy args in sync with ./run_clippy.sh
-      - run: |
-          CLIPPY_COMMON_ARGS="$( source .neon_clippy_args; echo "$CLIPPY_COMMON_ARGS")"
-          if [ "$CLIPPY_COMMON_ARGS" = "" ]; then
-            echo "No clippy args found in .neon_clippy_args"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          echo "CLIPPY_COMMON_ARGS=${CLIPPY_COMMON_ARGS}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Run cargo clippy (debug)
-        run: cargo hack --feature-powerset clippy $CLIPPY_COMMON_ARGS
-      - name: Run cargo clippy (release)
-        run: cargo hack --feature-powerset clippy --release $CLIPPY_COMMON_ARGS
-
-      - name: Check documentation generation
-        run: cargo doc --workspace --no-deps --document-private-items
-        env:
-            RUSTDOCFLAGS: "-Dwarnings -Arustdoc::private_intra_doc_links"
-
-      # Use `${{ !cancelled() }}` to run quck tests after the longer clippy run
-      - name: Check formatting
-        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
-        run: cargo fmt --all -- --check
-
-      # https://github.com/facebookincubator/cargo-guppy/tree/bec4e0eb29dcd1faac70b1b5360267fc02bf830e/tools/cargo-hakari#2-keep-the-workspace-hack-up-to-date-in-ci
-      - name: Check rust dependencies
-        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
-        run: |
-          cargo hakari generate --diff  # workspace-hack Cargo.toml is up-to-date
-          cargo hakari manage-deps --dry-run  # all workspace crates depend on workspace-hack
-
-      # https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny
-      - name: Check rust licenses/bans/advisories/sources
-        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
-        run: cargo deny check
-
  gather-rust-build-stats:
-    if: |
-      contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-extra-build-stats') ||
-      contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-extra-build-*') ||
-      github.ref_name == 'main'
+    if: github.ref_name == 'main' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-extra-build-stats')
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: Create Release Branch

 on:
  schedule:
-    - cron: '0 6 * * 1'
+    - cron: '0 7 * * 5'
  workflow_dispatch:

 jobs:
--- a/.github/workflows/update_build_tools_image.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/update_build_tools_image.yml
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-name: 'Update build tools image tag'
-
-# This workflow it used to update tag of build tools in ECR.
-# The most common use case is adding/moving `pinned` tag to `${GITHUB_RUN_IT}` image.
-
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-    inputs:
-      from-tag:
-        description: 'Source tag'
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      to-tag:
-        description: 'Destination tag'
-        required: true
-        type: string
-        default: 'pinned'
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash -euo pipefail {0}
-
-env:
-  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_DEV }}
-  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_KEY_DEV }}
-
-permissions: {}
-
-jobs:
-  tag-image:
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
-    container: golang:1.19-bullseye
-
-    env:
-      IMAGE: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools
-      FROM_TAG: ${{ inputs.from-tag }}
-      TO_TAG: ${{ inputs.to-tag }}
-    outputs:
-      next-digest-buildtools: ${{ steps.next-digest.outputs.next-digest-buildtools }}
-      prev-digest-buildtools: ${{ steps.prev-digest.outputs.prev-digest-buildtools }}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Install Crane & ECR helper
-        run: |
-          go install github.com/google/go-containerregistry/cmd/crane@a54d64203cffcbf94146e04069aae4a97f228ee2 # v0.16.1
-          go install github.com/awslabs/amazon-ecr-credential-helper/ecr-login/cli/docker-credential-ecr-login@adf1bafd791ae7d4ff098108b1e91f36a4da5404 # v0.7.1
-
-      - name: Configure ECR login
-        run: |
-          mkdir /github/home/.docker/
-          echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /github/home/.docker/config.json
-
-      - name: Get source image digest
-        id: next-digest
-        run: |
-          NEXT_DIGEST=$(crane digest ${IMAGE}:${FROM_TAG} || true)
-          if [ -z "${NEXT_DIGEST}" ]; then
-            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${FROM_TAG} does not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
-          echo "Current ${IMAGE}@${FROM_TAG} image is ${IMAGE}@${NEXT_DIGEST}"
-          echo "next-digest-buildtools=$NEXT_DIGEST" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Get destination image digest (if already exists)
-        id: prev-digest
-        run: |
-          PREV_DIGEST=$(crane digest ${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG} || true)
-          if [ -z "${PREV_DIGEST}" ]; then
-            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG} does not exist (it's ok)"
-          else
-            echo >&2 "Current ${IMAGE}@${TO_TAG} image is ${IMAGE}@${PREV_DIGEST}"
-
-            echo "prev-digest-buildtools=$PREV_DIGEST" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          fi
-
-      - name: Tag image
-        run: |
-          crane tag "${IMAGE}:${FROM_TAG}" "${TO_TAG}"
-
-  rollback-tag-image:
-    needs:  tag-image
-    if: ${{ !success() }}
-
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
-    container: golang:1.19-bullseye
-
-    env:
-      IMAGE: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools
-      FROM_TAG: ${{ inputs.from-tag }}
-      TO_TAG: ${{ inputs.to-tag }}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Install Crane & ECR helper
-        run: |
-          go install github.com/google/go-containerregistry/cmd/crane@a54d64203cffcbf94146e04069aae4a97f228ee2 # v0.16.1
-          go install github.com/awslabs/amazon-ecr-credential-helper/ecr-login/cli/docker-credential-ecr-login@adf1bafd791ae7d4ff098108b1e91f36a4da5404 # v0.7.1
-
-      - name: Configure ECR login
-        run: |
-          mkdir /github/home/.docker/
-          echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /github/home/.docker/config.json
-
-      - name: Restore previous tag if needed
-        run: |
-          NEXT_DIGEST="${{ needs.tag-image.outputs.next-digest-buildtools }}"
-          PREV_DIGEST="${{ needs.tag-image.outputs.prev-digest-buildtools }}"
-
-          if [ -z "${NEXT_DIGEST}" ]; then
-            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${FROM_TAG} does not exist, nothing to rollback"
-            exit 0
-          fi
-
-          if [ -z "${PREV_DIGEST}" ]; then
-            # I guess we should delete the tag here/untag the image, but crane does not support it
-            # - https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/issues/999
-
-            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG} did not exist, but it was created by the job, no need to rollback"
-
-            exit 0
-          fi
-
-          CURRENT_DIGEST=$(crane digest "${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG}")
-          if [ "${CURRENT_DIGEST}" == "${NEXT_DIGEST}" ]; then
-            crane tag "${IMAGE}@${PREV_DIGEST}" "${TO_TAG}"
-
-            echo >&2 "Successfully restored ${TO_TAG} tag from ${IMAGE}@${CURRENT_DIGEST} to ${IMAGE}@${PREV_DIGEST}"
-          else
-            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG}@${CURRENT_DIGEST} is not required to be restored"
-          fi
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ __pycache__/
 test_output/
 .vscode
 .idea
-neon.iml
 /.neon
 /integration_tests/.neon

@@ -19,6 +18,3 @@ neon.iml
 *.o
 *.so
 *.Po
-
-# pgindent typedef lists
-*.list
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -9,24 +9,6 @@ refactoring, additional comments, and so forth. Let's try to raise the
 bar, and clean things up as we go. Try to leave code in a better shape
 than it was before.

-## Pre-commit hook
-
-We have a sample pre-commit hook in `pre-commit.py`.
-To set it up, run:
-
-```bash
-ln -s ../../pre-commit.py .git/hooks/pre-commit
-```
-
-This will run following checks on staged files before each commit:
- `rustfmt`
- checks for python files, see [obligatory checks](/docs/sourcetree.md#obligatory-checks).
-
-There is also a separate script `./run_clippy.sh` that runs `cargo clippy` on the whole project
-and `./scripts/reformat` that runs all formatting tools to ensure the project is up to date.
-
-If you want to skip the hook, run `git commit` with `--no-verify` option.
-
 ## Submitting changes

 1. Get at least one +1 on your PR before you push.
@@ -70,17 +52,3 @@ We're using the following approach to make it work:
 - The label gets removed automatically, so to run CI again with new changes, the label should be added again (after the review)

 For details see [`approved-for-ci-run.yml`](.github/workflows/approved-for-ci-run.yml)
-
-## How do I add the "pinned" tag to an buildtools image?
-We use the `pinned` tag for `Dockerfile.buildtools` build images in our CI/CD setup, currently adding the `pinned` tag is a manual operation.
-
-You can call it from GitHub UI: https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/actions/workflows/update_build_tools_image.yml,
-or using GitHub CLI:
-
-```bash
-gh workflow -R neondatabase/neon run update_build_tools_image.yml \
-            -f from-tag=6254913013 \
-            -f to-tag=pinned \
-
-# Default `-f to-tag` is `pinned`, so the parameter can be omitted.
-```
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,11 +3,8 @@ resolver = "2"
 members = [
    "compute_tools",
    "control_plane",
-    "control_plane/attachment_service",
    "pageserver",
    "pageserver/ctl",
-    "pageserver/client",
-    "pageserver/pagebench",
    "proxy",
    "safekeeper",
    "storage_broker",
@@ -40,19 +37,20 @@ license = "Apache-2.0"
 [workspace.dependencies]
 anyhow = { version = "1.0", features = ["backtrace"] }
 arc-swap = "1.6"
-async-compression = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["tokio", "gzip", "zstd"] }
-azure_core = "0.18"
-azure_identity = "0.18"
-azure_storage = "0.18"
-azure_storage_blobs = "0.18"
+async-compression = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["tokio", "gzip"] }
+azure_core = "0.16"
+azure_identity = "0.16"
+azure_storage = "0.16"
+azure_storage_blobs = "0.16"
 flate2 = "1.0.26"
 async-stream = "0.3"
 async-trait = "0.1"
-aws-config = { version = "1.0", default-features = false, features=["rustls"] }
-aws-sdk-s3 = "1.0"
-aws-smithy-async = { version = "1.0", default-features = false, features=["rt-tokio"] }
-aws-smithy-types = "1.0"
-aws-credential-types = "1.0"
+aws-config = { version = "0.56", default-features = false, features=["rustls"] }
+aws-sdk-s3 = "0.29"
+aws-smithy-http = "0.56"
+aws-smithy-async = { version = "0.56", default-features = false, features=["rt-tokio"] }
+aws-credential-types = "0.56"
+aws-types = "0.56"
 axum = { version = "0.6.20", features = ["ws"] }
 base64 = "0.13.0"
 bincode = "1.3"
@@ -81,20 +79,18 @@ futures-util = "0.3"
 git-version = "0.3"
 hashbrown = "0.13"
 hashlink = "0.8.1"
-hdrhistogram = "7.5.2"
 hex = "0.4"
 hex-literal = "0.4"
 hmac = "0.12.1"
 hostname = "0.3.1"
-http-types = { version = "2", default-features = false }
+http-types = "2"
 humantime = "2.1"
 humantime-serde = "1.1.1"
 hyper = "0.14"
 hyper-tungstenite = "0.11"
 inotify = "0.10.2"
-ipnet = "2.9.0"
 itertools = "0.10"
-jsonwebtoken = "9"
+jsonwebtoken = "8"
 libc = "0.2"
 md5 = "0.7.0"
 memoffset = "0.8"
@@ -108,15 +104,12 @@ opentelemetry = "0.19.0"
 opentelemetry-otlp = { version = "0.12.0", default_features=false, features = ["http-proto", "trace", "http", "reqwest-client"] }
 opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.11.0"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-parquet = { version = "49.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["zstd"] }
-parquet_derive = "49.0.0"
 pbkdf2 = { version = "0.12.1", features = ["simple", "std"] }
 pin-project-lite = "0.2"
 prometheus = {version = "0.13", default_features=false, features = ["process"]} # removes protobuf dependency
 prost = "0.11"
 rand = "0.8"
-redis = { version = "0.24.0", features = ["tokio-rustls-comp", "keep-alive"] }
-regex = "1.10.2"
+regex = "1.4"
 reqwest = { version = "0.11", default-features = false, features = ["rustls-tls"] }
 reqwest-tracing = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["opentelemetry_0_19"] }
 reqwest-middleware = "0.2.0"
@@ -129,24 +122,20 @@ rustls-pemfile = "1"
 rustls-split = "0.3"
 scopeguard = "1.1"
 sysinfo = "0.29.2"
-sd-notify = "0.4.1"
 sentry = { version = "0.31", default-features = false, features = ["backtrace", "contexts", "panic", "rustls", "reqwest" ] }
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1"
-serde_path_to_error = "0.1"
 serde_with = "2.0"
 serde_assert = "0.5.0"
 sha2 = "0.10.2"
 signal-hook = "0.3"
 smallvec = "1.11"
-smol_str = { version = "0.2.0", features = ["serde"] }
 socket2 = "0.5"
 strum = "0.24"
 strum_macros = "0.24"
 svg_fmt = "0.4.1"
 sync_wrapper = "0.1.2"
 tar = "0.4"
-task-local-extensions = "0.1.4"
 test-context = "0.1"
 thiserror = "1.0"
 tls-listener = { version = "0.7", features = ["rustls", "hyper-h1"] }
@@ -156,7 +145,7 @@ tokio-postgres-rustls = "0.10.0"
 tokio-rustls = "0.24"
 tokio-stream = "0.1"
 tokio-tar = "0.3"
-tokio-util = { version = "0.7.10", features = ["io", "rt"] }
+tokio-util = { version = "0.7", features = ["io"] }
 toml = "0.7"
 toml_edit = "0.19"
 tonic = {version = "0.9", features = ["tls", "tls-roots"]}
@@ -165,7 +154,7 @@ tracing-error = "0.2.0"
 tracing-opentelemetry = "0.19.0"
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", default_features = false, features = ["smallvec", "fmt", "tracing-log", "std", "env-filter", "json"] }
 url = "2.2"
-uuid = { version = "1.6.1", features = ["v4", "v7", "serde"] }
+uuid = { version = "1.2", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
 walkdir = "2.3.2"
 webpki-roots = "0.25"
 x509-parser = "0.15"
@@ -175,11 +164,11 @@ env_logger = "0.10"
 log = "0.4"

 ## Libraries from neondatabase/ git forks, ideally with changes to be upstreamed
-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch="neon" }
-postgres-native-tls = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch="neon" }
-postgres-protocol = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch="neon" }
-postgres-types = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch="neon" }
-tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch="neon" }
+postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev="ce7260db5998fe27167da42503905a12e7ad9048" }
+postgres-native-tls = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev="ce7260db5998fe27167da42503905a12e7ad9048" }
+postgres-protocol = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev="ce7260db5998fe27167da42503905a12e7ad9048" }
+postgres-types = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev="ce7260db5998fe27167da42503905a12e7ad9048" }
+tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev="ce7260db5998fe27167da42503905a12e7ad9048" }

 ## Other git libraries
 heapless = { default-features=false, features=[], git = "https://github.com/japaric/heapless.git", rev = "644653bf3b831c6bb4963be2de24804acf5e5001" } # upstream release pending
@@ -189,7 +178,6 @@ compute_api = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/compute_api/" }
 consumption_metrics = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/consumption_metrics/" }
 metrics = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/metrics/" }
 pageserver_api = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/pageserver_api/" }
-pageserver_client = { path = "./pageserver/client" }
 postgres_backend = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/postgres_backend/" }
 postgres_connection = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/postgres_connection/" }
 postgres_ffi = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/postgres_ffi/" }
@@ -217,11 +205,7 @@ tonic-build = "0.9"

 # This is only needed for proxy's tests.
 # TODO: we should probably fork `tokio-postgres-rustls` instead.
-tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch="neon" }
-
-# bug fixes for UUID
-parquet = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/arrow-rs", branch = "neon-fix-bugs" }
-parquet_derive = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/arrow-rs", branch = "neon-fix-bugs" }
+tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev="ce7260db5998fe27167da42503905a12e7ad9048" }

 ################# Binary contents sections

--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 ### By default, the binaries inside the image have some mock parameters and can start, but are not intended to be used
 ### inside this image in the real deployments.
 ARG REPOSITORY=neondatabase
-ARG IMAGE=build-tools
+ARG IMAGE=rust
 ARG TAG=pinned

 # Build Postgres
--- a/Dockerfile.buildtools
+++ b/Dockerfile.buildtools
@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
-FROM debian:bullseye-slim
-
-# Add nonroot user
-RUN useradd -ms /bin/bash nonroot -b /home
-SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
-
-# System deps
-RUN set -e \
-    && apt update \
-    && apt install -y \
-        autoconf \
-        automake \
-        bison \
-        build-essential \
-        ca-certificates \
-        cmake \
-        curl \
-        flex \
-        git \
-        gnupg \
-        gzip \
-        jq \
-        libcurl4-openssl-dev \
-        libbz2-dev \
-        libffi-dev \
-        liblzma-dev \
-        libncurses5-dev \
-        libncursesw5-dev \
-        libpq-dev \
-        libreadline-dev \
-        libseccomp-dev \
-        libsqlite3-dev \
-        libssl-dev \
-        libstdc++-10-dev \
-        libtool \
-        libxml2-dev \
-        libxmlsec1-dev \
-        libxxhash-dev \
-        lsof \
-        make \
-        netcat \
-        net-tools \
-        openssh-client \
-        parallel \
-        pkg-config \
-        unzip \
-        wget \
-        xz-utils \
-        zlib1g-dev \
-        zstd \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*
-
-# protobuf-compiler (protoc)
-ENV PROTOC_VERSION 25.1
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v${PROTOC_VERSION}/protoc-${PROTOC_VERSION}-linux-$(uname -m | sed 's/aarch64/aarch_64/g').zip" -o "protoc.zip" \
-    && unzip -q protoc.zip -d protoc \
-    && mv protoc/bin/protoc /usr/local/bin/protoc \
-    && mv protoc/include/google /usr/local/include/google \
-    && rm -rf protoc.zip protoc
-
-# LLVM
-ENV LLVM_VERSION=17
-RUN curl -fsSL 'https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key' | apt-key add - \
-    && echo "deb http://apt.llvm.org/bullseye/ llvm-toolchain-bullseye-${LLVM_VERSION} main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/llvm.stable.list \
-    && apt update \
-    && apt install -y clang-${LLVM_VERSION} llvm-${LLVM_VERSION} \
-    && bash -c 'for f in /usr/bin/clang*-${LLVM_VERSION} /usr/bin/llvm*-${LLVM_VERSION}; do ln -s "${f}" "${f%-${LLVM_VERSION}}"; done' \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*
-
-# PostgreSQL 14
-RUN curl -fsSL 'https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc' | apt-key add - \
-    && echo 'deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt bullseye-pgdg main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list \
-    && apt update \
-    && apt install -y postgresql-client-14 \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*
-
-# AWS CLI
-RUN curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/awscli-exe-linux-$(uname -m).zip" -o "awscliv2.zip" \
-    && unzip -q awscliv2.zip \
-    && ./aws/install \
-    && rm awscliv2.zip
-
-# Mold: A Modern Linker
-ENV MOLD_VERSION v2.4.0
-RUN set -e \
-    && git clone https://github.com/rui314/mold.git \
-    && mkdir mold/build \
-    && cd mold/build \
-    && git checkout ${MOLD_VERSION} \
-    && cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ .. \
-    && cmake --build . -j $(nproc) \
-    && cmake --install . \
-    && cd .. \
-    && rm -rf mold
-
-# LCOV
-# Build lcov from a fork:
-# It includes several bug fixes on top on v2.0 release (https://github.com/linux-test-project/lcov/compare/v2.0...master)
-# And patches from us:
-# - Generates json file with code coverage summary (https://github.com/neondatabase/lcov/commit/426e7e7a22f669da54278e9b55e6d8caabd00af0.tar.gz)
-RUN for package in Capture::Tiny DateTime Devel::Cover Digest::MD5 File::Spec JSON::XS Memory::Process Time::HiRes JSON; do yes | perl -MCPAN -e "CPAN::Shell->notest('install', '$package')"; done \
-    && wget https://github.com/neondatabase/lcov/archive/426e7e7a22f669da54278e9b55e6d8caabd00af0.tar.gz -O lcov.tar.gz \
-    && echo "61a22a62e20908b8b9e27d890bd0ea31f567a7b9668065589266371dcbca0992  lcov.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check \
-    && mkdir -p lcov && tar -xzf lcov.tar.gz -C lcov --strip-components=1 \
-    && cd lcov \
-    && make install \
-    && rm -rf ../lcov.tar.gz
-
-# Switch to nonroot user
-USER nonroot:nonroot
-WORKDIR /home/nonroot
-
-# Python
-ENV PYTHON_VERSION=3.9.2 \
-    PYENV_ROOT=/home/nonroot/.pyenv \
-    PATH=/home/nonroot/.pyenv/shims:/home/nonroot/.pyenv/bin:/home/nonroot/.poetry/bin:$PATH
-RUN set -e \
-    && cd $HOME \
-    && curl -sSO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer/master/bin/pyenv-installer \
-    && chmod +x pyenv-installer \
-    && ./pyenv-installer \
-    && export PYENV_ROOT=/home/nonroot/.pyenv \
-    && export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH" \
-    && export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/shims:$PATH" \
-    && pyenv install ${PYTHON_VERSION} \
-    && pyenv global ${PYTHON_VERSION} \
-    && python --version \
-    && pip install --upgrade pip \
-    && pip --version \
-    && pip install pipenv wheel poetry
-
-# Switch to nonroot user (again)
-USER nonroot:nonroot
-WORKDIR /home/nonroot
-
-# Rust
-# Please keep the version of llvm (installed above) in sync with rust llvm (`rustc --version --verbose | grep LLVM`)
-ENV RUSTC_VERSION=1.75.0
-ENV RUSTUP_HOME="/home/nonroot/.rustup"
-ENV PATH="/home/nonroot/.cargo/bin:${PATH}"
-RUN curl -sSO https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/dist/$(uname -m)-unknown-linux-gnu/rustup-init && whoami && \
-	chmod +x rustup-init && \
-	./rustup-init -y --default-toolchain ${RUSTC_VERSION} && \
-	rm rustup-init && \
-    export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH" && \
-    . "$HOME/.cargo/env" && \
-    cargo --version && rustup --version && \
-    rustup component add llvm-tools-preview rustfmt clippy && \
-    cargo install --git https://github.com/paritytech/cachepot && \
-    cargo install rustfilt && \
-    cargo install cargo-hakari && \
-    cargo install cargo-deny && \
-    cargo install cargo-hack && \
-    cargo install cargo-nextest && \
-    rm -rf /home/nonroot/.cargo/registry && \
-    rm -rf /home/nonroot/.cargo/git
-ENV RUSTC_WRAPPER=cachepot
-
-# Show versions
-RUN whoami \
-    && python --version \
-    && pip --version \
-    && cargo --version --verbose \
-    && rustup --version --verbose \
-    && rustc --version --verbose \
-    && clang --version
--- a/Dockerfile.compute-node
+++ b/Dockerfile.compute-node
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ARG PG_VERSION
 ARG REPOSITORY=neondatabase
-ARG IMAGE=build-tools
+ARG IMAGE=rust
 ARG TAG=pinned
 ARG BUILD_TAG

@@ -48,29 +48,7 @@ RUN cd postgres && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgrowlocks.control && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgstattuple.control && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/refint.control && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/xml2.control && \
-    # We need to grant EXECUTE on pg_stat_statements_reset() to neon_superuser.
-    # In vanilla postgres this function is limited to Postgres role superuser.
-    # In neon we have neon_superuser role that is not a superuser but replaces superuser in some cases.
-    # We could add the additional grant statements to the postgres repository but it would be hard to maintain, 
-    # whenever we need to pick up a new postgres version and we want to limit the changes in our postgres fork,
-    # so we do it here.
-    old_list="pg_stat_statements--1.0--1.1.sql pg_stat_statements--1.1--1.2.sql pg_stat_statements--1.2--1.3.sql pg_stat_statements--1.3--1.4.sql pg_stat_statements--1.4--1.5.sql pg_stat_statements--1.4.sql pg_stat_statements--1.5--1.6.sql"; \
-    # the first loop is for pg_stat_statement extension version <= 1.6
-    for file in /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_stat_statements--*.sql; do \
-        filename=$(basename "$file"); \
-        if echo "$old_list" | grep -q -F "$filename"; then \
-            echo 'GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_stat_statements_reset() TO neon_superuser;' >> $file; \
-        fi; \
-    done; \
-    # the second loop is for pg_stat_statement extension versions >= 1.7, 
-    # where pg_stat_statement_reset() got 3 additional arguments
-    for file in /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_stat_statements--*.sql; do \
-        filename=$(basename "$file"); \
-        if ! echo "$old_list" | grep -q -F "$filename"; then \
-            echo 'GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_stat_statements_reset(Oid, Oid, bigint) TO neon_superuser;' >> $file; \
-        fi; \
-    done      
+    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/xml2.control

 #########################################################################################
 #
@@ -415,9 +393,7 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
        export TIMESCALEDB_CHECKSUM=6fca72a6ed0f6d32d2b3523951ede73dc5f9b0077b38450a029a5f411fdb8c73 \
        ;; \
      *) \
-        export TIMESCALEDB_VERSION=2.13.0 \
-        export TIMESCALEDB_CHECKSUM=584a351c7775f0e067eaa0e7277ea88cab9077cc4c455cbbf09a5d9723dce95d \
-        ;; \
+        echo "TimescaleDB not supported on this PostgreSQL version. See https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb/issues/5752" && exit 0;; \
    esac && \
    apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y cmake && \
@@ -591,23 +567,6 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/ChenHuajun/pg_roaringbitmap/archive/refs/tags/v0.5.4
    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/roaringbitmap.control

-#########################################################################################
-#
-# Layer "pg-semver-pg-build"
-# compile pg_semver extension
-#
-#########################################################################################
-FROM build-deps AS pg-semver-pg-build
-COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-
-ENV PATH "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
-RUN wget https://github.com/theory/pg-semver/archive/refs/tags/v0.32.1.tar.gz -O pg_semver.tar.gz && \
-    echo "fbdaf7512026d62eec03fad8687c15ed509b6ba395bff140acd63d2e4fbe25d7 pg_semver.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
-    mkdir pg_semver-src && cd pg_semver-src && tar xvzf ../pg_semver.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/semver.control
-
 #########################################################################################
 #
 # Layer "pg-embedding-pg-build"
@@ -755,23 +714,6 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/pksunkara/pgx_ulid/archive/refs/tags/v0.1.3.tar.gz -
    cargo pgrx install --release && \
    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/ulid.control

-#########################################################################################
-#
-# Layer "wal2json-build"
-# Compile "wal2json" extension
-#
-#########################################################################################
-
-FROM build-deps AS wal2json-pg-build
-COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-
-ENV PATH "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
-RUN wget https://github.com/eulerto/wal2json/archive/refs/tags/wal2json_2_5.tar.gz && \
-    echo "b516653575541cf221b99cf3f8be9b6821f6dbcfc125675c85f35090f824f00e wal2json_2_5.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
-    mkdir wal2json-src && cd wal2json-src && tar xvzf ../wal2json_2_5.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install
-
 #########################################################################################
 #
 # Layer "neon-pg-ext-build"
@@ -807,9 +749,7 @@ COPY --from=pg-pgx-ulid-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=rdkit-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-uuidv7-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-roaringbitmap-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-COPY --from=pg-semver-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-embedding-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
-COPY --from=wal2json-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql
 COPY pgxn/ pgxn/

 RUN make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) \
@@ -883,10 +823,8 @@ FROM debian:bullseye-slim
 RUN mkdir /var/db && useradd -m -d /var/db/postgres postgres && \
    echo "postgres:test_console_pass" | chpasswd && \
    mkdir /var/db/postgres/compute && mkdir /var/db/postgres/specs && \
-    mkdir /var/db/postgres/pgbouncer && \
    chown -R postgres:postgres /var/db/postgres && \
    chmod 0750 /var/db/postgres/compute && \
-    chmod 0750 /var/db/postgres/pgbouncer && \
    echo '/usr/local/lib' >> /etc/ld.so.conf && /sbin/ldconfig && \
    # create folder for file cache
    mkdir -p -m 777 /neon/cache
--- a/Dockerfile.compute-tools
+++ b/Dockerfile.compute-tools
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # First transient image to build compute_tools binaries
 # NB: keep in sync with rust image version in .github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
 ARG REPOSITORY=neondatabase
-ARG IMAGE=build-tools
+ARG IMAGE=rust
 ARG TAG=pinned
 ARG BUILD_TAG

--- a/38
+++ b/38
@@ -260,44 +260,6 @@ distclean:
 fmt:
 	./pre-commit.py --fix-inplace

-postgres-%-pg-bsd-indent: postgres-%
-	+@echo "Compiling pg_bsd_indent"
-	$(MAKE) -C $(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/$*/src/tools/pg_bsd_indent/
-
-# Create typedef list for the core. Note that generally it should be combined with
-# buildfarm one to cover platform specific stuff.
-# https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Running_pgindent_on_non-core_code_or_development_code
-postgres-%-typedefs.list: postgres-%
-	$(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/vendor/postgres-$*/src/tools/find_typedef $(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/$*/bin > $@
-
-# Indent postgres. See src/tools/pgindent/README for details.
-.PHONY: postgres-%-pgindent
-postgres-%-pgindent: postgres-%-pg-bsd-indent postgres-%-typedefs.list
-	+@echo merge with buildfarm typedef to cover all platforms
-	+@echo note: I first tried to download from pgbuildfarm.org, but for unclear reason e.g. \
-		REL_16_STABLE list misses PGSemaphoreData
-	# wget -q -O - "http://www.pgbuildfarm.org/cgi-bin/typedefs.pl?branch=REL_16_STABLE" |\
-	# cat - postgres-$*-typedefs.list | sort | uniq > postgres-$*-typedefs-full.list
-	cat $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/vendor/postgres-$*/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list |\
-		cat - postgres-$*-typedefs.list | sort | uniq > postgres-$*-typedefs-full.list
-	+@echo note: you might want to run it on selected files/dirs instead.
-	INDENT=$(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/$*/src/tools/pg_bsd_indent/pg_bsd_indent \
-		$(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/vendor/postgres-$*/src/tools/pgindent/pgindent --typedefs postgres-$*-typedefs-full.list \
-		$(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/vendor/postgres-$*/src/ \
-		--excludes $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/vendor/postgres-$*/src/tools/pgindent/exclude_file_patterns
-	rm -f pg*.BAK
-
-# Indent pxgn/neon.
-.PHONY: pgindent
-neon-pgindent: postgres-v16-pg-bsd-indent neon-pg-ext-v16
-	$(MAKE) PG_CONFIG=$(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/v16/bin/pg_config CFLAGS='$(PG_CFLAGS) $(COPT)' \
-		FIND_TYPEDEF=$(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/vendor/postgres-v16/src/tools/find_typedef \
-		INDENT=$(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/v16/src/tools/pg_bsd_indent/pg_bsd_indent \
-		PGINDENT_SCRIPT=$(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/vendor/postgres-v16/src/tools/pgindent/pgindent \
-		-C $(POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR)/build/neon-v16 \
-		-f $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/pgxn/neon/Makefile pgindent
-
-
 .PHONY: setup-pre-commit-hook
 setup-pre-commit-hook:
 	ln -s -f $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/pre-commit.py .git/hooks/pre-commit
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -29,14 +29,13 @@ See developer documentation in [SUMMARY.md](/docs/SUMMARY.md) for more informati
 ```bash
 apt install build-essential libtool libreadline-dev zlib1g-dev flex bison libseccomp-dev \
 libssl-dev clang pkg-config libpq-dev cmake postgresql-client protobuf-compiler \
-libcurl4-openssl-dev openssl python3-poetry lsof libicu-dev
+libcurl4-openssl-dev openssl python-poetry lsof libicu-dev
 ```
 * On Fedora, these packages are needed:
 ```bash
 dnf install flex bison readline-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel \
  libseccomp-devel perl clang cmake postgresql postgresql-contrib protobuf-compiler \
-  protobuf-devel libcurl-devel openssl poetry lsof libicu-devel libpq-devel python3-devel \
-  libffi-devel
+  protobuf-devel libcurl-devel openssl poetry lsof libicu-devel
 ```
 * On Arch based systems, these packages are needed:
 ```bash
@@ -150,9 +149,6 @@ tenant 9ef87a5bf0d92544f6fafeeb3239695c successfully created on the pageserver
 Created an initial timeline 'de200bd42b49cc1814412c7e592dd6e9' at Lsn 0/16B5A50 for tenant: 9ef87a5bf0d92544f6fafeeb3239695c
 Setting tenant 9ef87a5bf0d92544f6fafeeb3239695c as a default one

-# create postgres compute node
-> cargo neon endpoint create main
-
 # start postgres compute node
 > cargo neon endpoint start main
 Starting new endpoint main (PostgreSQL v14) on timeline de200bd42b49cc1814412c7e592dd6e9 ...
@@ -189,11 +185,8 @@ Created timeline 'b3b863fa45fa9e57e615f9f2d944e601' at Lsn 0/16F9A00 for tenant:
 (L) main [de200bd42b49cc1814412c7e592dd6e9]
 (L) ┗━ @0/16F9A00: migration_check [b3b863fa45fa9e57e615f9f2d944e601]

-# create postgres on that branch
-> cargo neon endpoint create migration_check --branch-name migration_check
-
 # start postgres on that branch
-> cargo neon endpoint start migration_check
+> cargo neon endpoint start migration_check --branch-name migration_check
 Starting new endpoint migration_check (PostgreSQL v14) on timeline b3b863fa45fa9e57e615f9f2d944e601 ...
 Starting postgres at 'postgresql://cloud_admin@127.0.0.1:55434/postgres'

--- a/compute_tools/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compute_tools/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ clap.workspace = true
 flate2.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-nix.workspace = true
 notify.workspace = true
 num_cpus.workspace = true
 opentelemetry.workspace = true
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ postgres.workspace = true
 regex.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
-signal-hook.workspace = true
 tar.workspace = true
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt", "rt-multi-thread"] }
@@ -39,6 +37,4 @@ workspace_hack.workspace = true
 toml_edit.workspace = true
 remote_storage = { version = "0.1", path = "../libs/remote_storage/" }
 vm_monitor = { version = "0.1", path = "../libs/vm_monitor/" }
-zstd = "0.13"
-bytes = "1.0"
-rust-ini = "0.20.0"
+zstd = "0.12.4"
--- a/compute_tools/src/bin/compute_ctl.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/bin/compute_ctl.rs
@@ -31,31 +31,27 @@
 //!             -C 'postgresql://cloud_admin@localhost/postgres' \
 //!             -S /var/db/postgres/specs/current.json \
 //!             -b /usr/local/bin/postgres \
-//!             -r http://pg-ext-s3-gateway \
+//!             -r {"bucket": "neon-dev-extensions-eu-central-1", "region": "eu-central-1"}
 //! ```
 //!
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process::exit;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Condvar, Mutex, RwLock};
 use std::{thread, time::Duration};

 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use chrono::Utc;
 use clap::Arg;
-use nix::sys::signal::{kill, Signal};
-use signal_hook::consts::{SIGQUIT, SIGTERM};
-use signal_hook::{consts::SIGINT, iterator::Signals};
 use tracing::{error, info};
 use url::Url;

 use compute_api::responses::ComputeStatus;

-use compute_tools::compute::{ComputeNode, ComputeState, ParsedSpec, PG_PID, SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID};
+use compute_tools::compute::{ComputeNode, ComputeState, ParsedSpec};
 use compute_tools::configurator::launch_configurator;
-use compute_tools::extension_server::get_pg_version;
+use compute_tools::extension_server::{get_pg_version, init_remote_storage};
 use compute_tools::http::api::launch_http_server;
 use compute_tools::logger::*;
 use compute_tools::monitor::launch_monitor;
@@ -64,18 +60,11 @@ use compute_tools::spec::*;

 // this is an arbitrary build tag. Fine as a default / for testing purposes
 // in-case of not-set environment var
-const BUILD_TAG_DEFAULT: &str = "latest";
+const BUILD_TAG_DEFAULT: &str = "5670669815";

 fn main() -> Result<()> {
    init_tracing_and_logging(DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL)?;

-    let mut signals = Signals::new([SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT])?;
-    thread::spawn(move || {
-        for sig in signals.forever() {
-            handle_exit_signal(sig);
-        }
-    });
-
    let build_tag = option_env!("BUILD_TAG")
        .unwrap_or(BUILD_TAG_DEFAULT)
        .to_string();
@@ -85,18 +74,10 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
    let pgbin_default = String::from("postgres");
    let pgbin = matches.get_one::<String>("pgbin").unwrap_or(&pgbin_default);

-    let ext_remote_storage = matches
-        .get_one::<String>("remote-ext-config")
-        // Compatibility hack: if the control plane specified any remote-ext-config
-        // use the default value for extension storage proxy gateway.
-        // Remove this once the control plane is updated to pass the gateway URL
-        .map(|conf| {
-            if conf.starts_with("http") {
-                conf.trim_end_matches('/')
-            } else {
-                "http://pg-ext-s3-gateway"
-            }
-        });
+    let remote_ext_config = matches.get_one::<String>("remote-ext-config");
+    let ext_remote_storage = remote_ext_config.map(|x| {
+        init_remote_storage(x).expect("cannot initialize remote extension storage from config")
+    });

    let http_port = *matches
        .get_one::<u16>("http-port")
@@ -217,16 +198,16 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
        live_config_allowed,
        state: Mutex::new(new_state),
        state_changed: Condvar::new(),
-        ext_remote_storage: ext_remote_storage.map(|s| s.to_string()),
+        ext_remote_storage,
        ext_download_progress: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
        build_tag,
    };
    let compute = Arc::new(compute_node);

    // If this is a pooled VM, prewarm before starting HTTP server and becoming
-    // available for binding. Prewarming helps Postgres start quicker later,
+    // available for binding. Prewarming helps postgres start quicker later,
    // because QEMU will already have it's memory allocated from the host, and
-    // the necessary binaries will already be cached.
+    // the necessary binaries will alreaady be cached.
    if !spec_set {
        compute.prewarm_postgres()?;
    }
@@ -269,11 +250,6 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {

    state.status = ComputeStatus::Init;
    compute.state_changed.notify_all();
-
-    info!(
-        "running compute with features: {:?}",
-        state.pspec.as_ref().unwrap().spec.features
-    );
    drop(state);

    // Launch remaining service threads
@@ -286,17 +262,11 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
    let pg = match compute.start_compute(extension_server_port) {
        Ok(pg) => Some(pg),
        Err(err) => {
-            error!("could not start the compute node: {:#}", err);
+            error!("could not start the compute node: {:?}", err);
            let mut state = compute.state.lock().unwrap();
            state.error = Some(format!("{:?}", err));
            state.status = ComputeStatus::Failed;
-            // Notify others that Postgres failed to start. In case of configuring the
-            // empty compute, it's likely that API handler is still waiting for compute
-            // state change. With this we will notify it that compute is in Failed state,
-            // so control plane will know about it earlier and record proper error instead
-            // of timeout.
-            compute.state_changed.notify_all();
-            drop(state); // unlock
+            drop(state);
            delay_exit = true;
            None
        }
@@ -348,20 +318,13 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Wait for the child Postgres process forever. In this state Ctrl+C will
    // propagate to Postgres and it will be shut down as well.
-    if let Some((mut pg, logs_handle)) = pg {
+    if let Some(mut pg) = pg {
        // Startup is finished, exit the startup tracing span
        drop(startup_context_guard);

        let ecode = pg
            .wait()
            .expect("failed to start waiting on Postgres process");
-        PG_PID.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
-
-        // Process has exited, so we can join the logs thread.
-        let _ = logs_handle
-            .join()
-            .map_err(|e| tracing::error!("log thread panicked: {:?}", e));
-
        info!("Postgres exited with code {}, shutting down", ecode);
        exit_code = ecode.code()
    }
@@ -516,24 +479,13 @@ fn cli() -> clap::Command {
                )
                .value_name("FILECACHE_CONNSTR"),
        )
-}
-
-/// When compute_ctl is killed, send also termination signal to sync-safekeepers
-/// to prevent leakage. TODO: it is better to convert compute_ctl to async and
-/// wait for termination which would be easy then.
-fn handle_exit_signal(sig: i32) {
-    info!("received {sig} termination signal");
-    let ss_pid = SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
-    if ss_pid != 0 {
-        let ss_pid = nix::unistd::Pid::from_raw(ss_pid as i32);
-        kill(ss_pid, Signal::SIGTERM).ok();
-    }
-    let pg_pid = PG_PID.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
-    if pg_pid != 0 {
-        let pg_pid = nix::unistd::Pid::from_raw(pg_pid as i32);
-        kill(pg_pid, Signal::SIGTERM).ok();
-    }
-    exit(1);
+        .arg(
+            // DEPRECATED, NO LONGER DOES ANYTHING.
+            // See https://github.com/neondatabase/cloud/issues/7516
+            Arg::new("file-cache-on-disk")
+                .long("file-cache-on-disk")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
 }

 #[test]
--- a/compute_tools/src/compute.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/compute.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,7 @@ use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
 use std::str::FromStr;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::{Condvar, Mutex, RwLock};
-use std::thread;
 use std::time::Instant;

 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
@@ -20,26 +17,22 @@ use futures::StreamExt;
 use postgres::{Client, NoTls};
 use tokio;
 use tokio_postgres;
-use tracing::{debug, error, info, instrument, warn};
+use tracing::{error, info, instrument, warn};
 use utils::id::{TenantId, TimelineId};
 use utils::lsn::Lsn;

 use compute_api::responses::{ComputeMetrics, ComputeStatus};
-use compute_api::spec::{ComputeFeature, ComputeMode, ComputeSpec};
+use compute_api::spec::{ComputeMode, ComputeSpec};
 use utils::measured_stream::MeasuredReader;

-use remote_storage::{DownloadError, RemotePath};
+use remote_storage::{DownloadError, GenericRemoteStorage, RemotePath};

 use crate::checker::create_availability_check_data;
-use crate::logger::inlinify;
 use crate::pg_helpers::*;
 use crate::spec::*;
 use crate::sync_sk::{check_if_synced, ping_safekeeper};
 use crate::{config, extension_server};

-pub static SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
-pub static PG_PID: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
-
 /// Compute node info shared across several `compute_ctl` threads.
 pub struct ComputeNode {
    // Url type maintains proper escaping
@@ -66,8 +59,8 @@ pub struct ComputeNode {
    pub state: Mutex<ComputeState>,
    /// `Condvar` to allow notifying waiters about state changes.
    pub state_changed: Condvar,
-    /// the address of extension storage proxy gateway
-    pub ext_remote_storage: Option<String>,
+    ///  the S3 bucket that we search for extensions in
+    pub ext_remote_storage: Option<GenericRemoteStorage>,
    // key: ext_archive_name, value: started download time, download_completed?
    pub ext_download_progress: RwLock<HashMap<String, (DateTime<Utc>, bool)>>,
    pub build_tag: String,
@@ -259,7 +252,7 @@ fn create_neon_superuser(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()>
                    IF NOT EXISTS (
                        SELECT FROM pg_catalog.pg_roles WHERE rolname = 'neon_superuser')
                    THEN
-                        CREATE ROLE neon_superuser CREATEDB CREATEROLE NOLOGIN REPLICATION BYPASSRLS IN ROLE pg_read_all_data, pg_write_all_data;
+                        CREATE ROLE neon_superuser CREATEDB CREATEROLE NOLOGIN REPLICATION IN ROLE pg_read_all_data, pg_write_all_data;
                        IF array_length(roles, 1) IS NOT NULL THEN
                            EXECUTE format('GRANT neon_superuser TO %s',
                                           array_to_string(ARRAY(SELECT quote_ident(x) FROM unnest(roles) as x), ', '));
@@ -276,7 +269,7 @@ fn create_neon_superuser(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()>
            $$;"#,
        roles_decl, database_decl,
    );
-    info!("Neon superuser created: {}", inlinify(&query));
+    info!("Neon superuser created:\n{}", &query);
    client
        .simple_query(&query)
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!(e).context(query))?;
@@ -284,17 +277,6 @@ fn create_neon_superuser(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()>
 }

 impl ComputeNode {
-    /// Check that compute node has corresponding feature enabled.
-    pub fn has_feature(&self, feature: ComputeFeature) -> bool {
-        let state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-
-        if let Some(s) = state.pspec.as_ref() {
-            s.spec.features.contains(&feature)
-        } else {
-            false
-        }
-    }
-
    pub fn set_status(&self, status: ComputeStatus) {
        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
        state.status = status;
@@ -492,7 +474,7 @@ impl ComputeNode {
    pub fn sync_safekeepers(&self, storage_auth_token: Option<String>) -> Result<Lsn> {
        let start_time = Utc::now();

-        let mut sync_handle = maybe_cgexec(&self.pgbin)
+        let sync_handle = maybe_cgexec(&self.pgbin)
            .args(["--sync-safekeepers"])
            .env("PGDATA", &self.pgdata) // we cannot use -D in this mode
            .envs(if let Some(storage_auth_token) = &storage_auth_token {
@@ -501,29 +483,15 @@ impl ComputeNode {
                vec![]
            })
            .stdout(Stdio::piped())
-            .stderr(Stdio::piped())
            .spawn()
            .expect("postgres --sync-safekeepers failed to start");
-        SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID.store(sync_handle.id(), Ordering::SeqCst);

        // `postgres --sync-safekeepers` will print all log output to stderr and
-        // final LSN to stdout. So we leave stdout to collect LSN, while stderr logs
-        // will be collected in a child thread.
-        let stderr = sync_handle
-            .stderr
-            .take()
-            .expect("stderr should be captured");
-        let logs_handle = handle_postgres_logs(stderr);
-
+        // final LSN to stdout. So we pipe only stdout, while stderr will be automatically
+        // redirected to the caller output.
        let sync_output = sync_handle
            .wait_with_output()
            .expect("postgres --sync-safekeepers failed");
-        SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
-
-        // Process has exited, so we can join the logs thread.
-        let _ = logs_handle
-            .join()
-            .map_err(|e| tracing::error!("log thread panicked: {:?}", e));

        if !sync_output.status.success() {
            anyhow::bail!(
@@ -661,12 +629,11 @@ impl ComputeNode {

    /// Start Postgres as a child process and manage DBs/roles.
    /// After that this will hang waiting on the postmaster process to exit.
-    /// Returns a handle to the child process and a handle to the logs thread.
    #[instrument(skip_all)]
    pub fn start_postgres(
        &self,
        storage_auth_token: Option<String>,
-    ) -> Result<(std::process::Child, std::thread::JoinHandle<()>)> {
+    ) -> Result<std::process::Child> {
        let pgdata_path = Path::new(&self.pgdata);

        // Run postgres as a child process.
@@ -677,18 +644,12 @@ impl ComputeNode {
            } else {
                vec![]
            })
-            .stderr(Stdio::piped())
            .spawn()
            .expect("cannot start postgres process");
-        PG_PID.store(pg.id(), Ordering::SeqCst);
-
-        // Start a thread to collect logs from stderr.
-        let stderr = pg.stderr.take().expect("stderr should be captured");
-        let logs_handle = handle_postgres_logs(stderr);

        wait_for_postgres(&mut pg, pgdata_path)?;

-        Ok((pg, logs_handle))
+        Ok(pg)
    }

    /// Do initial configuration of the already started Postgres.
@@ -737,7 +698,6 @@ impl ComputeNode {
        handle_role_deletions(spec, self.connstr.as_str(), &mut client)?;
        handle_grants(spec, &mut client, self.connstr.as_str())?;
        handle_extensions(spec, &mut client)?;
-        handle_extension_neon(&mut client)?;
        create_availability_check_data(&mut client)?;

        // 'Close' connection
@@ -765,33 +725,9 @@ impl ComputeNode {
    pub fn reconfigure(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let spec = self.state.lock().unwrap().pspec.clone().unwrap().spec;

-        if let Some(ref pgbouncer_settings) = spec.pgbouncer_settings {
-            info!("tuning pgbouncer");
-
-            let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
-                .enable_all()
-                .build()
-                .expect("failed to create rt");
-
-            // Spawn a thread to do the tuning,
-            // so that we don't block the main thread that starts Postgres.
-            let pgbouncer_settings = pgbouncer_settings.clone();
-            let _handle = thread::spawn(move || {
-                let res = rt.block_on(tune_pgbouncer(pgbouncer_settings));
-                if let Err(err) = res {
-                    error!("error while tuning pgbouncer: {err:?}");
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
        // Write new config
        let pgdata_path = Path::new(&self.pgdata);
-        let postgresql_conf_path = pgdata_path.join("postgresql.conf");
-        config::write_postgres_conf(&postgresql_conf_path, &spec, None)?;
-        // temporarily reset max_cluster_size in config
-        // to avoid the possibility of hitting the limit, while we are reconfiguring:
-        // creating new extensions, roles, etc...
-        config::compute_ctl_temp_override_create(pgdata_path, "neon.max_cluster_size=-1")?;
+        config::write_postgres_conf(&pgdata_path.join("postgresql.conf"), &spec, None)?;
        self.pg_reload_conf()?;

        let mut client = Client::connect(self.connstr.as_str(), NoTls)?;
@@ -806,16 +742,11 @@ impl ComputeNode {
            handle_role_deletions(&spec, self.connstr.as_str(), &mut client)?;
            handle_grants(&spec, &mut client, self.connstr.as_str())?;
            handle_extensions(&spec, &mut client)?;
-            handle_extension_neon(&mut client)?;
        }

        // 'Close' connection
        drop(client);

-        // reset max_cluster_size in config back to original value and reload config
-        config::compute_ctl_temp_override_remove(pgdata_path)?;
-        self.pg_reload_conf()?;
-
        let unknown_op = "unknown".to_string();
        let op_id = spec.operation_uuid.as_ref().unwrap_or(&unknown_op);
        info!(
@@ -827,10 +758,7 @@ impl ComputeNode {
    }

    #[instrument(skip_all)]
-    pub fn start_compute(
-        &self,
-        extension_server_port: u16,
-    ) -> Result<(std::process::Child, std::thread::JoinHandle<()>)> {
+    pub fn start_compute(&self, extension_server_port: u16) -> Result<std::process::Child> {
        let compute_state = self.state.lock().unwrap().clone();
        let pspec = compute_state.pspec.as_ref().expect("spec must be set");
        info!(
@@ -841,26 +769,6 @@ impl ComputeNode {
            pspec.timeline_id,
        );

-        // tune pgbouncer
-        if let Some(pgbouncer_settings) = &pspec.spec.pgbouncer_settings {
-            info!("tuning pgbouncer");
-
-            let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
-                .enable_all()
-                .build()
-                .expect("failed to create rt");
-
-            // Spawn a thread to do the tuning,
-            // so that we don't block the main thread that starts Postgres.
-            let pgbouncer_settings = pgbouncer_settings.clone();
-            let _handle = thread::spawn(move || {
-                let res = rt.block_on(tune_pgbouncer(pgbouncer_settings));
-                if let Err(err) = res {
-                    error!("error while tuning pgbouncer: {err:?}");
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
        info!(
            "start_compute spec.remote_extensions {:?}",
            pspec.spec.remote_extensions
@@ -895,21 +803,11 @@ impl ComputeNode {
        self.prepare_pgdata(&compute_state, extension_server_port)?;

        let start_time = Utc::now();
-        let pg_process = self.start_postgres(pspec.storage_auth_token.clone())?;
+        let pg = self.start_postgres(pspec.storage_auth_token.clone())?;

        let config_time = Utc::now();
        if pspec.spec.mode == ComputeMode::Primary && !pspec.spec.skip_pg_catalog_updates {
-            let pgdata_path = Path::new(&self.pgdata);
-            // temporarily reset max_cluster_size in config
-            // to avoid the possibility of hitting the limit, while we are applying config:
-            // creating new extensions, roles, etc...
-            config::compute_ctl_temp_override_create(pgdata_path, "neon.max_cluster_size=-1")?;
-            self.pg_reload_conf()?;
-
            self.apply_config(&compute_state)?;
-
-            config::compute_ctl_temp_override_remove(pgdata_path)?;
-            self.pg_reload_conf()?;
        }

        let startup_end_time = Utc::now();
@@ -945,17 +843,7 @@ impl ComputeNode {
        };
        info!(?metrics, "compute start finished");

-        Ok(pg_process)
-    }
-
-    /// Update the `last_active` in the shared state, but ensure that it's a more recent one.
-    pub fn update_last_active(&self, last_active: Option<DateTime<Utc>>) {
-        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-        // NB: `Some(<DateTime>)` is always greater than `None`.
-        if last_active > state.last_active {
-            state.last_active = last_active;
-            debug!("set the last compute activity time to: {:?}", last_active);
-        }
+        Ok(pg)
    }

    // Look for core dumps and collect backtraces.
@@ -1067,12 +955,12 @@ LIMIT 100",
        real_ext_name: String,
        ext_path: RemotePath,
    ) -> Result<u64, DownloadError> {
-        let ext_remote_storage =
-            self.ext_remote_storage
-                .as_ref()
-                .ok_or(DownloadError::BadInput(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                    "Remote extensions storage is not configured",
-                )))?;
+        let remote_storage = self
+            .ext_remote_storage
+            .as_ref()
+            .ok_or(DownloadError::BadInput(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "Remote extensions storage is not configured",
+            )))?;

        let ext_archive_name = ext_path.object_name().expect("bad path");

@@ -1128,7 +1016,7 @@ LIMIT 100",
        let download_size = extension_server::download_extension(
            &real_ext_name,
            &ext_path,
-            ext_remote_storage,
+            remote_storage,
            &self.pgbin,
        )
        .await
--- a/compute_tools/src/config.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/config.rs
@@ -93,25 +93,5 @@ pub fn write_postgres_conf(
        writeln!(file, "neon.extension_server_port={}", port)?;
    }

-    // This is essential to keep this line at the end of the file,
-    // because it is intended to override any settings above.
-    writeln!(file, "include_if_exists = 'compute_ctl_temp_override.conf'")?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// create file compute_ctl_temp_override.conf in pgdata_dir
-/// add provided options to this file
-pub fn compute_ctl_temp_override_create(pgdata_path: &Path, options: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    let path = pgdata_path.join("compute_ctl_temp_override.conf");
-    let mut file = File::create(path)?;
-    write!(file, "{}", options)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// remove file compute_ctl_temp_override.conf in pgdata_dir
-pub fn compute_ctl_temp_override_remove(pgdata_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
-    let path = pgdata_path.join("compute_ctl_temp_override.conf");
-    std::fs::remove_file(path)?;
    Ok(())
 }
--- a/compute_tools/src/extension_server.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/extension_server.rs
@@ -71,16 +71,18 @@ More specifically, here is an example ext_index.json
    }
 }
 */
+use anyhow::Context;
 use anyhow::{self, Result};
-use anyhow::{bail, Context};
-use bytes::Bytes;
 use compute_api::spec::RemoteExtSpec;
 use regex::Regex;
 use remote_storage::*;
-use reqwest::StatusCode;
+use serde_json;
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::str;
 use tar::Archive;
+use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tracing::info;
 use tracing::log::warn;
 use zstd::stream::read::Decoder;
@@ -131,36 +133,67 @@ fn parse_pg_version(human_version: &str) -> &str {
    panic!("Unsuported postgres version {human_version}");
 }

+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::parse_pg_version;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_pg_version() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 15.4"), "v15");
+        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 15.14"), "v15");
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 15.4 (Ubuntu 15.4-0ubuntu0.23.04.1)"),
+            "v15"
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 14.15"), "v14");
+        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 14.0"), "v14");
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 14.9 (Debian 14.9-1.pgdg120+1"),
+            "v14"
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 16devel"), "v16");
+        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 16beta1"), "v16");
+        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 16rc2"), "v16");
+        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 16extra"), "v16");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_parse_pg_unsupported_version() {
+        parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 13.14");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_parse_pg_incorrect_version_format() {
+        parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 14");
+    }
+}
+
 // download the archive for a given extension,
 // unzip it, and place files in the appropriate locations (share/lib)
 pub async fn download_extension(
    ext_name: &str,
    ext_path: &RemotePath,
-    ext_remote_storage: &str,
+    remote_storage: &GenericRemoteStorage,
    pgbin: &str,
 ) -> Result<u64> {
    info!("Download extension {:?} from {:?}", ext_name, ext_path);
-
-    // TODO add retry logic
-    let download_buffer =
-        match download_extension_tar(ext_remote_storage, &ext_path.to_string()).await {
-            Ok(buffer) => buffer,
-            Err(error_message) => {
-                return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                    "error downloading extension {:?}: {:?}",
-                    ext_name,
-                    error_message
-                ));
-            }
-        };
-
+    let mut download = remote_storage.download(ext_path).await?;
+    let mut download_buffer = Vec::new();
+    download
+        .download_stream
+        .read_to_end(&mut download_buffer)
+        .await?;
    let download_size = download_buffer.len() as u64;
-    info!("Download size {:?}", download_size);
    // it's unclear whether it is more performant to decompress into memory or not
    // TODO: decompressing into memory can be avoided
-    let decoder = Decoder::new(download_buffer.as_ref())?;
-    let mut archive = Archive::new(decoder);
-
+    let mut decoder = Decoder::new(download_buffer.as_slice())?;
+    let mut decompress_buffer = Vec::new();
+    decoder.read_to_end(&mut decompress_buffer)?;
+    let mut archive = Archive::new(decompress_buffer.as_slice());
    let unzip_dest = pgbin
        .strip_suffix("/bin/postgres")
        .expect("bad pgbin")
@@ -228,69 +261,27 @@ pub fn create_control_files(remote_extensions: &RemoteExtSpec, pgbin: &str) {
    }
 }

-// Do request to extension storage proxy, i.e.
-// curl http://pg-ext-s3-gateway/latest/v15/extensions/anon.tar.zst
-// using HHTP GET
-// and return the response body as bytes
-//
-async fn download_extension_tar(ext_remote_storage: &str, ext_path: &str) -> Result<Bytes> {
-    let uri = format!("{}/{}", ext_remote_storage, ext_path);
-
-    info!("Download extension {:?} from uri {:?}", ext_path, uri);
-
-    let resp = reqwest::get(uri).await?;
-
-    match resp.status() {
-        StatusCode::OK => match resp.bytes().await {
-            Ok(resp) => {
-                info!("Download extension {:?} completed successfully", ext_path);
-                Ok(resp)
-            }
-            Err(e) => bail!("could not deserialize remote extension response: {}", e),
-        },
-        StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE => bail!("remote extension is temporarily unavailable"),
-        _ => bail!(
-            "unexpected remote extension response status code: {}",
-            resp.status()
-        ),
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::parse_pg_version;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_pg_version() {
-        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 15.4"), "v15");
-        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 15.14"), "v15");
-        assert_eq!(
-            parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 15.4 (Ubuntu 15.4-0ubuntu0.23.04.1)"),
-            "v15"
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 14.15"), "v14");
-        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 14.0"), "v14");
-        assert_eq!(
-            parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 14.9 (Debian 14.9-1.pgdg120+1"),
-            "v14"
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 16devel"), "v16");
-        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 16beta1"), "v16");
-        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 16rc2"), "v16");
-        assert_eq!(parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 16extra"), "v16");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
-    fn test_parse_pg_unsupported_version() {
-        parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 13.14");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
-    fn test_parse_pg_incorrect_version_format() {
-        parse_pg_version("PostgreSQL 14");
+// This function initializes the necessary structs to use remote storage
+pub fn init_remote_storage(remote_ext_config: &str) -> anyhow::Result<GenericRemoteStorage> {
+    #[derive(Debug, serde::Deserialize)]
+    struct RemoteExtJson {
+        bucket: String,
+        region: String,
+        endpoint: Option<String>,
+        prefix: Option<String>,
    }
+    let remote_ext_json = serde_json::from_str::<RemoteExtJson>(remote_ext_config)?;
+
+    let config = S3Config {
+        bucket_name: remote_ext_json.bucket,
+        bucket_region: remote_ext_json.region,
+        prefix_in_bucket: remote_ext_json.prefix,
+        endpoint: remote_ext_json.endpoint,
+        concurrency_limit: NonZeroUsize::new(100).expect("100 != 0"),
+        max_keys_per_list_response: None,
+    };
+    let config = RemoteStorageConfig {
+        storage: RemoteStorageKind::AwsS3(config),
+    };
+    GenericRemoteStorage::from_config(&config)
 }
--- a/compute_tools/src/http/api.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/http/api.rs
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ async fn routes(req: Request<Body>, compute: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> Response<Body
            }
        }

-        // download extension files from remote extension storage on demand
+        // download extension files from S3 on demand
        (&Method::POST, route) if route.starts_with("/extension_server/") => {
            info!("serving {:?} POST request", route);
            info!("req.uri {:?}", req.uri());
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ async fn handle_configure_request(

        let parsed_spec = match ParsedSpec::try_from(spec) {
            Ok(ps) => ps,
-            Err(msg) => return Err((msg, StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)),
+            Err(msg) => return Err((msg, StatusCode::PRECONDITION_FAILED)),
        };

        // XXX: wrap state update under lock in code blocks. Otherwise,
--- a/compute_tools/src/http/openapi_spec.yaml
+++ b/compute_tools/src/http/openapi_spec.yaml
@@ -156,17 +156,17 @@ paths:
                description: Error text or 'OK' if download succeeded.
                example: "OK"
        400:
-          description: Request is invalid.
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                $ref: "#/components/schemas/GenericError"
+        description: Request is invalid.
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/GenericError"
        500:
-          description: Extension download request failed.
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                $ref: "#/components/schemas/GenericError"
+        description: Extension download request failed.
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/GenericError"

 components:
  securitySchemes:
--- a/compute_tools/src/logger.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/logger.rs
@@ -38,9 +38,3 @@ pub fn init_tracing_and_logging(default_log_level: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {

    Ok(())
 }
-
-/// Replace all newline characters with a special character to make it
-/// easier to grep for log messages.
-pub fn inlinify(s: &str) -> String {
-    s.replace('\n', "\u{200B}")
-}
--- a/compute_tools/src/monitor.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/monitor.rs
@@ -3,165 +3,97 @@ use std::{thread, time::Duration};

 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use postgres::{Client, NoTls};
-use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
+use tracing::{debug, info};

 use crate::compute::ComputeNode;
-use compute_api::responses::ComputeStatus;
-use compute_api::spec::ComputeFeature;

 const MONITOR_CHECK_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(500);

 // Spin in a loop and figure out the last activity time in the Postgres.
 // Then update it in the shared state. This function never errors out.
-// NB: the only expected panic is at `Mutex` unwrap(), all other errors
-// should be handled gracefully.
+// XXX: the only expected panic is at `RwLock` unwrap().
 fn watch_compute_activity(compute: &ComputeNode) {
    // Suppose that `connstr` doesn't change
    let connstr = compute.connstr.as_str();
-
-    // During startup and configuration we connect to every Postgres database,
-    // but we don't want to count this as some user activity. So wait until
-    // the compute fully started before monitoring activity.
-    wait_for_postgres_start(compute);
-
    // Define `client` outside of the loop to reuse existing connection if it's active.
    let mut client = Client::connect(connstr, NoTls);

-    let mut sleep = false;
-    let mut prev_active_time: Option<f64> = None;
-    let mut prev_sessions: Option<i64> = None;
-
-    if compute.has_feature(ComputeFeature::ActivityMonitorExperimental) {
-        info!("starting experimental activity monitor for {}", connstr);
-    } else {
-        info!("starting activity monitor for {}", connstr);
-    }
+    info!("watching Postgres activity at {}", connstr);

    loop {
-        // We use `continue` a lot, so it's more convenient to sleep at the top of the loop.
-        // But skip the first sleep, so we can connect to Postgres immediately.
-        if sleep {
-            // Should be outside of the mutex lock to allow others to read while we sleep.
-            thread::sleep(MONITOR_CHECK_INTERVAL);
-        } else {
-            sleep = true;
-        }
+        // Should be outside of the write lock to allow others to read while we sleep.
+        thread::sleep(MONITOR_CHECK_INTERVAL);

        match &mut client {
            Ok(cli) => {
                if cli.is_closed() {
-                    info!("connection to Postgres is closed, trying to reconnect");
+                    info!("connection to postgres closed, trying to reconnect");

                    // Connection is closed, reconnect and try again.
                    client = Client::connect(connstr, NoTls);
                    continue;
                }

-                // This is a new logic, only enable if the feature flag is set.
-                // TODO: remove this once we are sure that it works OR drop it altogether.
-                if compute.has_feature(ComputeFeature::ActivityMonitorExperimental) {
-                    // First, check if the total active time or sessions across all databases has changed.
-                    // If it did, it means that user executed some queries. In theory, it can even go down if
-                    // some databases were dropped, but it's still a user activity.
-                    match get_database_stats(cli) {
-                        Ok((active_time, sessions)) => {
-                            let mut detected_activity = false;
+                // Get all running client backends except ourself, use RFC3339 DateTime format.
+                let backends = cli
+                    .query(
+                        "SELECT state, to_char(state_change, 'YYYY-MM-DD\"T\"HH24:MI:SS.US\"Z\"') AS state_change
+                         FROM pg_stat_activity
+                         WHERE backend_type = 'client backend'
+                            AND pid != pg_backend_pid()
+                            AND usename != 'cloud_admin';", // XXX: find a better way to filter other monitors?
+                        &[],
+                    );
+                let mut last_active = compute.state.lock().unwrap().last_active;

-                            prev_active_time = match prev_active_time {
-                                Some(prev_active_time) => {
-                                    if active_time != prev_active_time {
-                                        detected_activity = true;
-                                    }
-                                    Some(active_time)
-                                }
-                                None => Some(active_time),
+                if let Ok(backs) = backends {
+                    let mut idle_backs: Vec<DateTime<Utc>> = vec![];
+
+                    for b in backs.into_iter() {
+                        let state: String = match b.try_get("state") {
+                            Ok(state) => state,
+                            Err(_) => continue,
+                        };
+
+                        if state == "idle" {
+                            let change: String = match b.try_get("state_change") {
+                                Ok(state_change) => state_change,
+                                Err(_) => continue,
                            };
-                            prev_sessions = match prev_sessions {
-                                Some(prev_sessions) => {
-                                    if sessions != prev_sessions {
-                                        detected_activity = true;
-                                    }
-                                    Some(sessions)
+                            let change = DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(&change);
+                            match change {
+                                Ok(t) => idle_backs.push(t.with_timezone(&Utc)),
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    info!("cannot parse backend state_change DateTime: {}", e);
+                                    continue;
                                }
-                                None => Some(sessions),
-                            };
-
-                            if detected_activity {
-                                // Update the last active time and continue, we don't need to
-                                // check backends state change.
-                                compute.update_last_active(Some(Utc::now()));
-                                continue;
                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // Found non-idle backend, so the last activity is NOW.
+                            // Save it and exit the for loop. Also clear the idle backend
+                            // `state_change` timestamps array as it doesn't matter now.
+                            last_active = Some(Utc::now());
+                            idle_backs.clear();
+                            break;
                        }
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            error!("could not get database statistics: {}", e);
-                            continue;
-                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Get idle backend `state_change` with the max timestamp.
+                    if let Some(last) = idle_backs.iter().max() {
+                        last_active = Some(*last);
                    }
                }

-                // Second, if database statistics is the same, check all backends state change,
-                // maybe there is some with more recent activity. `get_backends_state_change()`
-                // can return None or stale timestamp, so it's `compute.update_last_active()`
-                // responsibility to check if the new timestamp is more recent than the current one.
-                // This helps us to discover new sessions, that did nothing yet.
-                match get_backends_state_change(cli) {
-                    Ok(last_active) => {
-                        compute.update_last_active(last_active);
-                    }
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        error!("could not get backends state change: {}", e);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // Finally, if there are existing (logical) walsenders, do not suspend.
-                //
-                // walproposer doesn't currently show up in pg_stat_replication,
-                // but protect if it will be
-                let ws_count_query = "select count(*) from pg_stat_replication where application_name != 'walproposer';";
-                match cli.query_one(ws_count_query, &[]) {
-                    Ok(r) => match r.try_get::<&str, i64>("count") {
-                        Ok(num_ws) => {
-                            if num_ws > 0 {
-                                compute.update_last_active(Some(Utc::now()));
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            warn!("failed to parse walsenders count: {:?}", e);
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    },
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        warn!("failed to get list of walsenders: {:?}", e);
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                }
-                //
-                // Do not suspend compute if autovacuum is running
-                //
-                let autovacuum_count_query = "select count(*) from pg_stat_activity where backend_type = 'autovacuum worker'";
-                match cli.query_one(autovacuum_count_query, &[]) {
-                    Ok(r) => match r.try_get::<&str, i64>("count") {
-                        Ok(num_workers) => {
-                            if num_workers > 0 {
-                                compute.update_last_active(Some(Utc::now()));
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            warn!("failed to parse autovacuum workers count: {:?}", e);
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    },
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        warn!("failed to get list of autovacuum workers: {:?}", e);
-                        continue;
-                    }
+                // Update the last activity in the shared state if we got a more recent one.
+                let mut state = compute.state.lock().unwrap();
+                // NB: `Some(<DateTime>)` is always greater than `None`.
+                if last_active > state.last_active {
+                    state.last_active = last_active;
+                    debug!("set the last compute activity time to: {:?}", last_active);
                }
            }
            Err(e) => {
-                debug!("could not connect to Postgres: {}, retrying", e);
+                debug!("cannot connect to postgres: {}, retrying", e);

                // Establish a new connection and try again.
                client = Client::connect(connstr, NoTls);
@@ -170,124 +102,12 @@ fn watch_compute_activity(compute: &ComputeNode) {
    }
 }

-// Hang on condition variable waiting until the compute status is `Running`.
-fn wait_for_postgres_start(compute: &ComputeNode) {
-    let mut state = compute.state.lock().unwrap();
-    while state.status != ComputeStatus::Running {
-        info!("compute is not running, waiting before monitoring activity");
-        state = compute.state_changed.wait(state).unwrap();
-
-        if state.status == ComputeStatus::Running {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Figure out the total active time and sessions across all non-system databases.
-// Returned tuple is `(active_time, sessions)`.
-// It can return `0.0` active time or `0` sessions, which means no user databases exist OR
-// it was a start with skipped `pg_catalog` updates and user didn't do any queries
-// (or open any sessions) yet.
-fn get_database_stats(cli: &mut Client) -> anyhow::Result<(f64, i64)> {
-    // Filter out `postgres` database as `compute_ctl` and other monitoring tools
-    // like `postgres_exporter` use it to query Postgres statistics.
-    // Use explicit 8 bytes type casts to match Rust types.
-    let stats = cli.query_one(
-        "SELECT coalesce(sum(active_time), 0.0)::float8 AS total_active_time,
-            coalesce(sum(sessions), 0)::bigint AS total_sessions
-        FROM pg_stat_database
-        WHERE datname NOT IN (
-                'postgres',
-                'template0',
-                'template1'
-            );",
-        &[],
-    );
-    let stats = match stats {
-        Ok(stats) => stats,
-        Err(e) => {
-            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("could not query active_time: {}", e));
-        }
-    };
-
-    let active_time: f64 = match stats.try_get("total_active_time") {
-        Ok(active_time) => active_time,
-        Err(e) => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("could not get total_active_time: {}", e)),
-    };
-
-    let sessions: i64 = match stats.try_get("total_sessions") {
-        Ok(sessions) => sessions,
-        Err(e) => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("could not get total_sessions: {}", e)),
-    };
-
-    Ok((active_time, sessions))
-}
-
-// Figure out the most recent state change time across all client backends.
-// If there is currently active backend, timestamp will be `Utc::now()`.
-// It can return `None`, which means no client backends exist or we were
-// unable to parse the timestamp.
-fn get_backends_state_change(cli: &mut Client) -> anyhow::Result<Option<DateTime<Utc>>> {
-    let mut last_active: Option<DateTime<Utc>> = None;
-    // Get all running client backends except ourself, use RFC3339 DateTime format.
-    let backends = cli.query(
-        "SELECT state, to_char(state_change, 'YYYY-MM-DD\"T\"HH24:MI:SS.US\"Z\"') AS state_change
-                FROM pg_stat_activity
-                    WHERE backend_type = 'client backend'
-                    AND pid != pg_backend_pid()
-                    AND usename != 'cloud_admin';", // XXX: find a better way to filter other monitors?
-        &[],
-    );
-
-    match backends {
-        Ok(backs) => {
-            let mut idle_backs: Vec<DateTime<Utc>> = vec![];
-
-            for b in backs.into_iter() {
-                let state: String = match b.try_get("state") {
-                    Ok(state) => state,
-                    Err(_) => continue,
-                };
-
-                if state == "idle" {
-                    let change: String = match b.try_get("state_change") {
-                        Ok(state_change) => state_change,
-                        Err(_) => continue,
-                    };
-                    let change = DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(&change);
-                    match change {
-                        Ok(t) => idle_backs.push(t.with_timezone(&Utc)),
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            info!("cannot parse backend state_change DateTime: {}", e);
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Found non-idle backend, so the last activity is NOW.
-                    // Return immediately, no need to check other backends.
-                    return Ok(Some(Utc::now()));
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Get idle backend `state_change` with the max timestamp.
-            if let Some(last) = idle_backs.iter().max() {
-                last_active = Some(*last);
-            }
-        }
-        Err(e) => {
-            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("could not query backends: {}", e));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(last_active)
-}
-
 /// Launch a separate compute monitor thread and return its `JoinHandle`.
-pub fn launch_monitor(compute: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> thread::JoinHandle<()> {
-    let compute = Arc::clone(compute);
+pub fn launch_monitor(state: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> thread::JoinHandle<()> {
+    let state = Arc::clone(state);

    thread::Builder::new()
        .name("compute-monitor".into())
-        .spawn(move || watch_compute_activity(&compute))
+        .spawn(move || watch_compute_activity(&state))
        .expect("cannot launch compute monitor thread")
 }
--- a/compute_tools/src/pg_helpers.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/pg_helpers.rs
@@ -6,17 +6,12 @@ use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader};
 use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process::Child;
-use std::thread::JoinHandle;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
-use ini::Ini;
 use notify::{RecursiveMode, Watcher};
 use postgres::{Client, Transaction};
-use tokio::io::AsyncBufReadExt;
-use tokio::time::timeout;
-use tokio_postgres::NoTls;
-use tracing::{debug, error, info, instrument};
+use tracing::{debug, instrument};

 use compute_api::spec::{Database, GenericOption, GenericOptions, PgIdent, Role};

@@ -198,11 +193,16 @@ impl Escaping for PgIdent {
 /// Build a list of existing Postgres roles
 pub fn get_existing_roles(xact: &mut Transaction<'_>) -> Result<Vec<Role>> {
    let postgres_roles = xact
-        .query("SELECT rolname, rolpassword FROM pg_catalog.pg_authid", &[])?
+        .query(
+            "SELECT rolname, rolpassword, rolreplication, rolbypassrls FROM pg_catalog.pg_authid",
+            &[],
+        )?
        .iter()
        .map(|row| Role {
            name: row.get("rolname"),
            encrypted_password: row.get("rolpassword"),
+            replication: Some(row.get("rolreplication")),
+            bypassrls: Some(row.get("rolbypassrls")),
            options: None,
        })
        .collect();
@@ -364,172 +364,3 @@ pub fn create_pgdata(pgdata: &str) -> Result<()> {

    Ok(())
 }
-
-/// Update pgbouncer.ini with provided options
-fn update_pgbouncer_ini(
-    pgbouncer_config: HashMap<String, String>,
-    pgbouncer_ini_path: &str,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut conf = Ini::load_from_file(pgbouncer_ini_path)?;
-    let section = conf.section_mut(Some("pgbouncer")).unwrap();
-
-    for (option_name, value) in pgbouncer_config.iter() {
-        section.insert(option_name, value);
-        debug!(
-            "Updating pgbouncer.ini with new values {}={}",
-            option_name, value
-        );
-    }
-
-    conf.write_to_file(pgbouncer_ini_path)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Tune pgbouncer.
-/// 1. Apply new config using pgbouncer admin console
-/// 2. Add new values to pgbouncer.ini to preserve them after restart
-pub async fn tune_pgbouncer(pgbouncer_config: HashMap<String, String>) -> Result<()> {
-    let pgbouncer_connstr = if std::env::var_os("AUTOSCALING").is_some() {
-        // for VMs use pgbouncer specific way to connect to
-        // pgbouncer admin console without password
-        // when pgbouncer is running under the same user.
-        "host=/tmp port=6432 dbname=pgbouncer user=pgbouncer".to_string()
-    } else {
-        // for k8s use normal connection string with password
-        // to connect to pgbouncer admin console
-        let mut pgbouncer_connstr =
-            "host=localhost port=6432 dbname=pgbouncer user=postgres sslmode=disable".to_string();
-        if let Ok(pass) = std::env::var("PGBOUNCER_PASSWORD") {
-            pgbouncer_connstr.push_str(format!(" password={}", pass).as_str());
-        }
-        pgbouncer_connstr
-    };
-
-    info!(
-        "Connecting to pgbouncer with connection string: {}",
-        pgbouncer_connstr
-    );
-
-    // connect to pgbouncer, retrying several times
-    // because pgbouncer may not be ready yet
-    let mut retries = 3;
-    let client = loop {
-        match tokio_postgres::connect(&pgbouncer_connstr, NoTls).await {
-            Ok((client, connection)) => {
-                tokio::spawn(async move {
-                    if let Err(e) = connection.await {
-                        eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
-                    }
-                });
-                break client;
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                if retries == 0 {
-                    return Err(e.into());
-                }
-                error!("Failed to connect to pgbouncer: pgbouncer_connstr {}", e);
-                retries -= 1;
-                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Apply new config
-    for (option_name, value) in pgbouncer_config.iter() {
-        let query = format!("SET {}={}", option_name, value);
-        // keep this log line for debugging purposes
-        info!("Applying pgbouncer setting change: {}", query);
-
-        if let Err(err) = client.simple_query(&query).await {
-            // Don't fail on error, just print it into log
-            error!(
-                "Failed to apply pgbouncer setting change: {},  {}",
-                query, err
-            );
-        };
-    }
-
-    // save values to pgbouncer.ini
-    // so that they are preserved after pgbouncer restart
-    let pgbouncer_ini_path = if std::env::var_os("AUTOSCALING").is_some() {
-        // in VMs we use /etc/pgbouncer.ini
-        "/etc/pgbouncer.ini".to_string()
-    } else {
-        // in pods we use /var/db/postgres/pgbouncer/pgbouncer.ini
-        // this is a shared volume between pgbouncer and postgres containers
-        // FIXME: fix permissions for this file
-        "/var/db/postgres/pgbouncer/pgbouncer.ini".to_string()
-    };
-    update_pgbouncer_ini(pgbouncer_config, &pgbouncer_ini_path)?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Spawn a thread that will read Postgres logs from `stderr`, join multiline logs
-/// and send them to the logger. In the future we may also want to add context to
-/// these logs.
-pub fn handle_postgres_logs(stderr: std::process::ChildStderr) -> JoinHandle<()> {
-    std::thread::spawn(move || {
-        let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
-            .enable_all()
-            .build()
-            .expect("failed to build tokio runtime");
-
-        let res = runtime.block_on(async move {
-            let stderr = tokio::process::ChildStderr::from_std(stderr)?;
-            handle_postgres_logs_async(stderr).await
-        });
-        if let Err(e) = res {
-            tracing::error!("error while processing postgres logs: {}", e);
-        }
-    })
-}
-
-/// Read Postgres logs from `stderr` until EOF. Buffer is flushed on one of the following conditions:
-/// - next line starts with timestamp
-/// - EOF
-/// - no new lines were written for the last second
-async fn handle_postgres_logs_async(stderr: tokio::process::ChildStderr) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut lines = tokio::io::BufReader::new(stderr).lines();
-    let timeout_duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
-    let ts_regex =
-        regex::Regex::new(r"^\d+-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}").expect("regex is valid");
-
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    loop {
-        let next_line = timeout(timeout_duration, lines.next_line()).await;
-
-        // we should flush lines from the buffer if we cannot continue reading multiline message
-        let should_flush_buf = match next_line {
-            // Flushing if new line starts with timestamp
-            Ok(Ok(Some(ref line))) => ts_regex.is_match(line),
-            // Flushing on EOF, timeout or error
-            _ => true,
-        };
-
-        if !buf.is_empty() && should_flush_buf {
-            // join multiline message into a single line, separated by unicode Zero Width Space.
-            // "PG:" suffix is used to distinguish postgres logs from other logs.
-            let combined = format!("PG:{}\n", buf.join("\u{200B}"));
-            buf.clear();
-
-            // sync write to stderr to avoid interleaving with other logs
-            use std::io::Write;
-            let res = std::io::stderr().lock().write_all(combined.as_bytes());
-            if let Err(e) = res {
-                tracing::error!("error while writing to stderr: {}", e);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // if not timeout, append line to the buffer
-        if next_line.is_ok() {
-            match next_line?? {
-                Some(line) => buf.push(line),
-                // EOF
-                None => break,
-            };
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/compute_tools/src/spec.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/spec.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use reqwest::StatusCode;
 use tracing::{error, info, info_span, instrument, span_enabled, warn, Level};

 use crate::config;
-use crate::logger::inlinify;
 use crate::params::PG_HBA_ALL_MD5;
 use crate::pg_helpers::*;

@@ -119,6 +118,19 @@ pub fn get_spec_from_control_plane(
    spec
 }

+/// It takes cluster specification and does the following:
+/// - Serialize cluster config and put it into `postgresql.conf` completely rewriting the file.
+/// - Update `pg_hba.conf` to allow external connections.
+pub fn handle_configuration(spec: &ComputeSpec, pgdata_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    // File `postgresql.conf` is no longer included into `basebackup`, so just
+    // always write all config into it creating new file.
+    config::write_postgres_conf(&pgdata_path.join("postgresql.conf"), spec, None)?;
+
+    update_pg_hba(pgdata_path)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// Check `pg_hba.conf` and update if needed to allow external connections.
 pub fn update_pg_hba(pgdata_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
    // XXX: consider making it a part of spec.json
@@ -190,20 +202,18 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {

    // Print a list of existing Postgres roles (only in debug mode)
    if span_enabled!(Level::INFO) {
-        let mut vec = Vec::new();
+        info!("postgres roles:");
        for r in &existing_roles {
-            vec.push(format!(
-                "{}:{}",
+            info!(
+                "    - {}:{}",
                r.name,
                if r.encrypted_password.is_some() {
                    "[FILTERED]"
                } else {
                    "(null)"
                }
-            ));
+            );
        }
-
-        info!("postgres roles (total {}): {:?}", vec.len(), vec);
    }

    // Process delta operations first
@@ -241,10 +251,7 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
    // Refresh Postgres roles info to handle possible roles renaming
    let existing_roles: Vec<Role> = get_existing_roles(&mut xact)?;

-    info!(
-        "handling cluster spec roles (total {})",
-        spec.cluster.roles.len()
-    );
+    info!("cluster spec roles:");
    for role in &spec.cluster.roles {
        let name = &role.name;
        // XXX: with a limited number of roles it is fine, but consider making it a HashMap
@@ -258,6 +265,8 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
        let action = if let Some(r) = pg_role {
            if (r.encrypted_password.is_none() && role.encrypted_password.is_some())
                || (r.encrypted_password.is_some() && role.encrypted_password.is_none())
+                || !r.bypassrls.unwrap_or(false)
+                || !r.replication.unwrap_or(false)
            {
                RoleAction::Update
            } else if let Some(pg_pwd) = &r.encrypted_password {
@@ -289,25 +298,17 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
        match action {
            RoleAction::None => {}
            RoleAction::Update => {
-                // This can be run on /every/ role! Not just ones created through the console.
-                // This means that if you add some funny ALTER here that adds a permission,
-                // this will get run even on user-created roles! This will result in different
-                // behavior before and after a spec gets reapplied. The below ALTER as it stands
-                // now only grants LOGIN and changes the password. Please do not allow this branch
-                // to do anything silly.
-                let mut query: String = format!("ALTER ROLE {} ", name.pg_quote());
+                let mut query: String =
+                    format!("ALTER ROLE {} BYPASSRLS REPLICATION", name.pg_quote());
                query.push_str(&role.to_pg_options());
                xact.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
            }
            RoleAction::Create => {
-                // This branch only runs when roles are created through the console, so it is
-                // safe to add more permissions here. BYPASSRLS and REPLICATION are inherited
-                // from neon_superuser.
                let mut query: String = format!(
-                    "CREATE ROLE {} INHERIT CREATEROLE CREATEDB BYPASSRLS REPLICATION IN ROLE neon_superuser",
+                    "CREATE ROLE {} CREATEROLE CREATEDB BYPASSRLS REPLICATION IN ROLE neon_superuser",
                    name.pg_quote()
                );
-                info!("running role create query: '{}'", &query);
+                info!("role create query: '{}'", &query);
                query.push_str(&role.to_pg_options());
                xact.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
            }
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
                RoleAction::Create => " -> create",
                RoleAction::Update => " -> update",
            };
-            info!(" - {}:{}{}", name, pwd, action_str);
+            info!("   - {}:{}{}", name, pwd, action_str);
        }
    }

@@ -376,49 +377,33 @@ pub fn handle_role_deletions(spec: &ComputeSpec, connstr: &str, client: &mut Cli
    Ok(())
 }

-fn reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(
-    conf: Config,
-    role_name: &PgIdent,
-    db_owner: &PgIdent,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut client = conf.connect(NoTls)?;
-
-    // This will reassign all dependent objects to the db owner
-    let reassign_query = format!(
-        "REASSIGN OWNED BY {} TO {}",
-        role_name.pg_quote(),
-        db_owner.pg_quote()
-    );
-    info!(
-        "reassigning objects owned by '{}' in db '{}' to '{}'",
-        role_name,
-        conf.get_dbname().unwrap_or(""),
-        db_owner
-    );
-    client.simple_query(&reassign_query)?;
-
-    // This now will only drop privileges of the role
-    let drop_query = format!("DROP OWNED BY {}", role_name.pg_quote());
-    client.simple_query(&drop_query)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 // Reassign all owned objects in all databases to the owner of the database.
 fn reassign_owned_objects(spec: &ComputeSpec, connstr: &str, role_name: &PgIdent) -> Result<()> {
    for db in &spec.cluster.databases {
        if db.owner != *role_name {
            let mut conf = Config::from_str(connstr)?;
            conf.dbname(&db.name);
-            reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(conf, role_name, &db.owner)?;
+
+            let mut client = conf.connect(NoTls)?;
+
+            // This will reassign all dependent objects to the db owner
+            let reassign_query = format!(
+                "REASSIGN OWNED BY {} TO {}",
+                role_name.pg_quote(),
+                db.owner.pg_quote()
+            );
+            info!(
+                "reassigning objects owned by '{}' in db '{}' to '{}'",
+                role_name, &db.name, &db.owner
+            );
+            client.simple_query(&reassign_query)?;
+
+            // This now will only drop privileges of the role
+            let drop_query = format!("DROP OWNED BY {}", role_name.pg_quote());
+            client.simple_query(&drop_query)?;
        }
    }

-    // Also handle case when there are no databases in the spec.
-    // In this case we need to reassign objects in the default database.
-    let conf = Config::from_str(connstr)?;
-    let db_owner = PgIdent::from_str("cloud_admin")?;
-    reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(conf, role_name, &db_owner)?;
-
    Ok(())
 }

@@ -433,11 +418,10 @@ pub fn handle_databases(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {

    // Print a list of existing Postgres databases (only in debug mode)
    if span_enabled!(Level::INFO) {
-        let mut vec = Vec::new();
+        info!("postgres databases:");
        for (dbname, db) in &existing_dbs {
-            vec.push(format!("{}:{}", dbname, db.owner));
+            info!("    {}:{}", dbname, db.owner);
        }
-        info!("postgres databases (total {}): {:?}", vec.len(), vec);
    }

    // Process delta operations first
@@ -509,10 +493,7 @@ pub fn handle_databases(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
    // Refresh Postgres databases info to handle possible renames
    let existing_dbs = get_existing_dbs(client)?;

-    info!(
-        "handling cluster spec databases (total {})",
-        spec.cluster.databases.len()
-    );
+    info!("cluster spec databases:");
    for db in &spec.cluster.databases {
        let name = &db.name;
        let pg_db = existing_dbs.get(name);
@@ -571,7 +552,7 @@ pub fn handle_databases(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
                DatabaseAction::Create => " -> create",
                DatabaseAction::Update => " -> update",
            };
-            info!(" - {}:{}{}", db.name, db.owner, action_str);
+            info!("   - {}:{}{}", db.name, db.owner, action_str);
        }
    }

@@ -672,11 +653,7 @@ pub fn handle_grants(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client, connstr: &str) ->
            $$;"
        .to_string();

-        info!(
-            "grant query for db {} : {}",
-            &db.name,
-            inlinify(&grant_query)
-        );
+        info!("grant query for db {} : {}", &db.name, &grant_query);
        db_client.simple_query(&grant_query)?;
    }

@@ -697,33 +674,3 @@ pub fn handle_extensions(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()>

    Ok(())
 }
-
-/// Run CREATE and ALTER EXTENSION neon UPDATE for postgres database
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn handle_extension_neon(client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    info!("handle extension neon");
-
-    let mut query = "CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS neon";
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    query = "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS neon WITH SCHEMA neon";
-    info!("create neon extension with query: {}", query);
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    query = "UPDATE pg_extension SET extrelocatable = true WHERE extname = 'neon'";
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    query = "ALTER EXTENSION neon SET SCHEMA neon";
-    info!("alter neon extension schema with query: {}", query);
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    // this will be a no-op if extension is already up to date,
-    // which may happen in two cases:
-    // - extension was just installed
-    // - extension was already installed and is up to date
-    let query = "ALTER EXTENSION neon UPDATE";
-    info!("update neon extension schema with query: {}", query);
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/control_plane/Cargo.toml
+++ b/control_plane/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,11 +6,9 @@ license.workspace = true

 [dependencies]
 anyhow.workspace = true
-async-trait.workspace = true
 camino.workspace = true
 clap.workspace = true
 comfy-table.workspace = true
-futures.workspace = true
 git-version.workspace = true
 nix.workspace = true
 once_cell.workspace = true
@@ -26,11 +24,10 @@ tar.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 toml.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
-tokio-postgres.workspace = true
-tokio-util.workspace = true
 url.workspace = true
+# Note: Do not directly depend on pageserver or safekeeper; use pageserver_api or safekeeper_api
+# instead, so that recompile times are better.
 pageserver_api.workspace = true
-pageserver_client.workspace = true
 postgres_backend.workspace = true
 safekeeper_api.workspace = true
 postgres_connection.workspace = true
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/Cargo.toml
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "attachment_service"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-camino.workspace = true
-clap.workspace = true
-futures.workspace = true
-git-version.workspace = true
-hyper.workspace = true
-pageserver_api.workspace = true
-pageserver_client.workspace = true
-postgres_connection.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-thiserror.workspace = true
-tokio.workspace = true
-tokio-util.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
-
-# TODO: remove this after DB persistence is added, it is only used for
-# a parsing function when loading pageservers from neon_local LocalEnv
-postgres_backend.workspace = true
-
-utils = { path = "../../libs/utils/" }
-metrics = { path = "../../libs/metrics/" }
-control_plane = { path = ".." }
-workspace_hack = { version = "0.1", path = "../../workspace_hack" }
-
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/compute_hook.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/compute_hook.rs
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-use control_plane::endpoint::ComputeControlPlane;
-use control_plane::local_env::LocalEnv;
-use pageserver_api::shard::{ShardCount, ShardIndex, TenantShardId};
-use postgres_connection::parse_host_port;
-use utils::id::{NodeId, TenantId};
-
-pub(super) struct ComputeHookTenant {
-    shards: Vec<(ShardIndex, NodeId)>,
-}
-
-impl ComputeHookTenant {
-    pub(super) async fn maybe_reconfigure(&mut self, tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // Find the highest shard count and drop any shards that aren't
-        // for that shard count.
-        let shard_count = self.shards.iter().map(|(k, _v)| k.shard_count).max();
-        let Some(shard_count) = shard_count else {
-            // No shards, nothing to do.
-            tracing::info!("ComputeHookTenant::maybe_reconfigure: no shards");
-            return Ok(());
-        };
-
-        self.shards.retain(|(k, _v)| k.shard_count == shard_count);
-        self.shards
-            .sort_by_key(|(shard, _node_id)| shard.shard_number);
-
-        if self.shards.len() == shard_count.0 as usize || shard_count == ShardCount(0) {
-            // We have pageservers for all the shards: proceed to reconfigure compute
-            let env = match LocalEnv::load_config() {
-                Ok(e) => e,
-                Err(e) => {
-                    tracing::warn!(
-                        "Couldn't load neon_local config, skipping compute update ({e})"
-                    );
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-            };
-            let cplane = ComputeControlPlane::load(env.clone())
-                .expect("Error loading compute control plane");
-
-            let compute_pageservers = self
-                .shards
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(_shard, node_id)| {
-                    let ps_conf = env
-                        .get_pageserver_conf(*node_id)
-                        .expect("Unknown pageserver");
-                    let (pg_host, pg_port) = parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_pg_addr)
-                        .expect("Unable to parse listen_pg_addr");
-                    (pg_host, pg_port.unwrap_or(5432))
-                })
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            for (endpoint_name, endpoint) in &cplane.endpoints {
-                if endpoint.tenant_id == tenant_id && endpoint.status() == "running" {
-                    tracing::info!("🔁 Reconfiguring endpoint {}", endpoint_name,);
-                    endpoint.reconfigure(compute_pageservers.clone()).await?;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            tracing::info!(
-                "ComputeHookTenant::maybe_reconfigure: not enough shards ({}/{})",
-                self.shards.len(),
-                shard_count.0
-            );
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// The compute hook is a destination for notifications about changes to tenant:pageserver
-/// mapping.  It aggregates updates for the shards in a tenant, and when appropriate reconfigures
-/// the compute connection string.
-pub(super) struct ComputeHook {
-    state: tokio::sync::Mutex<HashMap<TenantId, ComputeHookTenant>>,
-}
-
-impl ComputeHook {
-    pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            state: Default::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(super) async fn notify(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        node_id: NodeId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        tracing::info!("ComputeHook::notify: {}->{}", tenant_shard_id, node_id);
-        let mut locked = self.state.lock().await;
-        let entry = locked
-            .entry(tenant_shard_id.tenant_id)
-            .or_insert_with(|| ComputeHookTenant { shards: Vec::new() });
-
-        let shard_index = ShardIndex {
-            shard_count: tenant_shard_id.shard_count,
-            shard_number: tenant_shard_id.shard_number,
-        };
-
-        let mut set = false;
-        for (existing_shard, existing_node) in &mut entry.shards {
-            if *existing_shard == shard_index {
-                *existing_node = node_id;
-                set = true;
-            }
-        }
-        if !set {
-            entry.shards.push((shard_index, node_id));
-        }
-
-        entry.maybe_reconfigure(tenant_shard_id.tenant_id).await
-    }
-}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/http.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/http.rs
@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-use crate::reconciler::ReconcileError;
-use crate::service::Service;
-use hyper::{Body, Request, Response};
-use hyper::{StatusCode, Uri};
-use pageserver_api::models::{TenantCreateRequest, TimelineCreateRequest};
-use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use utils::auth::SwappableJwtAuth;
-use utils::http::endpoint::{auth_middleware, request_span};
-use utils::http::request::parse_request_param;
-use utils::id::TenantId;
-
-use utils::{
-    http::{
-        endpoint::{self},
-        error::ApiError,
-        json::{json_request, json_response},
-        RequestExt, RouterBuilder,
-    },
-    id::NodeId,
-};
-
-use pageserver_api::control_api::{ReAttachRequest, ValidateRequest};
-
-use control_plane::attachment_service::{
-    AttachHookRequest, InspectRequest, NodeConfigureRequest, NodeRegisterRequest,
-    TenantShardMigrateRequest,
-};
-
-/// State available to HTTP request handlers
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct HttpState {
-    service: Arc<crate::service::Service>,
-    auth: Option<Arc<SwappableJwtAuth>>,
-    allowlist_routes: Vec<Uri>,
-}
-
-impl HttpState {
-    pub fn new(service: Arc<crate::service::Service>, auth: Option<Arc<SwappableJwtAuth>>) -> Self {
-        let allowlist_routes = ["/status"]
-            .iter()
-            .map(|v| v.parse().unwrap())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        Self {
-            service,
-            auth,
-            allowlist_routes,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-fn get_state(request: &Request<Body>) -> &HttpState {
-    request
-        .data::<Arc<HttpState>>()
-        .expect("unknown state type")
-        .as_ref()
-}
-
-/// Pageserver calls into this on startup, to learn which tenants it should attach
-async fn handle_re_attach(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let reattach_req = json_request::<ReAttachRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-    json_response(
-        StatusCode::OK,
-        state
-            .service
-            .re_attach(reattach_req)
-            .await
-            .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?,
-    )
-}
-
-/// Pageserver calls into this before doing deletions, to confirm that it still
-/// holds the latest generation for the tenants with deletions enqueued
-async fn handle_validate(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let validate_req = json_request::<ValidateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, state.service.validate(validate_req))
-}
-
-/// Call into this before attaching a tenant to a pageserver, to acquire a generation number
-/// (in the real control plane this is unnecessary, because the same program is managing
-///  generation numbers and doing attachments).
-async fn handle_attach_hook(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let attach_req = json_request::<AttachHookRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-
-    json_response(
-        StatusCode::OK,
-        state
-            .service
-            .attach_hook(attach_req)
-            .await
-            .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?,
-    )
-}
-
-async fn handle_inspect(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let inspect_req = json_request::<InspectRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, state.service.inspect(inspect_req))
-}
-
-async fn handle_tenant_create(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let create_req = json_request::<TenantCreateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-    json_response(
-        StatusCode::OK,
-        state.service.tenant_create(create_req).await?,
-    )
-}
-
-async fn handle_tenant_timeline_create(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let tenant_id: TenantId = parse_request_param(&req, "tenant_id")?;
-    let create_req = json_request::<TimelineCreateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-    json_response(
-        StatusCode::OK,
-        state
-            .service
-            .tenant_timeline_create(tenant_id, create_req)
-            .await?,
-    )
-}
-
-async fn handle_tenant_locate(req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let tenant_id: TenantId = parse_request_param(&req, "tenant_id")?;
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, state.service.tenant_locate(tenant_id)?)
-}
-
-async fn handle_node_register(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let register_req = json_request::<NodeRegisterRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-    state.service.node_register(register_req).await?;
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
-}
-
-async fn handle_node_configure(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let node_id: NodeId = parse_request_param(&req, "node_id")?;
-    let config_req = json_request::<NodeConfigureRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-    if node_id != config_req.node_id {
-        return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow::anyhow!(
-            "Path and body node_id differ"
-        )));
-    }
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, state.service.node_configure(config_req)?)
-}
-
-async fn handle_tenant_shard_migrate(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId = parse_request_param(&req, "tenant_shard_id")?;
-    let migrate_req = json_request::<TenantShardMigrateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-    let state = get_state(&req);
-    json_response(
-        StatusCode::OK,
-        state
-            .service
-            .tenant_shard_migrate(tenant_shard_id, migrate_req)
-            .await?,
-    )
-}
-
-/// Status endpoint is just used for checking that our HTTP listener is up
-async fn handle_status(_req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
-}
-
-impl From<ReconcileError> for ApiError {
-    fn from(value: ReconcileError) -> Self {
-        ApiError::Conflict(format!("Reconciliation error: {}", value))
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn make_router(
-    service: Arc<Service>,
-    auth: Option<Arc<SwappableJwtAuth>>,
-) -> RouterBuilder<hyper::Body, ApiError> {
-    let mut router = endpoint::make_router();
-    if auth.is_some() {
-        router = router.middleware(auth_middleware(|request| {
-            let state = get_state(request);
-            if state.allowlist_routes.contains(request.uri()) {
-                None
-            } else {
-                state.auth.as_deref()
-            }
-        }))
-    }
-
-    router
-        .data(Arc::new(HttpState::new(service, auth)))
-        .get("/status", |r| request_span(r, handle_status))
-        .post("/re-attach", |r| request_span(r, handle_re_attach))
-        .post("/validate", |r| request_span(r, handle_validate))
-        .post("/attach-hook", |r| request_span(r, handle_attach_hook))
-        .post("/inspect", |r| request_span(r, handle_inspect))
-        .post("/node", |r| request_span(r, handle_node_register))
-        .put("/node/:node_id/config", |r| {
-            request_span(r, handle_node_configure)
-        })
-        .post("/tenant", |r| request_span(r, handle_tenant_create))
-        .post("/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline", |r| {
-            request_span(r, handle_tenant_timeline_create)
-        })
-        .get("/tenant/:tenant_id/locate", |r| {
-            request_span(r, handle_tenant_locate)
-        })
-        .put("/tenant/:tenant_shard_id/migrate", |r| {
-            request_span(r, handle_tenant_shard_migrate)
-        })
-}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/lib.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use utils::seqwait::MonotonicCounter;
-
-mod compute_hook;
-pub mod http;
-mod node;
-pub mod persistence;
-mod reconciler;
-mod scheduler;
-pub mod service;
-mod tenant_state;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-enum PlacementPolicy {
-    /// Cheapest way to attach a tenant: just one pageserver, no secondary
-    Single,
-    /// Production-ready way to attach a tenant: one attached pageserver and
-    /// some number of secondaries.
-    Double(usize),
-}
-
-#[derive(Ord, PartialOrd, Eq, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-struct Sequence(u64);
-
-impl Sequence {
-    fn initial() -> Self {
-        Self(0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for Sequence {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl MonotonicCounter<Sequence> for Sequence {
-    fn cnt_advance(&mut self, v: Sequence) {
-        assert!(*self <= v);
-        *self = v;
-    }
-    fn cnt_value(&self) -> Sequence {
-        *self
-    }
-}
-
-impl Sequence {
-    fn next(&self) -> Sequence {
-        Sequence(self.0 + 1)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for PlacementPolicy {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        PlacementPolicy::Double(1)
-    }
-}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/main.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/main.rs
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-/// The attachment service mimics the aspects of the control plane API
-/// that are required for a pageserver to operate.
-///
-/// This enables running & testing pageservers without a full-blown
-/// deployment of the Neon cloud platform.
-///
-use anyhow::anyhow;
-use attachment_service::http::make_router;
-use attachment_service::persistence::Persistence;
-use attachment_service::service::{Config, Service};
-use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
-use clap::Parser;
-use metrics::launch_timestamp::LaunchTimestamp;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use utils::auth::{JwtAuth, SwappableJwtAuth};
-use utils::logging::{self, LogFormat};
-use utils::signals::{ShutdownSignals, Signal};
-
-use utils::{project_build_tag, project_git_version, tcp_listener};
-
-project_git_version!(GIT_VERSION);
-project_build_tag!(BUILD_TAG);
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[command(arg_required_else_help(true))]
-struct Cli {
-    /// Host and port to listen on, like `127.0.0.1:1234`
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    listen: std::net::SocketAddr,
-
-    /// Path to public key for JWT authentication of clients
-    #[arg(long)]
-    public_key: Option<camino::Utf8PathBuf>,
-
-    /// Token for authenticating this service with the pageservers it controls
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    jwt_token: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Path to the .json file to store state (will be created if it doesn't exist)
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    path: Utf8PathBuf,
-}
-
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let launch_ts = Box::leak(Box::new(LaunchTimestamp::generate()));
-
-    logging::init(
-        LogFormat::Plain,
-        logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement::Disabled,
-        logging::Output::Stdout,
-    )?;
-
-    let args = Cli::parse();
-    tracing::info!(
-        "version: {}, launch_timestamp: {}, build_tag {}, state at {}, listening on {}",
-        GIT_VERSION,
-        launch_ts.to_string(),
-        BUILD_TAG,
-        args.path,
-        args.listen
-    );
-
-    let config = Config {
-        jwt_token: args.jwt_token,
-    };
-
-    let persistence = Arc::new(Persistence::new(&args.path).await);
-
-    let service = Service::spawn(config, persistence).await?;
-
-    let http_listener = tcp_listener::bind(args.listen)?;
-
-    let auth = if let Some(public_key_path) = &args.public_key {
-        let jwt_auth = JwtAuth::from_key_path(public_key_path)?;
-        Some(Arc::new(SwappableJwtAuth::new(jwt_auth)))
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-    let router = make_router(service, auth)
-        .build()
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err))?;
-    let service = utils::http::RouterService::new(router).unwrap();
-    let server = hyper::Server::from_tcp(http_listener)?.serve(service);
-
-    tracing::info!("Serving on {0}", args.listen);
-
-    tokio::task::spawn(server);
-
-    ShutdownSignals::handle(|signal| match signal {
-        Signal::Interrupt | Signal::Terminate | Signal::Quit => {
-            tracing::info!("Got {}. Terminating", signal.name());
-            // We're just a test helper: no graceful shutdown.
-            std::process::exit(0);
-        }
-    })?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/node.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/node.rs
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-use control_plane::attachment_service::{NodeAvailability, NodeSchedulingPolicy};
-use utils::id::NodeId;
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct Node {
-    pub(crate) id: NodeId,
-
-    pub(crate) availability: NodeAvailability,
-    pub(crate) scheduling: NodeSchedulingPolicy,
-
-    pub(crate) listen_http_addr: String,
-    pub(crate) listen_http_port: u16,
-
-    pub(crate) listen_pg_addr: String,
-    pub(crate) listen_pg_port: u16,
-}
-
-impl Node {
-    pub(crate) fn base_url(&self) -> String {
-        format!("http://{}:{}", self.listen_http_addr, self.listen_http_port)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this node elegible to have work scheduled onto it?
-    pub(crate) fn may_schedule(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.availability {
-            NodeAvailability::Active => {}
-            NodeAvailability::Offline => return false,
-        }
-
-        match self.scheduling {
-            NodeSchedulingPolicy::Active => true,
-            NodeSchedulingPolicy::Draining => false,
-            NodeSchedulingPolicy::Filling => true,
-            NodeSchedulingPolicy::Pause => false,
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/persistence.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/persistence.rs
@@ -1,272 +0,0 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, str::FromStr};
-
-use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
-use control_plane::{
-    attachment_service::{NodeAvailability, NodeSchedulingPolicy},
-    local_env::LocalEnv,
-};
-use pageserver_api::{
-    models::TenantConfig,
-    shard::{ShardCount, ShardNumber, TenantShardId},
-};
-use postgres_connection::parse_host_port;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use utils::{
-    generation::Generation,
-    id::{NodeId, TenantId},
-};
-
-use crate::{node::Node, PlacementPolicy};
-
-/// Placeholder for storage.  This will be replaced with a database client.
-pub struct Persistence {
-    state: std::sync::Mutex<PersistentState>,
-}
-
-// Top level state available to all HTTP handlers
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistentState {
-    tenants: HashMap<TenantShardId, TenantShardPersistence>,
-
-    #[serde(skip)]
-    path: Utf8PathBuf,
-}
-
-/// A convenience for serializing the state inside a sync lock, and then
-/// writing it to disk outside of the lock.  This will go away when switching
-/// to a database backend.
-struct PendingWrite {
-    bytes: Vec<u8>,
-    path: Utf8PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl PendingWrite {
-    async fn commit(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        tokio::fs::write(&self.path, &self.bytes).await?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl PersistentState {
-    fn save(&self) -> PendingWrite {
-        PendingWrite {
-            bytes: serde_json::to_vec(self).expect("Serialization error"),
-            path: self.path.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn load(path: &Utf8Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let bytes = tokio::fs::read(path).await?;
-        let mut decoded = serde_json::from_slice::<Self>(&bytes)?;
-        decoded.path = path.to_owned();
-
-        for (tenant_id, tenant) in &mut decoded.tenants {
-            // Backward compat: an old attachments.json from before PR #6251, replace
-            // empty strings with proper defaults.
-            if tenant.tenant_id.is_empty() {
-                tenant.tenant_id = format!("{}", tenant_id);
-                tenant.config = serde_json::to_string(&TenantConfig::default())?;
-                tenant.placement_policy = serde_json::to_string(&PlacementPolicy::default())?;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(decoded)
-    }
-
-    async fn load_or_new(path: &Utf8Path) -> Self {
-        match Self::load(path).await {
-            Ok(s) => {
-                tracing::info!("Loaded state file at {}", path);
-                s
-            }
-            Err(e)
-                if e.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>()
-                    .map(|e| e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound)
-                    .unwrap_or(false) =>
-            {
-                tracing::info!("Will create state file at {}", path);
-                Self {
-                    tenants: HashMap::new(),
-                    path: path.to_owned(),
-                }
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                panic!("Failed to load state from '{}': {e:#} (maybe your .neon/ dir was written by an older version?)", path)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Persistence {
-    pub async fn new(path: &Utf8Path) -> Self {
-        let state = PersistentState::load_or_new(path).await;
-        Self {
-            state: std::sync::Mutex::new(state),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// When registering a node, persist it so that on next start we will be able to
-    /// iterate over known nodes to synchronize their tenant shard states with our observed state.
-    pub(crate) async fn insert_node(&self, _node: &Node) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // TODO: node persitence will come with database backend
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// At startup, we populate the service's list of nodes, and use this list to call into
-    /// each node to do an initial reconciliation of the state of the world with our in-memory
-    /// observed state.
-    pub(crate) async fn list_nodes(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Node>> {
-        let env = LocalEnv::load_config()?;
-        // TODO: node persitence will come with database backend
-
-        // XXX hack: enable test_backward_compatibility to work by populating our list of
-        // nodes from LocalEnv when it is not present in persistent storage.  Otherwise at
-        // first startup in the compat test, we may have shards but no nodes.
-        let mut result = Vec::new();
-        tracing::info!(
-            "Loaded {} pageserver nodes from LocalEnv",
-            env.pageservers.len()
-        );
-        for ps_conf in env.pageservers {
-            let (pg_host, pg_port) =
-                parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_pg_addr).expect("Unable to parse listen_pg_addr");
-            let (http_host, http_port) = parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_http_addr)
-                .expect("Unable to parse listen_http_addr");
-            result.push(Node {
-                id: ps_conf.id,
-                listen_pg_addr: pg_host.to_string(),
-                listen_pg_port: pg_port.unwrap_or(5432),
-                listen_http_addr: http_host.to_string(),
-                listen_http_port: http_port.unwrap_or(80),
-                availability: NodeAvailability::Active,
-                scheduling: NodeSchedulingPolicy::Active,
-            });
-        }
-
-        Ok(result)
-    }
-
-    /// At startup, we populate our map of tenant shards from persistent storage.
-    pub(crate) async fn list_tenant_shards(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TenantShardPersistence>> {
-        let locked = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-        Ok(locked.tenants.values().cloned().collect())
-    }
-
-    /// Tenants must be persisted before we schedule them for the first time.  This enables us
-    /// to correctly retain generation monotonicity, and the externally provided placement policy & config.
-    pub(crate) async fn insert_tenant_shards(
-        &self,
-        shards: Vec<TenantShardPersistence>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let write = {
-            let mut locked = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-            for shard in shards {
-                let tenant_shard_id = TenantShardId {
-                    tenant_id: TenantId::from_str(shard.tenant_id.as_str())?,
-                    shard_number: ShardNumber(shard.shard_number as u8),
-                    shard_count: ShardCount(shard.shard_count as u8),
-                };
-
-                locked.tenants.insert(tenant_shard_id, shard);
-            }
-            locked.save()
-        };
-
-        write.commit().await?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Reconciler calls this immediately before attaching to a new pageserver, to acquire a unique, monotonically
-    /// advancing generation number.  We also store the NodeId for which the generation was issued, so that in
-    /// [`Self::re_attach`] we can do a bulk UPDATE on the generations for that node.
-    pub(crate) async fn increment_generation(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        node_id: Option<NodeId>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Generation> {
-        let (write, gen) = {
-            let mut locked = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-            let Some(shard) = locked.tenants.get_mut(&tenant_shard_id) else {
-                anyhow::bail!("Tried to increment generation of unknown shard");
-            };
-
-            // If we're called with a None pageserver, we need only update the generation
-            // record to disassociate it with this pageserver, not actually increment the number, as
-            // the increment is guaranteed to happen the next time this tenant is attached.
-            if node_id.is_some() {
-                shard.generation += 1;
-            }
-
-            shard.generation_pageserver = node_id;
-            let gen = Generation::new(shard.generation);
-            (locked.save(), gen)
-        };
-
-        write.commit().await?;
-        Ok(gen)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) async fn re_attach(
-        &self,
-        node_id: NodeId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<HashMap<TenantShardId, Generation>> {
-        let (write, result) = {
-            let mut result = HashMap::new();
-            let mut locked = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-            for (tenant_shard_id, shard) in locked.tenants.iter_mut() {
-                if shard.generation_pageserver == Some(node_id) {
-                    shard.generation += 1;
-                    result.insert(*tenant_shard_id, Generation::new(shard.generation));
-                }
-            }
-
-            (locked.save(), result)
-        };
-
-        write.commit().await?;
-        Ok(result)
-    }
-
-    // TODO: when we start shard splitting, we must durably mark the tenant so that
-    // on restart, we know that we must go through recovery (list shards that exist
-    // and pick up where we left off and/or revert to parent shards).
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) async fn begin_shard_split(&self, _tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        todo!();
-    }
-
-    // TODO: when we finish shard splitting, we must atomically clean up the old shards
-    // and insert the new shards, and clear the splitting marker.
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) async fn complete_shard_split(&self, _tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        todo!();
-    }
-}
-
-/// Parts of [`crate::tenant_state::TenantState`] that are stored durably
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct TenantShardPersistence {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub(crate) tenant_id: String,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub(crate) shard_number: i32,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub(crate) shard_count: i32,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub(crate) shard_stripe_size: i32,
-
-    // Currently attached pageserver
-    #[serde(rename = "pageserver")]
-    pub(crate) generation_pageserver: Option<NodeId>,
-
-    // Latest generation number: next time we attach, increment this
-    // and use the incremented number when attaching
-    pub(crate) generation: u32,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub(crate) placement_policy: String,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub(crate) config: String,
-}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/reconciler.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/reconciler.rs
@@ -1,495 +0,0 @@
-use crate::persistence::Persistence;
-use crate::service;
-use control_plane::attachment_service::NodeAvailability;
-use pageserver_api::models::{
-    LocationConfig, LocationConfigMode, LocationConfigSecondary, TenantConfig,
-};
-use pageserver_api::shard::{ShardIdentity, TenantShardId};
-use pageserver_client::mgmt_api;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
-use utils::generation::Generation;
-use utils::id::{NodeId, TimelineId};
-use utils::lsn::Lsn;
-
-use crate::compute_hook::ComputeHook;
-use crate::node::Node;
-use crate::tenant_state::{IntentState, ObservedState, ObservedStateLocation};
-
-/// Object with the lifetime of the background reconcile task that is created
-/// for tenants which have a difference between their intent and observed states.
-pub(super) struct Reconciler {
-    /// See [`crate::tenant_state::TenantState`] for the meanings of these fields: they are a snapshot
-    /// of a tenant's state from when we spawned a reconcile task.
-    pub(super) tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-    pub(crate) shard: ShardIdentity,
-    pub(crate) generation: Generation,
-    pub(crate) intent: IntentState,
-    pub(crate) config: TenantConfig,
-    pub(crate) observed: ObservedState,
-
-    pub(crate) service_config: service::Config,
-
-    /// A snapshot of the pageservers as they were when we were asked
-    /// to reconcile.
-    pub(crate) pageservers: Arc<HashMap<NodeId, Node>>,
-
-    /// A hook to notify the running postgres instances when we change the location
-    /// of a tenant
-    pub(crate) compute_hook: Arc<ComputeHook>,
-
-    /// A means to abort background reconciliation: it is essential to
-    /// call this when something changes in the original TenantState that
-    /// will make this reconciliation impossible or unnecessary, for
-    /// example when a pageserver node goes offline, or the PlacementPolicy for
-    /// the tenant is changed.
-    pub(crate) cancel: CancellationToken,
-
-    /// Access to persistent storage for updating generation numbers
-    pub(crate) persistence: Arc<Persistence>,
-}
-
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
-pub enum ReconcileError {
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),
-}
-
-impl Reconciler {
-    async fn location_config(
-        &mut self,
-        node_id: NodeId,
-        config: LocationConfig,
-        flush_ms: Option<Duration>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let node = self
-            .pageservers
-            .get(&node_id)
-            .expect("Pageserver may not be removed while referenced");
-
-        self.observed
-            .locations
-            .insert(node.id, ObservedStateLocation { conf: None });
-
-        tracing::info!("location_config({}) calling: {:?}", node_id, config);
-        let client =
-            mgmt_api::Client::new(node.base_url(), self.service_config.jwt_token.as_deref());
-        client
-            .location_config(self.tenant_shard_id, config.clone(), flush_ms)
-            .await?;
-        tracing::info!("location_config({}) complete: {:?}", node_id, config);
-
-        self.observed
-            .locations
-            .insert(node.id, ObservedStateLocation { conf: Some(config) });
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn maybe_live_migrate(&mut self) -> Result<(), ReconcileError> {
-        let destination = if let Some(node_id) = self.intent.attached {
-            match self.observed.locations.get(&node_id) {
-                Some(conf) => {
-                    // We will do a live migration only if the intended destination is not
-                    // currently in an attached state.
-                    match &conf.conf {
-                        Some(conf) if conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::Secondary => {
-                            // Fall through to do a live migration
-                            node_id
-                        }
-                        None | Some(_) => {
-                            // Attached or uncertain: don't do a live migration, proceed
-                            // with a general-case reconciliation
-                            tracing::info!("maybe_live_migrate: destination is None or attached");
-                            return Ok(());
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                None => {
-                    // Our destination is not attached: maybe live migrate if some other
-                    // node is currently attached.  Fall through.
-                    node_id
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            // No intent to be attached
-            tracing::info!("maybe_live_migrate: no attached intent");
-            return Ok(());
-        };
-
-        let mut origin = None;
-        for (node_id, state) in &self.observed.locations {
-            if let Some(observed_conf) = &state.conf {
-                if observed_conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle {
-                    let node = self
-                        .pageservers
-                        .get(node_id)
-                        .expect("Nodes may not be removed while referenced");
-                    // We will only attempt live migration if the origin is not offline: this
-                    // avoids trying to do it while reconciling after responding to an HA failover.
-                    if !matches!(node.availability, NodeAvailability::Offline) {
-                        origin = Some(*node_id);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        let Some(origin) = origin else {
-            tracing::info!("maybe_live_migrate: no origin found");
-            return Ok(());
-        };
-
-        // We have an origin and a destination: proceed to do the live migration
-        tracing::info!("Live migrating {}->{}", origin, destination);
-        self.live_migrate(origin, destination).await?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn get_lsns(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        node_id: &NodeId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<HashMap<TimelineId, Lsn>> {
-        let node = self
-            .pageservers
-            .get(node_id)
-            .expect("Pageserver may not be removed while referenced");
-
-        let client =
-            mgmt_api::Client::new(node.base_url(), self.service_config.jwt_token.as_deref());
-
-        let timelines = client.timeline_list(&tenant_shard_id).await?;
-        Ok(timelines
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|t| (t.timeline_id, t.last_record_lsn))
-            .collect())
-    }
-
-    async fn secondary_download(&self, tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId, node_id: &NodeId) {
-        let node = self
-            .pageservers
-            .get(node_id)
-            .expect("Pageserver may not be removed while referenced");
-
-        let client =
-            mgmt_api::Client::new(node.base_url(), self.service_config.jwt_token.as_deref());
-
-        match client.tenant_secondary_download(tenant_shard_id).await {
-            Ok(()) => {}
-            Err(_) => {
-                tracing::info!("  (skipping, destination wasn't in secondary mode)")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn await_lsn(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        pageserver_id: &NodeId,
-        baseline: HashMap<TimelineId, Lsn>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        loop {
-            let latest = match self.get_lsns(tenant_shard_id, pageserver_id).await {
-                Ok(l) => l,
-                Err(e) => {
-                    println!(
-                        "🕑 Can't get LSNs on pageserver {} yet, waiting ({e})",
-                        pageserver_id
-                    );
-                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
-                    continue;
-                }
-            };
-
-            let mut any_behind: bool = false;
-            for (timeline_id, baseline_lsn) in &baseline {
-                match latest.get(timeline_id) {
-                    Some(latest_lsn) => {
-                        println!("🕑 LSN origin {baseline_lsn} vs destination {latest_lsn}");
-                        if latest_lsn < baseline_lsn {
-                            any_behind = true;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    None => {
-                        // Expected timeline isn't yet visible on migration destination.
-                        // (IRL we would have to account for timeline deletion, but this
-                        //  is just test helper)
-                        any_behind = true;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if !any_behind {
-                println!("✅ LSN caught up.  Proceeding...");
-                break;
-            } else {
-                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn live_migrate(
-        &mut self,
-        origin_ps_id: NodeId,
-        dest_ps_id: NodeId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // `maybe_live_migrate` is responsibble for sanity of inputs
-        assert!(origin_ps_id != dest_ps_id);
-
-        fn build_location_config(
-            shard: &ShardIdentity,
-            config: &TenantConfig,
-            mode: LocationConfigMode,
-            generation: Option<Generation>,
-            secondary_conf: Option<LocationConfigSecondary>,
-        ) -> LocationConfig {
-            LocationConfig {
-                mode,
-                generation: generation.map(|g| g.into().unwrap()),
-                secondary_conf,
-                tenant_conf: config.clone(),
-                shard_number: shard.number.0,
-                shard_count: shard.count.0,
-                shard_stripe_size: shard.stripe_size.0,
-            }
-        }
-
-        tracing::info!(
-            "🔁 Switching origin pageserver {} to stale mode",
-            origin_ps_id
-        );
-
-        // FIXME: it is incorrect to use self.generation here, we should use the generation
-        // from the ObservedState of the origin pageserver (it might be older than self.generation)
-        let stale_conf = build_location_config(
-            &self.shard,
-            &self.config,
-            LocationConfigMode::AttachedStale,
-            Some(self.generation),
-            None,
-        );
-        self.location_config(origin_ps_id, stale_conf, Some(Duration::from_secs(10)))
-            .await?;
-
-        let baseline_lsns = Some(self.get_lsns(self.tenant_shard_id, &origin_ps_id).await?);
-
-        // If we are migrating to a destination that has a secondary location, warm it up first
-        if let Some(destination_conf) = self.observed.locations.get(&dest_ps_id) {
-            if let Some(destination_conf) = &destination_conf.conf {
-                if destination_conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::Secondary {
-                    tracing::info!(
-                        "🔁 Downloading latest layers to destination pageserver {}",
-                        dest_ps_id,
-                    );
-                    self.secondary_download(self.tenant_shard_id, &dest_ps_id)
-                        .await;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Increment generation before attaching to new pageserver
-        self.generation = self
-            .persistence
-            .increment_generation(self.tenant_shard_id, Some(dest_ps_id))
-            .await?;
-
-        let dest_conf = build_location_config(
-            &self.shard,
-            &self.config,
-            LocationConfigMode::AttachedMulti,
-            Some(self.generation),
-            None,
-        );
-
-        tracing::info!("🔁 Attaching to pageserver {}", dest_ps_id);
-        self.location_config(dest_ps_id, dest_conf, None).await?;
-
-        if let Some(baseline) = baseline_lsns {
-            tracing::info!("🕑 Waiting for LSN to catch up...");
-            self.await_lsn(self.tenant_shard_id, &dest_ps_id, baseline)
-                .await?;
-        }
-
-        tracing::info!("🔁 Notifying compute to use pageserver {}", dest_ps_id);
-        self.compute_hook
-            .notify(self.tenant_shard_id, dest_ps_id)
-            .await?;
-
-        // Downgrade the origin to secondary.  If the tenant's policy is PlacementPolicy::Single, then
-        // this location will be deleted in the general case reconciliation that runs after this.
-        let origin_secondary_conf = build_location_config(
-            &self.shard,
-            &self.config,
-            LocationConfigMode::Secondary,
-            None,
-            Some(LocationConfigSecondary { warm: true }),
-        );
-        self.location_config(origin_ps_id, origin_secondary_conf.clone(), None)
-            .await?;
-        // TODO: we should also be setting the ObservedState on earlier API calls, in case we fail
-        // partway through.  In fact, all location conf API calls should be in a wrapper that sets
-        // the observed state to None, then runs, then sets it to what we wrote.
-        self.observed.locations.insert(
-            origin_ps_id,
-            ObservedStateLocation {
-                conf: Some(origin_secondary_conf),
-            },
-        );
-
-        println!(
-            "🔁 Switching to AttachedSingle mode on pageserver {}",
-            dest_ps_id
-        );
-        let dest_final_conf = build_location_config(
-            &self.shard,
-            &self.config,
-            LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle,
-            Some(self.generation),
-            None,
-        );
-        self.location_config(dest_ps_id, dest_final_conf.clone(), None)
-            .await?;
-        self.observed.locations.insert(
-            dest_ps_id,
-            ObservedStateLocation {
-                conf: Some(dest_final_conf),
-            },
-        );
-
-        println!("✅ Migration complete");
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Reconciling a tenant makes API calls to pageservers until the observed state
-    /// matches the intended state.
-    ///
-    /// First we apply special case handling (e.g. for live migrations), and then a
-    /// general case reconciliation where we walk through the intent by pageserver
-    /// and call out to the pageserver to apply the desired state.
-    pub(crate) async fn reconcile(&mut self) -> Result<(), ReconcileError> {
-        // TODO: if any of self.observed is None, call to remote pageservers
-        // to learn correct state.
-
-        // Special case: live migration
-        self.maybe_live_migrate().await?;
-
-        // If the attached pageserver is not attached, do so now.
-        if let Some(node_id) = self.intent.attached {
-            let mut wanted_conf =
-                attached_location_conf(self.generation, &self.shard, &self.config);
-            match self.observed.locations.get(&node_id) {
-                Some(conf) if conf.conf.as_ref() == Some(&wanted_conf) => {
-                    // Nothing to do
-                    tracing::info!("Observed configuration already correct.")
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    // In all cases other than a matching observed configuration, we will
-                    // reconcile this location.  This includes locations with different configurations, as well
-                    // as locations with unknown (None) observed state.
-                    self.generation = self
-                        .persistence
-                        .increment_generation(self.tenant_shard_id, Some(node_id))
-                        .await?;
-                    wanted_conf.generation = self.generation.into();
-                    tracing::info!("Observed configuration requires update.");
-                    self.location_config(node_id, wanted_conf, None).await?;
-                    if let Err(e) = self
-                        .compute_hook
-                        .notify(self.tenant_shard_id, node_id)
-                        .await
-                    {
-                        tracing::warn!(
-                            "Failed to notify compute of newly attached pageserver {node_id}: {e}"
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Configure secondary locations: if these were previously attached this
-        // implicitly downgrades them from attached to secondary.
-        let mut changes = Vec::new();
-        for node_id in &self.intent.secondary {
-            let wanted_conf = secondary_location_conf(&self.shard, &self.config);
-            match self.observed.locations.get(node_id) {
-                Some(conf) if conf.conf.as_ref() == Some(&wanted_conf) => {
-                    // Nothing to do
-                    tracing::info!(%node_id, "Observed configuration already correct.")
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    // In all cases other than a matching observed configuration, we will
-                    // reconcile this location.
-                    tracing::info!(%node_id, "Observed configuration requires update.");
-                    changes.push((*node_id, wanted_conf))
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Detach any extraneous pageservers that are no longer referenced
-        // by our intent.
-        let all_pageservers = self.intent.all_pageservers();
-        for node_id in self.observed.locations.keys() {
-            if all_pageservers.contains(node_id) {
-                // We are only detaching pageservers that aren't used at all.
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            changes.push((
-                *node_id,
-                LocationConfig {
-                    mode: LocationConfigMode::Detached,
-                    generation: None,
-                    secondary_conf: None,
-                    shard_number: self.shard.number.0,
-                    shard_count: self.shard.count.0,
-                    shard_stripe_size: self.shard.stripe_size.0,
-                    tenant_conf: self.config.clone(),
-                },
-            ));
-        }
-
-        for (node_id, conf) in changes {
-            self.location_config(node_id, conf, None).await?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn attached_location_conf(
-    generation: Generation,
-    shard: &ShardIdentity,
-    config: &TenantConfig,
-) -> LocationConfig {
-    LocationConfig {
-        mode: LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle,
-        generation: generation.into(),
-        secondary_conf: None,
-        shard_number: shard.number.0,
-        shard_count: shard.count.0,
-        shard_stripe_size: shard.stripe_size.0,
-        tenant_conf: config.clone(),
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn secondary_location_conf(
-    shard: &ShardIdentity,
-    config: &TenantConfig,
-) -> LocationConfig {
-    LocationConfig {
-        mode: LocationConfigMode::Secondary,
-        generation: None,
-        secondary_conf: Some(LocationConfigSecondary { warm: true }),
-        shard_number: shard.number.0,
-        shard_count: shard.count.0,
-        shard_stripe_size: shard.stripe_size.0,
-        tenant_conf: config.clone(),
-    }
-}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/scheduler.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/scheduler.rs
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
-use utils::{http::error::ApiError, id::NodeId};
-
-use crate::{node::Node, tenant_state::TenantState};
-
-/// Scenarios in which we cannot find a suitable location for a tenant shard
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
-pub enum ScheduleError {
-    #[error("No pageservers found")]
-    NoPageservers,
-    #[error("No pageserver found matching constraint")]
-    ImpossibleConstraint,
-}
-
-impl From<ScheduleError> for ApiError {
-    fn from(value: ScheduleError) -> Self {
-        ApiError::Conflict(format!("Scheduling error: {}", value))
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct Scheduler {
-    tenant_counts: HashMap<NodeId, usize>,
-}
-
-impl Scheduler {
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        tenants: &BTreeMap<TenantShardId, TenantState>,
-        nodes: &HashMap<NodeId, Node>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let mut tenant_counts = HashMap::new();
-        for node_id in nodes.keys() {
-            tenant_counts.insert(*node_id, 0);
-        }
-
-        for tenant in tenants.values() {
-            if let Some(ps) = tenant.intent.attached {
-                let entry = tenant_counts.entry(ps).or_insert(0);
-                *entry += 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (node_id, node) in nodes {
-            if !node.may_schedule() {
-                tenant_counts.remove(node_id);
-            }
-        }
-
-        Self { tenant_counts }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn schedule_shard(
-        &mut self,
-        hard_exclude: &[NodeId],
-    ) -> Result<NodeId, ScheduleError> {
-        if self.tenant_counts.is_empty() {
-            return Err(ScheduleError::NoPageservers);
-        }
-
-        let mut tenant_counts: Vec<(NodeId, usize)> = self
-            .tenant_counts
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(k, v)| {
-                if hard_exclude.contains(k) {
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    Some((*k, *v))
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        // Sort by tenant count.  Nodes with the same tenant count are sorted by ID.
-        tenant_counts.sort_by_key(|i| (i.1, i.0));
-
-        if tenant_counts.is_empty() {
-            // After applying constraints, no pageservers were left
-            return Err(ScheduleError::ImpossibleConstraint);
-        }
-
-        for (node_id, count) in &tenant_counts {
-            tracing::info!("tenant_counts[{node_id}]={count}");
-        }
-
-        let node_id = tenant_counts.first().unwrap().0;
-        tracing::info!("scheduler selected node {node_id}");
-        *self.tenant_counts.get_mut(&node_id).unwrap() += 1;
-        Ok(node_id)
-    }
-}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/service.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/service.rs
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/tenant_state.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/tenant_state.rs
@@ -1,455 +0,0 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
-
-use control_plane::attachment_service::NodeAvailability;
-use pageserver_api::{
-    models::{LocationConfig, LocationConfigMode, TenantConfig},
-    shard::{ShardIdentity, TenantShardId},
-};
-use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
-use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
-use utils::{
-    generation::Generation,
-    id::NodeId,
-    seqwait::{SeqWait, SeqWaitError},
-};
-
-use crate::{
-    compute_hook::ComputeHook,
-    node::Node,
-    persistence::Persistence,
-    reconciler::{attached_location_conf, secondary_location_conf, ReconcileError, Reconciler},
-    scheduler::{ScheduleError, Scheduler},
-    service, PlacementPolicy, Sequence,
-};
-
-pub(crate) struct TenantState {
-    pub(crate) tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-
-    pub(crate) shard: ShardIdentity,
-
-    // Runtime only: sequence used to coordinate when updating this object while
-    // with background reconcilers may be running.  A reconciler runs to a particular
-    // sequence.
-    pub(crate) sequence: Sequence,
-
-    // Latest generation number: next time we attach, increment this
-    // and use the incremented number when attaching
-    pub(crate) generation: Generation,
-
-    // High level description of how the tenant should be set up.  Provided
-    // externally.
-    pub(crate) policy: PlacementPolicy,
-
-    // Low level description of exactly which pageservers should fulfil
-    // which role.  Generated by `Self::schedule`.
-    pub(crate) intent: IntentState,
-
-    // Low level description of how the tenant is configured on pageservers:
-    // if this does not match `Self::intent` then the tenant needs reconciliation
-    // with `Self::reconcile`.
-    pub(crate) observed: ObservedState,
-
-    // Tenant configuration, passed through opaquely to the pageserver.  Identical
-    // for all shards in a tenant.
-    pub(crate) config: TenantConfig,
-
-    /// If a reconcile task is currently in flight, it may be joined here (it is
-    /// only safe to join if either the result has been received or the reconciler's
-    /// cancellation token has been fired)
-    pub(crate) reconciler: Option<ReconcilerHandle>,
-
-    /// Optionally wait for reconciliation to complete up to a particular
-    /// sequence number.
-    pub(crate) waiter: std::sync::Arc<SeqWait<Sequence, Sequence>>,
-
-    /// Indicates sequence number for which we have encountered an error reconciling.  If
-    /// this advances ahead of [`Self::waiter`] then a reconciliation error has occurred,
-    /// and callers should stop waiting for `waiter` and propagate the error.
-    pub(crate) error_waiter: std::sync::Arc<SeqWait<Sequence, Sequence>>,
-
-    /// The most recent error from a reconcile on this tenant
-    /// TODO: generalize to an array of recent events
-    /// TOOD: use a ArcSwap instead of mutex for faster reads?
-    pub(crate) last_error: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::Mutex<String>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct IntentState {
-    pub(crate) attached: Option<NodeId>,
-    pub(crate) secondary: Vec<NodeId>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct ObservedState {
-    pub(crate) locations: HashMap<NodeId, ObservedStateLocation>,
-}
-
-/// Our latest knowledge of how this tenant is configured in the outside world.
-///
-/// Meaning:
-///     * No instance of this type exists for a node: we are certain that we have nothing configured on that
-///       node for this shard.
-///     * Instance exists with conf==None: we *might* have some state on that node, but we don't know
-///       what it is (e.g. we failed partway through configuring it)
-///     * Instance exists with conf==Some: this tells us what we last successfully configured on this node,
-///       and that configuration will still be present unless something external interfered.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct ObservedStateLocation {
-    /// If None, it means we do not know the status of this shard's location on this node, but
-    /// we know that we might have some state on this node.
-    pub(crate) conf: Option<LocationConfig>,
-}
-pub(crate) struct ReconcilerWaiter {
-    // For observability purposes, remember the ID of the shard we're
-    // waiting for.
-    pub(crate) tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-
-    seq_wait: std::sync::Arc<SeqWait<Sequence, Sequence>>,
-    error_seq_wait: std::sync::Arc<SeqWait<Sequence, Sequence>>,
-    error: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::Mutex<String>>,
-    seq: Sequence,
-}
-
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
-pub enum ReconcileWaitError {
-    #[error("Timeout waiting for shard {0}")]
-    Timeout(TenantShardId),
-    #[error("shutting down")]
-    Shutdown,
-    #[error("Reconcile error on shard {0}: {1}")]
-    Failed(TenantShardId, String),
-}
-
-impl ReconcilerWaiter {
-    pub(crate) async fn wait_timeout(&self, timeout: Duration) -> Result<(), ReconcileWaitError> {
-        tokio::select! {
-            result = self.seq_wait.wait_for_timeout(self.seq, timeout)=> {
-                result.map_err(|e| match e {
-                    SeqWaitError::Timeout => ReconcileWaitError::Timeout(self.tenant_shard_id),
-                    SeqWaitError::Shutdown => ReconcileWaitError::Shutdown
-                })?;
-            },
-            result = self.error_seq_wait.wait_for(self.seq) => {
-                result.map_err(|e| match e {
-                    SeqWaitError::Shutdown => ReconcileWaitError::Shutdown,
-                    SeqWaitError::Timeout => unreachable!()
-                })?;
-
-                return Err(ReconcileWaitError::Failed(self.tenant_shard_id, self.error.lock().unwrap().clone()))
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Having spawned a reconciler task, the tenant shard's state will carry enough
-/// information to optionally cancel & await it later.
-pub(crate) struct ReconcilerHandle {
-    sequence: Sequence,
-    handle: JoinHandle<()>,
-    cancel: CancellationToken,
-}
-
-/// When a reconcile task completes, it sends this result object
-/// to be applied to the primary TenantState.
-pub(crate) struct ReconcileResult {
-    pub(crate) sequence: Sequence,
-    /// On errors, `observed` should be treated as an incompleted description
-    /// of state (i.e. any nodes present in the result should override nodes
-    /// present in the parent tenant state, but any unmentioned nodes should
-    /// not be removed from parent tenant state)
-    pub(crate) result: Result<(), ReconcileError>,
-
-    pub(crate) tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-    pub(crate) generation: Generation,
-    pub(crate) observed: ObservedState,
-}
-
-impl IntentState {
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            attached: None,
-            secondary: vec![],
-        }
-    }
-    pub(crate) fn all_pageservers(&self) -> Vec<NodeId> {
-        let mut result = Vec::new();
-        if let Some(p) = self.attached {
-            result.push(p)
-        }
-
-        result.extend(self.secondary.iter().copied());
-
-        result
-    }
-
-    /// When a node goes offline, we update intents to avoid using it
-    /// as their attached pageserver.
-    ///
-    /// Returns true if a change was made
-    pub(crate) fn notify_offline(&mut self, node_id: NodeId) -> bool {
-        if self.attached == Some(node_id) {
-            self.attached = None;
-            self.secondary.push(node_id);
-            true
-        } else {
-            false
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ObservedState {
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            locations: HashMap::new(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl TenantState {
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        shard: ShardIdentity,
-        policy: PlacementPolicy,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            tenant_shard_id,
-            policy,
-            intent: IntentState::default(),
-            generation: Generation::new(0),
-            shard,
-            observed: ObservedState::default(),
-            config: TenantConfig::default(),
-            reconciler: None,
-            sequence: Sequence(1),
-            waiter: Arc::new(SeqWait::new(Sequence(0))),
-            error_waiter: Arc::new(SeqWait::new(Sequence(0))),
-            last_error: Arc::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// For use on startup when learning state from pageservers: generate my [`IntentState`] from my
-    /// [`ObservedState`], even if it violates my [`PlacementPolicy`].  Call [`Self::schedule`] next,
-    /// to get an intent state that complies with placement policy.  The overall goal is to do scheduling
-    /// in a way that makes use of any configured locations that already exist in the outside world.
-    pub(crate) fn intent_from_observed(&mut self) {
-        // Choose an attached location by filtering observed locations, and then sorting to get the highest
-        // generation
-        let mut attached_locs = self
-            .observed
-            .locations
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(node_id, l)| {
-                if let Some(conf) = &l.conf {
-                    if conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::AttachedMulti
-                        || conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle
-                        || conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::AttachedStale
-                    {
-                        Some((node_id, conf.generation))
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        attached_locs.sort_by_key(|i| i.1);
-        if let Some((node_id, _gen)) = attached_locs.into_iter().last() {
-            self.intent.attached = Some(*node_id);
-        }
-
-        // All remaining observed locations generate secondary intents.  This includes None
-        // observations, as these may well have some local content on disk that is usable (this
-        // is an edge case that might occur if we restarted during a migration or other change)
-        self.observed.locations.keys().for_each(|node_id| {
-            if Some(*node_id) != self.intent.attached {
-                self.intent.secondary.push(*node_id);
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn schedule(&mut self, scheduler: &mut Scheduler) -> Result<(), ScheduleError> {
-        // TODO: before scheduling new nodes, check if any existing content in
-        // self.intent refers to pageservers that are offline, and pick other
-        // pageservers if so.
-
-        // Build the set of pageservers already in use by this tenant, to avoid scheduling
-        // more work on the same pageservers we're already using.
-        let mut used_pageservers = self.intent.all_pageservers();
-        let mut modified = false;
-
-        use PlacementPolicy::*;
-        match self.policy {
-            Single => {
-                // Should have exactly one attached, and zero secondaries
-                if self.intent.attached.is_none() {
-                    let node_id = scheduler.schedule_shard(&used_pageservers)?;
-                    self.intent.attached = Some(node_id);
-                    used_pageservers.push(node_id);
-                    modified = true;
-                }
-                if !self.intent.secondary.is_empty() {
-                    self.intent.secondary.clear();
-                    modified = true;
-                }
-            }
-            Double(secondary_count) => {
-                // Should have exactly one attached, and N secondaries
-                if self.intent.attached.is_none() {
-                    let node_id = scheduler.schedule_shard(&used_pageservers)?;
-                    self.intent.attached = Some(node_id);
-                    used_pageservers.push(node_id);
-                    modified = true;
-                }
-
-                while self.intent.secondary.len() < secondary_count {
-                    let node_id = scheduler.schedule_shard(&used_pageservers)?;
-                    self.intent.secondary.push(node_id);
-                    used_pageservers.push(node_id);
-                    modified = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if modified {
-            self.sequence.0 += 1;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn dirty(&self) -> bool {
-        if let Some(node_id) = self.intent.attached {
-            let wanted_conf = attached_location_conf(self.generation, &self.shard, &self.config);
-            match self.observed.locations.get(&node_id) {
-                Some(conf) if conf.conf.as_ref() == Some(&wanted_conf) => {}
-                Some(_) | None => {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        for node_id in &self.intent.secondary {
-            let wanted_conf = secondary_location_conf(&self.shard, &self.config);
-            match self.observed.locations.get(node_id) {
-                Some(conf) if conf.conf.as_ref() == Some(&wanted_conf) => {}
-                Some(_) | None => {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        false
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn maybe_reconcile(
-        &mut self,
-        result_tx: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<ReconcileResult>,
-        pageservers: &Arc<HashMap<NodeId, Node>>,
-        compute_hook: &Arc<ComputeHook>,
-        service_config: &service::Config,
-        persistence: &Arc<Persistence>,
-    ) -> Option<ReconcilerWaiter> {
-        // If there are any ambiguous observed states, and the nodes they refer to are available,
-        // we should reconcile to clean them up.
-        let mut dirty_observed = false;
-        for (node_id, observed_loc) in &self.observed.locations {
-            let node = pageservers
-                .get(node_id)
-                .expect("Nodes may not be removed while referenced");
-            if observed_loc.conf.is_none()
-                && !matches!(node.availability, NodeAvailability::Offline)
-            {
-                dirty_observed = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if !self.dirty() && !dirty_observed {
-            tracing::info!("Not dirty, no reconciliation needed.");
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        // Reconcile already in flight for the current sequence?
-        if let Some(handle) = &self.reconciler {
-            if handle.sequence == self.sequence {
-                return Some(ReconcilerWaiter {
-                    tenant_shard_id: self.tenant_shard_id,
-                    seq_wait: self.waiter.clone(),
-                    error_seq_wait: self.error_waiter.clone(),
-                    error: self.last_error.clone(),
-                    seq: self.sequence,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Reconcile in flight for a stale sequence?  Our sequence's task will wait for it before
-        // doing our sequence's work.
-        let old_handle = self.reconciler.take();
-
-        let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
-        let mut reconciler = Reconciler {
-            tenant_shard_id: self.tenant_shard_id,
-            shard: self.shard,
-            generation: self.generation,
-            intent: self.intent.clone(),
-            config: self.config.clone(),
-            observed: self.observed.clone(),
-            pageservers: pageservers.clone(),
-            compute_hook: compute_hook.clone(),
-            service_config: service_config.clone(),
-            cancel: cancel.clone(),
-            persistence: persistence.clone(),
-        };
-
-        let reconcile_seq = self.sequence;
-
-        tracing::info!("Spawning Reconciler for sequence {}", self.sequence);
-        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn(async move {
-            // Wait for any previous reconcile task to complete before we start
-            if let Some(old_handle) = old_handle {
-                old_handle.cancel.cancel();
-                if let Err(e) = old_handle.handle.await {
-                    // We can't do much with this other than log it: the task is done, so
-                    // we may proceed with our work.
-                    tracing::error!("Unexpected join error waiting for reconcile task: {e}");
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Early check for cancellation before doing any work
-            // TODO: wrap all remote API operations in cancellation check
-            // as well.
-            if reconciler.cancel.is_cancelled() {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            let result = reconciler.reconcile().await;
-            result_tx
-                .send(ReconcileResult {
-                    sequence: reconcile_seq,
-                    result,
-                    tenant_shard_id: reconciler.tenant_shard_id,
-                    generation: reconciler.generation,
-                    observed: reconciler.observed,
-                })
-                .ok();
-        });
-
-        self.reconciler = Some(ReconcilerHandle {
-            sequence: self.sequence,
-            handle: join_handle,
-            cancel,
-        });
-
-        Some(ReconcilerWaiter {
-            tenant_shard_id: self.tenant_shard_id,
-            seq_wait: self.waiter.clone(),
-            error_seq_wait: self.error_waiter.clone(),
-            error: self.last_error.clone(),
-            seq: self.sequence,
-        })
-    }
-}
--- a/control_plane/src/attachment_service.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/attachment_service.rs
@@ -1,35 +1,21 @@
 use crate::{background_process, local_env::LocalEnv};
+use anyhow::anyhow;
 use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
-use hyper::Method;
-use pageserver_api::{
-    models::{ShardParameters, TenantCreateRequest, TimelineCreateRequest, TimelineInfo},
-    shard::TenantShardId,
-};
-use pageserver_client::mgmt_api::ResponseErrorMessageExt;
-use postgres_backend::AuthType;
-use postgres_connection::parse_host_port;
-use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{path::PathBuf, process::Child, str::FromStr};
-use tracing::instrument;
-use utils::{
-    auth::{Claims, Scope},
-    id::{NodeId, TenantId},
-};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{path::PathBuf, process::Child};
+use utils::id::{NodeId, TenantId};

 pub struct AttachmentService {
    env: LocalEnv,
    listen: String,
    path: PathBuf,
-    jwt_token: Option<String>,
-    public_key_path: Option<Utf8PathBuf>,
-    client: reqwest::Client,
 }

 const COMMAND: &str = "attachment_service";

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct AttachHookRequest {
-    pub tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
    pub node_id: Option<NodeId>,
 }

@@ -38,135 +24,6 @@ pub struct AttachHookResponse {
    pub gen: Option<u32>,
 }

-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct InspectRequest {
-    pub tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct InspectResponse {
-    pub attachment: Option<(u32, NodeId)>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct TenantCreateResponseShard {
-    pub node_id: NodeId,
-    pub generation: u32,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct TenantCreateResponse {
-    pub shards: Vec<TenantCreateResponseShard>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct NodeRegisterRequest {
-    pub node_id: NodeId,
-
-    pub listen_pg_addr: String,
-    pub listen_pg_port: u16,
-
-    pub listen_http_addr: String,
-    pub listen_http_port: u16,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct NodeConfigureRequest {
-    pub node_id: NodeId,
-
-    pub availability: Option<NodeAvailability>,
-    pub scheduling: Option<NodeSchedulingPolicy>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
-pub struct TenantLocateResponseShard {
-    pub shard_id: TenantShardId,
-    pub node_id: NodeId,
-
-    pub listen_pg_addr: String,
-    pub listen_pg_port: u16,
-
-    pub listen_http_addr: String,
-    pub listen_http_port: u16,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct TenantLocateResponse {
-    pub shards: Vec<TenantLocateResponseShard>,
-    pub shard_params: ShardParameters,
-}
-
-/// Explicitly migrating a particular shard is a low level operation
-/// TODO: higher level "Reschedule tenant" operation where the request
-/// specifies some constraints, e.g. asking it to get off particular node(s)
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
-pub struct TenantShardMigrateRequest {
-    pub tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-    pub node_id: NodeId,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum NodeAvailability {
-    // Normal, happy state
-    Active,
-    // Offline: Tenants shouldn't try to attach here, but they may assume that their
-    // secondary locations on this node still exist.  Newly added nodes are in this
-    // state until we successfully contact them.
-    Offline,
-}
-
-impl FromStr for NodeAvailability {
-    type Err = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s {
-            "active" => Ok(Self::Active),
-            "offline" => Ok(Self::Offline),
-            _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unknown availability state '{s}'")),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// FIXME: this is a duplicate of the type in the attachment_service crate, because the
-/// type needs to be defined with diesel traits in there.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum NodeSchedulingPolicy {
-    Active,
-    Filling,
-    Pause,
-    Draining,
-}
-
-impl FromStr for NodeSchedulingPolicy {
-    type Err = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s {
-            "active" => Ok(Self::Active),
-            "filling" => Ok(Self::Filling),
-            "pause" => Ok(Self::Pause),
-            "draining" => Ok(Self::Draining),
-            _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unknown scheduling state '{s}'")),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<NodeSchedulingPolicy> for String {
-    fn from(value: NodeSchedulingPolicy) -> String {
-        use NodeSchedulingPolicy::*;
-        match value {
-            Active => "active",
-            Filling => "filling",
-            Pause => "pause",
-            Draining => "draining",
-        }
-        .to_string()
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
-pub struct TenantShardMigrateResponse {}
-
 impl AttachmentService {
    pub fn from_env(env: &LocalEnv) -> Self {
        let path = env.base_data_dir.join("attachments.json");
@@ -181,37 +38,10 @@ impl AttachmentService {
            listen_url.port().unwrap()
        );

-        // Assume all pageservers have symmetric auth configuration: this service
-        // expects to use one JWT token to talk to all of them.
-        let ps_conf = env
-            .pageservers
-            .first()
-            .expect("Config is validated to contain at least one pageserver");
-        let (jwt_token, public_key_path) = match ps_conf.http_auth_type {
-            AuthType::Trust => (None, None),
-            AuthType::NeonJWT => {
-                let jwt_token = env
-                    .generate_auth_token(&Claims::new(None, Scope::PageServerApi))
-                    .unwrap();
-
-                // If pageserver auth is enabled, this implicitly enables auth for this service,
-                // using the same credentials.
-                let public_key_path =
-                    camino::Utf8PathBuf::try_from(env.base_data_dir.join("auth_public_key.pem"))
-                        .unwrap();
-                (Some(jwt_token), Some(public_key_path))
-            }
-        };
-
        Self {
            env: env.clone(),
            path,
            listen,
-            jwt_token,
-            public_key_path,
-            client: reqwest::ClientBuilder::new()
-                .build()
-                .expect("Failed to construct http client"),
        }
    }

@@ -220,202 +50,55 @@ impl AttachmentService {
            .expect("non-Unicode path")
    }

-    pub async fn start(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
+    pub fn start(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
        let path_str = self.path.to_string_lossy();

-        let mut args = vec!["-l", &self.listen, "-p", &path_str]
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|s| s.to_string())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        if let Some(jwt_token) = &self.jwt_token {
-            args.push(format!("--jwt-token={jwt_token}"));
-        }
-
-        if let Some(public_key_path) = &self.public_key_path {
-            args.push(format!("--public-key={public_key_path}"));
-        }
-
-        let result = background_process::start_process(
+        background_process::start_process(
            COMMAND,
            &self.env.base_data_dir,
            &self.env.attachment_service_bin(),
-            args,
-            [(
-                "NEON_REPO_DIR".to_string(),
-                self.env.base_data_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            )],
-            background_process::InitialPidFile::Create(self.pid_file()),
-            || async {
-                match self.status().await {
-                    Ok(_) => Ok(true),
-                    Err(_) => Ok(false),
-                }
-            },
+            ["-l", &self.listen, "-p", &path_str],
+            [],
+            background_process::InitialPidFile::Create(&self.pid_file()),
+            // TODO: a real status check
+            || Ok(true),
        )
-        .await;
-
-        for ps_conf in &self.env.pageservers {
-            let (pg_host, pg_port) =
-                parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_pg_addr).expect("Unable to parse listen_pg_addr");
-            let (http_host, http_port) = parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_http_addr)
-                .expect("Unable to parse listen_http_addr");
-            self.node_register(NodeRegisterRequest {
-                node_id: ps_conf.id,
-                listen_pg_addr: pg_host.to_string(),
-                listen_pg_port: pg_port.unwrap_or(5432),
-                listen_http_addr: http_host.to_string(),
-                listen_http_port: http_port.unwrap_or(80),
-            })
-            .await?;
-        }
-
-        result
    }

    pub fn stop(&self, immediate: bool) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        background_process::stop_process(immediate, COMMAND, &self.pid_file())
    }
-    /// Simple HTTP request wrapper for calling into attachment service
-    async fn dispatch<RQ, RS>(
+
+    /// Call into the attach_hook API, for use before handing out attachments to pageservers
+    pub fn attach_hook(
        &self,
-        method: hyper::Method,
-        path: String,
-        body: Option<RQ>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<RS>
-    where
-        RQ: Serialize + Sized,
-        RS: DeserializeOwned + Sized,
-    {
+        tenant_id: TenantId,
+        pageserver_id: NodeId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<u32>> {
+        use hyper::StatusCode;
+
        let url = self
            .env
            .control_plane_api
            .clone()
            .unwrap()
-            .join(&path)
+            .join("attach-hook")
            .unwrap();
+        let client = reqwest::blocking::ClientBuilder::new()
+            .build()
+            .expect("Failed to construct http client");

-        let mut builder = self.client.request(method, url);
-        if let Some(body) = body {
-            builder = builder.json(&body)
-        }
-        if let Some(jwt_token) = &self.jwt_token {
-            builder = builder.header(
-                reqwest::header::AUTHORIZATION,
-                format!("Bearer {jwt_token}"),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let response = builder.send().await?;
-        let response = response.error_from_body().await?;
-
-        Ok(response
-            .json()
-            .await
-            .map_err(pageserver_client::mgmt_api::Error::ReceiveBody)?)
-    }
-
-    /// Call into the attach_hook API, for use before handing out attachments to pageservers
-    #[instrument(skip(self))]
-    pub async fn attach_hook(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        pageserver_id: NodeId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<u32>> {
        let request = AttachHookRequest {
-            tenant_shard_id,
+            tenant_id,
            node_id: Some(pageserver_id),
        };

-        let response = self
-            .dispatch::<_, AttachHookResponse>(
-                Method::POST,
-                "attach-hook".to_string(),
-                Some(request),
-            )
-            .await?;
+        let response = client.post(url).json(&request).send()?;
+        if response.status() != StatusCode::OK {
+            return Err(anyhow!("Unexpected status {}", response.status()));
+        }

+        let response = response.json::<AttachHookResponse>()?;
        Ok(response.gen)
    }
-
-    #[instrument(skip(self))]
-    pub async fn inspect(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<(u32, NodeId)>> {
-        let request = InspectRequest { tenant_shard_id };
-
-        let response = self
-            .dispatch::<_, InspectResponse>(Method::POST, "inspect".to_string(), Some(request))
-            .await?;
-
-        Ok(response.attachment)
-    }
-
-    #[instrument(skip(self))]
-    pub async fn tenant_create(
-        &self,
-        req: TenantCreateRequest,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantCreateResponse> {
-        self.dispatch(Method::POST, "tenant".to_string(), Some(req))
-            .await
-    }
-
-    #[instrument(skip(self))]
-    pub async fn tenant_locate(&self, tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<TenantLocateResponse> {
-        self.dispatch::<(), _>(Method::GET, format!("tenant/{tenant_id}/locate"), None)
-            .await
-    }
-
-    #[instrument(skip(self))]
-    pub async fn tenant_migrate(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        node_id: NodeId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantShardMigrateResponse> {
-        self.dispatch(
-            Method::PUT,
-            format!("tenant/{tenant_shard_id}/migrate"),
-            Some(TenantShardMigrateRequest {
-                tenant_shard_id,
-                node_id,
-            }),
-        )
-        .await
-    }
-
-    #[instrument(skip_all, fields(node_id=%req.node_id))]
-    pub async fn node_register(&self, req: NodeRegisterRequest) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.dispatch::<_, ()>(Method::POST, "node".to_string(), Some(req))
-            .await
-    }
-
-    #[instrument(skip_all, fields(node_id=%req.node_id))]
-    pub async fn node_configure(&self, req: NodeConfigureRequest) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.dispatch::<_, ()>(
-            Method::PUT,
-            format!("node/{}/config", req.node_id),
-            Some(req),
-        )
-        .await
-    }
-
-    #[instrument(skip(self))]
-    pub async fn status(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.dispatch::<(), ()>(Method::GET, "status".to_string(), None)
-            .await
-    }
-
-    #[instrument(skip_all, fields(%tenant_id, timeline_id=%req.new_timeline_id))]
-    pub async fn tenant_timeline_create(
-        &self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
-        req: TimelineCreateRequest,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<TimelineInfo> {
-        self.dispatch(
-            Method::POST,
-            format!("tenant/{tenant_id}/timeline"),
-            Some(req),
-        )
-        .await
-    }
 }
--- a/control_plane/src/background_process.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/background_process.rs
@@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ const NOTICE_AFTER_RETRIES: u64 = 50;

 /// Argument to `start_process`, to indicate whether it should create pidfile or if the process creates
 /// it itself.
-pub enum InitialPidFile {
+pub enum InitialPidFile<'t> {
    /// Create a pidfile, to allow future CLI invocations to manipulate the process.
-    Create(Utf8PathBuf),
+    Create(&'t Utf8Path),
    /// The process will create the pidfile itself, need to wait for that event.
-    Expect(Utf8PathBuf),
+    Expect(&'t Utf8Path),
 }

 /// Start a background child process using the parameters given.
-pub async fn start_process<F, Fut, AI, A, EI>(
+pub fn start_process<F, AI, A, EI>(
    process_name: &str,
    datadir: &Path,
    command: &Path,
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@ pub async fn start_process<F, Fut, AI, A, EI>(
    process_status_check: F,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<Child>
 where
-    F: Fn() -> Fut,
-    Fut: std::future::Future<Output = anyhow::Result<bool>>,
+    F: Fn() -> anyhow::Result<bool>,
    AI: IntoIterator<Item = A>,
    A: AsRef<OsStr>,
    // Not generic AsRef<OsStr>, otherwise empty `envs` prevents type inference
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ where
    let filled_cmd = fill_remote_storage_secrets_vars(fill_rust_env_vars(background_command));
    filled_cmd.envs(envs);

-    let pid_file_to_check = match &initial_pid_file {
+    let pid_file_to_check = match initial_pid_file {
        InitialPidFile::Create(path) => {
            pre_exec_create_pidfile(filled_cmd, path);
            path
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ where
    );

    for retries in 0..RETRIES {
-        match process_started(pid, pid_file_to_check, &process_status_check).await {
+        match process_started(pid, Some(pid_file_to_check), &process_status_check) {
            Ok(true) => {
                println!("\n{process_name} started, pid: {pid}");
                return Ok(spawned_process);
@@ -317,20 +316,22 @@ where
    cmd
 }

-async fn process_started<F, Fut>(
+fn process_started<F>(
    pid: Pid,
-    pid_file_to_check: &Utf8Path,
+    pid_file_to_check: Option<&Utf8Path>,
    status_check: &F,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<bool>
 where
-    F: Fn() -> Fut,
-    Fut: std::future::Future<Output = anyhow::Result<bool>>,
+    F: Fn() -> anyhow::Result<bool>,
 {
-    match status_check().await {
-        Ok(true) => match pid_file::read(pid_file_to_check)? {
-            PidFileRead::NotExist => Ok(false),
-            PidFileRead::LockedByOtherProcess(pid_in_file) => Ok(pid_in_file == pid),
-            PidFileRead::NotHeldByAnyProcess(_) => Ok(false),
+    match status_check() {
+        Ok(true) => match pid_file_to_check {
+            Some(pid_file_path) => match pid_file::read(pid_file_path)? {
+                PidFileRead::NotExist => Ok(false),
+                PidFileRead::LockedByOtherProcess(pid_in_file) => Ok(pid_in_file == pid),
+                PidFileRead::NotHeldByAnyProcess(_) => Ok(false),
+            },
+            None => Ok(true),
        },
        Ok(false) => Ok(false),
        Err(e) => anyhow::bail!("process failed to start: {e}"),
--- a/control_plane/src/bin/attachment_service.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/bin/attachment_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+/// The attachment service mimics the aspects of the control plane API
+/// that are required for a pageserver to operate.
+///
+/// This enables running & testing pageservers without a full-blown
+/// deployment of the Neon cloud platform.
+///
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use clap::Parser;
+use hex::FromHex;
+use hyper::StatusCode;
+use hyper::{Body, Request, Response};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
+use utils::http::endpoint::request_span;
+use utils::logging::{self, LogFormat};
+use utils::signals::{ShutdownSignals, Signal};
+
+use utils::{
+    http::{
+        endpoint::{self},
+        error::ApiError,
+        json::{json_request, json_response},
+        RequestExt, RouterBuilder,
+    },
+    id::{NodeId, TenantId},
+    tcp_listener,
+};
+
+use pageserver_api::control_api::{
+    ReAttachRequest, ReAttachResponse, ReAttachResponseTenant, ValidateRequest, ValidateResponse,
+    ValidateResponseTenant,
+};
+
+use control_plane::attachment_service::{AttachHookRequest, AttachHookResponse};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(arg_required_else_help(true))]
+struct Cli {
+    /// Host and port to listen on, like `127.0.0.1:1234`
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    listen: std::net::SocketAddr,
+
+    /// Path to the .json file to store state (will be created if it doesn't exist)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+// The persistent state of each Tenant
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+struct TenantState {
+    // Currently attached pageserver
+    pageserver: Option<NodeId>,
+
+    // Latest generation number: next time we attach, increment this
+    // and use the incremented number when attaching
+    generation: u32,
+}
+
+fn to_hex_map<S, V>(input: &HashMap<TenantId, V>, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: serde::Serializer,
+    V: Clone + Serialize,
+{
+    let transformed = input.iter().map(|(k, v)| (hex::encode(k), v.clone()));
+
+    transformed
+        .collect::<HashMap<String, V>>()
+        .serialize(serializer)
+}
+
+fn from_hex_map<'de, D, V>(deserializer: D) -> Result<HashMap<TenantId, V>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::de::Deserializer<'de>,
+    V: Deserialize<'de>,
+{
+    let hex_map = HashMap::<String, V>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    hex_map
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(k, v)| {
+            TenantId::from_hex(k)
+                .map(|k| (k, v))
+                .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+// Top level state available to all HTTP handlers
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistentState {
+    #[serde(serialize_with = "to_hex_map", deserialize_with = "from_hex_map")]
+    tenants: HashMap<TenantId, TenantState>,
+
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl PersistentState {
+    async fn save(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(self)?;
+        tokio::fs::write(&self.path, &bytes).await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn load(path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let bytes = tokio::fs::read(path).await?;
+        let mut decoded = serde_json::from_slice::<Self>(&bytes)?;
+        decoded.path = path.to_owned();
+        Ok(decoded)
+    }
+
+    async fn load_or_new(path: &Path) -> Self {
+        match Self::load(path).await {
+            Ok(s) => {
+                tracing::info!("Loaded state file at {}", path.display());
+                s
+            }
+            Err(e)
+                if e.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound)
+                    .unwrap_or(false) =>
+            {
+                tracing::info!("Will create state file at {}", path.display());
+                Self {
+                    tenants: HashMap::new(),
+                    path: path.to_owned(),
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                panic!("Failed to load state from '{}': {e:#} (maybe your .neon/ dir was written by an older version?)", path.display())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// State available to HTTP request handlers
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct State {
+    inner: Arc<tokio::sync::RwLock<PersistentState>>,
+}
+
+impl State {
+    fn new(persistent_state: PersistentState) -> State {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(tokio::sync::RwLock::new(persistent_state)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn get_state(request: &Request<Body>) -> &State {
+    request
+        .data::<Arc<State>>()
+        .expect("unknown state type")
+        .as_ref()
+}
+
+/// Pageserver calls into this on startup, to learn which tenants it should attach
+async fn handle_re_attach(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let reattach_req = json_request::<ReAttachRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+
+    let state = get_state(&req).inner.clone();
+    let mut locked = state.write().await;
+
+    let mut response = ReAttachResponse {
+        tenants: Vec::new(),
+    };
+    for (t, state) in &mut locked.tenants {
+        if state.pageserver == Some(reattach_req.node_id) {
+            state.generation += 1;
+            response.tenants.push(ReAttachResponseTenant {
+                id: *t,
+                gen: state.generation,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    locked.save().await.map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
+
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, response)
+}
+
+/// Pageserver calls into this before doing deletions, to confirm that it still
+/// holds the latest generation for the tenants with deletions enqueued
+async fn handle_validate(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let validate_req = json_request::<ValidateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+
+    let locked = get_state(&req).inner.read().await;
+
+    let mut response = ValidateResponse {
+        tenants: Vec::new(),
+    };
+
+    for req_tenant in validate_req.tenants {
+        if let Some(tenant_state) = locked.tenants.get(&req_tenant.id) {
+            let valid = tenant_state.generation == req_tenant.gen;
+            response.tenants.push(ValidateResponseTenant {
+                id: req_tenant.id,
+                valid,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, response)
+}
+/// Call into this before attaching a tenant to a pageserver, to acquire a generation number
+/// (in the real control plane this is unnecessary, because the same program is managing
+///  generation numbers and doing attachments).
+async fn handle_attach_hook(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let attach_req = json_request::<AttachHookRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+
+    let state = get_state(&req).inner.clone();
+    let mut locked = state.write().await;
+
+    let tenant_state = locked
+        .tenants
+        .entry(attach_req.tenant_id)
+        .or_insert_with(|| TenantState {
+            pageserver: attach_req.node_id,
+            generation: 0,
+        });
+
+    if let Some(attaching_pageserver) = attach_req.node_id.as_ref() {
+        tenant_state.generation += 1;
+        tracing::info!(
+            tenant_id = %attach_req.tenant_id,
+            ps_id = %attaching_pageserver,
+            generation = %tenant_state.generation,
+            "issuing",
+        );
+    } else if let Some(ps_id) = tenant_state.pageserver {
+        tracing::info!(
+            tenant_id = %attach_req.tenant_id,
+            %ps_id,
+            generation = %tenant_state.generation,
+            "dropping",
+        );
+    } else {
+        tracing::info!(
+            tenant_id = %attach_req.tenant_id,
+            "no-op: tenant already has no pageserver");
+    }
+    tenant_state.pageserver = attach_req.node_id;
+    let generation = tenant_state.generation;
+
+    locked.save().await.map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
+
+    json_response(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AttachHookResponse {
+            gen: attach_req.node_id.map(|_| generation),
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+fn make_router(persistent_state: PersistentState) -> RouterBuilder<hyper::Body, ApiError> {
+    endpoint::make_router()
+        .data(Arc::new(State::new(persistent_state)))
+        .post("/re-attach", |r| request_span(r, handle_re_attach))
+        .post("/validate", |r| request_span(r, handle_validate))
+        .post("/attach-hook", |r| request_span(r, handle_attach_hook))
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    logging::init(
+        LogFormat::Plain,
+        logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement::Disabled,
+    )?;
+
+    let args = Cli::parse();
+    tracing::info!(
+        "Starting, state at {}, listening on {}",
+        args.path.to_string_lossy(),
+        args.listen
+    );
+
+    let persistent_state = PersistentState::load_or_new(&args.path).await;
+
+    let http_listener = tcp_listener::bind(args.listen)?;
+    let router = make_router(persistent_state)
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err))?;
+    let service = utils::http::RouterService::new(router).unwrap();
+    let server = hyper::Server::from_tcp(http_listener)?.serve(service);
+
+    tracing::info!("Serving on {0}", args.listen);
+
+    tokio::task::spawn(server);
+
+    ShutdownSignals::handle(|signal| match signal {
+        Signal::Interrupt | Signal::Terminate | Signal::Quit => {
+            tracing::info!("Got {}. Terminating", signal.name());
+            // We're just a test helper: no graceful shutdown.
+            std::process::exit(0);
+        }
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/control_plane/src/bin/neon_local.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/bin/neon_local.rs
--- a/control_plane/src/broker.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/broker.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use camino::Utf8PathBuf;

 use crate::{background_process, local_env};

-pub async fn start_broker_process(env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+pub fn start_broker_process(env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let broker = &env.broker;
    let listen_addr = &broker.listen_addr;

@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ pub async fn start_broker_process(env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> anyhow::Result<(

    let args = [format!("--listen-addr={listen_addr}")];

-    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::new();
    background_process::start_process(
        "storage_broker",
        &env.base_data_dir,
        &env.storage_broker_bin(),
        args,
        [],
-        background_process::InitialPidFile::Create(storage_broker_pid_file_path(env)),
-        || async {
+        background_process::InitialPidFile::Create(&storage_broker_pid_file_path(env)),
+        || {
            let url = broker.client_url();
            let status_url = url.join("status").with_context(|| {
                format!("Failed to append /status path to broker endpoint {url}")
@@ -36,13 +36,12 @@ pub async fn start_broker_process(env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> anyhow::Result<(
                .get(status_url)
                .build()
                .with_context(|| format!("Failed to construct request to broker endpoint {url}"))?;
-            match client.execute(request).await {
+            match client.execute(request) {
                Ok(resp) => Ok(resp.status().is_success()),
                Err(_) => Ok(false),
            }
        },
    )
-    .await
    .context("Failed to spawn storage_broker subprocess")?;
    Ok(())
 }
--- a/control_plane/src/endpoint.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/endpoint.rs
@@ -45,15 +45,11 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
-use compute_api::spec::RemoteExtSpec;
-use nix::sys::signal::kill;
-use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use url::Host;
 use utils::id::{NodeId, TenantId, TimelineId};

-use crate::attachment_service::AttachmentService;
 use crate::local_env::LocalEnv;
+use crate::pageserver::PageServerNode;
 use crate::postgresql_conf::PostgresConf;

 use compute_api::responses::{ComputeState, ComputeStatus};
@@ -70,6 +66,7 @@ pub struct EndpointConf {
    http_port: u16,
    pg_version: u32,
    skip_pg_catalog_updates: bool,
+    pageserver_id: NodeId,
 }

 //
@@ -121,14 +118,18 @@ impl ComputeControlPlane {
        http_port: Option<u16>,
        pg_version: u32,
        mode: ComputeMode,
+        pageserver_id: NodeId,
    ) -> Result<Arc<Endpoint>> {
        let pg_port = pg_port.unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_port());
        let http_port = http_port.unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_port() + 1);
+        let pageserver =
+            PageServerNode::from_env(&self.env, self.env.get_pageserver_conf(pageserver_id)?);
        let ep = Arc::new(Endpoint {
            endpoint_id: endpoint_id.to_owned(),
            pg_address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), pg_port),
            http_address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), http_port),
            env: self.env.clone(),
+            pageserver,
            timeline_id,
            mode,
            tenant_id,
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ impl ComputeControlPlane {
                pg_port,
                pg_version,
                skip_pg_catalog_updates: true,
+                pageserver_id,
            })?,
        )?;
        std::fs::write(
@@ -166,30 +168,6 @@ impl ComputeControlPlane {

        Ok(ep)
    }
-
-    pub fn check_conflicting_endpoints(
-        &self,
-        mode: ComputeMode,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
-        timeline_id: TimelineId,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        if matches!(mode, ComputeMode::Primary) {
-            // this check is not complete, as you could have a concurrent attempt at
-            // creating another primary, both reading the state before checking it here,
-            // but it's better than nothing.
-            let mut duplicates = self.endpoints.iter().filter(|(_k, v)| {
-                v.tenant_id == tenant_id
-                    && v.timeline_id == timeline_id
-                    && v.mode == mode
-                    && v.status() != "stopped"
-            });
-
-            if let Some((key, _)) = duplicates.next() {
-                bail!("attempting to create a duplicate primary endpoint on tenant {tenant_id}, timeline {timeline_id}: endpoint {key:?} exists already. please don't do this, it is not supported.");
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }

 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -212,6 +190,7 @@ pub struct Endpoint {
    // These are not part of the endpoint as such, but the environment
    // the endpoint runs in.
    pub env: LocalEnv,
+    pageserver: PageServerNode,

    // Optimizations
    skip_pg_catalog_updates: bool,
@@ -234,11 +213,15 @@ impl Endpoint {
        let conf: EndpointConf =
            serde_json::from_slice(&std::fs::read(entry.path().join("endpoint.json"))?)?;

+        let pageserver =
+            PageServerNode::from_env(env, env.get_pageserver_conf(conf.pageserver_id)?);
+
        Ok(Endpoint {
            pg_address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), conf.pg_port),
            http_address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), conf.http_port),
            endpoint_id,
            env: env.clone(),
+            pageserver,
            timeline_id: conf.timeline_id,
            mode: conf.mode,
            tenant_id: conf.tenant_id,
@@ -430,14 +413,11 @@ impl Endpoint {
        Ok(())
    }

-    fn wait_for_compute_ctl_to_exit(&self, send_sigterm: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    fn wait_for_compute_ctl_to_exit(&self) -> Result<()> {
        // TODO use background_process::stop_process instead
        let pidfile_path = self.endpoint_path().join("compute_ctl.pid");
        let pid: u32 = std::fs::read_to_string(pidfile_path)?.parse()?;
        let pid = nix::unistd::Pid::from_raw(pid as i32);
-        if send_sigterm {
-            kill(pid, Signal::SIGTERM).ok();
-        }
        crate::background_process::wait_until_stopped("compute_ctl", pid)?;
        Ok(())
    }
@@ -458,21 +438,11 @@ impl Endpoint {
        }
    }

-    fn build_pageserver_connstr(pageservers: &[(Host, u16)]) -> String {
-        pageservers
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(host, port)| format!("postgresql://no_user@{host}:{port}"))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(",")
-    }
-
-    pub async fn start(
+    pub fn start(
        &self,
        auth_token: &Option<String>,
        safekeepers: Vec<NodeId>,
-        pageservers: Vec<(Host, u16)>,
        remote_ext_config: Option<&String>,
-        shard_stripe_size: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if self.status() == "running" {
            anyhow::bail!("The endpoint is already running");
@@ -486,9 +456,13 @@ impl Endpoint {
            std::fs::remove_dir_all(self.pgdata())?;
        }

-        let pageserver_connstring = Self::build_pageserver_connstr(&pageservers);
-        assert!(!pageserver_connstring.is_empty());
+        let pageserver_connstring = {
+            let config = &self.pageserver.pg_connection_config;
+            let (host, port) = (config.host(), config.port());

+            // NOTE: avoid spaces in connection string, because it is less error prone if we forward it somewhere.
+            format!("postgresql://no_user@{host}:{port}")
+        };
        let mut safekeeper_connstrings = Vec::new();
        if self.mode == ComputeMode::Primary {
            for sk_id in safekeepers {
@@ -502,24 +476,11 @@ impl Endpoint {
            }
        }

-        // check for file remote_extensions_spec.json
-        // if it is present, read it and pass to compute_ctl
-        let remote_extensions_spec_path = self.endpoint_path().join("remote_extensions_spec.json");
-        let remote_extensions_spec = std::fs::File::open(remote_extensions_spec_path);
-        let remote_extensions: Option<RemoteExtSpec>;
-
-        if let Ok(spec_file) = remote_extensions_spec {
-            remote_extensions = serde_json::from_reader(spec_file).ok();
-        } else {
-            remote_extensions = None;
-        };
-
        // Create spec file
        let spec = ComputeSpec {
            skip_pg_catalog_updates: self.skip_pg_catalog_updates,
            format_version: 1.0,
            operation_uuid: None,
-            features: vec![],
            cluster: Cluster {
                cluster_id: None, // project ID: not used
                name: None,       // project name: not used
@@ -536,9 +497,7 @@ impl Endpoint {
            pageserver_connstring: Some(pageserver_connstring),
            safekeeper_connstrings,
            storage_auth_token: auth_token.clone(),
-            remote_extensions,
-            pgbouncer_settings: None,
-            shard_stripe_size: Some(shard_stripe_size),
+            remote_extensions: None,
        };
        let spec_path = self.endpoint_path().join("spec.json");
        std::fs::write(spec_path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&spec)?)?;
@@ -589,7 +548,7 @@ impl Endpoint {
        const MAX_ATTEMPTS: u32 = 10 * 30; // Wait up to 30 s
        loop {
            attempt += 1;
-            match self.get_status().await {
+            match self.get_status() {
                Ok(state) => {
                    match state.status {
                        ComputeStatus::Init => {
@@ -631,8 +590,8 @@ impl Endpoint {
    }

    // Call the /status HTTP API
-    pub async fn get_status(&self) -> Result<ComputeState> {
-        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    pub fn get_status(&self) -> Result<ComputeState> {
+        let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::new();

        let response = client
            .request(
@@ -643,17 +602,16 @@ impl Endpoint {
                    self.http_address.port()
                ),
            )
-            .send()
-            .await?;
+            .send()?;

        // Interpret the response
        let status = response.status();
        if !(status.is_client_error() || status.is_server_error()) {
-            Ok(response.json().await?)
+            Ok(response.json()?)
        } else {
            // reqwest does not export its error construction utility functions, so let's craft the message ourselves
            let url = response.url().to_owned();
-            let msg = match response.text().await {
+            let msg = match response.text() {
                Ok(err_body) => format!("Error: {}", err_body),
                Err(_) => format!("Http error ({}) at {}.", status.as_u16(), url),
            };
@@ -661,7 +619,7 @@ impl Endpoint {
        }
    }

-    pub async fn reconfigure(&self, mut pageservers: Vec<(Host, u16)>) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn reconfigure(&self, pageserver_id: Option<NodeId>) -> Result<()> {
        let mut spec: ComputeSpec = {
            let spec_path = self.endpoint_path().join("spec.json");
            let file = std::fs::File::open(spec_path)?;
@@ -671,28 +629,26 @@ impl Endpoint {
        let postgresql_conf = self.read_postgresql_conf()?;
        spec.cluster.postgresql_conf = Some(postgresql_conf);

-        // If we weren't given explicit pageservers, query the attachment service
-        if pageservers.is_empty() {
-            let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(&self.env);
-            let locate_result = attachment_service.tenant_locate(self.tenant_id).await?;
-            pageservers = locate_result
-                .shards
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|shard| {
-                    (
-                        Host::parse(&shard.listen_pg_addr)
-                            .expect("Attachment service reported bad hostname"),
-                        shard.listen_pg_port,
-                    )
-                })
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        if let Some(pageserver_id) = pageserver_id {
+            let endpoint_config_path = self.endpoint_path().join("endpoint.json");
+            let mut endpoint_conf: EndpointConf = {
+                let file = std::fs::File::open(&endpoint_config_path)?;
+                serde_json::from_reader(file)?
+            };
+            endpoint_conf.pageserver_id = pageserver_id;
+            std::fs::write(
+                endpoint_config_path,
+                serde_json::to_string_pretty(&endpoint_conf)?,
+            )?;
+
+            let pageserver =
+                PageServerNode::from_env(&self.env, self.env.get_pageserver_conf(pageserver_id)?);
+            let ps_http_conf = &pageserver.pg_connection_config;
+            let (host, port) = (ps_http_conf.host(), ps_http_conf.port());
+            spec.pageserver_connstring = Some(format!("postgresql://no_user@{host}:{port}"));
        }

-        let pageserver_connstr = Self::build_pageserver_connstr(&pageservers);
-        assert!(!pageserver_connstr.is_empty());
-        spec.pageserver_connstring = Some(pageserver_connstr);
-
-        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::new();
        let response = client
            .post(format!(
                "http://{}:{}/configure",
@@ -703,15 +659,14 @@ impl Endpoint {
                "{{\"spec\":{}}}",
                serde_json::to_string_pretty(&spec)?
            ))
-            .send()
-            .await?;
+            .send()?;

        let status = response.status();
        if !(status.is_client_error() || status.is_server_error()) {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            let url = response.url().to_owned();
-            let msg = match response.text().await {
+            let msg = match response.text() {
                Ok(err_body) => format!("Error: {}", err_body),
                Err(_) => format!("Http error ({}) at {}.", status.as_u16(), url),
            };
@@ -736,15 +691,10 @@ impl Endpoint {
            &None,
        )?;

-        // Also wait for the compute_ctl process to die. It might have some
-        // cleanup work to do after postgres stops, like syncing safekeepers,
-        // etc.
+        // Also wait for the compute_ctl process to die. It might have some cleanup
+        // work to do after postgres stops, like syncing safekeepers, etc.
        //
-        // If destroying, send it SIGTERM before waiting. Sometimes we do *not*
-        // want this cleanup: tests intentionally do stop when majority of
-        // safekeepers is down, so sync-safekeepers would hang otherwise. This
-        // could be a separate flag though.
-        self.wait_for_compute_ctl_to_exit(destroy)?;
+        self.wait_for_compute_ctl_to_exit()?;
        if destroy {
            println!(
                "Destroying postgres data directory '{}'",
--- a/control_plane/src/local_env.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/local_env.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@

 use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context};

-use clap::ValueEnum;
 use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use reqwest::Url;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -163,31 +162,6 @@ impl Default for SafekeeperConf {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum InitForceMode {
-    MustNotExist,
-    EmptyDirOk,
-    RemoveAllContents,
-}
-
-impl ValueEnum for InitForceMode {
-    fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
-        &[
-            Self::MustNotExist,
-            Self::EmptyDirOk,
-            Self::RemoveAllContents,
-        ]
-    }
-
-    fn to_possible_value(&self) -> Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue> {
-        Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(match self {
-            InitForceMode::MustNotExist => "must-not-exist",
-            InitForceMode::EmptyDirOk => "empty-dir-ok",
-            InitForceMode::RemoveAllContents => "remove-all-contents",
-        }))
-    }
-}
-
 impl SafekeeperConf {
    /// Compute is served by port on which only tenant scoped tokens allowed, if
    /// it is configured.
@@ -251,13 +225,7 @@ impl LocalEnv {
        if let Some(conf) = self.pageservers.iter().find(|node| node.id == id) {
            Ok(conf)
        } else {
-            let have_ids = self
-                .pageservers
-                .iter()
-                .map(|node| format!("{}:{}", node.id, node.listen_http_addr))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let joined = have_ids.join(",");
-            bail!("could not find pageserver {id}, have ids {joined}")
+            bail!("could not find pageserver {id}")
        }
    }

@@ -416,7 +384,7 @@ impl LocalEnv {
    //
    // Initialize a new Neon repository
    //
-    pub fn init(&mut self, pg_version: u32, force: &InitForceMode) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    pub fn init(&mut self, pg_version: u32, force: bool) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        // check if config already exists
        let base_path = &self.base_data_dir;
        ensure!(
@@ -425,34 +393,25 @@ impl LocalEnv {
        );

        if base_path.exists() {
-            match force {
-                InitForceMode::MustNotExist => {
-                    bail!(
-                        "directory '{}' already exists. Perhaps already initialized?",
-                        base_path.display()
-                    );
-                }
-                InitForceMode::EmptyDirOk => {
-                    if let Some(res) = std::fs::read_dir(base_path)?.next() {
-                        res.context("check if directory is empty")?;
-                        anyhow::bail!("directory not empty: {base_path:?}");
-                    }
-                }
-                InitForceMode::RemoveAllContents => {
-                    println!("removing all contents of '{}'", base_path.display());
-                    // instead of directly calling `remove_dir_all`, we keep the original dir but removing
-                    // all contents inside. This helps if the developer symbol links another directory (i.e.,
-                    // S3 local SSD) to the `.neon` base directory.
-                    for entry in std::fs::read_dir(base_path)? {
-                        let entry = entry?;
-                        let path = entry.path();
-                        if path.is_dir() {
-                            fs::remove_dir_all(&path)?;
-                        } else {
-                            fs::remove_file(&path)?;
-                        }
+            if force {
+                println!("removing all contents of '{}'", base_path.display());
+                // instead of directly calling `remove_dir_all`, we keep the original dir but removing
+                // all contents inside. This helps if the developer symbol links another directory (i.e.,
+                // S3 local SSD) to the `.neon` base directory.
+                for entry in std::fs::read_dir(base_path)? {
+                    let entry = entry?;
+                    let path = entry.path();
+                    if path.is_dir() {
+                        fs::remove_dir_all(&path)?;
+                    } else {
+                        fs::remove_file(&path)?;
                    }
                }
+            } else {
+                bail!(
+                    "directory '{}' already exists. Perhaps already initialized? (Hint: use --force to remove all contents)",
+                    base_path.display()
+                );
            }
        }

--- a/control_plane/src/pageserver.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/pageserver.rs
@@ -6,26 +6,24 @@
 //!
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-use std::io;
-use std::io::Write;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::{BufReader, Write};
 use std::num::NonZeroU64;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::process::{Child, Command};
-use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{io, result};

 use anyhow::{bail, Context};
 use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
-use futures::SinkExt;
-use pageserver_api::models::{
-    self, LocationConfig, ShardParameters, TenantHistorySize, TenantInfo, TimelineInfo,
-};
-use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
-use pageserver_client::mgmt_api;
+use pageserver_api::models::{self, TenantInfo, TimelineInfo};
 use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use postgres_connection::{parse_host_port, PgConnectionConfig};
+use reqwest::blocking::{Client, RequestBuilder, Response};
+use reqwest::{IntoUrl, Method};
+use thiserror::Error;
 use utils::auth::{Claims, Scope};
 use utils::{
+    http::error::HttpErrorBody,
    id::{TenantId, TimelineId},
    lsn::Lsn,
 };
@@ -33,8 +31,44 @@ use utils::{
 use crate::local_env::PageServerConf;
 use crate::{background_process, local_env::LocalEnv};

-/// Directory within .neon which will be used by default for LocalFs remote storage.
-pub const PAGESERVER_REMOTE_STORAGE_DIR: &str = "local_fs_remote_storage/pageserver";
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum PageserverHttpError {
+    #[error("Reqwest error: {0}")]
+    Transport(#[from] reqwest::Error),
+
+    #[error("Error: {0}")]
+    Response(String),
+}
+
+impl From<anyhow::Error> for PageserverHttpError {
+    fn from(e: anyhow::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::Response(e.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+type Result<T> = result::Result<T, PageserverHttpError>;
+
+pub trait ResponseErrorMessageExt: Sized {
+    fn error_from_body(self) -> Result<Self>;
+}
+
+impl ResponseErrorMessageExt for Response {
+    fn error_from_body(self) -> Result<Self> {
+        let status = self.status();
+        if !(status.is_client_error() || status.is_server_error()) {
+            return Ok(self);
+        }
+
+        // reqwest does not export its error construction utility functions, so let's craft the message ourselves
+        let url = self.url().to_owned();
+        Err(PageserverHttpError::Response(
+            match self.json::<HttpErrorBody>() {
+                Ok(err_body) => format!("Error: {}", err_body.msg),
+                Err(_) => format!("Http error ({}) at {}.", status.as_u16(), url),
+            },
+        ))
+    }
+}

 //
 // Control routines for pageserver.
@@ -46,7 +80,8 @@ pub struct PageServerNode {
    pub pg_connection_config: PgConnectionConfig,
    pub conf: PageServerConf,
    pub env: LocalEnv,
-    pub http_client: mgmt_api::Client,
+    pub http_client: Client,
+    pub http_base_url: String,
 }

 impl PageServerNode {
@@ -58,26 +93,13 @@ impl PageServerNode {
            pg_connection_config: PgConnectionConfig::new_host_port(host, port),
            conf: conf.clone(),
            env: env.clone(),
-            http_client: mgmt_api::Client::new(
-                format!("http://{}", conf.listen_http_addr),
-                {
-                    match conf.http_auth_type {
-                        AuthType::Trust => None,
-                        AuthType::NeonJWT => Some(
-                            env.generate_auth_token(&Claims::new(None, Scope::PageServerApi))
-                                .unwrap(),
-                        ),
-                    }
-                }
-                .as_deref(),
-            ),
+            http_client: Client::new(),
+            http_base_url: format!("http://{}/v1", conf.listen_http_addr),
        }
    }

-    /// Merge overrides provided by the user on the command line with our default overides derived from neon_local configuration.
-    ///
-    /// These all end up on the command line of the `pageserver` binary.
-    fn neon_local_overrides(&self, cli_overrides: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+    // pageserver conf overrides defined by neon_local configuration.
+    fn neon_local_overrides(&self) -> Vec<String> {
        let id = format!("id={}", self.conf.id);
        // FIXME: the paths should be shell-escaped to handle paths with spaces, quotas etc.
        let pg_distrib_dir_param = format!(
@@ -108,25 +130,6 @@ impl PageServerNode {
                "control_plane_api='{}'",
                control_plane_api.as_str()
            ));
-
-            // Attachment service uses the same auth as pageserver: if JWT is enabled
-            // for us, we will also need it to talk to them.
-            if matches!(self.conf.http_auth_type, AuthType::NeonJWT) {
-                let jwt_token = self
-                    .env
-                    .generate_auth_token(&Claims::new(None, Scope::PageServerApi))
-                    .unwrap();
-                overrides.push(format!("control_plane_api_token='{}'", jwt_token));
-            }
-        }
-
-        if !cli_overrides
-            .iter()
-            .any(|c| c.starts_with("remote_storage"))
-        {
-            overrides.push(format!(
-                "remote_storage={{local_path='../{PAGESERVER_REMOTE_STORAGE_DIR}'}}"
-            ));
        }

        if self.conf.http_auth_type != AuthType::Trust || self.conf.pg_auth_type != AuthType::Trust
@@ -135,10 +138,6 @@ impl PageServerNode {
            // are one level below that, so refer to keys with ../
            overrides.push("auth_validation_public_key_path='../auth_public_key.pem'".to_owned());
        }
-
-        // Apply the user-provided overrides
-        overrides.extend(cli_overrides.iter().map(|&c| c.to_owned()));
-
        overrides
    }

@@ -161,8 +160,8 @@ impl PageServerNode {
            .expect("non-Unicode path")
    }

-    pub async fn start(&self, config_overrides: &[&str]) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
-        self.start_node(config_overrides, false).await
+    pub fn start(&self, config_overrides: &[&str]) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
+        self.start_node(config_overrides, false)
    }

    fn pageserver_init(&self, config_overrides: &[&str]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@@ -203,12 +202,10 @@ impl PageServerNode {
        Ok(())
    }

-    async fn start_node(
-        &self,
-        config_overrides: &[&str],
-        update_config: bool,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
-        // TODO: using a thread here because start_process() is not async but we need to call check_status()
+    fn start_node(&self, config_overrides: &[&str], update_config: bool) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
+        let mut overrides = self.neon_local_overrides();
+        overrides.extend(config_overrides.iter().map(|&c| c.to_owned()));
+
        let datadir = self.repo_path();
        print!(
            "Starting pageserver node {} at '{}' in {:?}",
@@ -216,7 +213,7 @@ impl PageServerNode {
            self.pg_connection_config.raw_address(),
            datadir
        );
-        io::stdout().flush().context("flush stdout")?;
+        io::stdout().flush()?;

        let datadir_path_str = datadir.to_str().with_context(|| {
            format!(
@@ -228,23 +225,20 @@ impl PageServerNode {
        if update_config {
            args.push(Cow::Borrowed("--update-config"));
        }
+
        background_process::start_process(
            "pageserver",
            &datadir,
            &self.env.pageserver_bin(),
            args.iter().map(Cow::as_ref),
            self.pageserver_env_variables()?,
-            background_process::InitialPidFile::Expect(self.pid_file()),
-            || async {
-                let st = self.check_status().await;
-                match st {
-                    Ok(()) => Ok(true),
-                    Err(mgmt_api::Error::ReceiveBody(_)) => Ok(false),
-                    Err(e) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to check node status: {e}")),
-                }
+            background_process::InitialPidFile::Expect(&self.pid_file()),
+            || match self.check_status() {
+                Ok(()) => Ok(true),
+                Err(PageserverHttpError::Transport(_)) => Ok(false),
+                Err(e) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to check node status: {e}")),
            },
        )
-        .await
    }

    fn pageserver_basic_args<'a>(
@@ -254,7 +248,8 @@ impl PageServerNode {
    ) -> Vec<Cow<'a, str>> {
        let mut args = vec![Cow::Borrowed("-D"), Cow::Borrowed(datadir_path_str)];

-        let overrides = self.neon_local_overrides(config_overrides);
+        let mut overrides = self.neon_local_overrides();
+        overrides.extend(config_overrides.iter().map(|&c| c.to_owned()));
        for config_override in overrides {
            args.push(Cow::Borrowed("-c"));
            args.push(Cow::Owned(config_override));
@@ -290,12 +285,7 @@ impl PageServerNode {
        background_process::stop_process(immediate, "pageserver", &self.pid_file())
    }

-    pub async fn page_server_psql_client(
-        &self,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<(
-        tokio_postgres::Client,
-        tokio_postgres::Connection<tokio_postgres::Socket, tokio_postgres::tls::NoTlsStream>,
-    )> {
+    pub fn page_server_psql_client(&self) -> anyhow::Result<postgres::Client> {
        let mut config = self.pg_connection_config.clone();
        if self.conf.pg_auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
            let token = self
@@ -303,18 +293,44 @@ impl PageServerNode {
                .generate_auth_token(&Claims::new(None, Scope::PageServerApi))?;
            config = config.set_password(Some(token));
        }
-        Ok(config.connect_no_tls().await?)
+        Ok(config.connect_no_tls()?)
    }

-    pub async fn check_status(&self) -> mgmt_api::Result<()> {
-        self.http_client.status().await
+    fn http_request<U: IntoUrl>(&self, method: Method, url: U) -> anyhow::Result<RequestBuilder> {
+        let mut builder = self.http_client.request(method, url);
+        if self.conf.http_auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
+            let token = self
+                .env
+                .generate_auth_token(&Claims::new(None, Scope::PageServerApi))?;
+            builder = builder.bearer_auth(token)
+        }
+        Ok(builder)
    }

-    pub async fn tenant_list(&self) -> mgmt_api::Result<Vec<TenantInfo>> {
-        self.http_client.list_tenants().await
+    pub fn check_status(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request(Method::GET, format!("{}/status", self.http_base_url))?
+            .send()?
+            .error_from_body()?;
+        Ok(())
    }
-    pub fn parse_config(mut settings: HashMap<&str, &str>) -> anyhow::Result<models::TenantConfig> {
-        let result = models::TenantConfig {
+
+    pub fn tenant_list(&self) -> Result<Vec<TenantInfo>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .http_request(Method::GET, format!("{}/tenant", self.http_base_url))?
+            .send()?
+            .error_from_body()?
+            .json()?)
+    }
+
+    pub fn tenant_create(
+        &self,
+        new_tenant_id: TenantId,
+        generation: Option<u32>,
+        settings: HashMap<&str, &str>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantId> {
+        let mut settings = settings.clone();
+
+        let config = models::TenantConfig {
            checkpoint_distance: settings
                .remove("checkpoint_distance")
                .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
@@ -373,36 +389,33 @@ impl PageServerNode {
                .map(|x| x.parse::<bool>())
                .transpose()
                .context("Failed to parse 'gc_feedback' as bool")?,
-            heatmap_period: settings.remove("heatmap_period").map(|x| x.to_string()),
        };
-        if !settings.is_empty() {
-            bail!("Unrecognized tenant settings: {settings:?}")
-        } else {
-            Ok(result)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub async fn tenant_create(
-        &self,
-        new_tenant_id: TenantId,
-        generation: Option<u32>,
-        settings: HashMap<&str, &str>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantId> {
-        let config = Self::parse_config(settings.clone())?;

        let request = models::TenantCreateRequest {
-            new_tenant_id: TenantShardId::unsharded(new_tenant_id),
+            new_tenant_id,
            generation,
            config,
-            shard_parameters: ShardParameters::default(),
        };
        if !settings.is_empty() {
            bail!("Unrecognized tenant settings: {settings:?}")
        }
-        Ok(self.http_client.tenant_create(&request).await?)
+        self.http_request(Method::POST, format!("{}/tenant", self.http_base_url))?
+            .json(&request)
+            .send()?
+            .error_from_body()?
+            .json::<Option<String>>()
+            .with_context(|| {
+                format!("Failed to parse tenant creation response for tenant id: {new_tenant_id:?}")
+            })?
+            .context("No tenant id was found in the tenant creation response")
+            .and_then(|tenant_id_string| {
+                tenant_id_string.parse().with_context(|| {
+                    format!("Failed to parse response string as tenant id: '{tenant_id_string}'")
+                })
+            })
    }

-    pub async fn tenant_config(
+    pub fn tenant_config(
        &self,
        tenant_id: TenantId,
        mut settings: HashMap<&str, &str>,
@@ -473,7 +486,6 @@ impl PageServerNode {
                    .map(|x| x.parse::<bool>())
                    .transpose()
                    .context("Failed to parse 'gc_feedback' as bool")?,
-                heatmap_period: settings.remove("heatmap_period").map(|x| x.to_string()),
            }
        };

@@ -481,59 +493,59 @@ impl PageServerNode {
            bail!("Unrecognized tenant settings: {settings:?}")
        }

-        self.http_client
-            .tenant_config(&models::TenantConfigRequest { tenant_id, config })
-            .await?;
+        self.http_request(Method::PUT, format!("{}/tenant/config", self.http_base_url))?
+            .json(&models::TenantConfigRequest { tenant_id, config })
+            .send()?
+            .error_from_body()?;

        Ok(())
    }

-    pub async fn location_config(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        config: LocationConfig,
-        flush_ms: Option<Duration>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        Ok(self
-            .http_client
-            .location_config(tenant_shard_id, config, flush_ms)
-            .await?)
+    pub fn timeline_list(&self, tenant_id: &TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TimelineInfo>> {
+        let timeline_infos: Vec<TimelineInfo> = self
+            .http_request(
+                Method::GET,
+                format!("{}/tenant/{}/timeline", self.http_base_url, tenant_id),
+            )?
+            .send()?
+            .error_from_body()?
+            .json()?;
+
+        Ok(timeline_infos)
    }

-    pub async fn timeline_list(
+    pub fn timeline_create(
        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TimelineInfo>> {
-        Ok(self.http_client.list_timelines(*tenant_shard_id).await?)
-    }
-
-    pub async fn tenant_secondary_download(&self, tenant_id: &TenantShardId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        Ok(self
-            .http_client
-            .tenant_secondary_download(*tenant_id)
-            .await?)
-    }
-
-    pub async fn timeline_create(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        new_timeline_id: TimelineId,
+        tenant_id: TenantId,
+        new_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
        ancestor_start_lsn: Option<Lsn>,
        ancestor_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
        pg_version: Option<u32>,
-        existing_initdb_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<TimelineInfo> {
-        let req = models::TimelineCreateRequest {
+        // If timeline ID was not specified, generate one
+        let new_timeline_id = new_timeline_id.unwrap_or(TimelineId::generate());
+
+        self.http_request(
+            Method::POST,
+            format!("{}/tenant/{}/timeline", self.http_base_url, tenant_id),
+        )?
+        .json(&models::TimelineCreateRequest {
            new_timeline_id,
            ancestor_start_lsn,
            ancestor_timeline_id,
            pg_version,
-            existing_initdb_timeline_id,
-        };
-        Ok(self
-            .http_client
-            .timeline_create(tenant_shard_id, &req)
-            .await?)
+        })
+        .send()?
+        .error_from_body()?
+        .json::<Option<TimelineInfo>>()
+        .with_context(|| {
+            format!("Failed to parse timeline creation response for tenant id: {tenant_id}")
+        })?
+        .with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "No timeline id was found in the timeline creation response for tenant {tenant_id}"
+            )
+        })
    }

    /// Import a basebackup prepared using either:
@@ -545,7 +557,7 @@ impl PageServerNode {
    /// * `timeline_id` - id to assign to imported timeline
    /// * `base` - (start lsn of basebackup, path to `base.tar` file)
    /// * `pg_wal` - if there's any wal to import: (end lsn, path to `pg_wal.tar`)
-    pub async fn timeline_import(
+    pub fn timeline_import(
        &self,
        tenant_id: TenantId,
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
@@ -553,72 +565,38 @@ impl PageServerNode {
        pg_wal: Option<(Lsn, PathBuf)>,
        pg_version: u32,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let (client, conn) = self.page_server_psql_client().await?;
-        // The connection object performs the actual communication with the database,
-        // so spawn it off to run on its own.
-        tokio::spawn(async move {
-            if let Err(e) = conn.await {
-                eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
-            }
-        });
-        tokio::pin!(client);
+        let mut client = self.page_server_psql_client()?;

        // Init base reader
        let (start_lsn, base_tarfile_path) = base;
-        let base_tarfile = tokio::fs::File::open(base_tarfile_path).await?;
-        let base_tarfile = tokio_util::io::ReaderStream::new(base_tarfile);
+        let base_tarfile = File::open(base_tarfile_path)?;
+        let mut base_reader = BufReader::new(base_tarfile);

        // Init wal reader if necessary
        let (end_lsn, wal_reader) = if let Some((end_lsn, wal_tarfile_path)) = pg_wal {
-            let wal_tarfile = tokio::fs::File::open(wal_tarfile_path).await?;
-            let wal_reader = tokio_util::io::ReaderStream::new(wal_tarfile);
+            let wal_tarfile = File::open(wal_tarfile_path)?;
+            let wal_reader = BufReader::new(wal_tarfile);
            (end_lsn, Some(wal_reader))
        } else {
            (start_lsn, None)
        };

-        let copy_in = |reader, cmd| {
-            let client = &client;
-            async move {
-                let writer = client.copy_in(&cmd).await?;
-                let writer = std::pin::pin!(writer);
-                let mut writer = writer.sink_map_err(|e| {
-                    std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::Other, format!("{e}"))
-                });
-                let mut reader = std::pin::pin!(reader);
-                writer.send_all(&mut reader).await?;
-                writer.into_inner().finish().await?;
-                anyhow::Ok(())
-            }
-        };
-
        // Import base
-        copy_in(
-            base_tarfile,
-            format!(
-                "import basebackup {tenant_id} {timeline_id} {start_lsn} {end_lsn} {pg_version}"
-            ),
-        )
-        .await?;
+        let import_cmd = format!(
+            "import basebackup {tenant_id} {timeline_id} {start_lsn} {end_lsn} {pg_version}"
+        );
+        let mut writer = client.copy_in(&import_cmd)?;
+        io::copy(&mut base_reader, &mut writer)?;
+        writer.finish()?;
+
        // Import wal if necessary
-        if let Some(wal_reader) = wal_reader {
-            copy_in(
-                wal_reader,
-                format!("import wal {tenant_id} {timeline_id} {start_lsn} {end_lsn}"),
-            )
-            .await?;
+        if let Some(mut wal_reader) = wal_reader {
+            let import_cmd = format!("import wal {tenant_id} {timeline_id} {start_lsn} {end_lsn}");
+            let mut writer = client.copy_in(&import_cmd)?;
+            io::copy(&mut wal_reader, &mut writer)?;
+            writer.finish()?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }
-
-    pub async fn tenant_synthetic_size(
-        &self,
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantHistorySize> {
-        Ok(self
-            .http_client
-            .tenant_synthetic_size(tenant_shard_id)
-            .await?)
-    }
 }
--- a/control_plane/src/safekeeper.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/safekeeper.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use std::{io, result};
 use anyhow::Context;
 use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
 use postgres_connection::PgConnectionConfig;
+use reqwest::blocking::{Client, RequestBuilder, Response};
 use reqwest::{IntoUrl, Method};
 use thiserror::Error;
 use utils::{http::error::HttpErrorBody, id::NodeId};
@@ -33,14 +34,12 @@ pub enum SafekeeperHttpError {

 type Result<T> = result::Result<T, SafekeeperHttpError>;

-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait ResponseErrorMessageExt: Sized {
-    async fn error_from_body(self) -> Result<Self>;
+    fn error_from_body(self) -> Result<Self>;
 }

-#[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl ResponseErrorMessageExt for reqwest::Response {
-    async fn error_from_body(self) -> Result<Self> {
+impl ResponseErrorMessageExt for Response {
+    fn error_from_body(self) -> Result<Self> {
        let status = self.status();
        if !(status.is_client_error() || status.is_server_error()) {
            return Ok(self);
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ impl ResponseErrorMessageExt for reqwest::Response {
        // reqwest does not export its error construction utility functions, so let's craft the message ourselves
        let url = self.url().to_owned();
        Err(SafekeeperHttpError::Response(
-            match self.json::<HttpErrorBody>().await {
+            match self.json::<HttpErrorBody>() {
                Ok(err_body) => format!("Error: {}", err_body.msg),
                Err(_) => format!("Http error ({}) at {}.", status.as_u16(), url),
            },
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ pub struct SafekeeperNode {

    pub pg_connection_config: PgConnectionConfig,
    pub env: LocalEnv,
-    pub http_client: reqwest::Client,
+    pub http_client: Client,
    pub http_base_url: String,
 }

@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ impl SafekeeperNode {
            conf: conf.clone(),
            pg_connection_config: Self::safekeeper_connection_config(conf.pg_port),
            env: env.clone(),
-            http_client: reqwest::Client::new(),
+            http_client: Client::new(),
            http_base_url: format!("http://127.0.0.1:{}/v1", conf.http_port),
        }
    }
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ impl SafekeeperNode {
            .expect("non-Unicode path")
    }

-    pub async fn start(&self, extra_opts: Vec<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
+    pub fn start(&self, extra_opts: Vec<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
        print!(
            "Starting safekeeper at '{}' in '{}'",
            self.pg_connection_config.raw_address(),
@@ -192,16 +191,13 @@ impl SafekeeperNode {
            &self.env.safekeeper_bin(),
            &args,
            [],
-            background_process::InitialPidFile::Expect(self.pid_file()),
-            || async {
-                match self.check_status().await {
-                    Ok(()) => Ok(true),
-                    Err(SafekeeperHttpError::Transport(_)) => Ok(false),
-                    Err(e) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to check node status: {e}")),
-                }
+            background_process::InitialPidFile::Expect(&self.pid_file()),
+            || match self.check_status() {
+                Ok(()) => Ok(true),
+                Err(SafekeeperHttpError::Transport(_)) => Ok(false),
+                Err(e) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to check node status: {e}")),
            },
        )
-        .await
    }

    ///
@@ -220,7 +216,7 @@ impl SafekeeperNode {
        )
    }

-    fn http_request<U: IntoUrl>(&self, method: Method, url: U) -> reqwest::RequestBuilder {
+    fn http_request<U: IntoUrl>(&self, method: Method, url: U) -> RequestBuilder {
        // TODO: authentication
        //if self.env.auth_type == AuthType::NeonJWT {
        //    builder = builder.bearer_auth(&self.env.safekeeper_auth_token)
@@ -228,12 +224,10 @@ impl SafekeeperNode {
        self.http_client.request(method, url)
    }

-    pub async fn check_status(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn check_status(&self) -> Result<()> {
        self.http_request(Method::GET, format!("{}/{}", self.http_base_url, "status"))
-            .send()
-            .await?
-            .error_from_body()
-            .await?;
+            .send()?
+            .error_from_body()?;
        Ok(())
    }
 }
--- a/deny.toml
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ allow = [
    "Artistic-2.0",
    "BSD-2-Clause",
    "BSD-3-Clause",
-    "CC0-1.0",
    "ISC",
    "MIT",
    "MPL-2.0",
@@ -75,30 +74,10 @@ highlight = "all"
 workspace-default-features = "allow"
 external-default-features = "allow"
 allow = []
-
+deny = []
 skip = []
 skip-tree = []

-[[bans.deny]]
-# we use tokio, the same rationale applies for async-{io,waker,global-executor,executor,channel,lock}, smol
-# if you find yourself here while adding a dependency, try "default-features = false", ask around on #rust
-name = "async-std"
-
-[[bans.deny]]
-name = "async-io"
-
-[[bans.deny]]
-name = "async-waker"
-
-[[bans.deny]]
-name = "async-global-executor"
-
-[[bans.deny]]
-name = "async-executor"
-
-[[bans.deny]]
-name = "smol"
-
 # This section is considered when running `cargo deny check sources`.
 # More documentation about the 'sources' section can be found here:
 # https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/checks/sources/cfg.html
--- a/docs/rfcs/023-the-state-of-pageserver-tenant-relocation.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/023-the-state-of-pageserver-tenant-relocation.md
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ I e during migration create_branch can be called on old pageserver and newly cre

 The difference of simplistic approach from one described above is that it calls ignore on source tenant first and then calls attach on target pageserver. Approach above does it in opposite order thus opening a possibility for race conditions we strive to avoid.

-The approach largely follows this guide: <https://www.notion.so/neondatabase/Cloud-Ad-hoc-tenant-relocation-f687474f7bfc42269e6214e3acba25c7>
+The approach largely follows this guide: <https://github.com/neondatabase/cloud/wiki/Cloud:-Ad-hoc-tenant-relocation>

 The happy path sequence:

--- a/docs/rfcs/029-getpage-throttling.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/029-getpage-throttling.md
@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-# Per-Tenant GetPage@LSN Throttling
-
-Author: Christian Schwarz
-Date: Oct 24, 2023
-
-## Summary
-
-This RFC proposes per-tenant throttling of GetPage@LSN requests inside Pageserver
-and the interactions with its client, i.e., the neon_smgr component in Compute.
-
-The result of implementing & executing this RFC will be a fleet-wide upper limit for
-**"the highest GetPage/second that Pageserver can support for a single tenant/shard"**.
-
-## Background
-
-### GetPage@LSN Request Flow
-
-Pageserver exposes its `page_service.rs` as a libpq listener.
-The Computes' `neon_smgr` module connects to that libpq listener.
-Once a connection is established, the protocol allows Compute to request page images at a given LSN.
-We call these requests GetPage@LSN requests, or GetPage requests for short.
-Other request types can be sent, but these are low traffic compared to GetPage requests
-and are not the concern of this RFC.
-
-Pageserver associates one libpq connection with one tokio task.
-
-Per connection/task, the pq protocol is handled by the common `postgres_backend` crate.
-Its `run_message_loop` function invokes the `page_service` specific `impl<IO> postgres_backend::Handler<IO> for PageServerHandler`.
-Requests are processed in the order in which they arrive via the TCP-based pq protocol.
-So, there is no concurrent request processing within one connection/task.
-
-There is a degree of natural pipelining:
-Compute can "fill the pipe" by sending more than one GetPage request into the libpq TCP stream.
-And Pageserver can fill the pipe with responses in the other direction.
-Both directions are subject to the limit of tx/rx buffers, nodelay, TCP flow control, etc.
-
-### GetPage@LSN Access Pattern
-
-The Compute has its own hierarchy of caches, specifically `shared_buffers` and the `local file cache` (LFC).
-Compute only issues GetPage requests to Pageserver if it encounters a miss in these caches.
-
-If the working set stops fitting into Compute's caches, requests to Pageserver increase sharply -- the Compute starts *thrashing*.
-
-## Motivation
-
-In INC-69, a tenant issued 155k GetPage/second for a period of 10 minutes and 60k GetPage/second for a period of 3h,
-then dropping to ca 18k GetPage/second for a period of 9h.
-
-We noticed this because of an internal GetPage latency SLO burn rate alert, i.e.,
-the request latency profile during this period significantly exceeded what was acceptable according to the internal SLO.
-
-Sadly, we do not have the observability data to determine the impact of this tenant on other tenants on the same tenants.
-
-However, here are some illustrative data points for the 155k period:
-The tenant was responsible for >= 99% of the GetPage traffic and, frankly, the overall activity on this Pageserver instance.
-We were serving pages at 10 Gb/s (`155k x 8 kbyte (PAGE_SZ) per second is 1.12GiB/s = 9.4Gb/s.`)
-The CPU utilization of the instance was 75% user+system.
-Pageserver page cache served 1.75M accesses/second at a hit rate of ca 90%.
-The hit rate for materialized pages was ca. 40%.
-Curiously, IOPS to the Instance Store NVMe were very low, rarely exceeding 100.
-
-The fact that the IOPS were so low / the materialized page cache hit rate was so high suggests that **this tenant's compute's caches were thrashing**.
-The compute was of type `k8s-pod`; hence, auto-scaling could/would not have helped remediate the thrashing by provisioning more RAM.
-The consequence was that the **thrashing translated into excessive GetPage requests against Pageserver**.
-
-My claim is that it was **unhealthy to serve this workload at the pace we did**:
-* it is likely that other tenants were/would have experienced high latencies (again, we sadly don't have per-tenant latency data to confirm this)
-* more importantly, it was **unsustainable** to serve traffic at this pace for multiple reasons:
-    * **predictability of performance**: when the working set grows, the pageserver materialized page cache hit rate drops.
-      At some point, we're bound by the EC2 Instance Store NVMe drive's IOPS limit.
-      The result is an **uneven** performance profile from the Compute perspective.
-
-    * **economics**: Neon currently does not charge for IOPS, only capacity.
-      **We cannot afford to undercut the market in IOPS/$ this drastically; it leads to adverse selection and perverse incentives.**
-      For example, the 155k IOPS, which we served for 10min, would cost ca. 6.5k$/month when provisioned as an io2 EBS volume.
-      Even the 18k IOPS, which we served for 9h, would cost ca. 1.1k$/month when provisioned as an io2 EBS volume.
-      We charge 0$.
-      It could be economically advantageous to keep using a low-DRAM compute because Pageserver IOPS are fast enough and free.
-
-
-Note: It is helpful to think of Pageserver as a disk, because it's precisely where `neon_smgr` sits:
-vanilla Postgres gets its pages from disk, Neon Postgres gets them from Pageserver.
-So, regarding the above performance & economic arguments, it is fair to say that we currently provide an "as-fast-as-possible-IOPS" disk that we charge for only by capacity.
-
-## Solution: Throttling GetPage Requests
-
-**The consequence of the above analysis must be that Pageserver throttles GetPage@LSN requests**.
-That is, unless we want to start charging for provisioned GetPage@LSN/second.
-Throttling sets the correct incentive for a thrashing Compute to scale up its DRAM to the working set size.
-Neon Autoscaling will make this easy, [eventually](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/3913).
-
-## The Design Space
-
-What that remains is the question about *policy* and *mechanism*:
-
-**Policy** concerns itself with the question of what limit applies to a given connection|timeline|tenant.
-Candidates are:
-
-* hard limit, same limit value per connection|timeline|tenant
-    * Per-tenant will provide an upper bound for the impact of a tenant on a given Pageserver instance.
-      This is a major operational pain point / risk right now.
-* hard limit, configurable per connection|timeline|tenant
-    * This outsources policy to console/control plane, with obvious advantages for flexible structuring of what service we offer to customers.
-    * Note that this is not a mechanism to guarantee a minium provisioned rate, i.e., this is not a mechanism to guarantee a certain QoS for a tenant.
-* fair share among active connections|timelines|tenants per instance
-    * example: each connection|timeline|tenant gets a fair fraction of the machine's GetPage/second capacity
-    * NB: needs definition of "active", and knowledge of available GetPage/second capacity in advance
-* ...
-
-
-Regarding **mechanism**, it's clear that **backpressure** is the way to go.
-However, we must choose between
-* **implicit** backpressure through pq/TCP and
-* **explicit** rejection of requests + retries with exponential backoff
-
-Further, there is the question of how throttling GetPage@LSN will affect the **internal GetPage latency SLO**:
-where do we measure the SLI for Pageserver's internal getpage latency SLO? Before or after the throttling?
-
-And when we eventually move the measurement point into the Computes (to avoid coordinated omission),
-how do we avoid counting throttling-induced latency toward the internal getpage latency SLI/SLO?
-
-## Scope Of This RFC
-
-**This RFC proposes introducing a hard GetPage@LSN/second limit per tenant, with the same value applying to each tenant on a Pageserver**.
-
-This proposal is easy to implement and significantly de-risks operating large Pageservers,
-based on the assumption that extremely-high-GetPage-rate-episodes like the one from the "Motivation" section are uncorrelated between tenants.
-
-For example, suppose we pick a limit that allows up to 10 tenants to go at limit rate.
-Suppose our Pageserver can serve 100k GetPage/second total at a 100% page cache miss rate.
-If each tenant gets a hard limit of 10k GetPage/second, we can serve up to 10 tenants at limit speed without latency degradation.
-
-The mechanism for backpressure will be TCP-based implicit backpressure.
-The compute team isn't concerned about prefetch queue depth.
-Pageserver will implement it by delaying the reading of requests from the libpq connection(s).
-
-The rate limit will be implemented using a per-tenant token bucket.
-The bucket will be be shared among all connections to the tenant.
-The bucket implementation supports starvation-preventing `await`ing.
-The current candidate for the implementation is [`leaky_bucket`](https://docs.rs/leaky-bucket/).
-The getpage@lsn benchmark that's being added in https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/5771
-can be used to evaluate the overhead of sharing the bucket among connections of a tenant.
-A possible technique to mitigate the impact of sharing the bucket would be to maintain a buffer of a few tokens per connection handler.
-
-Regarding metrics / the internal GetPage latency SLO:
-we will measure the GetPage latency SLO _after_ the throttler and introduce a new metric to measure the amount of throttling, quantified by:
- histogram that records the tenants' observations of queue depth before they start waiting (one such histogram per pageserver)
- histogram that records the tenants' observations of time spent waiting (one such histogram per pageserver)
-
-Further observability measures:
- an INFO log message at frequency 1/min if the tenant/timeline/connection was throttled in that last minute.
-  The message will identify the tenant/timeline/connection to allow correlation with compute logs/stats.
-
-Rollout will happen as follows:
- deploy 1: implementation + config: disabled by default, ability to enable it per tenant through tenant_conf
- experimentation in staging and later production to study impact & interaction with auto-scaling
- determination of a sensible global default value
-  - the value will be chosen as high as possible ...
-  - ... but low enough to work towards this RFC's goal that one tenant should not be able to dominate a pageserver instance.
- deploy 2: implementation fixes if any + config: enabled by default with the aforementioned global default
- reset of the experimental per-tenant overrides
- gain experience & lower the limit over time
-  - we stop lowering the limit as soon as this RFC's goal is achieved, i.e.,
-    once we decide that in practice the chosen value sufficiently de-risks operating large pageservers
-
-The per-tenant override will remain for emergencies and testing.
-But since Console doesn't preserve it during tenant migrations, it isn't durably configurable for the tenant.
-
-Toward the upper layers of the Neon stack, the resulting limit will be
-**"the highest GetPage/second that Pageserver can support for a single tenant"**.
-
-### Rationale
-
-We decided against error + retry because of worries about starvation.
-
-## Future Work
-
-Enable per-tenant emergency override of the limit via Console.
-Should be part of a more general framework to specify tenant config overrides.
-**NB:** this is **not** the right mechanism to _sell_ different max GetPage/second levels to users,
-or _auto-scale_ the GetPage/second levels. Such functionality will require a separate RFC that
-concerns itself with GetPage/second capacity planning.
-
-Compute-side metrics for GetPage latency.
-
-Back-channel to inform Compute/Autoscaling/ControlPlane that the project is being throttled.
-
-Compute-side neon_smgr improvements to avoid sending the same GetPage request multiple times if multiple backends experience a cache miss.
-
-Dealing with read-only endpoints: users use read-only endpoints to scale reads for a single tenant.
-Possibly there are also assumptions around read-only endpoints not affecting the primary read-write endpoint's performance.
-With per-tenant rate limiting, we will not meet that expectation.
-However, we can currently only scale per tenant.
-Soon, we will have sharding (#5505), which will apply the throttling on a per-shard basis.
-But, that's orthogonal to scaling reads: if many endpoints hit one shard, they share the same throttling limit.
-To solve this properly, I think we'll need replicas for tenants / shard.
-To performance-isolate a tenant's endpoints from each other, we'd then route them to different replicas.
--- a/docs/rfcs/029-pageserver-wal-disaster-recovery.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/029-pageserver-wal-disaster-recovery.md
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-# Name
-
-Created on: 2023-09-08
-Author: Arpad Müller
-
-## Summary
-
-Enable the pageserver to recover from data corruption events by implementing
-a feature to re-apply historic WAL records in parallel to the already occurring
-WAL replay.
-
-The feature is outside of the user-visible backup and history story, and only
-serves as a second-level backup for the case that there is a bug in the
-pageservers that corrupted the served pages.
-
-The RFC proposes the addition of two new features:
-* recover a broken branch from WAL (downtime is allowed)
-* a test recovery system to recover random branches to make sure recovery works
-
-## Motivation
-
-The historic WAL is currently stored in S3 even after it has been replayed by
-the pageserver and thus been integrated into the pageserver's storage system.
-This is done to defend from data corruption failures inside the pageservers.
-
-However, application of this WAL in the disaster recovery setting is currently
-very manual and we want to automate this to make it easier.
-
-### Use cases
-
-There are various use cases for this feature, like:
-
-* The main motivation is replaying in the instance of pageservers corrupting
-  data.
-* We might want to, beyond the user-visible history features, through our
-  support channels and upon customer request, in select instances, recover
-  historic versions beyond the range of history that we officially support.
-* Running the recovery process in the background for random tenant timelines
-  to figure out if there was a corruption of data (we would compare with what
-  the pageserver stores for the "official" timeline).
-* Using the WAL to arrive at historic pages we can then back up to S3 so that
-  WAL itself can be discarded, or at least not used for future replays.
-  Again, this sounds a lot like what the pageserver is already doing, but the
-  point is to provide a fallback to the service provided by the pageserver.
-
-## Design
-
-### Design constraints
-
-The main design constraint is that the feature needs to be *simple* enough that
-the number of bugs are as low, and reliability as high as possible: the main
-goal of this endeavour is to achieve higher correctness than the pageserver.
-
-For the background process, we cannot afford a downtime of the timeline that is
-being cloned, as we don't want to restrict ourselves to offline tenants only.
-In the scenario where we want to recover from disasters or roll back to a
-historic lsn through support staff, downtimes are more affordable, and
-inevitable if the original had been subject to the corruption. Ideally, the
-two code paths would share code, so the solution would be designed for not
-requiring downtimes.
-
-### API endpoint changes
-
-This RFC proposes two API endpoint changes in the safekeeper and the
-pageserver.
-
-Remember, the pageserver timeline API creation endpoint is to this URL:
-
-```
-/v1/tenant/{tenant_id}/timeline/
-```
-
-Where `{tenant_id}` is the ID of the tenant the timeline is created for,
-and specified as part of the URL. The timeline ID is passed via the POST
-request body as the only required parameter `new_timeline_id`.
-
-This proposal adds one optional parameter called
-`existing_initdb_timeline_id` to the request's json body. If the parameter
-is not specified, behaviour should be as existing, so the pageserver runs
-initdb.
-If the parameter is specified, it is expected to point to a timeline ID.
-In fact that ID might match `new_timeline_id`, what's important is that
-S3 storage contains a matching initdb under the URL matching the given
-tenant and timeline.
-
-Having both `ancestor_timeline_id` and `existing_initdb_timeline_id`
-specified is illegal and will yield in an HTTP error. This feature is
-only meant for the "main" branch that doesn't have any ancestors
-of its own, as only here initdb is relevant.
-
-For the safekeeper, we propose the addition of the following copy endpoint:
-
-```
-/v1/tenant/{tenant_id}/timeline/{source_timeline_id}/copy
-```
-it is meant for POST requests with json, and the two URL parameters
-`tenant_id` and `source_timeline_id`. The json request body contains
-the two required parameters `target_timeline_id` and `until_lsn`.
-
-After invoking, the copy endpoint starts a copy process of the WAL from
-the source ID to the target ID. The lsn is updated according to the
-progress of the API call.
-
-### Higher level features
-
-We want the API changes to support the following higher level features:
-
-* recovery-after-corruption DR of the main timeline of a tenant. This
-  feature allows for downtime.
-* test DR of the main timeline into a special copy timeline. this feature
-  is meant to run against selected production tenants in the background,
-  without the user noticing, so it does not allow for downtime.
-
-The recovery-after-corruption DR only needs the pageserver changes.
-It works as follows:
-
-* delete the timeline from the pageservers via timeline deletion API
-* re-create it via timeline creation API (same ID as before) and set
-  `existing_initdb_timeline_id` to the same timeline ID
-
-The test DR requires also the copy primitive and works as follows:
-
-* copy the WAL of the timeline to a new place
-* create a new timeline for the tenant
-
-## Non Goals
-
-At the danger of being repetitive, the main goal of this feature is to be a
-backup method, so reliability is very important. This implies that other
-aspects like performance or space reduction are less important.
-
-### Corrupt WAL
-
-The process suggested by this RFC assumes that the WAL is free of corruption.
-In some instances, corruption can make it into WAL, like for example when
-higher level components like postgres or the application first read corrupt
-data, and then execute a write with data derived from that earlier read. That
-written data might then contain the corruption.
-
-Common use cases can hit this quite easily. For example, an application reads
-some counter, increments it, and then writes the new counter value to the
-database.
-On a lower level, the compute might put FPIs (Full Page Images) into the WAL,
-which have corrupt data for rows unrelated to the write operation at hand.
-
-Separating corrupt writes from non-corrupt ones is a hard problem in general,
-and if the application was involved in making the corrupt write, a recovery
-would also involve the application. Therefore, corruption that has made it into
-the WAL is outside of the scope of this feature. However, the WAL replay can be
-issued to right before the point in time where the corruption occured. Then the
-data loss is isolated to post-corruption writes only.
-
-## Impacted components (e.g. pageserver, safekeeper, console, etc)
-
-Most changes would happen to the pageservers.
-For the higher level features, maybe other components like the console would
-be involved.
-
-We need to make sure that the shadow timelines are not subject to the usual
-limits and billing we apply to existing timelines.
-
-## Proposed implementation
-
-The first problem to keep in mind is the reproducability of `initdb`.
-So an initial step would be to upload `initdb` snapshots to S3.
-
-After that, we'd have the endpoint spawn a background process which
-performs the replay of the WAL to that new timeline. This process should
-follow the existing workflows as closely as possible, just using the
-WAL records of a different timeline.
-
-The timeline created will be in a special state that solely looks for WAL
-entries of the timeline it is trying to copy. Once the target LSN is reached,
-it turns into a normal timeline that also accepts writes to its own
-timeline ID.
-
-### Scalability
-
-For now we want to run this entire process on a single node, and as
-it is by nature linear, it's hard to parallelize. However, for the
-verification workloads, we can easily start the WAL replay in parallel
-for different points in time. This is valuable especially for tenants
-with large WAL records.
-
-Compare this with the tricks to make addition circuits execute with
-lower latency by making them perform the addition for both possible
-values of the carry bit, and then, in a second step, taking the
-result for the carry bit that was actually obtained.
-
-The other scalability dimension to consider is the WAL length, which
-is a growing question as tenants accumulate changes. There are
-possible approaches to this, including creating snapshots of the
-page files and uploading them to S3, but if we do this for every single
-branch, we lose the cheap branching property.
-
-### Implementation by component
-
-The proposed changes for the various components of the neon architecture
-are written up in this notion page:
-
-https://www.notion.so/neondatabase/Pageserver-disaster-recovery-one-pager-4ecfb5df16ce4f6bbfc3817ed1a6cbb2
-
-### Unresolved questions
-
-none known (outside of the mentioned ones).
--- a/docs/rfcs/030-vectored-timeline-get.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/030-vectored-timeline-get.md
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-# Vectored Timeline Get
-
-Created on: 2024-01-02
-Author: Christian Schwarz
-
-# Summary
-
-A brief RFC / GitHub Epic describing a vectored version of the `Timeline::get` method that is at the heart of Pageserver.
-
-# Motivation
-
-During basebackup, we issue many `Timeline::get` calls for SLRU pages that are *adjacent* in key space.
-For an example, see
-https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/5c88213eaf1b1e29c610a078d0b380f69ed49a7e/pageserver/src/basebackup.rs#L281-L302.
-
-Each of these `Timeline::get` calls must traverse the layer map to gather reconstruct data (`Timeline::get_reconstruct_data`) for the requested page number (`blknum` in the example).
-For each layer visited by layer map traversal, we do a `DiskBtree` point lookup.
-If it's negative (no entry), we resume layer map traversal.
-If it's positive, we collect the result in our reconstruct data bag.
-If the reconstruct data bag contents suffice to reconstruct the page, we're done with `get_reconstruct_data` and move on to walredo.
-Otherwise, we resume layer map traversal.
-
-Doing this many `Timeline::get` calls is quite inefficient because:
-
-1. We do the layer map traversal repeatedly, even if, e.g., all the data sits in the same image layer at the bottom of the stack.
-2. We may visit many DiskBtree inner pages multiple times for point lookup of different keys.
-   This is likely particularly bad for L0s which span the whole key space and hence must be visited by layer map traversal, but
-   may not contain the data we're looking for.
-3. Anecdotally, keys adjacent in keyspace and written simultaneously also end up physically adjacent in the layer files [^1].
-   So, to provide the reconstruct data for N adjacent keys, we would actually only _need_ to issue a single large read to the filesystem, instead of the N reads we currently do.
-   The filesystem, in turn, ideally stores the layer file physically contiguously, so our large read will turn into one IOP toward the disk.
-
-[^1]: https://www.notion.so/neondatabase/Christian-Investigation-Slow-Basebackups-Early-2023-12-34ea5c7dcdc1485d9ac3731da4d2a6fc?pvs=4#15ee4e143392461fa64590679c8f54c9
-
-# Solution
-
-We should have a vectored aka batched aka scatter-gather style alternative API for `Timeline::get`. Having such an API  unlocks:
-
-* more efficient basebackup
-* batched IO during compaction (useful for strides of unchanged pages)
-* page_service: expose vectored get_page_at_lsn for compute (=> good for seqscan / prefetch)
-  * if [on-demand SLRU downloads](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/6151) land before vectored Timeline::get, on-demand SLRU downloads will still benefit from this API
-
-# DoD
-
-There is a new variant of `Timeline::get`, called `Timeline::get_vectored`.
-It takes as arguments an `lsn: Lsn` and a `src: &[KeyVec]` where `struct KeyVec { base: Key, count: usize }`.
-
-It is up to the implementor to figure out a suitable and efficient way to return the reconstructed page images.
-It is sufficient to simply return a `Vec<Bytes>`, but, likely more efficient solutions can be found after studying all the callers of `Timeline::get`.
-
-Functionally, the behavior of `Timeline::get_vectored` is equivalent to
-
-```rust
-let mut keys_iter: impl Iterator<Item=Key>
-  = src.map(|KeyVec{ base, count }| (base..base+count)).flatten();
-let mut out = Vec::new();
-for key in keys_iter {
-    let data = Timeline::get(key, lsn)?;
-    out.push(data);
-}
-return out;
-```
-
-However, unlike above, an ideal solution will
-
-* Visit each `struct Layer` at most once.
-* For each visited layer, call `Layer::get_value_reconstruct_data` at most once.
-  * This means, read each `DiskBtree` page at most once.
-* Facilitate merging of the reads we issue to the OS and eventually NVMe.
-
-Each of these items above represents a signficant amount of work.
-
-## Performance
-
-Ideally, the **base performance** of a vectored get of a single page should be identical to the current `Timeline::get`.
-A reasonable constant overhead over current `Timeline::get` is acceptable.
-
-The performance improvement for the vectored use case is demonstrated in some way, e.g., using the `pagebench` basebackup benchmark against a tenant with a lot of SLRU segments.
-
-# Implementation
-
-High-level set of tasks / changes to be made:
-
- **Get clarity on API**:
-  - Define naive `Timeline::get_vectored` implementation & adopt it across pageserver.
-  - The tricky thing here will be the return type (e.g. `Vec<Bytes>` vs `impl Stream`).
-  - Start with something simple to explore the different usages of the API.
-    Then iterate with peers until we have something that is good enough.
- **Vectored Layer Map traversal**
-  - Vectored `LayerMap::search` (take 1 LSN and N `Key`s instead of just 1 LSN and 1 `Key`)
-  - Refactor `Timeline::get_reconstruct_data` to hold & return state for N `Key`s instead of 1
-    - The slightly tricky part here is what to do about `cont_lsn` [after we've found some reconstruct data for some keys](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/d066dad84b076daf3781cdf9a692098889d3974e/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline.rs#L2378-L2385)
-      but need more.
-      Likely we'll need to keep track of `cont_lsn` per key and continue next iteration at `max(cont_lsn)` of all keys that still need data.
- **Vectored `Layer::get_value_reconstruct_data` / `DiskBtree`**
-  - Current code calls it [here](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/d066dad84b076daf3781cdf9a692098889d3974e/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline.rs#L2378-L2384).
-  - Delta layers use `DiskBtreeReader::visit()` to collect the `(offset,len)` pairs for delta record blobs to load.
-  - Image layers use `DiskBtreeReader::get` to get the offset of the image blob to load. Underneath, that's just a `::visit()` call.
-  - What needs to happen to `DiskBtree::visit()`?
-    * Minimally
-      * take a single `KeyVec` instead of a single `Key` as argument, i.e., take a single contiguous key range to visit.
-      * Change the visit code to to invoke the callback for all values in the `KeyVec`'s key range
-      * This should be good enough for what we've seen when investigating basebackup slowness, because there, the key ranges are contiguous.
-    * Ideally:
-      * Take a `&[KeyVec]`, sort it;
-      * during Btree traversal, peek at the next `KeyVec` range to determine whether we need to descend or back out.
-      * NB: this should be a straight-forward extension of the minimal solution above, as we'll already be checking for "is there more key range in the requested `KeyVec`".
- **Facilitate merging of the reads we issue to the OS and eventually NVMe.**
-  - The `DiskBtree::visit` produces a set of offsets which we then read from a `VirtualFile` [here](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/292281c9dfb24152b728b1a846cc45105dac7fe0/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/delta_layer.rs#L772-L804)
-    - [Delta layer reads](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/292281c9dfb24152b728b1a846cc45105dac7fe0/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/delta_layer.rs#L772-L804)
-      - We hit (and rely) on `PageCache` and `VirtualFile here (not great under pressure)
-    - [Image layer reads](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/292281c9dfb24152b728b1a846cc45105dac7fe0/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/image_layer.rs#L429-L435)
-  - What needs to happen is the **vectorization of the `blob_io` interface and then the `VirtualFile` API**.
-  - That is tricky because
-    - the `VirtualFile` API, which sits underneath `blob_io`, is being touched by ongoing [io_uring work](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/5824)
-    - there's the question how IO buffers will be managed; currently this area relies heavily on `PageCache`, but there's controversy around the future of `PageCache`.
-      - The guiding principle here should be to avoid coupling this work to the `PageCache`.
-      - I.e., treat `PageCache` as an extra hop in the I/O chain, rather than as an integral part of buffer management.
-
-
-Let's see how we can improve by doing the first three items in above list first, then revisit.
-
-## Rollout / Feature Flags
-
-No feature flags are required for this epic.
-
-At the end of this epic, `Timeline::get` forwards to `Timeline::get_vectored`, i.e., it's an all-or-nothing type of change.
-
-It is encouraged to deliver this feature incrementally, i.e., do many small PRs over multiple weeks.
-That will help isolate performance regressions across weekly releases.
-
-# Interaction With Sharding
-
-[Sharding](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/5432) splits up the key space, see functions `is_key_local` / `key_to_shard_number`.
-
-Just as with `Timeline::get`, callers of `Timeline::get_vectored` are responsible for ensuring that they only ask for blocks of the given `struct Timeline`'s shard.
-
-Given that this is already the case, there shouldn't be significant interaction/interference with sharding.
-
-However, let's have a safety check for this constraint (error or assertion) because there are currently few affordances at the higher layers of Pageserver for sharding<=>keyspace interaction.
-For example, `KeySpace` is not broken up by shard stripe, so if someone naively converted the compaction code to issue a vectored get for a keyspace range it would violate this constraint.
--- a/docs/sourcetree.md
+++ b/docs/sourcetree.md
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ Run `poetry shell` to activate the virtual environment.
 Alternatively, use `poetry run` to run a single command in the venv, e.g. `poetry run pytest`.

 ### Obligatory checks
-We force code formatting via `ruff`, and type hints via `mypy`.
+We force code formatting via `black`, `ruff`, and type hints via `mypy`.
 Run the following commands in the repository's root (next to `pyproject.toml`):

 ```bash
-poetry run ruff format . # All code is reformatted
-poetry run ruff check .  # Python linter
-poetry run mypy .        # Ensure there are no typing errors
+poetry run black .  # All code is reformatted
+poetry run ruff .  # Python linter
+poetry run mypy .  # Ensure there are no typing errors
 ```

 **WARNING**: do not run `mypy` from a directory other than the root of the repository.
--- a/libs/compute_api/src/spec.rs
+++ b/libs/compute_api/src/spec.rs
@@ -26,13 +26,6 @@ pub struct ComputeSpec {
    // but we don't use it for anything. Serde will ignore missing fields when
    // deserializing it.
    pub operation_uuid: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Compute features to enable. These feature flags are provided, when we
-    /// know all the details about client's compute, so they cannot be used
-    /// to change `Empty` compute behavior.
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub features: Vec<ComputeFeature>,
-
    /// Expected cluster state at the end of transition process.
    pub cluster: Cluster,
    pub delta_operations: Option<Vec<DeltaOp>>,
@@ -73,28 +66,6 @@ pub struct ComputeSpec {

    // information about available remote extensions
    pub remote_extensions: Option<RemoteExtSpec>,
-
-    pub pgbouncer_settings: Option<HashMap<String, String>>,
-
-    // Stripe size for pageserver sharding, in pages
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub shard_stripe_size: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-/// Feature flag to signal `compute_ctl` to enable certain experimental functionality.
-#[derive(Serialize, Clone, Copy, Debug, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum ComputeFeature {
-    // XXX: Add more feature flags here.
-    /// Enable the experimental activity monitor logic, which uses `pg_stat_database` to
-    /// track short-lived connections as user activity.
-    ActivityMonitorExperimental,
-
-    /// This is a special feature flag that is used to represent unknown feature flags.
-    /// Basically all unknown to enum flags are represented as this one. See unit test
-    /// `parse_unknown_features()` for more details.
-    #[serde(other)]
-    UnknownFeature,
 }

 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Serialize)]
@@ -216,6 +187,8 @@ pub struct DeltaOp {
 pub struct Role {
    pub name: PgIdent,
    pub encrypted_password: Option<String>,
+    pub replication: Option<bool>,
+    pub bypassrls: Option<bool>,
    pub options: GenericOptions,
 }

@@ -256,10 +229,7 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn parse_spec_file() {
        let file = File::open("tests/cluster_spec.json").unwrap();
-        let spec: ComputeSpec = serde_json::from_reader(file).unwrap();
-
-        // Features list defaults to empty vector.
-        assert!(spec.features.is_empty());
+        let _spec: ComputeSpec = serde_json::from_reader(file).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
@@ -271,41 +241,4 @@ mod tests {
        ob.insert("unknown_field_123123123".into(), "hello".into());
        let _spec: ComputeSpec = serde_json::from_value(json).unwrap();
    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_unknown_features() {
-        // Test that unknown feature flags do not cause any errors.
-        let file = File::open("tests/cluster_spec.json").unwrap();
-        let mut json: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_reader(file).unwrap();
-        let ob = json.as_object_mut().unwrap();
-
-        // Add unknown feature flags.
-        let features = vec!["foo_bar_feature", "baz_feature"];
-        ob.insert("features".into(), features.into());
-
-        let spec: ComputeSpec = serde_json::from_value(json).unwrap();
-
-        assert!(spec.features.len() == 2);
-        assert!(spec.features.contains(&ComputeFeature::UnknownFeature));
-        assert_eq!(spec.features, vec![ComputeFeature::UnknownFeature; 2]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_known_features() {
-        // Test that we can properly parse known feature flags.
-        let file = File::open("tests/cluster_spec.json").unwrap();
-        let mut json: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_reader(file).unwrap();
-        let ob = json.as_object_mut().unwrap();
-
-        // Add known feature flags.
-        let features = vec!["activity_monitor_experimental"];
-        ob.insert("features".into(), features.into());
-
-        let spec: ComputeSpec = serde_json::from_value(json).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            spec.features,
-            vec![ComputeFeature::ActivityMonitorExperimental]
-        );
-    }
 }
--- a/libs/compute_api/tests/cluster_spec.json
+++ b/libs/compute_api/tests/cluster_spec.json
@@ -243,9 +243,5 @@
        "public_extensions": [
          "postgis"
        ]
-      },
-      "pgbouncer_settings": {
-        "default_pool_size": "42",
-        "pool_mode": "session"
      }
 }
--- a/libs/metrics/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/metrics/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,8 @@
 //! Otherwise, we might not see all metrics registered via
 //! a default registry.
 #![deny(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
-
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use prometheus::core::{
-    Atomic, AtomicU64, Collector, GenericCounter, GenericCounterVec, GenericGauge, GenericGaugeVec,
-};
+use prometheus::core::{AtomicU64, Collector, GenericGauge, GenericGaugeVec};
 pub use prometheus::opts;
 pub use prometheus::register;
 pub use prometheus::Error;
@@ -135,137 +132,3 @@ fn get_rusage_stats() -> libc::rusage {
        rusage.assume_init()
    }
 }
-
-/// Create an [`IntCounterPairVec`] and registers to default registry.
-#[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
-macro_rules! register_int_counter_pair_vec {
-    ($NAME1:expr, $HELP1:expr, $NAME2:expr, $HELP2:expr, $LABELS_NAMES:expr $(,)?) => {{
-        match (
-            $crate::register_int_counter_vec!($NAME1, $HELP1, $LABELS_NAMES),
-            $crate::register_int_counter_vec!($NAME2, $HELP2, $LABELS_NAMES),
-        ) {
-            (Ok(inc), Ok(dec)) => Ok($crate::IntCounterPairVec::new(inc, dec)),
-            (Err(e), _) | (_, Err(e)) => Err(e),
-        }
-    }};
-}
-/// Create an [`IntCounterPair`] and registers to default registry.
-#[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
-macro_rules! register_int_counter_pair {
-    ($NAME1:expr, $HELP1:expr, $NAME2:expr, $HELP2:expr $(,)?) => {{
-        match (
-            $crate::register_int_counter!($NAME1, $HELP1),
-            $crate::register_int_counter!($NAME2, $HELP2),
-        ) {
-            (Ok(inc), Ok(dec)) => Ok($crate::IntCounterPair::new(inc, dec)),
-            (Err(e), _) | (_, Err(e)) => Err(e),
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
-/// A Pair of [`GenericCounterVec`]s. Like an [`GenericGaugeVec`] but will always observe changes
-pub struct GenericCounterPairVec<P: Atomic> {
-    inc: GenericCounterVec<P>,
-    dec: GenericCounterVec<P>,
-}
-
-/// A Pair of [`GenericCounter`]s. Like an [`GenericGauge`] but will always observe changes
-pub struct GenericCounterPair<P: Atomic> {
-    inc: GenericCounter<P>,
-    dec: GenericCounter<P>,
-}
-
-impl<P: Atomic> GenericCounterPairVec<P> {
-    pub fn new(inc: GenericCounterVec<P>, dec: GenericCounterVec<P>) -> Self {
-        Self { inc, dec }
-    }
-
-    /// `get_metric_with_label_values` returns the [`GenericCounterPair<P>`] for the given slice
-    /// of label values (same order as the VariableLabels in Desc). If that combination of
-    /// label values is accessed for the first time, a new [`GenericCounterPair<P>`] is created.
-    ///
-    /// An error is returned if the number of label values is not the same as the
-    /// number of VariableLabels in Desc.
-    pub fn get_metric_with_label_values(&self, vals: &[&str]) -> Result<GenericCounterPair<P>> {
-        Ok(GenericCounterPair {
-            inc: self.inc.get_metric_with_label_values(vals)?,
-            dec: self.dec.get_metric_with_label_values(vals)?,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// `with_label_values` works as `get_metric_with_label_values`, but panics if an error
-    /// occurs.
-    pub fn with_label_values(&self, vals: &[&str]) -> GenericCounterPair<P> {
-        self.get_metric_with_label_values(vals).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<P: Atomic> GenericCounterPair<P> {
-    pub fn new(inc: GenericCounter<P>, dec: GenericCounter<P>) -> Self {
-        Self { inc, dec }
-    }
-
-    /// Increment the gauge by 1, returning a guard that decrements by 1 on drop.
-    pub fn guard(&self) -> GenericCounterPairGuard<P> {
-        self.inc.inc();
-        GenericCounterPairGuard(self.dec.clone())
-    }
-
-    /// Increment the gauge by n, returning a guard that decrements by n on drop.
-    pub fn guard_by(&self, n: P::T) -> GenericCounterPairGuardBy<P> {
-        self.inc.inc_by(n);
-        GenericCounterPairGuardBy(self.dec.clone(), n)
-    }
-
-    /// Increase the gauge by 1.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn inc(&self) {
-        self.inc.inc();
-    }
-
-    /// Decrease the gauge by 1.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn dec(&self) {
-        self.dec.inc();
-    }
-
-    /// Add the given value to the gauge. (The value can be
-    /// negative, resulting in a decrement of the gauge.)
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn inc_by(&self, v: P::T) {
-        self.inc.inc_by(v);
-    }
-
-    /// Subtract the given value from the gauge. (The value can be
-    /// negative, resulting in an increment of the gauge.)
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn dec_by(&self, v: P::T) {
-        self.dec.inc_by(v);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Guard returned by [`GenericCounterPair::guard`]
-pub struct GenericCounterPairGuard<P: Atomic>(GenericCounter<P>);
-
-impl<P: Atomic> Drop for GenericCounterPairGuard<P> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.0.inc();
-    }
-}
-/// Guard returned by [`GenericCounterPair::guard_by`]
-pub struct GenericCounterPairGuardBy<P: Atomic>(GenericCounter<P>, P::T);
-
-impl<P: Atomic> Drop for GenericCounterPairGuardBy<P> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.0.inc_by(self.1);
-    }
-}
-
-/// A Pair of [`IntCounterVec`]s. Like an [`IntGaugeVec`] but will always observe changes
-pub type IntCounterPairVec = GenericCounterPairVec<AtomicU64>;
-
-/// A Pair of [`IntCounter`]s. Like an [`IntGauge`] but will always observe changes
-pub type IntCounterPair = GenericCounterPair<AtomicU64>;
-
-/// A guard for [`IntCounterPair`] that will decrement the gauge on drop
-pub type IntCounterPairGuard = GenericCounterPairGuard<AtomicU64>;
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,12 +17,5 @@ postgres_ffi.workspace = true
 enum-map.workspace = true
 strum.workspace = true
 strum_macros.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-thiserror.workspace = true
-humantime-serde.workspace = true

 workspace_hack.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-bincode.workspace = true
-rand.workspace = true
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/control_api.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/control_api.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 //! See docs/rfcs/025-generation-numbers.md

 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use utils::id::NodeId;
-
-use crate::shard::TenantShardId;
+use utils::id::{NodeId, TenantId};

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ReAttachRequest {
@@ -15,7 +13,7 @@ pub struct ReAttachRequest {

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ReAttachResponseTenant {
-    pub id: TenantShardId,
+    pub id: TenantId,
    pub gen: u32,
 }

@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ pub struct ReAttachResponse {

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ValidateRequestTenant {
-    pub id: TenantShardId,
+    pub id: TenantId,
    pub gen: u32,
 }

@@ -42,6 +40,6 @@ pub struct ValidateResponse {

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ValidateResponseTenant {
-    pub id: TenantShardId,
+    pub id: TenantId,
    pub valid: bool,
 }
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/key.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/key.rs
@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{bail, Result};
-use byteorder::{ByteOrder, BE};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::fmt;
-
-use crate::reltag::{BlockNumber, RelTag};
-
-/// Key used in the Repository kv-store.
-///
-/// The Repository treats this as an opaque struct, but see the code in pgdatadir_mapping.rs
-/// for what we actually store in these fields.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct Key {
-    pub field1: u8,
-    pub field2: u32,
-    pub field3: u32,
-    pub field4: u32,
-    pub field5: u8,
-    pub field6: u32,
-}
-
-pub const KEY_SIZE: usize = 18;
-
-impl Key {
-    /// 'field2' is used to store tablespaceid for relations and small enum numbers for other relish.
-    /// As long as Neon does not support tablespace (because of lack of access to local file system),
-    /// we can assume that only some predefined namespace OIDs are used which can fit in u16
-    pub fn to_i128(&self) -> i128 {
-        assert!(self.field2 < 0xFFFF || self.field2 == 0xFFFFFFFF || self.field2 == 0x22222222);
-        (((self.field1 & 0xf) as i128) << 120)
-            | (((self.field2 & 0xFFFF) as i128) << 104)
-            | ((self.field3 as i128) << 72)
-            | ((self.field4 as i128) << 40)
-            | ((self.field5 as i128) << 32)
-            | self.field6 as i128
-    }
-
-    pub const fn from_i128(x: i128) -> Self {
-        Key {
-            field1: ((x >> 120) & 0xf) as u8,
-            field2: ((x >> 104) & 0xFFFF) as u32,
-            field3: (x >> 72) as u32,
-            field4: (x >> 40) as u32,
-            field5: (x >> 32) as u8,
-            field6: x as u32,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn next(&self) -> Key {
-        self.add(1)
-    }
-
-    pub fn add(&self, x: u32) -> Key {
-        let mut key = *self;
-
-        let r = key.field6.overflowing_add(x);
-        key.field6 = r.0;
-        if r.1 {
-            let r = key.field5.overflowing_add(1);
-            key.field5 = r.0;
-            if r.1 {
-                let r = key.field4.overflowing_add(1);
-                key.field4 = r.0;
-                if r.1 {
-                    let r = key.field3.overflowing_add(1);
-                    key.field3 = r.0;
-                    if r.1 {
-                        let r = key.field2.overflowing_add(1);
-                        key.field2 = r.0;
-                        if r.1 {
-                            let r = key.field1.overflowing_add(1);
-                            key.field1 = r.0;
-                            assert!(!r.1);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        key
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_slice(b: &[u8]) -> Self {
-        Key {
-            field1: b[0],
-            field2: u32::from_be_bytes(b[1..5].try_into().unwrap()),
-            field3: u32::from_be_bytes(b[5..9].try_into().unwrap()),
-            field4: u32::from_be_bytes(b[9..13].try_into().unwrap()),
-            field5: b[13],
-            field6: u32::from_be_bytes(b[14..18].try_into().unwrap()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_to_byte_slice(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) {
-        buf[0] = self.field1;
-        BE::write_u32(&mut buf[1..5], self.field2);
-        BE::write_u32(&mut buf[5..9], self.field3);
-        BE::write_u32(&mut buf[9..13], self.field4);
-        buf[13] = self.field5;
-        BE::write_u32(&mut buf[14..18], self.field6);
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for Key {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "{:02X}{:08X}{:08X}{:08X}{:02X}{:08X}",
-            self.field1, self.field2, self.field3, self.field4, self.field5, self.field6
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl Key {
-    pub const MIN: Key = Key {
-        field1: u8::MIN,
-        field2: u32::MIN,
-        field3: u32::MIN,
-        field4: u32::MIN,
-        field5: u8::MIN,
-        field6: u32::MIN,
-    };
-    pub const MAX: Key = Key {
-        field1: u8::MAX,
-        field2: u32::MAX,
-        field3: u32::MAX,
-        field4: u32::MAX,
-        field5: u8::MAX,
-        field6: u32::MAX,
-    };
-
-    pub fn from_hex(s: &str) -> Result<Self> {
-        if s.len() != 36 {
-            bail!("parse error");
-        }
-        Ok(Key {
-            field1: u8::from_str_radix(&s[0..2], 16)?,
-            field2: u32::from_str_radix(&s[2..10], 16)?,
-            field3: u32::from_str_radix(&s[10..18], 16)?,
-            field4: u32::from_str_radix(&s[18..26], 16)?,
-            field5: u8::from_str_radix(&s[26..28], 16)?,
-            field6: u32::from_str_radix(&s[28..36], 16)?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub fn is_rel_block_key(key: &Key) -> bool {
-    key.field1 == 0x00 && key.field4 != 0 && key.field6 != 0xffffffff
-}
-
-/// Guaranteed to return `Ok()` if [[is_rel_block_key]] returns `true` for `key`.
-pub fn key_to_rel_block(key: Key) -> anyhow::Result<(RelTag, BlockNumber)> {
-    Ok(match key.field1 {
-        0x00 => (
-            RelTag {
-                spcnode: key.field2,
-                dbnode: key.field3,
-                relnode: key.field4,
-                forknum: key.field5,
-            },
-            key.field6,
-        ),
-        _ => anyhow::bail!("unexpected value kind 0x{:02x}", key.field1),
-    })
-}
-
-impl std::str::FromStr for Key {
-    type Err = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        Self::from_hex(s)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    use crate::key::Key;
-
-    use rand::Rng;
-    use rand::SeedableRng;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn display_fromstr_bijection() {
-        let mut rng = rand::rngs::StdRng::seed_from_u64(42);
-
-        let key = Key {
-            field1: rng.gen(),
-            field2: rng.gen(),
-            field3: rng.gen(),
-            field4: rng.gen(),
-            field5: rng.gen(),
-            field6: rng.gen(),
-        };
-
-        assert_eq!(key, Key::from_str(&format!("{key}")).unwrap());
-    }
-}
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,8 @@ use const_format::formatcp;

 /// Public API types
 pub mod control_api;
-pub mod key;
-pub mod keyspace;
 pub mod models;
 pub mod reltag;
-pub mod shard;

 pub const DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_PORT: u16 = 64000;
 pub const DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_ADDR: &str = formatcp!("127.0.0.1:{DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_PORT}");
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/models.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/models.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-pub mod partitioning;
-
 use std::{
    collections::HashMap,
-    io::{BufRead, Read},
    num::{NonZeroU64, NonZeroUsize},
-    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
+    time::SystemTime,
 };

 use byteorder::{BigEndian, ReadBytesExt};
@@ -13,17 +10,15 @@ use serde_with::serde_as;
 use strum_macros;
 use utils::{
    completion,
+    generation::Generation,
    history_buffer::HistoryBufferWithDropCounter,
    id::{NodeId, TenantId, TimelineId},
    lsn::Lsn,
 };

-use crate::{
-    reltag::RelTag,
-    shard::{ShardCount, ShardStripeSize, TenantShardId},
-};
+use crate::reltag::RelTag;
 use anyhow::bail;
-use bytes::{Buf, BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
+use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};

 /// The state of a tenant in this pageserver.
 ///
@@ -185,50 +180,17 @@ pub struct TimelineCreateRequest {
    #[serde(default)]
    pub ancestor_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
    #[serde(default)]
-    pub existing_initdb_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
-    #[serde(default)]
    pub ancestor_start_lsn: Option<Lsn>,
    pub pg_version: Option<u32>,
 }

-/// Parameters that apply to all shards in a tenant.  Used during tenant creation.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
-#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
-pub struct ShardParameters {
-    pub count: ShardCount,
-    pub stripe_size: ShardStripeSize,
-}
-
-impl ShardParameters {
-    pub const DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE: ShardStripeSize = ShardStripeSize(256 * 1024 / 8);
-
-    pub fn is_unsharded(&self) -> bool {
-        self.count == ShardCount(0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for ShardParameters {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            count: ShardCount(0),
-            stripe_size: Self::DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub struct TenantCreateRequest {
-    pub new_tenant_id: TenantShardId,
+    pub new_tenant_id: TenantId,
    #[serde(default)]
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub generation: Option<u32>,
-
-    // If omitted, create a single shard with TenantShardId::unsharded()
-    #[serde(default)]
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "ShardParameters::is_unsharded")]
-    pub shard_parameters: ShardParameters,
-
    #[serde(flatten)]
    pub config: TenantConfig, // as we have a flattened field, we should reject all unknown fields in it
 }
@@ -251,7 +213,7 @@ impl std::ops::Deref for TenantCreateRequest {

 /// An alternative representation of `pageserver::tenant::TenantConf` with
 /// simpler types.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct TenantConfig {
    pub checkpoint_distance: Option<u64>,
    pub checkpoint_timeout: Option<String>,
@@ -266,41 +228,20 @@ pub struct TenantConfig {
    pub lagging_wal_timeout: Option<String>,
    pub max_lsn_wal_lag: Option<NonZeroU64>,
    pub trace_read_requests: Option<bool>,
-    pub eviction_policy: Option<EvictionPolicy>,
+    // We defer the parsing of the eviction_policy field to the request handler.
+    // Otherwise we'd have to move the types for eviction policy into this package.
+    // We might do that once the eviction feature has stabilizied.
+    // For now, this field is not even documented in the openapi_spec.yml.
+    pub eviction_policy: Option<serde_json::Value>,
    pub min_resident_size_override: Option<u64>,
    pub evictions_low_residence_duration_metric_threshold: Option<String>,
    pub gc_feedback: Option<bool>,
-    pub heatmap_period: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind")]
-pub enum EvictionPolicy {
-    NoEviction,
-    LayerAccessThreshold(EvictionPolicyLayerAccessThreshold),
-}
-
-impl EvictionPolicy {
-    pub fn discriminant_str(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            EvictionPolicy::NoEviction => "NoEviction",
-            EvictionPolicy::LayerAccessThreshold(_) => "LayerAccessThreshold",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct EvictionPolicyLayerAccessThreshold {
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub period: Duration,
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub threshold: Duration,
 }

 /// A flattened analog of a `pagesever::tenant::LocationMode`, which
 /// lists out all possible states (and the virtual "Detached" state)
 /// in a flat form rather than using rust-style enums.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 pub enum LocationConfigMode {
    AttachedSingle,
    AttachedMulti,
@@ -309,44 +250,27 @@ pub enum LocationConfigMode {
    Detached,
 }

-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 pub struct LocationConfigSecondary {
    pub warm: bool,
 }

 /// An alternative representation of `pageserver::tenant::LocationConf`,
 /// for use in external-facing APIs.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 pub struct LocationConfig {
    pub mode: LocationConfigMode,
    /// If attaching, in what generation?
    #[serde(default)]
-    pub generation: Option<u32>,
-
-    // If requesting mode `Secondary`, configuration for that.
+    pub generation: Option<Generation>,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub secondary_conf: Option<LocationConfigSecondary>,

-    // Shard parameters: if shard_count is nonzero, then other shard_* fields
-    // must be set accurately.
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub shard_number: u8,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub shard_count: u8,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub shard_stripe_size: u32,
-
-    // This configuration only affects attached mode, but should be provided irrespective
-    // of the mode, as a secondary location might transition on startup if the response
-    // to the `/re-attach` control plane API requests it.
+    // If requesting mode `Secondary`, configuration for that.
+    // Custom storage configuration for the tenant, if any
    pub tenant_conf: TenantConfig,
 }

-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct LocationConfigListResponse {
-    pub tenant_shards: Vec<(TenantShardId, Option<LocationConfig>)>,
-}
-
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(transparent)]
 pub struct TenantCreateResponse(pub TenantId);
@@ -359,7 +283,7 @@ pub struct StatusResponse {
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub struct TenantLocationConfigRequest {
-    pub tenant_id: TenantShardId,
+    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
    #[serde(flatten)]
    pub config: LocationConfig, // as we have a flattened field, we should reject all unknown fields in it
 }
@@ -382,14 +306,31 @@ impl std::ops::Deref for TenantConfigRequest {

 impl TenantConfigRequest {
    pub fn new(tenant_id: TenantId) -> TenantConfigRequest {
-        let config = TenantConfig::default();
+        let config = TenantConfig {
+            checkpoint_distance: None,
+            checkpoint_timeout: None,
+            compaction_target_size: None,
+            compaction_period: None,
+            compaction_threshold: None,
+            gc_horizon: None,
+            gc_period: None,
+            image_creation_threshold: None,
+            pitr_interval: None,
+            walreceiver_connect_timeout: None,
+            lagging_wal_timeout: None,
+            max_lsn_wal_lag: None,
+            trace_read_requests: None,
+            eviction_policy: None,
+            min_resident_size_override: None,
+            evictions_low_residence_duration_metric_threshold: None,
+            gc_feedback: None,
+        };
        TenantConfigRequest { tenant_id, config }
    }
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
 pub struct TenantAttachRequest {
-    #[serde(default)]
    pub config: TenantAttachConfig,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub generation: Option<u32>,
@@ -397,7 +338,7 @@ pub struct TenantAttachRequest {

 /// Newtype to enforce deny_unknown_fields on TenantConfig for
 /// its usage inside `TenantAttachRequest`.
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub struct TenantAttachConfig {
    #[serde(flatten)]
@@ -423,29 +364,19 @@ pub enum TenantAttachmentStatus {

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
 pub struct TenantInfo {
-    pub id: TenantShardId,
+    pub id: TenantId,
    // NB: intentionally not part of OpenAPI, we don't want to commit to a specific set of TenantState's
    pub state: TenantState,
    /// Sum of the size of all layer files.
    /// If a layer is present in both local FS and S3, it counts only once.
    pub current_physical_size: Option<u64>, // physical size is only included in `tenant_status` endpoint
    pub attachment_status: TenantAttachmentStatus,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub generation: Option<u32>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
-pub struct TenantDetails {
-    #[serde(flatten)]
-    pub tenant_info: TenantInfo,
-
-    pub timelines: Vec<TimelineId>,
 }

 /// This represents the output of the "timeline_detail" and "timeline_list" API calls.
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
 pub struct TimelineInfo {
-    pub tenant_id: TenantShardId,
+    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
    pub timeline_id: TimelineId,

    pub ancestor_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
@@ -461,12 +392,7 @@ pub struct TimelineInfo {
    /// The LSN that we are advertizing to safekeepers
    pub remote_consistent_lsn_visible: Lsn,

-    /// The LSN from the start of the root timeline (never changes)
-    pub initdb_lsn: Lsn,
-
-    pub current_logical_size: u64,
-    pub current_logical_size_is_accurate: bool,
-
+    pub current_logical_size: Option<u64>, // is None when timeline is Unloaded
    /// Sum of the size of all layer files.
    /// If a layer is present in both local FS and S3, it counts only once.
    pub current_physical_size: Option<u64>, // is None when timeline is Unloaded
@@ -621,6 +547,19 @@ pub enum DownloadRemoteLayersTaskState {
    ShutDown,
 }

+pub type ConfigureFailpointsRequest = Vec<FailpointConfig>;
+
+/// Information for configuring a single fail point
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct FailpointConfig {
+    /// Name of the fail point
+    pub name: String,
+    /// List of actions to take, using the format described in `fail::cfg`
+    ///
+    /// We also support `actions = "exit"` to cause the fail point to immediately exit.
+    pub actions: String,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct TimelineGcRequest {
    pub gc_horizon: Option<u64>,
@@ -636,7 +575,6 @@ pub enum PagestreamFeMessage {
 }

 // Wrapped in libpq CopyData
-#[derive(strum_macros::EnumProperty)]
 pub enum PagestreamBeMessage {
    Exists(PagestreamExistsResponse),
    Nblocks(PagestreamNblocksResponse),
@@ -645,29 +583,6 @@ pub enum PagestreamBeMessage {
    DbSize(PagestreamDbSizeResponse),
 }

-// Keep in sync with `pagestore_client.h`
-#[repr(u8)]
-enum PagestreamBeMessageTag {
-    Exists = 100,
-    Nblocks = 101,
-    GetPage = 102,
-    Error = 103,
-    DbSize = 104,
-}
-impl TryFrom<u8> for PagestreamBeMessageTag {
-    type Error = u8;
-    fn try_from(value: u8) -> Result<Self, u8> {
-        match value {
-            100 => Ok(PagestreamBeMessageTag::Exists),
-            101 => Ok(PagestreamBeMessageTag::Nblocks),
-            102 => Ok(PagestreamBeMessageTag::GetPage),
-            103 => Ok(PagestreamBeMessageTag::Error),
-            104 => Ok(PagestreamBeMessageTag::DbSize),
-            _ => Err(value),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct PagestreamExistsRequest {
    pub latest: bool,
@@ -722,17 +637,6 @@ pub struct PagestreamDbSizeResponse {
    pub db_size: i64,
 }

-// This is a cut-down version of TenantHistorySize from the pageserver crate, omitting fields
-// that require pageserver-internal types.  It is sufficient to get the total size.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
-pub struct TenantHistorySize {
-    pub id: TenantId,
-    /// Size is a mixture of WAL and logical size, so the unit is bytes.
-    ///
-    /// Will be none if `?inputs_only=true` was given.
-    pub size: Option<u64>,
-}
-
 impl PagestreamFeMessage {
    pub fn serialize(&self) -> Bytes {
        let mut bytes = BytesMut::new();
@@ -834,92 +738,35 @@ impl PagestreamBeMessage {
    pub fn serialize(&self) -> Bytes {
        let mut bytes = BytesMut::new();

-        use PagestreamBeMessageTag as Tag;
        match self {
            Self::Exists(resp) => {
-                bytes.put_u8(Tag::Exists as u8);
+                bytes.put_u8(100); /* tag from pagestore_client.h */
                bytes.put_u8(resp.exists as u8);
            }

            Self::Nblocks(resp) => {
-                bytes.put_u8(Tag::Nblocks as u8);
+                bytes.put_u8(101); /* tag from pagestore_client.h */
                bytes.put_u32(resp.n_blocks);
            }

            Self::GetPage(resp) => {
-                bytes.put_u8(Tag::GetPage as u8);
+                bytes.put_u8(102); /* tag from pagestore_client.h */
                bytes.put(&resp.page[..]);
            }

            Self::Error(resp) => {
-                bytes.put_u8(Tag::Error as u8);
+                bytes.put_u8(103); /* tag from pagestore_client.h */
                bytes.put(resp.message.as_bytes());
                bytes.put_u8(0); // null terminator
            }
            Self::DbSize(resp) => {
-                bytes.put_u8(Tag::DbSize as u8);
+                bytes.put_u8(104); /* tag from pagestore_client.h */
                bytes.put_i64(resp.db_size);
            }
        }

        bytes.into()
    }
-
-    pub fn deserialize(buf: Bytes) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let mut buf = buf.reader();
-        let msg_tag = buf.read_u8()?;
-
-        use PagestreamBeMessageTag as Tag;
-        let ok =
-            match Tag::try_from(msg_tag).map_err(|tag: u8| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid tag {tag}"))? {
-                Tag::Exists => {
-                    let exists = buf.read_u8()?;
-                    Self::Exists(PagestreamExistsResponse {
-                        exists: exists != 0,
-                    })
-                }
-                Tag::Nblocks => {
-                    let n_blocks = buf.read_u32::<BigEndian>()?;
-                    Self::Nblocks(PagestreamNblocksResponse { n_blocks })
-                }
-                Tag::GetPage => {
-                    let mut page = vec![0; 8192]; // TODO: use MaybeUninit
-                    buf.read_exact(&mut page)?;
-                    PagestreamBeMessage::GetPage(PagestreamGetPageResponse { page: page.into() })
-                }
-                Tag::Error => {
-                    let mut msg = Vec::new();
-                    buf.read_until(0, &mut msg)?;
-                    let cstring = std::ffi::CString::from_vec_with_nul(msg)?;
-                    let rust_str = cstring.to_str()?;
-                    PagestreamBeMessage::Error(PagestreamErrorResponse {
-                        message: rust_str.to_owned(),
-                    })
-                }
-                Tag::DbSize => {
-                    let db_size = buf.read_i64::<BigEndian>()?;
-                    Self::DbSize(PagestreamDbSizeResponse { db_size })
-                }
-            };
-        let remaining = buf.into_inner();
-        if !remaining.is_empty() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "remaining bytes in msg with tag={msg_tag}: {}",
-                remaining.len()
-            );
-        }
-        Ok(ok)
-    }
-
-    pub fn kind(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            Self::Exists(_) => "Exists",
-            Self::Nblocks(_) => "Nblocks",
-            Self::GetPage(_) => "GetPage",
-            Self::Error(_) => "Error",
-            Self::DbSize(_) => "DbSize",
-        }
-    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -981,11 +828,10 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_tenantinfo_serde() {
        // Test serialization/deserialization of TenantInfo
        let original_active = TenantInfo {
-            id: TenantShardId::unsharded(TenantId::generate()),
+            id: TenantId::generate(),
            state: TenantState::Active,
            current_physical_size: Some(42),
            attachment_status: TenantAttachmentStatus::Attached,
-            generation: None,
        };
        let expected_active = json!({
            "id": original_active.id.to_string(),
@@ -999,14 +845,13 @@ mod tests {
        });

        let original_broken = TenantInfo {
-            id: TenantShardId::unsharded(TenantId::generate()),
+            id: TenantId::generate(),
            state: TenantState::Broken {
                reason: "reason".into(),
                backtrace: "backtrace info".into(),
            },
            current_physical_size: Some(42),
            attachment_status: TenantAttachmentStatus::Attached,
-            generation: None,
        };
        let expected_broken = json!({
            "id": original_broken.id.to_string(),
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/models/partitioning.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/models/partitioning.rs
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-use utils::lsn::Lsn;
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Partitioning {
-    pub keys: crate::keyspace::KeySpace,
-
-    pub at_lsn: Lsn,
-}
-
-impl serde::Serialize for Partitioning {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> std::result::Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        pub struct KeySpace<'a>(&'a crate::keyspace::KeySpace);
-
-        impl<'a> serde::Serialize for KeySpace<'a> {
-            fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> std::result::Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-            where
-                S: serde::Serializer,
-            {
-                use serde::ser::SerializeSeq;
-                let mut seq = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(self.0.ranges.len()))?;
-                for kr in &self.0.ranges {
-                    seq.serialize_element(&KeyRange(kr))?;
-                }
-                seq.end()
-            }
-        }
-
-        use serde::ser::SerializeMap;
-        let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(2))?;
-        map.serialize_key("keys")?;
-        map.serialize_value(&KeySpace(&self.keys))?;
-        map.serialize_key("at_lsn")?;
-        map.serialize_value(&WithDisplay(&self.at_lsn))?;
-        map.end()
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct WithDisplay<'a, T>(&'a T);
-
-impl<'a, T: std::fmt::Display> serde::Serialize for WithDisplay<'a, T> {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> std::result::Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        serializer.collect_str(&self.0)
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct KeyRange<'a>(&'a std::ops::Range<crate::key::Key>);
-
-impl<'a> serde::Serialize for KeyRange<'a> {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        use serde::ser::SerializeTuple;
-        let mut t = serializer.serialize_tuple(2)?;
-        t.serialize_element(&WithDisplay(&self.0.start))?;
-        t.serialize_element(&WithDisplay(&self.0.end))?;
-        t.end()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> serde::Deserialize<'a> for Partitioning {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'a>,
-    {
-        pub struct KeySpace(crate::keyspace::KeySpace);
-
-        impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for KeySpace {
-            fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-            where
-                D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
-            {
-                #[serde_with::serde_as]
-                #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
-                #[serde(transparent)]
-                struct Key(#[serde_as(as = "serde_with::DisplayFromStr")] crate::key::Key);
-
-                #[serde_with::serde_as]
-                #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
-                struct Range(Key, Key);
-
-                let ranges: Vec<Range> = serde::Deserialize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-                Ok(Self(crate::keyspace::KeySpace {
-                    ranges: ranges
-                        .into_iter()
-                        .map(|Range(start, end)| (start.0..end.0))
-                        .collect(),
-                }))
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[serde_with::serde_as]
-        #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
-        struct De {
-            keys: KeySpace,
-            #[serde_as(as = "serde_with::DisplayFromStr")]
-            at_lsn: Lsn,
-        }
-
-        let de: De = serde::Deserialize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            at_lsn: de.at_lsn,
-            keys: de.keys.0,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_serialization_roundtrip() {
-        let reference = r#"
-        {
-            "keys": [
-              [
-                "000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-                "000000000000000000000000000000000001"
-              ],
-              [
-                "000000067F00000001000000000000000000",
-                "000000067F00000001000000000000000002"
-              ],
-              [
-                "030000000000000000000000000000000000",
-                "030000000000000000000000000000000003"
-              ]
-            ],
-            "at_lsn": "0/2240160"
-        }
-        "#;
-
-        let de: Partitioning = serde_json::from_str(reference).unwrap();
-
-        let ser = serde_json::to_string(&de).unwrap();
-
-        let ser_de: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&ser).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            ser_de,
-            serde_json::from_str::<'_, serde_json::Value>(reference).unwrap()
-        );
-    }
-}
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/reltag.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/reltag.rs
@@ -32,9 +32,6 @@ pub struct RelTag {
    pub relnode: Oid,
 }

-/// Block number within a relation or SLRU. This matches PostgreSQL's BlockNumber type.
-pub type BlockNumber = u32;
-
 impl PartialOrd for RelTag {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/shard.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/shard.rs
@@ -1,796 +0,0 @@
-use std::{ops::RangeInclusive, str::FromStr};
-
-use crate::{
-    key::{is_rel_block_key, Key},
-    models::ShardParameters,
-};
-use hex::FromHex;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use thiserror;
-use utils::id::TenantId;
-
-#[derive(Ord, PartialOrd, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Hash)]
-pub struct ShardNumber(pub u8);
-
-#[derive(Ord, PartialOrd, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Hash)]
-pub struct ShardCount(pub u8);
-
-impl ShardCount {
-    pub const MAX: Self = Self(u8::MAX);
-}
-
-impl ShardNumber {
-    pub const MAX: Self = Self(u8::MAX);
-}
-
-/// TenantShardId identify the units of work for the Pageserver.
-///
-/// These are written as `<tenant_id>-<shard number><shard-count>`, for example:
-///
-///   # The second shard in a two-shard tenant
-///   072f1291a5310026820b2fe4b2968934-0102
-///
-/// Historically, tenants could not have multiple shards, and were identified
-/// by TenantId.  To support this, TenantShardId has a special legacy
-/// mode where `shard_count` is equal to zero: this represents a single-sharded
-/// tenant which should be written as a TenantId with no suffix.
-///
-/// The human-readable encoding of TenantShardId, such as used in API URLs,
-/// is both forward and backward compatible: a legacy TenantId can be
-/// decoded as a TenantShardId, and when re-encoded it will be parseable
-/// as a TenantId.
-///
-/// Note that the binary encoding is _not_ backward compatible, because
-/// at the time sharding is introduced, there are no existing binary structures
-/// containing TenantId that we need to handle.
-#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash)]
-pub struct TenantShardId {
-    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
-    pub shard_number: ShardNumber,
-    pub shard_count: ShardCount,
-}
-
-impl TenantShardId {
-    pub fn unsharded(tenant_id: TenantId) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            tenant_id,
-            shard_number: ShardNumber(0),
-            shard_count: ShardCount(0),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// The range of all TenantShardId that belong to a particular TenantId.  This is useful when
-    /// you have a BTreeMap of TenantShardId, and are querying by TenantId.
-    pub fn tenant_range(tenant_id: TenantId) -> RangeInclusive<Self> {
-        RangeInclusive::new(
-            Self {
-                tenant_id,
-                shard_number: ShardNumber(0),
-                shard_count: ShardCount(0),
-            },
-            Self {
-                tenant_id,
-                shard_number: ShardNumber::MAX,
-                shard_count: ShardCount::MAX,
-            },
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn shard_slug(&self) -> impl std::fmt::Display + '_ {
-        ShardSlug(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience for code that has special behavior on the 0th shard.
-    pub fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
-        self.shard_number == ShardNumber(0)
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_unsharded(&self) -> bool {
-        self.shard_number == ShardNumber(0) && self.shard_count == ShardCount(0)
-    }
-    pub fn to_index(&self) -> ShardIndex {
-        ShardIndex {
-            shard_number: self.shard_number,
-            shard_count: self.shard_count,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Formatting helper
-struct ShardSlug<'a>(&'a TenantShardId);
-
-impl<'a> std::fmt::Display for ShardSlug<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "{:02x}{:02x}",
-            self.0.shard_number.0, self.0.shard_count.0
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for TenantShardId {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        if self.shard_count != ShardCount(0) {
-            write!(f, "{}-{}", self.tenant_id, self.shard_slug())
-        } else {
-            // Legacy case (shard_count == 0) -- format as just the tenant id.  Note that this
-            // is distinct from the normal single shard case (shard count == 1).
-            self.tenant_id.fmt(f)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for TenantShardId {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        // Debug is the same as Display: the compact hex representation
-        write!(f, "{}", self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::str::FromStr for TenantShardId {
-    type Err = hex::FromHexError;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        // Expect format: 16 byte TenantId, '-', 1 byte shard number, 1 byte shard count
-        if s.len() == 32 {
-            // Legacy case: no shard specified
-            Ok(Self {
-                tenant_id: TenantId::from_str(s)?,
-                shard_number: ShardNumber(0),
-                shard_count: ShardCount(0),
-            })
-        } else if s.len() == 37 {
-            let bytes = s.as_bytes();
-            let tenant_id = TenantId::from_hex(&bytes[0..32])?;
-            let mut shard_parts: [u8; 2] = [0u8; 2];
-            hex::decode_to_slice(&bytes[33..37], &mut shard_parts)?;
-            Ok(Self {
-                tenant_id,
-                shard_number: ShardNumber(shard_parts[0]),
-                shard_count: ShardCount(shard_parts[1]),
-            })
-        } else {
-            Err(hex::FromHexError::InvalidStringLength)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<[u8; 18]> for TenantShardId {
-    fn from(b: [u8; 18]) -> Self {
-        let tenant_id_bytes: [u8; 16] = b[0..16].try_into().unwrap();
-
-        Self {
-            tenant_id: TenantId::from(tenant_id_bytes),
-            shard_number: ShardNumber(b[16]),
-            shard_count: ShardCount(b[17]),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// For use within the context of a particular tenant, when we need to know which
-/// shard we're dealing with, but do not need to know the full ShardIdentity (because
-/// we won't be doing any page->shard mapping), and do not need to know the fully qualified
-/// TenantShardId.
-#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash)]
-pub struct ShardIndex {
-    pub shard_number: ShardNumber,
-    pub shard_count: ShardCount,
-}
-
-impl ShardIndex {
-    pub fn new(number: ShardNumber, count: ShardCount) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            shard_number: number,
-            shard_count: count,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn unsharded() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            shard_number: ShardNumber(0),
-            shard_count: ShardCount(0),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_unsharded(&self) -> bool {
-        self.shard_number == ShardNumber(0) && self.shard_count == ShardCount(0)
-    }
-
-    /// For use in constructing remote storage paths: concatenate this with a TenantId
-    /// to get a fully qualified TenantShardId.
-    ///
-    /// Backward compat: this function returns an empty string if Self::is_unsharded, such
-    /// that the legacy pre-sharding remote key format is preserved.
-    pub fn get_suffix(&self) -> String {
-        if self.is_unsharded() {
-            "".to_string()
-        } else {
-            format!("-{:02x}{:02x}", self.shard_number.0, self.shard_count.0)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for ShardIndex {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{:02x}{:02x}", self.shard_number.0, self.shard_count.0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for ShardIndex {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        // Debug is the same as Display: the compact hex representation
-        write!(f, "{}", self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::str::FromStr for ShardIndex {
-    type Err = hex::FromHexError;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        // Expect format: 1 byte shard number, 1 byte shard count
-        if s.len() == 4 {
-            let bytes = s.as_bytes();
-            let mut shard_parts: [u8; 2] = [0u8; 2];
-            hex::decode_to_slice(bytes, &mut shard_parts)?;
-            Ok(Self {
-                shard_number: ShardNumber(shard_parts[0]),
-                shard_count: ShardCount(shard_parts[1]),
-            })
-        } else {
-            Err(hex::FromHexError::InvalidStringLength)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<[u8; 2]> for ShardIndex {
-    fn from(b: [u8; 2]) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            shard_number: ShardNumber(b[0]),
-            shard_count: ShardCount(b[1]),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Serialize for TenantShardId {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
-            serializer.collect_str(self)
-        } else {
-            let mut packed: [u8; 18] = [0; 18];
-            packed[0..16].clone_from_slice(&self.tenant_id.as_arr());
-            packed[16] = self.shard_number.0;
-            packed[17] = self.shard_count.0;
-
-            packed.serialize(serializer)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for TenantShardId {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        struct IdVisitor {
-            is_human_readable_deserializer: bool,
-        }
-
-        impl<'de> serde::de::Visitor<'de> for IdVisitor {
-            type Value = TenantShardId;
-
-            fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
-                if self.is_human_readable_deserializer {
-                    formatter.write_str("value in form of hex string")
-                } else {
-                    formatter.write_str("value in form of integer array([u8; 18])")
-                }
-            }
-
-            fn visit_seq<A>(self, seq: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error>
-            where
-                A: serde::de::SeqAccess<'de>,
-            {
-                let s = serde::de::value::SeqAccessDeserializer::new(seq);
-                let id: [u8; 18] = Deserialize::deserialize(s)?;
-                Ok(TenantShardId::from(id))
-            }
-
-            fn visit_str<E>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
-            where
-                E: serde::de::Error,
-            {
-                TenantShardId::from_str(v).map_err(E::custom)
-            }
-        }
-
-        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
-            deserializer.deserialize_str(IdVisitor {
-                is_human_readable_deserializer: true,
-            })
-        } else {
-            deserializer.deserialize_tuple(
-                18,
-                IdVisitor {
-                    is_human_readable_deserializer: false,
-                },
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Stripe size in number of pages
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
-pub struct ShardStripeSize(pub u32);
-
-/// Layout version: for future upgrades where we might change how the key->shard mapping works
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
-pub struct ShardLayout(u8);
-
-const LAYOUT_V1: ShardLayout = ShardLayout(1);
-/// ShardIdentity uses a magic layout value to indicate if it is unusable
-const LAYOUT_BROKEN: ShardLayout = ShardLayout(255);
-
-/// Default stripe size in pages: 256MiB divided by 8kiB page size.
-const DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE: ShardStripeSize = ShardStripeSize(256 * 1024 / 8);
-
-/// The ShardIdentity contains the information needed for one member of map
-/// to resolve a key to a shard, and then check whether that shard is ==self.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
-pub struct ShardIdentity {
-    pub number: ShardNumber,
-    pub count: ShardCount,
-    pub stripe_size: ShardStripeSize,
-    layout: ShardLayout,
-}
-
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum ShardConfigError {
-    #[error("Invalid shard count")]
-    InvalidCount,
-    #[error("Invalid shard number")]
-    InvalidNumber,
-    #[error("Invalid stripe size")]
-    InvalidStripeSize,
-}
-
-impl ShardIdentity {
-    /// An identity with number=0 count=0 is a "none" identity, which represents legacy
-    /// tenants.  Modern single-shard tenants should not use this: they should
-    /// have number=0 count=1.
-    pub fn unsharded() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            number: ShardNumber(0),
-            count: ShardCount(0),
-            layout: LAYOUT_V1,
-            stripe_size: DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// A broken instance of this type is only used for `TenantState::Broken` tenants,
-    /// which are constructed in code paths that don't have access to proper configuration.
-    ///
-    /// A ShardIdentity in this state may not be used for anything, and should not be persisted.
-    /// Enforcement is via assertions, to avoid making our interface fallible for this
-    /// edge case: it is the Tenant's responsibility to avoid trying to do any I/O when in a broken
-    /// state, and by extension to avoid trying to do any page->shard resolution.
-    pub fn broken(number: ShardNumber, count: ShardCount) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            number,
-            count,
-            layout: LAYOUT_BROKEN,
-            stripe_size: DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_unsharded(&self) -> bool {
-        self.number == ShardNumber(0) && self.count == ShardCount(0)
-    }
-
-    /// Count must be nonzero, and number must be < count. To construct
-    /// the legacy case (count==0), use Self::unsharded instead.
-    pub fn new(
-        number: ShardNumber,
-        count: ShardCount,
-        stripe_size: ShardStripeSize,
-    ) -> Result<Self, ShardConfigError> {
-        if count.0 == 0 {
-            Err(ShardConfigError::InvalidCount)
-        } else if number.0 > count.0 - 1 {
-            Err(ShardConfigError::InvalidNumber)
-        } else if stripe_size.0 == 0 {
-            Err(ShardConfigError::InvalidStripeSize)
-        } else {
-            Ok(Self {
-                number,
-                count,
-                layout: LAYOUT_V1,
-                stripe_size,
-            })
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// For use when creating ShardIdentity instances for new shards, where a creation request
-    /// specifies the ShardParameters that apply to all shards.
-    pub fn from_params(number: ShardNumber, params: &ShardParameters) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            number,
-            count: params.count,
-            layout: LAYOUT_V1,
-            stripe_size: params.stripe_size,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn is_broken(&self) -> bool {
-        self.layout == LAYOUT_BROKEN
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_shard_number(&self, key: &Key) -> ShardNumber {
-        assert!(!self.is_broken());
-        key_to_shard_number(self.count, self.stripe_size, key)
-    }
-
-    /// Return true if the key should be ingested by this shard
-    pub fn is_key_local(&self, key: &Key) -> bool {
-        assert!(!self.is_broken());
-        if self.count < ShardCount(2) || (key_is_shard0(key) && self.number == ShardNumber(0)) {
-            true
-        } else {
-            key_to_shard_number(self.count, self.stripe_size, key) == self.number
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Return true if the key should be discarded if found in this shard's
-    /// data store, e.g. during compaction after a split
-    pub fn is_key_disposable(&self, key: &Key) -> bool {
-        if key_is_shard0(key) {
-            // Q: Why can't we dispose of shard0 content if we're not shard 0?
-            // A: because the WAL ingestion logic currently ingests some shard 0
-            //    content on all shards, even though it's only read on shard 0.  If we
-            //    dropped it, then subsequent WAL ingest to these keys would encounter
-            //    an error.
-            false
-        } else {
-            !self.is_key_local(key)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn shard_slug(&self) -> String {
-        if self.count > ShardCount(0) {
-            format!("-{:02x}{:02x}", self.number.0, self.count.0)
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience for checking if this identity is the 0th shard in a tenant,
-    /// for special cases on shard 0 such as ingesting relation sizes.
-    pub fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
-        self.number == ShardNumber(0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Serialize for ShardIndex {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
-            serializer.collect_str(self)
-        } else {
-            // Binary encoding is not used in index_part.json, but is included in anticipation of
-            // switching various structures (e.g. inter-process communication, remote metadata) to more
-            // compact binary encodings in future.
-            let mut packed: [u8; 2] = [0; 2];
-            packed[0] = self.shard_number.0;
-            packed[1] = self.shard_count.0;
-            packed.serialize(serializer)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for ShardIndex {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        struct IdVisitor {
-            is_human_readable_deserializer: bool,
-        }
-
-        impl<'de> serde::de::Visitor<'de> for IdVisitor {
-            type Value = ShardIndex;
-
-            fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
-                if self.is_human_readable_deserializer {
-                    formatter.write_str("value in form of hex string")
-                } else {
-                    formatter.write_str("value in form of integer array([u8; 2])")
-                }
-            }
-
-            fn visit_seq<A>(self, seq: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error>
-            where
-                A: serde::de::SeqAccess<'de>,
-            {
-                let s = serde::de::value::SeqAccessDeserializer::new(seq);
-                let id: [u8; 2] = Deserialize::deserialize(s)?;
-                Ok(ShardIndex::from(id))
-            }
-
-            fn visit_str<E>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
-            where
-                E: serde::de::Error,
-            {
-                ShardIndex::from_str(v).map_err(E::custom)
-            }
-        }
-
-        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
-            deserializer.deserialize_str(IdVisitor {
-                is_human_readable_deserializer: true,
-            })
-        } else {
-            deserializer.deserialize_tuple(
-                2,
-                IdVisitor {
-                    is_human_readable_deserializer: false,
-                },
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Whether this key is always held on shard 0 (e.g. shard 0 holds all SLRU keys
-/// in order to be able to serve basebackup requests without peer communication).
-fn key_is_shard0(key: &Key) -> bool {
-    // To decide what to shard out to shards >0, we apply a simple rule that only
-    // relation pages are distributed to shards other than shard zero. Everything else gets
-    // stored on shard 0.  This guarantees that shard 0 can independently serve basebackup
-    // requests, and any request other than those for particular blocks in relations.
-    !is_rel_block_key(key)
-}
-
-/// Provide the same result as the function in postgres `hashfn.h` with the same name
-fn murmurhash32(mut h: u32) -> u32 {
-    h ^= h >> 16;
-    h = h.wrapping_mul(0x85ebca6b);
-    h ^= h >> 13;
-    h = h.wrapping_mul(0xc2b2ae35);
-    h ^= h >> 16;
-    h
-}
-
-/// Provide the same result as the function in postgres `hashfn.h` with the same name
-fn hash_combine(mut a: u32, mut b: u32) -> u32 {
-    b = b.wrapping_add(0x9e3779b9);
-    b = b.wrapping_add(a << 6);
-    b = b.wrapping_add(a >> 2);
-
-    a ^= b;
-    a
-}
-
-/// Where a Key is to be distributed across shards, select the shard.  This function
-/// does not account for keys that should be broadcast across shards.
-///
-/// The hashing in this function must exactly match what we do in postgres smgr
-/// code.  The resulting distribution of pages is intended to preserve locality within
-/// `stripe_size` ranges of contiguous block numbers in the same relation, while otherwise
-/// distributing data pseudo-randomly.
-///
-/// The mapping of key to shard is not stable across changes to ShardCount: this is intentional
-/// and will be handled at higher levels when shards are split.
-fn key_to_shard_number(count: ShardCount, stripe_size: ShardStripeSize, key: &Key) -> ShardNumber {
-    // Fast path for un-sharded tenants or broadcast keys
-    if count < ShardCount(2) || key_is_shard0(key) {
-        return ShardNumber(0);
-    }
-
-    // relNode
-    let mut hash = murmurhash32(key.field4);
-    // blockNum/stripe size
-    hash = hash_combine(hash, murmurhash32(key.field6 / stripe_size.0));
-
-    ShardNumber((hash % count.0 as u32) as u8)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    use bincode;
-    use utils::{id::TenantId, Hex};
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    const EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID: &str = "1f359dd625e519a1a4e8d7509690f6fc";
-
-    #[test]
-    fn tenant_shard_id_string() -> Result<(), hex::FromHexError> {
-        let example = TenantShardId {
-            tenant_id: TenantId::from_str(EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID).unwrap(),
-            shard_count: ShardCount(10),
-            shard_number: ShardNumber(7),
-        };
-
-        let encoded = format!("{example}");
-
-        let expected = format!("{EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID}-070a");
-        assert_eq!(&encoded, &expected);
-
-        let decoded = TenantShardId::from_str(&encoded)?;
-
-        assert_eq!(example, decoded);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn tenant_shard_id_binary() -> Result<(), hex::FromHexError> {
-        let example = TenantShardId {
-            tenant_id: TenantId::from_str(EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID).unwrap(),
-            shard_count: ShardCount(10),
-            shard_number: ShardNumber(7),
-        };
-
-        let encoded = bincode::serialize(&example).unwrap();
-        let expected: [u8; 18] = [
-            0x1f, 0x35, 0x9d, 0xd6, 0x25, 0xe5, 0x19, 0xa1, 0xa4, 0xe8, 0xd7, 0x50, 0x96, 0x90,
-            0xf6, 0xfc, 0x07, 0x0a,
-        ];
-        assert_eq!(Hex(&encoded), Hex(&expected));
-
-        let decoded = bincode::deserialize(&encoded).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(example, decoded);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn tenant_shard_id_backward_compat() -> Result<(), hex::FromHexError> {
-        // Test that TenantShardId can decode a TenantId in human
-        // readable form
-        let example = TenantId::from_str(EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID).unwrap();
-        let encoded = format!("{example}");
-
-        assert_eq!(&encoded, EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID);
-
-        let decoded = TenantShardId::from_str(&encoded)?;
-
-        assert_eq!(example, decoded.tenant_id);
-        assert_eq!(decoded.shard_count, ShardCount(0));
-        assert_eq!(decoded.shard_number, ShardNumber(0));
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn tenant_shard_id_forward_compat() -> Result<(), hex::FromHexError> {
-        // Test that a legacy TenantShardId encodes into a form that
-        // can be decoded as TenantId
-        let example_tenant_id = TenantId::from_str(EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID).unwrap();
-        let example = TenantShardId::unsharded(example_tenant_id);
-        let encoded = format!("{example}");
-
-        assert_eq!(&encoded, EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID);
-
-        let decoded = TenantId::from_str(&encoded)?;
-
-        assert_eq!(example_tenant_id, decoded);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn tenant_shard_id_legacy_binary() -> Result<(), hex::FromHexError> {
-        // Unlike in human readable encoding, binary encoding does not
-        // do any special handling of legacy unsharded TenantIds: this test
-        // is equivalent to the main test for binary encoding, just verifying
-        // that the same behavior applies when we have used `unsharded()` to
-        // construct a TenantShardId.
-        let example = TenantShardId::unsharded(TenantId::from_str(EXAMPLE_TENANT_ID).unwrap());
-        let encoded = bincode::serialize(&example).unwrap();
-
-        let expected: [u8; 18] = [
-            0x1f, 0x35, 0x9d, 0xd6, 0x25, 0xe5, 0x19, 0xa1, 0xa4, 0xe8, 0xd7, 0x50, 0x96, 0x90,
-            0xf6, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00,
-        ];
-        assert_eq!(Hex(&encoded), Hex(&expected));
-
-        let decoded = bincode::deserialize::<TenantShardId>(&encoded).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(example, decoded);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn shard_identity_validation() -> Result<(), ShardConfigError> {
-        // Happy cases
-        ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(0), ShardCount(1), DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE)?;
-        ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(0), ShardCount(1), ShardStripeSize(1))?;
-        ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(254), ShardCount(255), ShardStripeSize(1))?;
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(0), ShardCount(0), DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE),
-            Err(ShardConfigError::InvalidCount)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(10), ShardCount(10), DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE),
-            Err(ShardConfigError::InvalidNumber)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(11), ShardCount(10), DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE),
-            Err(ShardConfigError::InvalidNumber)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(255), ShardCount(255), DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE),
-            Err(ShardConfigError::InvalidNumber)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(0), ShardCount(1), ShardStripeSize(0)),
-            Err(ShardConfigError::InvalidStripeSize)
-        );
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn shard_index_human_encoding() -> Result<(), hex::FromHexError> {
-        let example = ShardIndex {
-            shard_number: ShardNumber(13),
-            shard_count: ShardCount(17),
-        };
-        let expected: String = "0d11".to_string();
-        let encoded = format!("{example}");
-        assert_eq!(&encoded, &expected);
-
-        let decoded = ShardIndex::from_str(&encoded)?;
-        assert_eq!(example, decoded);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn shard_index_binary_encoding() -> Result<(), hex::FromHexError> {
-        let example = ShardIndex {
-            shard_number: ShardNumber(13),
-            shard_count: ShardCount(17),
-        };
-        let expected: [u8; 2] = [0x0d, 0x11];
-
-        let encoded = bincode::serialize(&example).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(Hex(&encoded), Hex(&expected));
-        let decoded = bincode::deserialize(&encoded).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(example, decoded);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    // These are only smoke tests to spot check that our implementation doesn't
-    // deviate from a few examples values: not aiming to validate the overall
-    // hashing algorithm.
-    #[test]
-    fn murmur_hash() {
-        assert_eq!(murmurhash32(0), 0);
-
-        assert_eq!(hash_combine(0xb1ff3b40, 0), 0xfb7923c9);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn shard_mapping() {
-        let key = Key {
-            field1: 0x00,
-            field2: 0x67f,
-            field3: 0x5,
-            field4: 0x400c,
-            field5: 0x00,
-            field6: 0x7d06,
-        };
-
-        let shard = key_to_shard_number(ShardCount(10), DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE, &key);
-        assert_eq!(shard, ShardNumber(8));
-    }
-}
--- a/libs/postgres_backend/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/postgres_backend/src/lib.rs
@@ -35,12 +35,6 @@ pub enum QueryError {
    /// We were instructed to shutdown while processing the query
    #[error("Shutting down")]
    Shutdown,
-    /// Query handler indicated that client should reconnect
-    #[error("Server requested reconnect")]
-    Reconnect,
-    /// Query named an entity that was not found
-    #[error("Not found: {0}")]
-    NotFound(std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>),
    /// Authentication failure
    #[error("Unauthorized: {0}")]
    Unauthorized(std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>),
@@ -60,9 +54,9 @@ impl From<io::Error> for QueryError {
 impl QueryError {
    pub fn pg_error_code(&self) -> &'static [u8; 5] {
        match self {
-            Self::Disconnected(_) | Self::SimulatedConnectionError | Self::Reconnect => b"08006", // connection failure
+            Self::Disconnected(_) | Self::SimulatedConnectionError => b"08006", // connection failure
            Self::Shutdown => SQLSTATE_ADMIN_SHUTDOWN,
-            Self::Unauthorized(_) | Self::NotFound(_) => SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+            Self::Unauthorized(_) => SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR,
            Self::Other(_) => SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR, // internal error
        }
    }
@@ -431,11 +425,6 @@ impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> PostgresBackend<IO> {
                info!("Stopped due to shutdown");
                Ok(())
            }
-            Err(QueryError::Reconnect) => {
-                // Dropping out of this loop implicitly disconnects
-                info!("Stopped due to handler reconnect request");
-                Ok(())
-            }
            Err(QueryError::Disconnected(e)) => {
                info!("Disconnected ({e:#})");
                // Disconnection is not an error: we just use it that way internally to drop
@@ -985,9 +974,7 @@ impl<'a, IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> AsyncWrite for CopyDataWriter<'a, I
 pub fn short_error(e: &QueryError) -> String {
    match e {
        QueryError::Disconnected(connection_error) => connection_error.to_string(),
-        QueryError::Reconnect => "reconnect".to_string(),
        QueryError::Shutdown => "shutdown".to_string(),
-        QueryError::NotFound(_) => "not found".to_string(),
        QueryError::Unauthorized(_e) => "JWT authentication error".to_string(),
        QueryError::SimulatedConnectionError => "simulated connection error".to_string(),
        QueryError::Other(e) => format!("{e:#}"),
@@ -1009,15 +996,9 @@ fn log_query_error(query: &str, e: &QueryError) {
        QueryError::SimulatedConnectionError => {
            error!("query handler for query '{query}' failed due to a simulated connection error")
        }
-        QueryError::Reconnect => {
-            info!("query handler for '{query}' requested client to reconnect")
-        }
        QueryError::Shutdown => {
            info!("query handler for '{query}' cancelled during tenant shutdown")
        }
-        QueryError::NotFound(reason) => {
-            info!("query handler for '{query}' entity not found: {reason}")
-        }
        QueryError::Unauthorized(e) => {
            warn!("query handler for '{query}' failed with authentication error: {e}");
        }
--- a/libs/postgres_connection/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/postgres_connection/src/lib.rs
@@ -163,18 +163,8 @@ impl PgConnectionConfig {
    }

    /// Connect using postgres protocol with TLS disabled.
-    pub async fn connect_no_tls(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<
-        (
-            tokio_postgres::Client,
-            tokio_postgres::Connection<tokio_postgres::Socket, tokio_postgres::tls::NoTlsStream>,
-        ),
-        postgres::Error,
-    > {
-        self.to_tokio_postgres_config()
-            .connect(postgres::NoTls)
-            .await
+    pub fn connect_no_tls(&self) -> Result<postgres::Client, postgres::Error> {
+        postgres::Config::from(self.to_tokio_postgres_config()).connect(postgres::NoTls)
    }
 }

--- a/libs/pq_proto/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/pq_proto/src/lib.rs
@@ -289,10 +289,10 @@ impl FeStartupPacket {
        // We shouldn't advance `buf` as probably full message is not there yet,
        // so can't directly use Bytes::get_u32 etc.
        let len = (&buf[0..4]).read_u32::<BigEndian>().unwrap() as usize;
-        // The proposed replacement is `!(8..=MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH).contains(&len)`
+        // The proposed replacement is `!(4..=MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH).contains(&len)`
        // which is less readable
        #[allow(clippy::manual_range_contains)]
-        if len < 8 || len > MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH {
+        if len < 4 || len > MAX_STARTUP_PACKET_LENGTH {
            return Err(ProtocolError::Protocol(format!(
                "invalid startup packet message length {}",
                len
@@ -975,10 +975,4 @@ mod tests {
        let params = make_params("foo\\ bar \\ \\\\ baz\\  lol");
        assert_eq!(split_options(&params), ["foo bar", " \\", "baz ", "lol"]);
    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_fe_startup_packet_regression() {
-        let data = [0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0];
-        FeStartupPacket::parse(&mut BytesMut::from_iter(data)).unwrap_err();
-    }
 }
--- a/libs/remote_storage/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ anyhow.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 once_cell.workspace = true
 aws-smithy-async.workspace = true
-aws-smithy-types.workspace = true
+aws-smithy-http.workspace = true
+aws-types.workspace = true
 aws-config.workspace = true
 aws-sdk-s3.workspace = true
 aws-credential-types.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
 camino.workspace = true
 hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["stream"] }
-futures.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync", "fs", "io-util"] }
-tokio-util = { workspace = true, features = ["compat"] }
+tokio-util.workspace = true
 toml_edit.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
 scopeguard.workspace = true
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/azure_blob.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/azure_blob.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,21 @@
 //! Azure Blob Storage wrapper

-use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
 use std::num::NonZeroU32;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, io::Cursor};

 use super::REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR;
 use anyhow::Result;
 use azure_core::request_options::{MaxResults, Metadata, Range};
-use azure_core::RetryOptions;
 use azure_identity::DefaultAzureCredential;
 use azure_storage::StorageCredentials;
-use azure_storage_blobs::blob::CopyStatus;
 use azure_storage_blobs::prelude::ClientBuilder;
 use azure_storage_blobs::{blob::operations::GetBlobBuilder, prelude::ContainerClient};
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use futures::stream::Stream;
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
-use http_types::{StatusCode, Url};
-use tokio::time::Instant;
+use http_types::StatusCode;
+use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tracing::debug;

 use crate::s3_bucket::RequestKind;
@@ -56,8 +49,7 @@ impl AzureBlobStorage {
            StorageCredentials::token_credential(Arc::new(token_credential))
        };

-        // we have an outer retry
-        let builder = ClientBuilder::new(account, credentials).retry(RetryOptions::none());
+        let builder = ClientBuilder::new(account, credentials);

        let client = builder.container_client(azure_config.container_name.to_owned());

@@ -121,22 +113,12 @@ impl AzureBlobStorage {
    ) -> Result<Download, DownloadError> {
        let mut response = builder.into_stream();

-        let mut etag = None;
-        let mut last_modified = None;
        let mut metadata = HashMap::new();
        // TODO give proper streaming response instead of buffering into RAM
        // https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/5563
-
-        let mut bufs = Vec::new();
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        while let Some(part) = response.next().await {
            let part = part.map_err(to_download_error)?;
-            let etag_str: &str = part.blob.properties.etag.as_ref();
-            if etag.is_none() {
-                etag = Some(etag.unwrap_or_else(|| etag_str.to_owned()));
-            }
-            if last_modified.is_none() {
-                last_modified = Some(part.blob.properties.last_modified.into());
-            }
            if let Some(blob_meta) = part.blob.metadata {
                metadata.extend(blob_meta.iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.to_owned(), v.to_owned())));
            }
@@ -145,12 +127,10 @@ impl AzureBlobStorage {
                .collect()
                .await
                .map_err(|e| DownloadError::Other(e.into()))?;
-            bufs.push(data);
+            buf.extend_from_slice(&data.slice(..));
        }
        Ok(Download {
-            download_stream: Box::pin(futures::stream::iter(bufs.into_iter().map(Ok))),
-            etag,
-            last_modified,
+            download_stream: Box::pin(Cursor::new(buf)),
            metadata: Some(StorageMetadata(metadata)),
        })
    }
@@ -237,10 +217,9 @@ impl RemoteStorage for AzureBlobStorage {
        }
        Ok(res)
    }
-
    async fn upload(
        &self,
-        from: impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        mut from: impl AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        data_size_bytes: usize,
        to: &RemotePath,
        metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
@@ -248,12 +227,13 @@ impl RemoteStorage for AzureBlobStorage {
        let _permit = self.permit(RequestKind::Put).await;
        let blob_client = self.client.blob_client(self.relative_path_to_name(to));

-        let from: Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static>> =
-            Box::pin(from);
-
-        let from = NonSeekableStream::new(from, data_size_bytes);
-
-        let body = azure_core::Body::SeekableStream(Box::new(from));
+        // TODO FIX THIS UGLY HACK and don't buffer the entire object
+        // into RAM here, but use the streaming interface. For that,
+        // we'd have to change the interface though...
+        // https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/5563
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(data_size_bytes);
+        tokio::io::copy(&mut from, &mut buf).await?;
+        let body = azure_core::Body::Bytes(buf.into());

        let mut builder = blob_client.put_block_blob(body);

@@ -286,12 +266,17 @@ impl RemoteStorage for AzureBlobStorage {

        let mut builder = blob_client.get();

-        let range: Range = if let Some(end_exclusive) = end_exclusive {
-            (start_inclusive..end_exclusive).into()
+        if let Some(end_exclusive) = end_exclusive {
+            builder = builder.range(Range::new(start_inclusive, end_exclusive));
        } else {
-            (start_inclusive..).into()
-        };
-        builder = builder.range(range);
+            // Open ranges are not supported by the SDK so we work around
+            // by setting the upper limit extremely high (but high enough
+            // to still be representable by signed 64 bit integers).
+            // TODO remove workaround once the SDK adds open range support
+            // https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-rust/issues/1438
+            let end_exclusive = u64::MAX / 4;
+            builder = builder.range(Range::new(start_inclusive, end_exclusive));
+        }

        self.download_for_builder(builder).await
    }
@@ -326,199 +311,4 @@ impl RemoteStorage for AzureBlobStorage {
        }
        Ok(())
    }
-
-    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let _permit = self.permit(RequestKind::Copy).await;
-        let blob_client = self.client.blob_client(self.relative_path_to_name(to));
-
-        let source_url = format!(
-            "{}/{}",
-            self.client.url()?,
-            self.relative_path_to_name(from)
-        );
-        let builder = blob_client.copy(Url::from_str(&source_url)?);
-
-        let result = builder.into_future().await?;
-
-        let mut copy_status = result.copy_status;
-        let start_time = Instant::now();
-        const MAX_WAIT_TIME: Duration = Duration::from_secs(60);
-        loop {
-            match copy_status {
-                CopyStatus::Aborted => {
-                    anyhow::bail!("Received abort for copy from {from} to {to}.");
-                }
-                CopyStatus::Failed => {
-                    anyhow::bail!("Received failure response for copy from {from} to {to}.");
-                }
-                CopyStatus::Success => return Ok(()),
-                CopyStatus::Pending => (),
-            }
-            // The copy is taking longer. Waiting a second and then re-trying.
-            // TODO estimate time based on copy_progress and adjust time based on that
-            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1000)).await;
-            let properties = blob_client.get_properties().into_future().await?;
-            let Some(status) = properties.blob.properties.copy_status else {
-                tracing::warn!("copy_status for copy is None!, from={from}, to={to}");
-                return Ok(());
-            };
-            if start_time.elapsed() > MAX_WAIT_TIME {
-                anyhow::bail!("Copy from from {from} to {to} took longer than limit MAX_WAIT_TIME={}s. copy_pogress={:?}.",
-                    MAX_WAIT_TIME.as_secs_f32(),
-                    properties.blob.properties.copy_progress,
-                );
-            }
-            copy_status = status;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
-    /// Hack to work around not being able to stream once with azure sdk.
-    ///
-    /// Azure sdk clones streams around with the assumption that they are like
-    /// `Arc<tokio::fs::File>` (except not supporting tokio), however our streams are not like
-    /// that. For example for an `index_part.json` we just have a single chunk of [`Bytes`]
-    /// representing the whole serialized vec. It could be trivially cloneable and "semi-trivially"
-    /// seekable, but we can also just re-try the request easier.
-    #[project = NonSeekableStreamProj]
-    enum NonSeekableStream<S> {
-        /// A stream wrappers initial form.
-        ///
-        /// Mutex exists to allow moving when cloning. If the sdk changes to do less than 1
-        /// clone before first request, then this must be changed.
-        Initial {
-            inner: std::sync::Mutex<Option<tokio_util::compat::Compat<tokio_util::io::StreamReader<S, Bytes>>>>,
-            len: usize,
-        },
-        /// The actually readable variant, produced by cloning the Initial variant.
-        ///
-        /// The sdk currently always clones once, even without retry policy.
-        Actual {
-            #[pin]
-            inner: tokio_util::compat::Compat<tokio_util::io::StreamReader<S, Bytes>>,
-            len: usize,
-            read_any: bool,
-        },
-        /// Most likely unneeded, but left to make life easier, in case more clones are added.
-        Cloned {
-            len_was: usize,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> NonSeekableStream<S>
-where
-    S: Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
-{
-    fn new(inner: S, len: usize) -> NonSeekableStream<S> {
-        use tokio_util::compat::TokioAsyncReadCompatExt;
-
-        let inner = tokio_util::io::StreamReader::new(inner).compat();
-        let inner = Some(inner);
-        let inner = std::sync::Mutex::new(inner);
-        NonSeekableStream::Initial { inner, len }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> std::fmt::Debug for NonSeekableStream<S> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::Initial { len, .. } => f.debug_struct("Initial").field("len", len).finish(),
-            Self::Actual { len, .. } => f.debug_struct("Actual").field("len", len).finish(),
-            Self::Cloned { len_was, .. } => f.debug_struct("Cloned").field("len", len_was).finish(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> futures::io::AsyncRead for NonSeekableStream<S>
-where
-    S: Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>>,
-{
-    fn poll_read(
-        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-        buf: &mut [u8],
-    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::io::Result<usize>> {
-        match self.project() {
-            NonSeekableStreamProj::Actual {
-                inner, read_any, ..
-            } => {
-                *read_any = true;
-                inner.poll_read(cx, buf)
-            }
-            // NonSeekableStream::Initial does not support reading because it is just much easier
-            // to have the mutex in place where one does not poll the contents, or that's how it
-            // seemed originally. If there is a version upgrade which changes the cloning, then
-            // that support needs to be hacked in.
-            //
-            // including {self:?} into the message would be useful, but unsure how to unproject.
-            _ => std::task::Poll::Ready(Err(std::io::Error::new(
-                std::io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                "cloned or initial values cannot be read",
-            ))),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> Clone for NonSeekableStream<S> {
-    /// Weird clone implementation exists to support the sdk doing cloning before issuing the first
-    /// request, see type documentation.
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        use NonSeekableStream::*;
-
-        match self {
-            Initial { inner, len } => {
-                if let Some(inner) = inner.lock().unwrap().take() {
-                    Actual {
-                        inner,
-                        len: *len,
-                        read_any: false,
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Self::Cloned { len_was: *len }
-                }
-            }
-            Actual { len, .. } => Cloned { len_was: *len },
-            Cloned { len_was } => Cloned { len_was: *len_was },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl<S> azure_core::SeekableStream for NonSeekableStream<S>
-where
-    S: Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
-{
-    async fn reset(&mut self) -> azure_core::error::Result<()> {
-        use NonSeekableStream::*;
-
-        let msg = match self {
-            Initial { inner, .. } => {
-                if inner.get_mut().unwrap().is_some() {
-                    return Ok(());
-                } else {
-                    "reset after first clone is not supported"
-                }
-            }
-            Actual { read_any, .. } if !*read_any => return Ok(()),
-            Actual { .. } => "reset after reading is not supported",
-            Cloned { .. } => "reset after second clone is not supported",
-        };
-        Err(azure_core::error::Error::new(
-            azure_core::error::ErrorKind::Io,
-            std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::Other, msg),
-        ))
-    }
-
-    // Note: it is not documented if this should be the total or remaining length, total passes the
-    // tests.
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        use NonSeekableStream::*;
-        match self {
-            Initial { len, .. } => *len,
-            Actual { len, .. } => *len,
-            Cloned { len_was, .. } => *len_was,
-        }
-    }
 }
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,17 +14,13 @@ mod local_fs;
 mod s3_bucket;
 mod simulate_failures;

-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap, fmt::Debug, num::NonZeroUsize, pin::Pin, sync::Arc, time::SystemTime,
-};
+use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Debug, num::NonZeroUsize, pin::Pin, sync::Arc};

 use anyhow::{bail, Context};
 use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};

-use bytes::Bytes;
-use futures::stream::Stream;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
+use tokio::{io, sync::Semaphore};
 use toml_edit::Item;
 use tracing::info;

@@ -183,7 +179,7 @@ pub trait RemoteStorage: Send + Sync + 'static {
    /// Streams the local file contents into remote into the remote storage entry.
    async fn upload(
        &self,
-        from: impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        from: impl io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        // S3 PUT request requires the content length to be specified,
        // otherwise it starts to fail with the concurrent connection count increasing.
        data_size_bytes: usize,
@@ -207,18 +203,10 @@ pub trait RemoteStorage: Send + Sync + 'static {
    async fn delete(&self, path: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()>;

    async fn delete_objects<'a>(&self, paths: &'a [RemotePath]) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
-
-    /// Copy a remote object inside a bucket from one path to another.
-    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
 }

-pub type DownloadStream = Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Unpin + Send + Sync>>;
 pub struct Download {
-    pub download_stream: DownloadStream,
-    /// The last time the file was modified (`last-modified` HTTP header)
-    pub last_modified: Option<SystemTime>,
-    /// A way to identify this specific version of the resource (`etag` HTTP header)
-    pub etag: Option<String>,
+    pub download_stream: Pin<Box<dyn io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync>>,
    /// Extra key-value data, associated with the current remote file.
    pub metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
 }
@@ -312,7 +300,7 @@ impl GenericRemoteStorage {

    pub async fn upload(
        &self,
-        from: impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        from: impl io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        data_size_bytes: usize,
        to: &RemotePath,
        metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
@@ -377,15 +365,6 @@ impl GenericRemoteStorage {
            Self::Unreliable(s) => s.delete_objects(paths).await,
        }
    }
-
-    pub async fn copy_object(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            Self::LocalFs(s) => s.copy(from, to).await,
-            Self::AwsS3(s) => s.copy(from, to).await,
-            Self::AzureBlob(s) => s.copy(from, to).await,
-            Self::Unreliable(s) => s.copy(from, to).await,
-        }
-    }
 }

 impl GenericRemoteStorage {
@@ -419,7 +398,7 @@ impl GenericRemoteStorage {
    /// this path is used for the remote object id conversion only.
    pub async fn upload_storage_object(
        &self,
-        from: impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        from: impl tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        from_size_bytes: usize,
        to: &RemotePath,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@@ -672,7 +651,6 @@ impl ConcurrencyLimiter {
            RequestKind::Put => &self.write,
            RequestKind::List => &self.read,
            RequestKind::Delete => &self.write,
-            RequestKind::Copy => &self.write,
        }
    }

--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/local_fs.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/local_fs.rs
@@ -7,18 +7,15 @@
 use std::{borrow::Cow, future::Future, io::ErrorKind, pin::Pin};

 use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context};
-use bytes::Bytes;
 use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
-use futures::stream::Stream;
 use tokio::{
    fs,
    io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncSeekExt, AsyncWriteExt},
 };
-use tokio_util::io::ReaderStream;
 use tracing::*;
 use utils::{crashsafe::path_with_suffix_extension, fs_ext::is_directory_empty};

-use crate::{Download, DownloadError, DownloadStream, Listing, ListingMode, RemotePath};
+use crate::{Download, DownloadError, Listing, ListingMode, RemotePath};

 use super::{RemoteStorage, StorageMetadata};

@@ -102,35 +99,27 @@ impl LocalFs {
        };

        // If we were given a directory, we may use it as our starting point.
-        // Otherwise, we must go up to the first ancestor dir that exists.  This is because
+        // Otherwise, we must go up to the parent directory.  This is because
        // S3 object list prefixes can be arbitrary strings, but when reading
        // the local filesystem we need a directory to start calling read_dir on.
        let mut initial_dir = full_path.clone();
-        loop {
-            // Did we make it to the root?
-            if initial_dir.parent().is_none() {
-                anyhow::bail!("list_files: failed to find valid ancestor dir for {full_path}");
-            }
-
-            match fs::metadata(initial_dir.clone()).await {
-                Ok(meta) if meta.is_dir() => {
-                    // We found a directory, break
-                    break;
-                }
-                Ok(_meta) => {
+        match fs::metadata(full_path.clone()).await {
+            Ok(meta) => {
+                if !meta.is_dir() {
                    // It's not a directory: strip back to the parent
                    initial_dir.pop();
                }
-                Err(e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {
-                    // It's not a file that exists: strip the prefix back to the parent directory
-                    initial_dir.pop();
-                }
-                Err(e) => {
-                    // Unexpected I/O error
-                    anyhow::bail!(e)
-                }
+            }
+            Err(e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+                // It's not a file that exists: strip the prefix back to the parent directory
+                initial_dir.pop();
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                // Unexpected I/O error
+                anyhow::bail!(e)
            }
        }
+
        // Note that Utf8PathBuf starts_with only considers full path segments, but
        // object prefixes are arbitrary strings, so we need the strings for doing
        // starts_with later.
@@ -222,7 +211,7 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {

    async fn upload(
        &self,
-        data: impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync,
+        data: impl io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        data_size_bytes: usize,
        to: &RemotePath,
        metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
@@ -255,12 +244,9 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
        );

        let from_size_bytes = data_size_bytes as u64;
-        let data = tokio_util::io::StreamReader::new(data);
-        let data = std::pin::pin!(data);
        let mut buffer_to_read = data.take(from_size_bytes);

-        // alternatively we could just write the bytes to a file, but local_fs is a testing utility
-        let bytes_read = io::copy_buf(&mut buffer_to_read, &mut destination)
+        let bytes_read = io::copy(&mut buffer_to_read, &mut destination)
            .await
            .with_context(|| {
                format!(
@@ -314,7 +300,7 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
    async fn download(&self, from: &RemotePath) -> Result<Download, DownloadError> {
        let target_path = from.with_base(&self.storage_root);
        if file_exists(&target_path).map_err(DownloadError::BadInput)? {
-            let source = ReaderStream::new(
+            let source = io::BufReader::new(
                fs::OpenOptions::new()
                    .read(true)
                    .open(&target_path)
@@ -331,8 +317,6 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
                .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;
            Ok(Download {
                metadata,
-                last_modified: None,
-                etag: None,
                download_stream: Box::pin(source),
            })
        } else {
@@ -356,14 +340,16 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
        }
        let target_path = from.with_base(&self.storage_root);
        if file_exists(&target_path).map_err(DownloadError::BadInput)? {
-            let mut source = tokio::fs::OpenOptions::new()
-                .read(true)
-                .open(&target_path)
-                .await
-                .with_context(|| {
-                    format!("Failed to open source file {target_path:?} to use in the download")
-                })
-                .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;
+            let mut source = io::BufReader::new(
+                fs::OpenOptions::new()
+                    .read(true)
+                    .open(&target_path)
+                    .await
+                    .with_context(|| {
+                        format!("Failed to open source file {target_path:?} to use in the download")
+                    })
+                    .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?,
+            );
            source
                .seek(io::SeekFrom::Start(start_inclusive))
                .await
@@ -374,17 +360,15 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
                .await
                .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;

-            let download_stream: DownloadStream = match end_exclusive {
-                Some(end_exclusive) => Box::pin(ReaderStream::new(
-                    source.take(end_exclusive - start_inclusive),
-                )),
-                None => Box::pin(ReaderStream::new(source)),
-            };
-            Ok(Download {
-                metadata,
-                last_modified: None,
-                etag: None,
-                download_stream,
+            Ok(match end_exclusive {
+                Some(end_exclusive) => Download {
+                    metadata,
+                    download_stream: Box::pin(source.take(end_exclusive - start_inclusive)),
+                },
+                None => Download {
+                    metadata,
+                    download_stream: Box::pin(source),
+                },
            })
        } else {
            Err(DownloadError::NotFound)
@@ -409,20 +393,6 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
        }
        Ok(())
    }
-
-    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let from_path = from.with_base(&self.storage_root);
-        let to_path = to.with_base(&self.storage_root);
-        create_target_directory(&to_path).await?;
-        fs::copy(&from_path, &to_path).await.with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "Failed to copy file from '{from_path}' to '{to_path}'",
-                from_path = from_path,
-                to_path = to_path
-            )
-        })?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }

 fn storage_metadata_path(original_path: &Utf8Path) -> Utf8PathBuf {
@@ -497,9 +467,7 @@ fn file_exists(file_path: &Utf8Path) -> anyhow::Result<bool> {
 mod fs_tests {
    use super::*;

-    use bytes::Bytes;
    use camino_tempfile::tempdir;
-    use futures_util::Stream;
    use std::{collections::HashMap, io::Write};

    async fn read_and_assert_remote_file_contents(
@@ -509,7 +477,7 @@ mod fs_tests {
        remote_storage_path: &RemotePath,
        expected_metadata: Option<&StorageMetadata>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
-        let download = storage
+        let mut download = storage
            .download(remote_storage_path)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Download failed: {e}"))?;
@@ -518,9 +486,13 @@ mod fs_tests {
            "Unexpected metadata returned for the downloaded file"
        );

-        let contents = aggregate(download.download_stream).await?;
-
-        String::from_utf8(contents).map_err(anyhow::Error::new)
+        let mut contents = String::new();
+        download
+            .download_stream
+            .read_to_string(&mut contents)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to read remote file contents into string")?;
+        Ok(contents)
    }

    #[tokio::test]
@@ -549,26 +521,25 @@ mod fs_tests {
        let storage = create_storage()?;

        let id = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new("dummy"))?;
-        let content = Bytes::from_static(b"12345");
-        let content = move || futures::stream::once(futures::future::ready(Ok(content.clone())));
+        let content = std::io::Cursor::new(b"12345");

        // Check that you get an error if the size parameter doesn't match the actual
        // size of the stream.
        storage
-            .upload(content(), 0, &id, None)
+            .upload(Box::new(content.clone()), 0, &id, None)
            .await
            .expect_err("upload with zero size succeeded");
        storage
-            .upload(content(), 4, &id, None)
+            .upload(Box::new(content.clone()), 4, &id, None)
            .await
            .expect_err("upload with too short size succeeded");
        storage
-            .upload(content(), 6, &id, None)
+            .upload(Box::new(content.clone()), 6, &id, None)
            .await
            .expect_err("upload with too large size succeeded");

        // Correct size is 5, this should succeed.
-        storage.upload(content(), 5, &id, None).await?;
+        storage.upload(Box::new(content), 5, &id, None).await?;

        Ok(())
    }
@@ -616,7 +587,7 @@ mod fs_tests {
        let uploaded_bytes = dummy_contents(upload_name).into_bytes();
        let (first_part_local, second_part_local) = uploaded_bytes.split_at(3);

-        let first_part_download = storage
+        let mut first_part_download = storage
            .download_byte_range(&upload_target, 0, Some(first_part_local.len() as u64))
            .await?;
        assert!(
@@ -624,13 +595,21 @@ mod fs_tests {
            "No metadata should be returned for no metadata upload"
        );

-        let first_part_remote = aggregate(first_part_download.download_stream).await?;
+        let mut first_part_remote = io::BufWriter::new(std::io::Cursor::new(Vec::new()));
+        io::copy(
+            &mut first_part_download.download_stream,
+            &mut first_part_remote,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        first_part_remote.flush().await?;
+        let first_part_remote = first_part_remote.into_inner().into_inner();
        assert_eq!(
-            first_part_local, first_part_remote,
+            first_part_local,
+            first_part_remote.as_slice(),
            "First part bytes should be returned when requested"
        );

-        let second_part_download = storage
+        let mut second_part_download = storage
            .download_byte_range(
                &upload_target,
                first_part_local.len() as u64,
@@ -642,9 +621,17 @@ mod fs_tests {
            "No metadata should be returned for no metadata upload"
        );

-        let second_part_remote = aggregate(second_part_download.download_stream).await?;
+        let mut second_part_remote = io::BufWriter::new(std::io::Cursor::new(Vec::new()));
+        io::copy(
+            &mut second_part_download.download_stream,
+            &mut second_part_remote,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        second_part_remote.flush().await?;
+        let second_part_remote = second_part_remote.into_inner().into_inner();
        assert_eq!(
-            second_part_local, second_part_remote,
+            second_part_local,
+            second_part_remote.as_slice(),
            "Second part bytes should be returned when requested"
        );

@@ -734,10 +721,17 @@ mod fs_tests {
        let uploaded_bytes = dummy_contents(upload_name).into_bytes();
        let (first_part_local, _) = uploaded_bytes.split_at(3);

-        let partial_download_with_metadata = storage
+        let mut partial_download_with_metadata = storage
            .download_byte_range(&upload_target, 0, Some(first_part_local.len() as u64))
            .await?;
-        let first_part_remote = aggregate(partial_download_with_metadata.download_stream).await?;
+        let mut first_part_remote = io::BufWriter::new(std::io::Cursor::new(Vec::new()));
+        io::copy(
+            &mut partial_download_with_metadata.download_stream,
+            &mut first_part_remote,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        first_part_remote.flush().await?;
+        let first_part_remote = first_part_remote.into_inner().into_inner();
        assert_eq!(
            first_part_local,
            first_part_remote.as_slice(),
@@ -813,16 +807,16 @@ mod fs_tests {
                )
            })?;

-        let file = tokio_util::io::ReaderStream::new(file);
-
-        storage.upload(file, size, &relative_path, metadata).await?;
+        storage
+            .upload(Box::new(file), size, &relative_path, metadata)
+            .await?;
        Ok(relative_path)
    }

    async fn create_file_for_upload(
        path: &Utf8Path,
        contents: &str,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<(fs::File, usize)> {
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<(io::BufReader<fs::File>, usize)> {
        std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap())?;
        let mut file_for_writing = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
            .write(true)
@@ -832,7 +826,7 @@ mod fs_tests {
        drop(file_for_writing);
        let file_size = path.metadata()?.len() as usize;
        Ok((
-            fs::OpenOptions::new().read(true).open(&path).await?,
+            io::BufReader::new(fs::OpenOptions::new().read(true).open(&path).await?),
            file_size,
        ))
    }
@@ -846,16 +840,4 @@ mod fs_tests {
        files.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
        Ok(files)
    }
-
-    async fn aggregate(
-        stream: impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        use futures::stream::StreamExt;
-        let mut out = Vec::new();
-        let mut stream = std::pin::pin!(stream);
-        while let Some(res) = stream.next().await {
-            out.extend_from_slice(&res?[..]);
-        }
-        Ok(out)
-    }
 }
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/s3_bucket.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/s3_bucket.rs
@@ -4,40 +4,33 @@
 //! allowing multiple api users to independently work with the same S3 bucket, if
 //! their bucket prefixes are both specified and different.

-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    pin::Pin,
-    sync::Arc,
-    task::{Context, Poll},
-};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, sync::Arc};

-use anyhow::Context as _;
+use anyhow::Context;
 use aws_config::{
    environment::credentials::EnvironmentVariableCredentialsProvider,
    imds::credentials::ImdsCredentialsProvider,
    meta::credentials::CredentialsProviderChain,
-    profile::ProfileFileCredentialsProvider,
    provider_config::ProviderConfig,
    retry::{RetryConfigBuilder, RetryMode},
    web_identity_token::WebIdentityTokenCredentialsProvider,
-    BehaviorVersion,
 };
-use aws_credential_types::provider::SharedCredentialsProvider;
+use aws_credential_types::cache::CredentialsCache;
 use aws_sdk_s3::{
-    config::{AsyncSleep, Builder, IdentityCache, Region, SharedAsyncSleep},
+    config::{AsyncSleep, Config, Region, SharedAsyncSleep},
    error::SdkError,
    operation::get_object::GetObjectError,
+    primitives::ByteStream,
    types::{Delete, ObjectIdentifier},
    Client,
 };
 use aws_smithy_async::rt::sleep::TokioSleep;
-
-use aws_smithy_types::body::SdkBody;
-use aws_smithy_types::byte_stream::ByteStream;
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use futures::stream::Stream;
+use aws_smithy_http::body::SdkBody;
 use hyper::Body;
 use scopeguard::ScopeGuard;
+use tokio::io::{self, AsyncRead};
+use tokio_util::io::ReaderStream;
+use tracing::debug;

 use super::StorageMetadata;
 use crate::{
@@ -68,36 +61,28 @@ struct GetObjectRequest {
 impl S3Bucket {
    /// Creates the S3 storage, errors if incorrect AWS S3 configuration provided.
    pub fn new(aws_config: &S3Config) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        tracing::debug!(
+        debug!(
            "Creating s3 remote storage for S3 bucket {}",
            aws_config.bucket_name
        );

        let region = Some(Region::new(aws_config.bucket_region.clone()));

-        let provider_conf = ProviderConfig::without_region().with_region(region.clone());
-
        let credentials_provider = {
            // uses "AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID", "AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
            CredentialsProviderChain::first_try(
                "env",
                EnvironmentVariableCredentialsProvider::new(),
            )
-            // uses "AWS_PROFILE" / `aws sso login --profile <profile>`
-            .or_else(
-                "profile-sso",
-                ProfileFileCredentialsProvider::builder()
-                    .configure(&provider_conf)
-                    .build(),
-            )
            // uses "AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE", "AWS_ROLE_ARN", "AWS_ROLE_SESSION_NAME"
            // needed to access remote extensions bucket
-            .or_else(
-                "token",
+            .or_else("token", {
+                let provider_conf = ProviderConfig::without_region().with_region(region.clone());
+
                WebIdentityTokenCredentialsProvider::builder()
                    .configure(&provider_conf)
-                    .build(),
-            )
+                    .build()
+            })
            // uses imds v2
            .or_else("imds", ImdsCredentialsProvider::builder().build())
        };
@@ -113,20 +98,18 @@ impl S3Bucket {
            .set_max_attempts(Some(1))
            .set_mode(Some(RetryMode::Adaptive));

-        let mut config_builder = Builder::default()
-            .behavior_version(BehaviorVersion::v2023_11_09())
+        let mut config_builder = Config::builder()
            .region(region)
-            .identity_cache(IdentityCache::lazy().build())
-            .credentials_provider(SharedCredentialsProvider::new(credentials_provider))
-            .retry_config(retry_config.build())
-            .sleep_impl(SharedAsyncSleep::from(sleep_impl));
+            .credentials_cache(CredentialsCache::lazy())
+            .credentials_provider(credentials_provider)
+            .sleep_impl(SharedAsyncSleep::from(sleep_impl))
+            .retry_config(retry_config.build());

        if let Some(custom_endpoint) = aws_config.endpoint.clone() {
            config_builder = config_builder
                .endpoint_url(custom_endpoint)
                .force_path_style(true);
        }
-
        let client = Client::from_conf(config_builder.build());

        let prefix_in_bucket = aws_config.prefix_in_bucket.as_deref().map(|prefix| {
@@ -228,99 +211,58 @@ impl S3Bucket {

        let started_at = ScopeGuard::into_inner(started_at);

+        if get_object.is_err() {
+            metrics::BUCKET_METRICS.req_seconds.observe_elapsed(
+                kind,
+                AttemptOutcome::Err,
+                started_at,
+            );
+        }
+
        match get_object {
            Ok(object_output) => {
                let metadata = object_output.metadata().cloned().map(StorageMetadata);
-                let etag = object_output.e_tag.clone();
-                let last_modified = object_output.last_modified.and_then(|t| t.try_into().ok());
-
-                let body = object_output.body;
-                let body = ByteStreamAsStream::from(body);
-                let body = PermitCarrying::new(permit, body);
-                let body = TimedDownload::new(started_at, body);
-
                Ok(Download {
                    metadata,
-                    etag,
-                    last_modified,
-                    download_stream: Box::pin(body),
+                    download_stream: Box::pin(io::BufReader::new(TimedDownload::new(
+                        started_at,
+                        RatelimitedAsyncRead::new(permit, object_output.body.into_async_read()),
+                    ))),
                })
            }
            Err(SdkError::ServiceError(e)) if matches!(e.err(), GetObjectError::NoSuchKey(_)) => {
-                // Count this in the AttemptOutcome::Ok bucket, because 404 is not
-                // an error: we expect to sometimes fetch an object and find it missing,
-                // e.g. when probing for timeline indices.
-                metrics::BUCKET_METRICS.req_seconds.observe_elapsed(
-                    kind,
-                    AttemptOutcome::Ok,
-                    started_at,
-                );
                Err(DownloadError::NotFound)
            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                metrics::BUCKET_METRICS.req_seconds.observe_elapsed(
-                    kind,
-                    AttemptOutcome::Err,
-                    started_at,
-                );
-
-                Err(DownloadError::Other(
-                    anyhow::Error::new(e).context("download s3 object"),
-                ))
-            }
+            Err(e) => Err(DownloadError::Other(
+                anyhow::Error::new(e).context("download s3 object"),
+            )),
        }
    }
 }

-pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
-    struct ByteStreamAsStream {
-        #[pin]
-        inner: aws_smithy_types::byte_stream::ByteStream
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<aws_smithy_types::byte_stream::ByteStream> for ByteStreamAsStream {
-    fn from(inner: aws_smithy_types::byte_stream::ByteStream) -> Self {
-        ByteStreamAsStream { inner }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Stream for ByteStreamAsStream {
-    type Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>;
-
-    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
-        // this does the std::io::ErrorKind::Other conversion
-        self.project().inner.poll_next(cx).map_err(|x| x.into())
-    }
-
-    // cannot implement size_hint because inner.size_hint is remaining size in bytes, which makes
-    // sense and Stream::size_hint does not really
-}
-
 pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
    /// An `AsyncRead` adapter which carries a permit for the lifetime of the value.
-    struct PermitCarrying<S> {
+    struct RatelimitedAsyncRead<S> {
        permit: tokio::sync::OwnedSemaphorePermit,
        #[pin]
        inner: S,
    }
 }

-impl<S> PermitCarrying<S> {
+impl<S: AsyncRead> RatelimitedAsyncRead<S> {
    fn new(permit: tokio::sync::OwnedSemaphorePermit, inner: S) -> Self {
-        Self { permit, inner }
+        RatelimitedAsyncRead { permit, inner }
    }
 }

-impl<S: Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>>> Stream for PermitCarrying<S> {
-    type Item = <S as Stream>::Item;
-
-    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
-        self.project().inner.poll_next(cx)
-    }
-
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        self.inner.size_hint()
+impl<S: AsyncRead> AsyncRead for RatelimitedAsyncRead<S> {
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut io::ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::io::Result<()>> {
+        let this = self.project();
+        this.inner.poll_read(cx, buf)
    }
 }

@@ -340,7 +282,7 @@ pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
    }
 }

-impl<S> TimedDownload<S> {
+impl<S: AsyncRead> TimedDownload<S> {
    fn new(started_at: std::time::Instant, inner: S) -> Self {
        TimedDownload {
            started_at,
@@ -350,26 +292,25 @@ impl<S> TimedDownload<S> {
    }
 }

-impl<S: Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>>> Stream for TimedDownload<S> {
-    type Item = <S as Stream>::Item;
-
-    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
-        use std::task::ready;
-
+impl<S: AsyncRead> AsyncRead for TimedDownload<S> {
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut io::ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::io::Result<()>> {
        let this = self.project();
+        let before = buf.filled().len();
+        let read = std::task::ready!(this.inner.poll_read(cx, buf));

-        let res = ready!(this.inner.poll_next(cx));
-        match &res {
-            Some(Ok(_)) => {}
-            Some(Err(_)) => *this.outcome = metrics::AttemptOutcome::Err,
-            None => *this.outcome = metrics::AttemptOutcome::Ok,
+        let read_eof = buf.filled().len() == before;
+
+        match read {
+            Ok(()) if read_eof => *this.outcome = AttemptOutcome::Ok,
+            Ok(()) => { /* still in progress */ }
+            Err(_) => *this.outcome = AttemptOutcome::Err,
        }

-        Poll::Ready(res)
-    }
-
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        self.inner.size_hint()
+        std::task::Poll::Ready(read)
    }
 }

@@ -430,11 +371,11 @@ impl RemoteStorage for S3Bucket {

            let response = response?;

-            let keys = response.contents();
+            let keys = response.contents().unwrap_or_default();
            let empty = Vec::new();
            let prefixes = response.common_prefixes.as_ref().unwrap_or(&empty);

-            tracing::debug!("list: {} prefixes, {} keys", prefixes.len(), keys.len());
+            tracing::info!("list: {} prefixes, {} keys", prefixes.len(), keys.len());

            for object in keys {
                let object_path = object.key().expect("response does not contain a key");
@@ -459,7 +400,7 @@ impl RemoteStorage for S3Bucket {

    async fn upload(
        &self,
-        from: impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        from: impl io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        from_size_bytes: usize,
        to: &RemotePath,
        metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
@@ -469,8 +410,8 @@ impl RemoteStorage for S3Bucket {

        let started_at = start_measuring_requests(kind);

-        let body = Body::wrap_stream(from);
-        let bytes_stream = ByteStream::new(SdkBody::from_body_0_4(body));
+        let body = Body::wrap_stream(ReaderStream::new(from));
+        let bytes_stream = ByteStream::new(SdkBody::from(body));

        let res = self
            .client
@@ -493,38 +434,6 @@ impl RemoteStorage for S3Bucket {
        Ok(())
    }

-    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let kind = RequestKind::Copy;
-        let _guard = self.permit(kind).await;
-
-        let started_at = start_measuring_requests(kind);
-
-        // we need to specify bucket_name as a prefix
-        let copy_source = format!(
-            "{}/{}",
-            self.bucket_name,
-            self.relative_path_to_s3_object(from)
-        );
-
-        let res = self
-            .client
-            .copy_object()
-            .bucket(self.bucket_name.clone())
-            .key(self.relative_path_to_s3_object(to))
-            .copy_source(copy_source)
-            .send()
-            .await;
-
-        let started_at = ScopeGuard::into_inner(started_at);
-        metrics::BUCKET_METRICS
-            .req_seconds
-            .observe_elapsed(kind, &res, started_at);
-
-        res?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
    async fn download(&self, from: &RemotePath) -> Result<Download, DownloadError> {
        // if prefix is not none then download file `prefix/from`
        // if prefix is none then download file `from`
@@ -565,7 +474,7 @@ impl RemoteStorage for S3Bucket {
        for path in paths {
            let obj_id = ObjectIdentifier::builder()
                .set_key(Some(self.relative_path_to_s3_object(path)))
-                .build()?;
+                .build();
            delete_objects.push(obj_id);
        }

@@ -576,11 +485,7 @@ impl RemoteStorage for S3Bucket {
                .client
                .delete_objects()
                .bucket(self.bucket_name.clone())
-                .delete(
-                    Delete::builder()
-                        .set_objects(Some(chunk.to_vec()))
-                        .build()?,
-                )
+                .delete(Delete::builder().set_objects(Some(chunk.to_vec())).build())
                .send()
                .await;

--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/s3_bucket/metrics.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/s3_bucket/metrics.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ pub(crate) enum RequestKind {
    Put = 1,
    Delete = 2,
    List = 3,
-    Copy = 4,
 }

 use RequestKind::*;
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ impl RequestKind {
            Put => "put_object",
            Delete => "delete_object",
            List => "list_objects",
-            Copy => "copy_object",
        }
    }
    const fn as_index(&self) -> usize {
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ impl RequestKind {
    }
 }

-pub(super) struct RequestTyped<C>([C; 5]);
+pub(super) struct RequestTyped<C>([C; 4]);

 impl<C> RequestTyped<C> {
    pub(super) fn get(&self, kind: RequestKind) -> &C {
@@ -40,8 +38,8 @@ impl<C> RequestTyped<C> {

    fn build_with(mut f: impl FnMut(RequestKind) -> C) -> Self {
        use RequestKind::*;
-        let mut it = [Get, Put, Delete, List, Copy].into_iter();
-        let arr = std::array::from_fn::<C, 5, _>(|index| {
+        let mut it = [Get, Put, Delete, List].into_iter();
+        let arr = std::array::from_fn::<C, 4, _>(|index| {
            let next = it.next().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(index, next.as_index());
            f(next)
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/simulate_failures.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/simulate_failures.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 //! This module provides a wrapper around a real RemoteStorage implementation that
 //! causes the first N attempts at each upload or download operatio to fail. For
 //! testing purposes.
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use futures::stream::Stream;
 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
@@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ impl RemoteStorage for UnreliableWrapper {

    async fn upload(
        &self,
-        data: impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        data: impl tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync + 'static,
        // S3 PUT request requires the content length to be specified,
        // otherwise it starts to fail with the concurrent connection count increasing.
        data_size_bytes: usize,
@@ -162,11 +160,4 @@ impl RemoteStorage for UnreliableWrapper {
        }
        Ok(())
    }
-
-    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // copy is equivalent to download + upload
-        self.attempt(RemoteOp::Download(from.clone()))?;
-        self.attempt(RemoteOp::Upload(to.clone()))?;
-        self.inner.copy_object(from, to).await
-    }
 }
--- a/libs/remote_storage/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,200 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::ops::ControlFlow;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use anyhow::Context;
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use camino::Utf8Path;
-use futures::stream::Stream;
-use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
-use remote_storage::{Download, GenericRemoteStorage, RemotePath};
-use tokio::task::JoinSet;
-use tracing::{debug, error, info};
-
-static LOGGING_DONE: OnceCell<()> = OnceCell::new();
-
-pub(crate) fn upload_stream(
-    content: std::borrow::Cow<'static, [u8]>,
-) -> (
-    impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    usize,
-) {
-    use std::borrow::Cow;
-
-    let content = match content {
-        Cow::Borrowed(x) => Bytes::from_static(x),
-        Cow::Owned(vec) => Bytes::from(vec),
-    };
-    wrap_stream(content)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn wrap_stream(
-    content: bytes::Bytes,
-) -> (
-    impl Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    usize,
-) {
-    let len = content.len();
-    let content = futures::future::ready(Ok(content));
-
-    (futures::stream::once(content), len)
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn download_to_vec(dl: Download) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let mut buf = Vec::new();
-    tokio::io::copy_buf(
-        &mut tokio_util::io::StreamReader::new(dl.download_stream),
-        &mut buf,
-    )
-    .await?;
-    Ok(buf)
-}
-
-// Uploads files `folder{j}/blob{i}.txt`. See test description for more details.
-pub(crate) async fn upload_simple_remote_data(
-    client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
-    upload_tasks_count: usize,
-) -> ControlFlow<HashSet<RemotePath>, HashSet<RemotePath>> {
-    info!("Creating {upload_tasks_count} remote files");
-    let mut upload_tasks = JoinSet::new();
-    for i in 1..upload_tasks_count + 1 {
-        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
-        upload_tasks.spawn(async move {
-            let blob_path = PathBuf::from(format!("folder{}/blob_{}.txt", i / 7, i));
-            let blob_path = RemotePath::new(
-                Utf8Path::from_path(blob_path.as_path()).expect("must be valid blob path"),
-            )
-            .with_context(|| format!("{blob_path:?} to RemotePath conversion"))?;
-            debug!("Creating remote item {i} at path {blob_path:?}");
-
-            let (data, len) = upload_stream(format!("remote blob data {i}").into_bytes().into());
-            task_client.upload(data, len, &blob_path, None).await?;
-
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(blob_path)
-        });
-    }
-
-    let mut upload_tasks_failed = false;
-    let mut uploaded_blobs = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
-    while let Some(task_run_result) = upload_tasks.join_next().await {
-        match task_run_result
-            .context("task join failed")
-            .and_then(|task_result| task_result.context("upload task failed"))
-        {
-            Ok(upload_path) => {
-                uploaded_blobs.insert(upload_path);
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                error!("Upload task failed: {e:?}");
-                upload_tasks_failed = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if upload_tasks_failed {
-        ControlFlow::Break(uploaded_blobs)
-    } else {
-        ControlFlow::Continue(uploaded_blobs)
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn cleanup(
-    client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
-    objects_to_delete: HashSet<RemotePath>,
-) {
-    info!(
-        "Removing {} objects from the remote storage during cleanup",
-        objects_to_delete.len()
-    );
-    let mut delete_tasks = JoinSet::new();
-    for object_to_delete in objects_to_delete {
-        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
-        delete_tasks.spawn(async move {
-            debug!("Deleting remote item at path {object_to_delete:?}");
-            task_client
-                .delete(&object_to_delete)
-                .await
-                .with_context(|| format!("{object_to_delete:?} removal"))
-        });
-    }
-
-    while let Some(task_run_result) = delete_tasks.join_next().await {
-        match task_run_result {
-            Ok(task_result) => match task_result {
-                Ok(()) => {}
-                Err(e) => error!("Delete task failed: {e:?}"),
-            },
-            Err(join_err) => error!("Delete task did not finish correctly: {join_err}"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-pub(crate) struct Uploads {
-    pub(crate) prefixes: HashSet<RemotePath>,
-    pub(crate) blobs: HashSet<RemotePath>,
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn upload_remote_data(
-    client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
-    base_prefix_str: &'static str,
-    upload_tasks_count: usize,
-) -> ControlFlow<Uploads, Uploads> {
-    info!("Creating {upload_tasks_count} remote files");
-    let mut upload_tasks = JoinSet::new();
-    for i in 1..upload_tasks_count + 1 {
-        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
-        upload_tasks.spawn(async move {
-            let prefix = format!("{base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_{i}/");
-            let blob_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(&prefix))
-                .with_context(|| format!("{prefix:?} to RemotePath conversion"))?;
-            let blob_path = blob_prefix.join(Utf8Path::new(&format!("blob_{i}")));
-            debug!("Creating remote item {i} at path {blob_path:?}");
-
-            let (data, data_len) =
-                upload_stream(format!("remote blob data {i}").into_bytes().into());
-            task_client.upload(data, data_len, &blob_path, None).await?;
-
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>((blob_prefix, blob_path))
-        });
-    }
-
-    let mut upload_tasks_failed = false;
-    let mut uploaded_prefixes = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
-    let mut uploaded_blobs = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
-    while let Some(task_run_result) = upload_tasks.join_next().await {
-        match task_run_result
-            .context("task join failed")
-            .and_then(|task_result| task_result.context("upload task failed"))
-        {
-            Ok((upload_prefix, upload_path)) => {
-                uploaded_prefixes.insert(upload_prefix);
-                uploaded_blobs.insert(upload_path);
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                error!("Upload task failed: {e:?}");
-                upload_tasks_failed = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let uploads = Uploads {
-        prefixes: uploaded_prefixes,
-        blobs: uploaded_blobs,
-    };
-    if upload_tasks_failed {
-        ControlFlow::Break(uploads)
-    } else {
-        ControlFlow::Continue(uploads)
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn ensure_logging_ready() {
-    LOGGING_DONE.get_or_init(|| {
-        utils::logging::init(
-            utils::logging::LogFormat::Test,
-            utils::logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement::Disabled,
-            utils::logging::Output::Stdout,
-        )
-        .expect("logging init failed");
-    });
-}
--- a/libs/remote_storage/tests/common/tests.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/tests/common/tests.rs
@@ -1,288 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Context;
-use camino::Utf8Path;
-use remote_storage::RemotePath;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use test_context::test_context;
-use tracing::debug;
-
-use crate::common::{download_to_vec, upload_stream, wrap_stream};
-
-use super::{
-    MaybeEnabledStorage, MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs, MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs,
-};
-
-/// Tests that S3 client can list all prefixes, even if the response come paginated and requires multiple S3 queries.
-/// Uses real S3 and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related S3 cred env vars specified.
-/// See the client creation in [`create_s3_client`] for details on the required env vars.
-/// If real S3 tests are disabled, the test passes, skipping any real test run: currently, there's no way to mark the test ignored in runtime with the
-/// deafult test framework, see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/68007 for details.
-///
-/// First, the test creates a set of S3 objects with keys `/${random_prefix_part}/${base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_${i}/blob_${i}` in [`upload_remote_data`]
-/// where
-/// * `random_prefix_part` is set for the entire S3 client during the S3 client creation in [`create_s3_client`], to avoid multiple test runs interference
-/// * `base_prefix_str` is a common prefix to use in the client requests: we would want to ensure that the client is able to list nested prefixes inside the bucket
-///
-/// Then, verifies that the client does return correct prefixes when queried:
-/// * with no prefix, it lists everything after its `${random_prefix_part}/` — that should be `${base_prefix_str}` value only
-/// * with `${base_prefix_str}/` prefix, it lists every `sub_prefix_${i}`
-///
-/// With the real S3 enabled and `#[cfg(test)]` Rust configuration used, the S3 client test adds a `max-keys` param to limit the response keys.
-/// This way, we are able to test the pagination implicitly, by ensuring all results are returned from the remote storage and avoid uploading too many blobs to S3,
-/// since current default AWS S3 pagination limit is 1000.
-/// (see https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectsV2.html#API_ListObjectsV2_RequestSyntax)
-///
-/// Lastly, the test attempts to clean up and remove all uploaded S3 files.
-/// If any errors appear during the clean up, they get logged, but the test is not failed or stopped until clean up is finished.
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn pagination_should_work(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-        MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
-            anyhow::bail!("S3 init failed: {e:?}")
-        }
-    };
-
-    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
-    let expected_remote_prefixes = ctx.remote_prefixes.clone();
-
-    let base_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(ctx.enabled.base_prefix))
-        .context("common_prefix construction")?;
-    let root_remote_prefixes = test_client
-        .list_prefixes(None)
-        .await
-        .context("client list root prefixes failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        root_remote_prefixes, HashSet::from([base_prefix.clone()]),
-        "remote storage root prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Returned prefixes: {root_remote_prefixes:?}"
-    );
-
-    let nested_remote_prefixes = test_client
-        .list_prefixes(Some(&base_prefix))
-        .await
-        .context("client list nested prefixes failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let remote_only_prefixes = nested_remote_prefixes
-        .difference(&expected_remote_prefixes)
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let missing_uploaded_prefixes = expected_remote_prefixes
-        .difference(&nested_remote_prefixes)
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        remote_only_prefixes.len() + missing_uploaded_prefixes.len(), 0,
-        "remote storage nested prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Remote only prefixes: {remote_only_prefixes:?}, missing uploaded prefixes: {missing_uploaded_prefixes:?}",
-    );
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Tests that S3 client can list all files in a folder, even if the response comes paginated and requirees multiple S3 queries.
-/// Uses real S3 and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related S3 cred env vars specified. Test will skip real code and pass if env vars not set.
-/// See `s3_pagination_should_work` for more information.
-///
-/// First, create a set of S3 objects with keys `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt` in [`upload_remote_data`]
-/// Then performs the following queries:
-///    1. `list_files(None)`. This should return all files `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt`
-///    2. `list_files("folder1")`.  This  should return all files `random_prefix/folder1/blob_{i}.txt`
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn list_files_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-        MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
-            anyhow::bail!("S3 init failed: {e:?}")
-        }
-    };
-    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
-    let base_prefix =
-        RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new("folder1")).context("common_prefix construction")?;
-    let root_files = test_client
-        .list_files(None)
-        .await
-        .context("client list root files failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        root_files,
-        ctx.remote_blobs.clone(),
-        "remote storage list_files on root mismatches with the uploads."
-    );
-    let nested_remote_files = test_client
-        .list_files(Some(&base_prefix))
-        .await
-        .context("client list nested files failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let trim_remote_blobs: HashSet<_> = ctx
-        .remote_blobs
-        .iter()
-        .map(|x| x.get_path())
-        .filter(|x| x.starts_with("folder1"))
-        .map(|x| RemotePath::new(x).expect("must be valid path"))
-        .collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        nested_remote_files, trim_remote_blobs,
-        "remote storage list_files on subdirrectory mismatches with the uploads."
-    );
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorage)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn delete_non_exising_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledStorage::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledStorage::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
-        format!("{}/for_sure_there_is_nothing_there_really", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
-    ))
-    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    ctx.client.delete(&path).await.expect("should succeed");
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorage)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn delete_objects_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledStorage::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledStorage::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let path1 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path1", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let path2 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path2", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let path3 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path3", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data1".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path1, None).await?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data2".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path2, None).await?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data3".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path3, None).await?;
-
-    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path1, path2]).await?;
-
-    let prefixes = ctx.client.list_prefixes(None).await?;
-
-    assert_eq!(prefixes.len(), 1);
-
-    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path3]).await?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorage)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn upload_download_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let MaybeEnabledStorage::Enabled(ctx) = ctx else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/file", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let orig = bytes::Bytes::from_static("remote blob data here".as_bytes());
-
-    let (data, len) = wrap_stream(orig.clone());
-
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path, None).await?;
-
-    // Normal download request
-    let dl = ctx.client.download(&path).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    // Full range (end specified)
-    let dl = ctx
-        .client
-        .download_byte_range(&path, 0, Some(len as u64))
-        .await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    // partial range (end specified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, Some(10)).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[4..10]);
-
-    // partial range (end beyond real end)
-    let dl = ctx
-        .client
-        .download_byte_range(&path, 8, Some(len as u64 * 100))
-        .await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[8..]);
-
-    // Partial range (end unspecified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, None).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[4..]);
-
-    // Full range (end unspecified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 0, None).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    debug!("Cleanup: deleting file at path {path:?}");
-    ctx.client
-        .delete(&path)
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("{path:?} removal"))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorage)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn copy_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let MaybeEnabledStorage::Enabled(ctx) = ctx else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
-        format!("{}/file_to_copy", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
-    ))
-    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-    let path_dest = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
-        format!("{}/file_dest", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
-    ))
-    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let orig = bytes::Bytes::from_static("remote blob data content".as_bytes());
-
-    let (data, len) = wrap_stream(orig.clone());
-
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path, None).await?;
-
-    // Normal download request
-    ctx.client.copy_object(&path, &path_dest).await?;
-
-    let dl = ctx.client.download(&path_dest).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    debug!("Cleanup: deleting file at path {path:?}");
-    ctx.client
-        .delete_objects(&[path.clone(), path_dest.clone()])
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("{path:?} removal"))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/libs/remote_storage/tests/test_real_azure.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/tests/test_real_azure.rs
@@ -2,27 +2,290 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::env;
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;

 use anyhow::Context;
+use camino::Utf8Path;
+use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 use remote_storage::{
-    AzureConfig, GenericRemoteStorage, RemotePath, RemoteStorageConfig, RemoteStorageKind,
+    AzureConfig, Download, GenericRemoteStorage, RemotePath, RemoteStorageConfig, RemoteStorageKind,
 };
-use test_context::AsyncTestContext;
-use tracing::info;
+use test_context::{test_context, AsyncTestContext};
+use tokio::task::JoinSet;
+use tracing::{debug, error, info};

-mod common;
-
-#[path = "common/tests.rs"]
-mod tests_azure;
-
-use common::{cleanup, ensure_logging_ready, upload_remote_data, upload_simple_remote_data};
+static LOGGING_DONE: OnceCell<()> = OnceCell::new();

 const ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME: &str = "ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE";

 const BASE_PREFIX: &str = "test";

+/// Tests that the Azure client can list all prefixes, even if the response comes paginated and requires multiple HTTP queries.
+/// Uses real Azure and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related Azure cred env vars specified.
+/// See the client creation in [`create_azure_client`] for details on the required env vars.
+/// If real Azure tests are disabled, the test passes, skipping any real test run: currently, there's no way to mark the test ignored in runtime with the
+/// deafult test framework, see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/68007 for details.
+///
+/// First, the test creates a set of Azure blobs with keys `/${random_prefix_part}/${base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_${i}/blob_${i}` in [`upload_azure_data`]
+/// where
+/// * `random_prefix_part` is set for the entire Azure client during the Azure client creation in [`create_azure_client`], to avoid multiple test runs interference
+/// * `base_prefix_str` is a common prefix to use in the client requests: we would want to ensure that the client is able to list nested prefixes inside the bucket
+///
+/// Then, verifies that the client does return correct prefixes when queried:
+/// * with no prefix, it lists everything after its `${random_prefix_part}/` — that should be `${base_prefix_str}` value only
+/// * with `${base_prefix_str}/` prefix, it lists every `sub_prefix_${i}`
+///
+/// With the real Azure enabled and `#[cfg(test)]` Rust configuration used, the Azure client test adds a `max-keys` param to limit the response keys.
+/// This way, we are able to test the pagination implicitly, by ensuring all results are returned from the remote storage and avoid uploading too many blobs to Azure.
+///
+/// Lastly, the test attempts to clean up and remove all uploaded Azure files.
+/// If any errors appear during the clean up, they get logged, but the test is not failed or stopped until clean up is finished.
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn azure_pagination_should_work(
+    ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+        MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("Azure init failed: {e:?}")
+        }
+    };
+
+    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
+    let expected_remote_prefixes = ctx.remote_prefixes.clone();
+
+    let base_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(ctx.enabled.base_prefix))
+        .context("common_prefix construction")?;
+    let root_remote_prefixes = test_client
+        .list_prefixes(None)
+        .await
+        .context("client list root prefixes failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_remote_prefixes, HashSet::from([base_prefix.clone()]),
+        "remote storage root prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Returned prefixes: {root_remote_prefixes:?}"
+    );
+
+    let nested_remote_prefixes = test_client
+        .list_prefixes(Some(&base_prefix))
+        .await
+        .context("client list nested prefixes failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let remote_only_prefixes = nested_remote_prefixes
+        .difference(&expected_remote_prefixes)
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let missing_uploaded_prefixes = expected_remote_prefixes
+        .difference(&nested_remote_prefixes)
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        remote_only_prefixes.len() + missing_uploaded_prefixes.len(), 0,
+        "remote storage nested prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Remote only prefixes: {remote_only_prefixes:?}, missing uploaded prefixes: {missing_uploaded_prefixes:?}",
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tests that Azure client can list all files in a folder, even if the response comes paginated and requirees multiple Azure queries.
+/// Uses real Azure and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related Azure cred env vars specified. Test will skip real code and pass if env vars not set.
+/// See `Azure_pagination_should_work` for more information.
+///
+/// First, create a set of Azure objects with keys `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt` in [`upload_azure_data`]
+/// Then performs the following queries:
+///    1. `list_files(None)`. This should return all files `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt`
+///    2. `list_files("folder1")`.  This  should return all files `random_prefix/folder1/blob_{i}.txt`
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn azure_list_files_works(
+    ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+        MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("Azure init failed: {e:?}")
+        }
+    };
+    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
+    let base_prefix =
+        RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new("folder1")).context("common_prefix construction")?;
+    let root_files = test_client
+        .list_files(None)
+        .await
+        .context("client list root files failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_files,
+        ctx.remote_blobs.clone(),
+        "remote storage list_files on root mismatches with the uploads."
+    );
+    let nested_remote_files = test_client
+        .list_files(Some(&base_prefix))
+        .await
+        .context("client list nested files failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let trim_remote_blobs: HashSet<_> = ctx
+        .remote_blobs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|x| x.get_path())
+        .filter(|x| x.starts_with("folder1"))
+        .map(|x| RemotePath::new(x).expect("must be valid path"))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        nested_remote_files, trim_remote_blobs,
+        "remote storage list_files on subdirrectory mismatches with the uploads."
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzure)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn azure_delete_non_exising_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzure) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledAzure::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledAzure::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
+        format!("{}/for_sure_there_is_nothing_there_really", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
+    ))
+    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    ctx.client.delete(&path).await.expect("should succeed");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzure)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn azure_delete_objects_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzure) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledAzure::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledAzure::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let path1 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path1", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let path2 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path2", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let path3 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path3", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let data1 = "remote blob data1".as_bytes();
+    let data1_len = data1.len();
+    let data2 = "remote blob data2".as_bytes();
+    let data2_len = data2.len();
+    let data3 = "remote blob data3".as_bytes();
+    let data3_len = data3.len();
+    ctx.client
+        .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data1), data1_len, &path1, None)
+        .await?;
+
+    ctx.client
+        .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data2), data2_len, &path2, None)
+        .await?;
+
+    ctx.client
+        .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data3), data3_len, &path3, None)
+        .await?;
+
+    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path1, path2]).await?;
+
+    let prefixes = ctx.client.list_prefixes(None).await?;
+
+    assert_eq!(prefixes.len(), 1);
+
+    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path3]).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzure)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn azure_upload_download_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzure) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let MaybeEnabledAzure::Enabled(ctx) = ctx else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/file", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let data = "remote blob data here".as_bytes();
+    let data_len = data.len() as u64;
+
+    ctx.client
+        .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data), data.len(), &path, None)
+        .await?;
+
+    async fn download_and_compare(mut dl: Download) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        tokio::io::copy(&mut dl.download_stream, &mut buf).await?;
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+    // Normal download request
+    let dl = ctx.client.download(&path).await?;
+    let buf = download_and_compare(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(buf, data);
+
+    // Full range (end specified)
+    let dl = ctx
+        .client
+        .download_byte_range(&path, 0, Some(data_len))
+        .await?;
+    let buf = download_and_compare(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(buf, data);
+
+    // partial range (end specified)
+    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, Some(10)).await?;
+    let buf = download_and_compare(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(buf, data[4..10]);
+
+    // partial range (end beyond real end)
+    let dl = ctx
+        .client
+        .download_byte_range(&path, 8, Some(data_len * 100))
+        .await?;
+    let buf = download_and_compare(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(buf, data[8..]);
+
+    // Partial range (end unspecified)
+    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, None).await?;
+    let buf = download_and_compare(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(buf, data[4..]);
+
+    // Full range (end unspecified)
+    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 0, None).await?;
+    let buf = download_and_compare(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(buf, data);
+
+    debug!("Cleanup: deleting file at path {path:?}");
+    ctx.client
+        .delete(&path)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("{path:?} removal"))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ensure_logging_ready() {
+    LOGGING_DONE.get_or_init(|| {
+        utils::logging::init(
+            utils::logging::LogFormat::Test,
+            utils::logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement::Disabled,
+        )
+        .expect("logging init failed");
+    });
+}
+
 struct EnabledAzure {
    client: Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
    base_prefix: &'static str,
@@ -41,13 +304,13 @@ impl EnabledAzure {
    }
 }

-enum MaybeEnabledStorage {
+enum MaybeEnabledAzure {
    Enabled(EnabledAzure),
    Disabled,
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorage {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledAzure {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();

@@ -63,7 +326,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorage {
    }
 }

-enum MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
+enum MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs {
    Enabled(AzureWithTestBlobs),
    Disabled,
    UploadsFailed(anyhow::Error, AzureWithTestBlobs),
@@ -76,7 +339,7 @@ struct AzureWithTestBlobs {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();
        if env::var(ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME).is_err() {
@@ -92,7 +355,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {

        let enabled = EnabledAzure::setup(Some(max_keys_in_list_response)).await;

-        match upload_remote_data(&enabled.client, enabled.base_prefix, upload_tasks_count).await {
+        match upload_azure_data(&enabled.client, enabled.base_prefix, upload_tasks_count).await {
            ControlFlow::Continue(uploads) => {
                info!("Remote objects created successfully");

@@ -127,7 +390,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
 // However, they are not idential. The list_prefixes function is concerned with listing prefixes,
 // whereas the list_files function is concerned with listing files.
 // See `RemoteStorage::list_files` documentation for more details
-enum MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {
+enum MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs {
    Enabled(AzureWithSimpleTestBlobs),
    Disabled,
    UploadsFailed(anyhow::Error, AzureWithSimpleTestBlobs),
@@ -138,7 +401,7 @@ struct AzureWithSimpleTestBlobs {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();
        if env::var(ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME).is_err() {
@@ -154,7 +417,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {

        let enabled = EnabledAzure::setup(Some(max_keys_in_list_response)).await;

-        match upload_simple_remote_data(&enabled.client, upload_tasks_count).await {
+        match upload_simple_azure_data(&enabled.client, upload_tasks_count).await {
            ControlFlow::Continue(uploads) => {
                info!("Remote objects created successfully");

@@ -218,3 +481,143 @@ fn create_azure_client(
        GenericRemoteStorage::from_config(&remote_storage_config).context("remote storage init")?,
    ))
 }
+
+struct Uploads {
+    prefixes: HashSet<RemotePath>,
+    blobs: HashSet<RemotePath>,
+}
+
+async fn upload_azure_data(
+    client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
+    base_prefix_str: &'static str,
+    upload_tasks_count: usize,
+) -> ControlFlow<Uploads, Uploads> {
+    info!("Creating {upload_tasks_count} Azure files");
+    let mut upload_tasks = JoinSet::new();
+    for i in 1..upload_tasks_count + 1 {
+        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
+        upload_tasks.spawn(async move {
+            let prefix = format!("{base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_{i}/");
+            let blob_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(&prefix))
+                .with_context(|| format!("{prefix:?} to RemotePath conversion"))?;
+            let blob_path = blob_prefix.join(Utf8Path::new(&format!("blob_{i}")));
+            debug!("Creating remote item {i} at path {blob_path:?}");
+
+            let data = format!("remote blob data {i}").into_bytes();
+            let data_len = data.len();
+            task_client
+                .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data), data_len, &blob_path, None)
+                .await?;
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>((blob_prefix, blob_path))
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut upload_tasks_failed = false;
+    let mut uploaded_prefixes = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
+    let mut uploaded_blobs = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
+    while let Some(task_run_result) = upload_tasks.join_next().await {
+        match task_run_result
+            .context("task join failed")
+            .and_then(|task_result| task_result.context("upload task failed"))
+        {
+            Ok((upload_prefix, upload_path)) => {
+                uploaded_prefixes.insert(upload_prefix);
+                uploaded_blobs.insert(upload_path);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("Upload task failed: {e:?}");
+                upload_tasks_failed = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let uploads = Uploads {
+        prefixes: uploaded_prefixes,
+        blobs: uploaded_blobs,
+    };
+    if upload_tasks_failed {
+        ControlFlow::Break(uploads)
+    } else {
+        ControlFlow::Continue(uploads)
+    }
+}
+
+async fn cleanup(client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>, objects_to_delete: HashSet<RemotePath>) {
+    info!(
+        "Removing {} objects from the remote storage during cleanup",
+        objects_to_delete.len()
+    );
+    let mut delete_tasks = JoinSet::new();
+    for object_to_delete in objects_to_delete {
+        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
+        delete_tasks.spawn(async move {
+            debug!("Deleting remote item at path {object_to_delete:?}");
+            task_client
+                .delete(&object_to_delete)
+                .await
+                .with_context(|| format!("{object_to_delete:?} removal"))
+        });
+    }
+
+    while let Some(task_run_result) = delete_tasks.join_next().await {
+        match task_run_result {
+            Ok(task_result) => match task_result {
+                Ok(()) => {}
+                Err(e) => error!("Delete task failed: {e:?}"),
+            },
+            Err(join_err) => error!("Delete task did not finish correctly: {join_err}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Uploads files `folder{j}/blob{i}.txt`. See test description for more details.
+async fn upload_simple_azure_data(
+    client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
+    upload_tasks_count: usize,
+) -> ControlFlow<HashSet<RemotePath>, HashSet<RemotePath>> {
+    info!("Creating {upload_tasks_count} Azure files");
+    let mut upload_tasks = JoinSet::new();
+    for i in 1..upload_tasks_count + 1 {
+        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
+        upload_tasks.spawn(async move {
+            let blob_path = PathBuf::from(format!("folder{}/blob_{}.txt", i / 7, i));
+            let blob_path = RemotePath::new(
+                Utf8Path::from_path(blob_path.as_path()).expect("must be valid blob path"),
+            )
+            .with_context(|| format!("{blob_path:?} to RemotePath conversion"))?;
+            debug!("Creating remote item {i} at path {blob_path:?}");
+
+            let data = format!("remote blob data {i}").into_bytes();
+            let data_len = data.len();
+            task_client
+                .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data), data_len, &blob_path, None)
+                .await?;
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(blob_path)
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut upload_tasks_failed = false;
+    let mut uploaded_blobs = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
+    while let Some(task_run_result) = upload_tasks.join_next().await {
+        match task_run_result
+            .context("task join failed")
+            .and_then(|task_result| task_result.context("upload task failed"))
+        {
+            Ok(upload_path) => {
+                uploaded_blobs.insert(upload_path);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("Upload task failed: {e:?}");
+                upload_tasks_failed = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if upload_tasks_failed {
+        ControlFlow::Break(uploaded_blobs)
+    } else {
+        ControlFlow::Continue(uploaded_blobs)
+    }
+}
--- a/libs/remote_storage/tests/test_real_s3.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/tests/test_real_s3.rs
@@ -2,27 +2,219 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::env;
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;

 use anyhow::Context;
+use camino::Utf8Path;
+use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 use remote_storage::{
    GenericRemoteStorage, RemotePath, RemoteStorageConfig, RemoteStorageKind, S3Config,
 };
-use test_context::AsyncTestContext;
-use tracing::info;
+use test_context::{test_context, AsyncTestContext};
+use tokio::task::JoinSet;
+use tracing::{debug, error, info};

-mod common;
-
-#[path = "common/tests.rs"]
-mod tests_s3;
-
-use common::{cleanup, ensure_logging_ready, upload_remote_data, upload_simple_remote_data};
+static LOGGING_DONE: OnceCell<()> = OnceCell::new();

 const ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME: &str = "ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE";

 const BASE_PREFIX: &str = "test";

+/// Tests that S3 client can list all prefixes, even if the response come paginated and requires multiple S3 queries.
+/// Uses real S3 and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related S3 cred env vars specified.
+/// See the client creation in [`create_s3_client`] for details on the required env vars.
+/// If real S3 tests are disabled, the test passes, skipping any real test run: currently, there's no way to mark the test ignored in runtime with the
+/// deafult test framework, see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/68007 for details.
+///
+/// First, the test creates a set of S3 objects with keys `/${random_prefix_part}/${base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_${i}/blob_${i}` in [`upload_s3_data`]
+/// where
+/// * `random_prefix_part` is set for the entire S3 client during the S3 client creation in [`create_s3_client`], to avoid multiple test runs interference
+/// * `base_prefix_str` is a common prefix to use in the client requests: we would want to ensure that the client is able to list nested prefixes inside the bucket
+///
+/// Then, verifies that the client does return correct prefixes when queried:
+/// * with no prefix, it lists everything after its `${random_prefix_part}/` — that should be `${base_prefix_str}` value only
+/// * with `${base_prefix_str}/` prefix, it lists every `sub_prefix_${i}`
+///
+/// With the real S3 enabled and `#[cfg(test)]` Rust configuration used, the S3 client test adds a `max-keys` param to limit the response keys.
+/// This way, we are able to test the pagination implicitly, by ensuring all results are returned from the remote storage and avoid uploading too many blobs to S3,
+/// since current default AWS S3 pagination limit is 1000.
+/// (see https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectsV2.html#API_ListObjectsV2_RequestSyntax)
+///
+/// Lastly, the test attempts to clean up and remove all uploaded S3 files.
+/// If any errors appear during the clean up, they get logged, but the test is not failed or stopped until clean up is finished.
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn s3_pagination_should_work(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+        MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => anyhow::bail!("S3 init failed: {e:?}"),
+    };
+
+    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
+    let expected_remote_prefixes = ctx.remote_prefixes.clone();
+
+    let base_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(ctx.enabled.base_prefix))
+        .context("common_prefix construction")?;
+    let root_remote_prefixes = test_client
+        .list_prefixes(None)
+        .await
+        .context("client list root prefixes failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_remote_prefixes, HashSet::from([base_prefix.clone()]),
+        "remote storage root prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Returned prefixes: {root_remote_prefixes:?}"
+    );
+
+    let nested_remote_prefixes = test_client
+        .list_prefixes(Some(&base_prefix))
+        .await
+        .context("client list nested prefixes failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let remote_only_prefixes = nested_remote_prefixes
+        .difference(&expected_remote_prefixes)
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let missing_uploaded_prefixes = expected_remote_prefixes
+        .difference(&nested_remote_prefixes)
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        remote_only_prefixes.len() + missing_uploaded_prefixes.len(), 0,
+        "remote storage nested prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Remote only prefixes: {remote_only_prefixes:?}, missing uploaded prefixes: {missing_uploaded_prefixes:?}",
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tests that S3 client can list all files in a folder, even if the response comes paginated and requirees multiple S3 queries.
+/// Uses real S3 and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related S3 cred env vars specified. Test will skip real code and pass if env vars not set.
+/// See `s3_pagination_should_work` for more information.
+///
+/// First, create a set of S3 objects with keys `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt` in [`upload_s3_data`]
+/// Then performs the following queries:
+///    1. `list_files(None)`. This should return all files `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt`
+///    2. `list_files("folder1")`.  This  should return all files `random_prefix/folder1/blob_{i}.txt`
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn s3_list_files_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+        MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("S3 init failed: {e:?}")
+        }
+    };
+    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
+    let base_prefix =
+        RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new("folder1")).context("common_prefix construction")?;
+    let root_files = test_client
+        .list_files(None)
+        .await
+        .context("client list root files failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_files,
+        ctx.remote_blobs.clone(),
+        "remote storage list_files on root mismatches with the uploads."
+    );
+    let nested_remote_files = test_client
+        .list_files(Some(&base_prefix))
+        .await
+        .context("client list nested files failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let trim_remote_blobs: HashSet<_> = ctx
+        .remote_blobs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|x| x.get_path())
+        .filter(|x| x.starts_with("folder1"))
+        .map(|x| RemotePath::new(x).expect("must be valid path"))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        nested_remote_files, trim_remote_blobs,
+        "remote storage list_files on subdirrectory mismatches with the uploads."
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn s3_delete_non_exising_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledS3::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledS3::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
+        format!("{}/for_sure_there_is_nothing_there_really", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
+    ))
+    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    ctx.client.delete(&path).await.expect("should succeed");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn s3_delete_objects_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledS3::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledS3::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let path1 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path1", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let path2 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path2", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let path3 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path3", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let data1 = "remote blob data1".as_bytes();
+    let data1_len = data1.len();
+    let data2 = "remote blob data2".as_bytes();
+    let data2_len = data2.len();
+    let data3 = "remote blob data3".as_bytes();
+    let data3_len = data3.len();
+    ctx.client
+        .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data1), data1_len, &path1, None)
+        .await?;
+
+    ctx.client
+        .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data2), data2_len, &path2, None)
+        .await?;
+
+    ctx.client
+        .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data3), data3_len, &path3, None)
+        .await?;
+
+    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path1, path2]).await?;
+
+    let prefixes = ctx.client.list_prefixes(None).await?;
+
+    assert_eq!(prefixes.len(), 1);
+
+    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path3]).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ensure_logging_ready() {
+    LOGGING_DONE.get_or_init(|| {
+        utils::logging::init(
+            utils::logging::LogFormat::Test,
+            utils::logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement::Disabled,
+        )
+        .expect("logging init failed");
+    });
+}
+
 struct EnabledS3 {
    client: Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
    base_prefix: &'static str,
@@ -41,13 +233,13 @@ impl EnabledS3 {
    }
 }

-enum MaybeEnabledStorage {
+enum MaybeEnabledS3 {
    Enabled(EnabledS3),
    Disabled,
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorage {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledS3 {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();

@@ -63,7 +255,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorage {
    }
 }

-enum MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
+enum MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs {
    Enabled(S3WithTestBlobs),
    Disabled,
    UploadsFailed(anyhow::Error, S3WithTestBlobs),
@@ -76,7 +268,7 @@ struct S3WithTestBlobs {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();
        if env::var(ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME).is_err() {
@@ -92,7 +284,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {

        let enabled = EnabledS3::setup(Some(max_keys_in_list_response)).await;

-        match upload_remote_data(&enabled.client, enabled.base_prefix, upload_tasks_count).await {
+        match upload_s3_data(&enabled.client, enabled.base_prefix, upload_tasks_count).await {
            ControlFlow::Continue(uploads) => {
                info!("Remote objects created successfully");

@@ -127,7 +319,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
 // However, they are not idential. The list_prefixes function is concerned with listing prefixes,
 // whereas the list_files function is concerned with listing files.
 // See `RemoteStorage::list_files` documentation for more details
-enum MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {
+enum MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs {
    Enabled(S3WithSimpleTestBlobs),
    Disabled,
    UploadsFailed(anyhow::Error, S3WithSimpleTestBlobs),
@@ -138,7 +330,7 @@ struct S3WithSimpleTestBlobs {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();
        if env::var(ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME).is_err() {
@@ -154,7 +346,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {

        let enabled = EnabledS3::setup(Some(max_keys_in_list_response)).await;

-        match upload_simple_remote_data(&enabled.client, upload_tasks_count).await {
+        match upload_simple_s3_data(&enabled.client, upload_tasks_count).await {
            ControlFlow::Continue(uploads) => {
                info!("Remote objects created successfully");

@@ -217,3 +409,143 @@ fn create_s3_client(
        GenericRemoteStorage::from_config(&remote_storage_config).context("remote storage init")?,
    ))
 }
+
+struct Uploads {
+    prefixes: HashSet<RemotePath>,
+    blobs: HashSet<RemotePath>,
+}
+
+async fn upload_s3_data(
+    client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
+    base_prefix_str: &'static str,
+    upload_tasks_count: usize,
+) -> ControlFlow<Uploads, Uploads> {
+    info!("Creating {upload_tasks_count} S3 files");
+    let mut upload_tasks = JoinSet::new();
+    for i in 1..upload_tasks_count + 1 {
+        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
+        upload_tasks.spawn(async move {
+            let prefix = format!("{base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_{i}/");
+            let blob_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(&prefix))
+                .with_context(|| format!("{prefix:?} to RemotePath conversion"))?;
+            let blob_path = blob_prefix.join(Utf8Path::new(&format!("blob_{i}")));
+            debug!("Creating remote item {i} at path {blob_path:?}");
+
+            let data = format!("remote blob data {i}").into_bytes();
+            let data_len = data.len();
+            task_client
+                .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data), data_len, &blob_path, None)
+                .await?;
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>((blob_prefix, blob_path))
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut upload_tasks_failed = false;
+    let mut uploaded_prefixes = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
+    let mut uploaded_blobs = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
+    while let Some(task_run_result) = upload_tasks.join_next().await {
+        match task_run_result
+            .context("task join failed")
+            .and_then(|task_result| task_result.context("upload task failed"))
+        {
+            Ok((upload_prefix, upload_path)) => {
+                uploaded_prefixes.insert(upload_prefix);
+                uploaded_blobs.insert(upload_path);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("Upload task failed: {e:?}");
+                upload_tasks_failed = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let uploads = Uploads {
+        prefixes: uploaded_prefixes,
+        blobs: uploaded_blobs,
+    };
+    if upload_tasks_failed {
+        ControlFlow::Break(uploads)
+    } else {
+        ControlFlow::Continue(uploads)
+    }
+}
+
+async fn cleanup(client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>, objects_to_delete: HashSet<RemotePath>) {
+    info!(
+        "Removing {} objects from the remote storage during cleanup",
+        objects_to_delete.len()
+    );
+    let mut delete_tasks = JoinSet::new();
+    for object_to_delete in objects_to_delete {
+        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
+        delete_tasks.spawn(async move {
+            debug!("Deleting remote item at path {object_to_delete:?}");
+            task_client
+                .delete(&object_to_delete)
+                .await
+                .with_context(|| format!("{object_to_delete:?} removal"))
+        });
+    }
+
+    while let Some(task_run_result) = delete_tasks.join_next().await {
+        match task_run_result {
+            Ok(task_result) => match task_result {
+                Ok(()) => {}
+                Err(e) => error!("Delete task failed: {e:?}"),
+            },
+            Err(join_err) => error!("Delete task did not finish correctly: {join_err}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Uploads files `folder{j}/blob{i}.txt`. See test description for more details.
+async fn upload_simple_s3_data(
+    client: &Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
+    upload_tasks_count: usize,
+) -> ControlFlow<HashSet<RemotePath>, HashSet<RemotePath>> {
+    info!("Creating {upload_tasks_count} S3 files");
+    let mut upload_tasks = JoinSet::new();
+    for i in 1..upload_tasks_count + 1 {
+        let task_client = Arc::clone(client);
+        upload_tasks.spawn(async move {
+            let blob_path = PathBuf::from(format!("folder{}/blob_{}.txt", i / 7, i));
+            let blob_path = RemotePath::new(
+                Utf8Path::from_path(blob_path.as_path()).expect("must be valid blob path"),
+            )
+            .with_context(|| format!("{blob_path:?} to RemotePath conversion"))?;
+            debug!("Creating remote item {i} at path {blob_path:?}");
+
+            let data = format!("remote blob data {i}").into_bytes();
+            let data_len = data.len();
+            task_client
+                .upload(std::io::Cursor::new(data), data_len, &blob_path, None)
+                .await?;
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(blob_path)
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut upload_tasks_failed = false;
+    let mut uploaded_blobs = HashSet::with_capacity(upload_tasks_count);
+    while let Some(task_run_result) = upload_tasks.join_next().await {
+        match task_run_result
+            .context("task join failed")
+            .and_then(|task_result| task_result.context("upload task failed"))
+        {
+            Ok(upload_path) => {
+                uploaded_blobs.insert(upload_path);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("Upload task failed: {e:?}");
+                upload_tasks_failed = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if upload_tasks_failed {
+        ControlFlow::Break(uploaded_blobs)
+    } else {
+        ControlFlow::Continue(uploaded_blobs)
+    }
+}
--- a/libs/safekeeper_api/src/models.rs
+++ b/libs/safekeeper_api/src/models.rs
@@ -51,9 +51,3 @@ pub struct SkTimelineInfo {
    #[serde(default)]
    pub http_connstr: Option<String>,
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-pub struct TimelineCopyRequest {
-    pub target_timeline_id: TimelineId,
-    pub until_lsn: Lsn,
-}
--- a/libs/utils/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/utils/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,12 +4,6 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

-[features]
-default = []
-# Enables test-only APIs, incuding failpoints. In particular, enables the `fail_point!` macro,
-# which adds some runtime cost to run tests on outage conditions
-testing = ["fail/failpoints"]
-
 [dependencies]
 arc-swap.workspace = true
 sentry.workspace = true
@@ -22,7 +16,6 @@ chrono.workspace = true
 heapless.workspace = true
 hex = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
 hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-fail.workspace = true
 futures = { workspace = true}
 jsonwebtoken.workspace = true
 nix.workspace = true
@@ -57,8 +50,6 @@ const_format.workspace = true
 # why is it only here? no other crate should use it, streams are rarely needed.
 tokio-stream = { version = "0.1.14" }

-serde_path_to_error.workspace = true
-
 [dev-dependencies]
 byteorder.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
--- a/libs/utils/scripts/restore_from_wal_initdb.sh
+++ b/libs/utils/scripts/restore_from_wal_initdb.sh
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# like restore_from_wal.sh, but takes existing initdb.tar.zst
-
-set -euxo pipefail
-
-PG_BIN=$1
-WAL_PATH=$2
-DATA_DIR=$3
-PORT=$4
-echo "port=$PORT" >> "$DATA_DIR"/postgresql.conf
-echo "shared_preload_libraries='\$libdir/neon_rmgr.so'" >> "$DATA_DIR"/postgresql.conf
-REDO_POS=0x$("$PG_BIN"/pg_controldata -D "$DATA_DIR" | grep -F "REDO location"| cut -c 42-)
-declare -i WAL_SIZE=$REDO_POS+114
-"$PG_BIN"/pg_ctl -D "$DATA_DIR" -l "$DATA_DIR/logfile.log" start
-"$PG_BIN"/pg_ctl -D "$DATA_DIR" -l "$DATA_DIR/logfile.log" stop -m immediate
-cp "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 .
-cp "$WAL_PATH"/* "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/
-for partial in "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/*.partial ; do mv "$partial" "${partial%.partial}" ; done
-dd if=000000010000000000000001 of="$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 bs=$WAL_SIZE count=1 conv=notrunc
-rm -f 000000010000000000000001
--- a/libs/utils/src/completion.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/completion.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
-use tokio_util::task::{task_tracker::TaskTrackerToken, TaskTracker};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use tokio::sync::{mpsc, Mutex};

 /// While a reference is kept around, the associated [`Barrier::wait`] will wait.
 ///
 /// Can be cloned, moved and kept around in futures as "guard objects".
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Completion(TaskTrackerToken);
+pub struct Completion(mpsc::Sender<()>);

 /// Barrier will wait until all clones of [`Completion`] have been dropped.
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Barrier(TaskTracker);
+pub struct Barrier(Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<()>>>);

 impl Default for Barrier {
    fn default() -> Self {
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ impl Default for Barrier {

 impl Barrier {
    pub async fn wait(self) {
-        self.0.wait().await;
+        self.0.lock().await.recv().await;
    }

    pub async fn maybe_wait(barrier: Option<Barrier>) {
@@ -31,7 +33,8 @@ impl Barrier {

 impl PartialEq for Barrier {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        TaskTracker::ptr_eq(&self.0, &other.0)
+        // we don't use dyn so this is good
+        Arc::ptr_eq(&self.0, &other.0)
    }
 }

@@ -39,10 +42,8 @@ impl Eq for Barrier {}

 /// Create new Guard and Barrier pair.
 pub fn channel() -> (Completion, Barrier) {
-    let tracker = TaskTracker::new();
-    // otherwise wait never exits
-    tracker.close();
-
-    let token = tracker.token();
-    (Completion(token), Barrier(tracker))
+    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<()>(1);
+    let rx = Mutex::new(rx);
+    let rx = Arc::new(rx);
+    (Completion(tx), Barrier(rx))
 }
--- a/libs/utils/src/failpoint_support.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/failpoint_support.rs
@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-//! Failpoint support code shared between pageserver and safekeepers.
-
-use crate::http::{
-    error::ApiError,
-    json::{json_request, json_response},
-};
-use hyper::{Body, Request, Response, StatusCode};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
-use tracing::*;
-
-/// use with fail::cfg("$name", "return(2000)")
-///
-/// The effect is similar to a "sleep(2000)" action, i.e. we sleep for the
-/// specified time (in milliseconds). The main difference is that we use async
-/// tokio sleep function. Another difference is that we print lines to the log,
-/// which can be useful in tests to check that the failpoint was hit.
-///
-/// Optionally pass a cancellation token, and this failpoint will drop out of
-/// its sleep when the cancellation token fires.  This is useful for testing
-/// cases where we would like to block something, but test its clean shutdown behavior.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! __failpoint_sleep_millis_async {
-    ($name:literal) => {{
-        // If the failpoint is used with a "return" action, set should_sleep to the
-        // returned value (as string). Otherwise it's set to None.
-        let should_sleep = (|| {
-            ::fail::fail_point!($name, |x| x);
-            ::std::option::Option::None
-        })();
-
-        // Sleep if the action was a returned value
-        if let ::std::option::Option::Some(duration_str) = should_sleep {
-            $crate::failpoint_support::failpoint_sleep_helper($name, duration_str).await
-        }
-    }};
-    ($name:literal, $cancel:expr) => {{
-        // If the failpoint is used with a "return" action, set should_sleep to the
-        // returned value (as string). Otherwise it's set to None.
-        let should_sleep = (|| {
-            ::fail::fail_point!($name, |x| x);
-            ::std::option::Option::None
-        })();
-
-        // Sleep if the action was a returned value
-        if let ::std::option::Option::Some(duration_str) = should_sleep {
-            $crate::failpoint_support::failpoint_sleep_cancellable_helper(
-                $name,
-                duration_str,
-                $cancel,
-            )
-            .await
-        }
-    }};
-}
-pub use __failpoint_sleep_millis_async as sleep_millis_async;
-
-// Helper function used by the macro. (A function has nicer scoping so we
-// don't need to decorate everything with "::")
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub async fn failpoint_sleep_helper(name: &'static str, duration_str: String) {
-    let millis = duration_str.parse::<u64>().unwrap();
-    let d = std::time::Duration::from_millis(millis);
-
-    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleeping for {:?}", name, d);
-    tokio::time::sleep(d).await;
-    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleep done", name);
-}
-
-// Helper function used by the macro. (A function has nicer scoping so we
-// don't need to decorate everything with "::")
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub async fn failpoint_sleep_cancellable_helper(
-    name: &'static str,
-    duration_str: String,
-    cancel: &CancellationToken,
-) {
-    let millis = duration_str.parse::<u64>().unwrap();
-    let d = std::time::Duration::from_millis(millis);
-
-    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleeping for {:?}", name, d);
-    tokio::time::timeout(d, cancel.cancelled()).await.ok();
-    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleep done", name);
-}
-
-pub fn init() -> fail::FailScenario<'static> {
-    // The failpoints lib provides support for parsing the `FAILPOINTS` env var.
-    // We want non-default behavior for `exit`, though, so, we handle it separately.
-    //
-    // Format for FAILPOINTS is "name=actions" separated by ";".
-    let actions = std::env::var("FAILPOINTS");
-    if actions.is_ok() {
-        std::env::remove_var("FAILPOINTS");
-    } else {
-        // let the library handle non-utf8, or nothing for not present
-    }
-
-    let scenario = fail::FailScenario::setup();
-
-    if let Ok(val) = actions {
-        val.split(';')
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, s)| s.split_once('=').ok_or((i, s)))
-            .for_each(|res| {
-                let (name, actions) = match res {
-                    Ok(t) => t,
-                    Err((i, s)) => {
-                        panic!(
-                            "startup failpoints: missing action on the {}th failpoint; try `{s}=return`",
-                            i + 1,
-                        );
-                    }
-                };
-                if let Err(e) = apply_failpoint(name, actions) {
-                    panic!("startup failpoints: failed to apply failpoint {name}={actions}: {e}");
-                }
-            });
-    }
-
-    scenario
-}
-
-pub fn apply_failpoint(name: &str, actions: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if actions == "exit" {
-        fail::cfg_callback(name, exit_failpoint)
-    } else {
-        fail::cfg(name, actions)
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline(never)]
-fn exit_failpoint() {
-    tracing::info!("Exit requested by failpoint");
-    std::process::exit(1);
-}
-
-pub type ConfigureFailpointsRequest = Vec<FailpointConfig>;
-
-/// Information for configuring a single fail point
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct FailpointConfig {
-    /// Name of the fail point
-    pub name: String,
-    /// List of actions to take, using the format described in `fail::cfg`
-    ///
-    /// We also support `actions = "exit"` to cause the fail point to immediately exit.
-    pub actions: String,
-}
-
-/// Configure failpoints through http.
-pub async fn failpoints_handler(
-    mut request: Request<Body>,
-    _cancel: CancellationToken,
-) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    if !fail::has_failpoints() {
-        return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow::anyhow!(
-            "Cannot manage failpoints because storage was compiled without failpoints support"
-        )));
-    }
-
-    let failpoints: ConfigureFailpointsRequest = json_request(&mut request).await?;
-    for fp in failpoints {
-        info!("cfg failpoint: {} {}", fp.name, fp.actions);
-
-        // We recognize one extra "action" that's not natively recognized
-        // by the failpoints crate: exit, to immediately kill the process
-        let cfg_result = apply_failpoint(&fp.name, &fp.actions);
-
-        if let Err(err_msg) = cfg_result {
-            return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "Failed to configure failpoints: {err_msg}"
-            )));
-        }
-    }
-
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
-}
--- a/libs/utils/src/generation.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/generation.rs
@@ -152,16 +152,3 @@ impl Debug for Generation {
        }
    }
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn generation_gt() {
-        // Important that a None generation compares less than a valid one, during upgrades from
-        // pre-generation systems.
-        assert!(Generation::none() < Generation::new(0));
-        assert!(Generation::none() < Generation::new(1));
-    }
-}
--- a/libs/utils/src/http/error.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/http/error.rs
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ pub enum ApiError {
    #[error("Shutting down")]
    ShuttingDown,

-    #[error("Timeout")]
-    Timeout(Cow<'static, str>),
-
    #[error(transparent)]
    InternalServerError(anyhow::Error),
 }
@@ -70,10 +67,6 @@ impl ApiError {
                err.to_string(),
                StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
            ),
-            ApiError::Timeout(err) => HttpErrorBody::response_from_msg_and_status(
-                err.to_string(),
-                StatusCode::REQUEST_TIMEOUT,
-            ),
            ApiError::InternalServerError(err) => HttpErrorBody::response_from_msg_and_status(
                err.to_string(),
                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
--- a/libs/utils/src/http/json.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/http/json.rs
@@ -25,12 +25,8 @@ pub async fn json_request_or_empty_body<T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>>(
    if body.remaining() == 0 {
        return Ok(None);
    }
-
-    let mut deser = serde_json::de::Deserializer::from_reader(body.reader());
-
-    serde_path_to_error::deserialize(&mut deser)
-        // intentionally stringify because the debug version is not helpful in python logs
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse json request: {e}"))
+    serde_json::from_reader(body.reader())
+        .context("Failed to parse json request")
        .map(Some)
        .map_err(ApiError::BadRequest)
 }
--- a/libs/utils/src/id.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/id.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::{fmt, str::FromStr};

 use anyhow::Context;
@@ -375,13 +374,6 @@ impl fmt::Display for NodeId {
    }
 }

-impl FromStr for NodeId {
-    type Err = ParseIntError;
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        Ok(NodeId(u64::from_str(s)?))
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use serde_assert::{Deserializer, Serializer, Token, Tokens};
--- a/libs/utils/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/lib.rs
@@ -83,10 +83,6 @@ pub mod timeout;

 pub mod sync;

-pub mod failpoint_support;
-
-pub mod yielding_loop;
-
 /// This is a shortcut to embed git sha into binaries and avoid copying the same build script to all packages
 ///
 /// we have several cases:
--- a/libs/utils/src/logging.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/logging.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;

 use anyhow::Context;
-use metrics::{IntCounter, IntCounterVec};
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use strum_macros::{EnumString, EnumVariantNames};

@@ -25,48 +24,16 @@ impl LogFormat {
    }
 }

-struct TracingEventCountMetric {
-    error: IntCounter,
-    warn: IntCounter,
-    info: IntCounter,
-    debug: IntCounter,
-    trace: IntCounter,
-}
-
-static TRACING_EVENT_COUNT_METRIC: Lazy<TracingEventCountMetric> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    let vec = metrics::register_int_counter_vec!(
+static TRACING_EVENT_COUNT: Lazy<metrics::IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    metrics::register_int_counter_vec!(
        "libmetrics_tracing_event_count",
        "Number of tracing events, by level",
        &["level"]
    )
-    .expect("failed to define metric");
-    TracingEventCountMetric::new(vec)
+    .expect("failed to define metric")
 });

-impl TracingEventCountMetric {
-    fn new(vec: IntCounterVec) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            error: vec.with_label_values(&["error"]),
-            warn: vec.with_label_values(&["warn"]),
-            info: vec.with_label_values(&["info"]),
-            debug: vec.with_label_values(&["debug"]),
-            trace: vec.with_label_values(&["trace"]),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn inc_for_level(&self, level: tracing::Level) {
-        let counter = match level {
-            tracing::Level::ERROR => &self.error,
-            tracing::Level::WARN => &self.warn,
-            tracing::Level::INFO => &self.info,
-            tracing::Level::DEBUG => &self.debug,
-            tracing::Level::TRACE => &self.trace,
-        };
-        counter.inc();
-    }
-}
-
-struct TracingEventCountLayer(&'static TracingEventCountMetric);
+struct TracingEventCountLayer(&'static metrics::IntCounterVec);

 impl<S> tracing_subscriber::layer::Layer<S> for TracingEventCountLayer
 where
@@ -77,7 +44,15 @@ where
        event: &tracing::Event<'_>,
        _ctx: tracing_subscriber::layer::Context<'_, S>,
    ) {
-        self.0.inc_for_level(*event.metadata().level());
+        let level = event.metadata().level();
+        let level = match *level {
+            tracing::Level::ERROR => "error",
+            tracing::Level::WARN => "warn",
+            tracing::Level::INFO => "info",
+            tracing::Level::DEBUG => "debug",
+            tracing::Level::TRACE => "trace",
+        };
+        self.0.with_label_values(&[level]).inc();
    }
 }

@@ -91,17 +66,9 @@ pub enum TracingErrorLayerEnablement {
    EnableWithRustLogFilter,
 }

-/// Where the logging should output to.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum Output {
-    Stdout,
-    Stderr,
-}
-
 pub fn init(
    log_format: LogFormat,
    tracing_error_layer_enablement: TracingErrorLayerEnablement,
-    output: Output,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    // We fall back to printing all spans at info-level or above if
    // the RUST_LOG environment variable is not set.
@@ -118,12 +85,7 @@ pub fn init(
        let log_layer = tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer()
            .with_target(false)
            .with_ansi(false)
-            .with_writer(move || -> Box<dyn std::io::Write> {
-                match output {
-                    Output::Stdout => Box::new(std::io::stdout()),
-                    Output::Stderr => Box::new(std::io::stderr()),
-                }
-            });
+            .with_writer(std::io::stdout);
        let log_layer = match log_format {
            LogFormat::Json => log_layer.json().boxed(),
            LogFormat::Plain => log_layer.boxed(),
@@ -131,9 +93,7 @@ pub fn init(
        };
        log_layer.with_filter(rust_log_env_filter())
    });
-    let r = r.with(
-        TracingEventCountLayer(&TRACING_EVENT_COUNT_METRIC).with_filter(rust_log_env_filter()),
-    );
+    let r = r.with(TracingEventCountLayer(&TRACING_EVENT_COUNT).with_filter(rust_log_env_filter()));
    match tracing_error_layer_enablement {
        TracingErrorLayerEnablement::EnableWithRustLogFilter => r
            .with(tracing_error::ErrorLayer::default().with_filter(rust_log_env_filter()))
@@ -284,14 +244,14 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for SecretString {
 mod tests {
    use metrics::{core::Opts, IntCounterVec};

-    use crate::logging::{TracingEventCountLayer, TracingEventCountMetric};
+    use super::TracingEventCountLayer;

    #[test]
    fn tracing_event_count_metric() {
        let counter_vec =
            IntCounterVec::new(Opts::new("testmetric", "testhelp"), &["level"]).unwrap();
-        let metric = Box::leak(Box::new(TracingEventCountMetric::new(counter_vec.clone())));
-        let layer = TracingEventCountLayer(metric);
+        let counter_vec = Box::leak(Box::new(counter_vec)); // make it 'static
+        let layer = TracingEventCountLayer(counter_vec);
        use tracing_subscriber::prelude::*;

        tracing::subscriber::with_default(tracing_subscriber::registry().with(layer), || {
--- a/libs/utils/src/lsn.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/lsn.rs
@@ -366,49 +366,6 @@ impl MonotonicCounter<Lsn> for RecordLsn {
    }
 }

-/// Implements  [`rand::distributions::uniform::UniformSampler`] so we can sample [`Lsn`]s.
-///
-/// This is used by the `pagebench` pageserver benchmarking tool.
-pub struct LsnSampler(<u64 as rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform>::Sampler);
-
-impl rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform for Lsn {
-    type Sampler = LsnSampler;
-}
-
-impl rand::distributions::uniform::UniformSampler for LsnSampler {
-    type X = Lsn;
-
-    fn new<B1, B2>(low: B1, high: B2) -> Self
-    where
-        B1: rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<Self::X> + Sized,
-        B2: rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<Self::X> + Sized,
-    {
-        Self(
-            <u64 as rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform>::Sampler::new(
-                low.borrow().0,
-                high.borrow().0,
-            ),
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn new_inclusive<B1, B2>(low: B1, high: B2) -> Self
-    where
-        B1: rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<Self::X> + Sized,
-        B2: rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<Self::X> + Sized,
-    {
-        Self(
-            <u64 as rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform>::Sampler::new_inclusive(
-                low.borrow().0,
-                high.borrow().0,
-            ),
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn sample<R: rand::prelude::Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> Self::X {
-        Lsn(self.0.sample(rng))
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use crate::bin_ser::BeSer;
--- a/libs/utils/src/simple_rcu.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/simple_rcu.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //!
 //! RCU stands for Read-Copy-Update. It's a synchronization mechanism somewhat
 //! similar to a lock, but it allows readers to "hold on" to an old value of RCU
-//! without blocking writers, and allows writing a new value without blocking
-//! readers. When you update the value, the new value is immediately visible
+//! without blocking writers, and allows writing a new values without blocking
+//! readers. When you update the new value, the new value is immediately visible
 //! to new readers, but the update waits until all existing readers have
-//! finished, so that on return, no one sees the old value anymore.
+//! finishe, so that no one sees the old value anymore.
 //!
 //! This implementation isn't wait-free; it uses an RwLock that is held for a
 //! short duration when the value is read or updated.
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 //! Increment the value by one, and wait for old readers to finish:
 //!
 //! ```
-//! # async fn dox() {
 //! # let rcu = utils::simple_rcu::Rcu::new(1);
 //! let write_guard = rcu.lock_for_write();
 //!
@@ -37,17 +36,15 @@
 //!
 //! // Concurrent reads and writes are now possible again. Wait for all the readers
 //! // that still observe the old value to finish.
-//! waitlist.wait().await;
-//! # }
+//! waitlist.wait();
 //! ```
 //!
 #![warn(missing_docs)]

 use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::sync::mpsc::{sync_channel, Receiver, SyncSender};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
-use std::sync::{RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
-
-use tokio::sync::watch;
+use std::sync::{Mutex, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};

 ///
 /// Rcu allows multiple readers to read and hold onto a value without blocking
@@ -71,21 +68,22 @@ struct RcuCell<V> {
    value: V,

    /// A dummy channel. We never send anything to this channel. The point is
-    /// that when the RcuCell is dropped, any subscribed Receivers will be notified
+    /// that when the RcuCell is dropped, any cloned Senders will be notified
    /// that the channel is closed. Updaters can use this to wait out until the
    /// RcuCell has been dropped, i.e. until the old value is no longer in use.
    ///
-    /// We never send anything to this, we just need to hold onto it so that the
-    /// Receivers will be notified when it's dropped.
-    watch: watch::Sender<()>,
+    /// We never do anything with the receiver, we just need to hold onto it so
+    /// that the Senders will be notified when it's dropped. But because it's
+    /// not Sync, we need a Mutex on it.
+    watch: (SyncSender<()>, Mutex<Receiver<()>>),
 }

 impl<V> RcuCell<V> {
    fn new(value: V) -> Self {
-        let (watch_sender, _) = watch::channel(());
+        let (watch_sender, watch_receiver) = sync_channel(0);
        RcuCell {
            value,
-            watch: watch_sender,
+            watch: (watch_sender, Mutex::new(watch_receiver)),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -143,10 +141,10 @@ impl<V> Deref for RcuReadGuard<V> {
 ///
 /// Write guard returned by `write`
 ///
-/// NB: Holding this guard blocks all concurrent `read` and `write` calls, so it should only be
-/// held for a short duration!
+/// NB: Holding this guard blocks all concurrent `read` and `write` calls, so
+/// it should only be held for a short duration!
 ///
-/// Calling [`Self::store_and_unlock`] consumes the guard, making new reads and new writes possible
+/// Calling `store` consumes the guard, making new reads and new writes possible
 /// again.
 ///
 pub struct RcuWriteGuard<'a, V> {
@@ -181,7 +179,7 @@ impl<'a, V> RcuWriteGuard<'a, V> {
            // the watches for any that do.
            self.inner.old_cells.retain(|weak| {
                if let Some(cell) = weak.upgrade() {
-                    watches.push(cell.watch.subscribe());
+                    watches.push(cell.watch.0.clone());
                    true
                } else {
                    false
@@ -195,20 +193,20 @@ impl<'a, V> RcuWriteGuard<'a, V> {
 ///
 /// List of readers who can still see old values.
 ///
-pub struct RcuWaitList(Vec<watch::Receiver<()>>);
+pub struct RcuWaitList(Vec<SyncSender<()>>);

 impl RcuWaitList {
    ///
    /// Wait for old readers to finish.
    ///
-    pub async fn wait(mut self) {
+    pub fn wait(mut self) {
        // after all the old_cells are no longer in use, we're done
        for w in self.0.iter_mut() {
            // This will block until the Receiver is closed. That happens when
            // the RcuCell is dropped.
            #[allow(clippy::single_match)]
-            match w.changed().await {
-                Ok(_) => panic!("changed() unexpectedly succeeded on dummy channel"),
+            match w.send(()) {
+                Ok(_) => panic!("send() unexpectedly succeeded on dummy channel"),
                Err(_) => {
                    // closed, which means that the cell has been dropped, and
                    // its value is no longer in use
@@ -222,10 +220,11 @@ impl RcuWaitList {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+    use std::thread::{sleep, spawn};
    use std::time::Duration;

-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn two_writers() {
+    #[test]
+    fn two_writers() {
        let rcu = Rcu::new(1);

        let read1 = rcu.read();
@@ -249,35 +248,33 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(*read1, 1);

        let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
-        // Wait for the old readers to finish in separate tasks.
+        // Wait for the old readers to finish in separate threads.
        let log_clone = Arc::clone(&log);
-        let task2 = tokio::spawn(async move {
-            wait2.wait().await;
+        let thread2 = spawn(move || {
+            wait2.wait();
            log_clone.lock().unwrap().push("wait2 done");
        });
        let log_clone = Arc::clone(&log);
-        let task3 = tokio::spawn(async move {
-            wait3.wait().await;
+        let thread3 = spawn(move || {
+            wait3.wait();
            log_clone.lock().unwrap().push("wait3 done");
        });

        // without this sleep the test can pass on accident if the writer is slow
-        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));

        // Release first reader. This allows first write to finish, but calling
-        // wait() on the 'task3' would still block.
+        // wait() on the second one would still block.
        log.lock().unwrap().push("dropping read1");
        drop(read1);
-        task2.await.unwrap();
+        thread2.join().unwrap();

-        assert!(!task3.is_finished());
-
-        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));

        // Release second reader, and finish second writer.
        log.lock().unwrap().push("dropping read2");
        drop(read2);
-        task3.await.unwrap();
+        thread3.join().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            log.lock().unwrap().as_slice(),
--- a/libs/utils/src/sync/gate.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/sync/gate.rs
@@ -15,12 +15,6 @@ pub struct Gate {
    name: String,
 }

-impl std::fmt::Debug for Gate {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "Gate<{}>", self.name)
-    }
-}
-
 /// RAII guard for a [`Gate`]: as long as this exists, calls to [`Gate::close`] will
 /// not complete.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -36,32 +30,18 @@ async fn warn_if_stuck<Fut: std::future::Future>(

    let mut fut = std::pin::pin!(fut);

-    let mut warned = false;
-    let ret = loop {
+    loop {
        match tokio::time::timeout(warn_period, &mut fut).await {
-            Ok(ret) => break ret,
+            Ok(ret) => return ret,
            Err(_) => {
                tracing::warn!(
                    gate = name,
                    elapsed_ms = started.elapsed().as_millis(),
                    "still waiting, taking longer than expected..."
                );
-                warned = true;
            }
        }
-    };
-
-    // If we emitted a warning for slowness, also emit a message when we complete, so that
-    // someone debugging a shutdown can know for sure whether we have moved past this operation.
-    if warned {
-        tracing::info!(
-            gate = name,
-            elapsed_ms = started.elapsed().as_millis(),
-            "completed, after taking longer than expected"
-        )
    }
-
-    ret
 }

 #[derive(Debug)]
--- a/libs/utils/src/timeout.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/timeout.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,8 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;

-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
 pub enum TimeoutCancellableError {
-    #[error("Timed out")]
    Timeout,
-    #[error("Cancelled")]
    Cancelled,
 }

--- a/libs/utils/src/yielding_loop.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/yielding_loop.rs
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
-
-#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
-pub enum YieldingLoopError {
-    #[error("Cancelled")]
-    Cancelled,
-}
-
-/// Helper for long synchronous loops, e.g. over all tenants in the system.  Periodically
-/// yields to avoid blocking the executor, and after resuming checks the provided
-/// cancellation token to drop out promptly on shutdown.
-#[inline(always)]
-pub async fn yielding_loop<I, T, F>(
-    interval: usize,
-    cancel: &CancellationToken,
-    iter: I,
-    mut visitor: F,
-) -> Result<(), YieldingLoopError>
-where
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-    F: FnMut(T),
-{
-    for (i, item) in iter.enumerate() {
-        visitor(item);
-
-        if i + 1 % interval == 0 {
-            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
-            if cancel.is_cancelled() {
-                return Err(YieldingLoopError::Cancelled);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/libs/vm_monitor/src/runner.rs
+++ b/libs/vm_monitor/src/runner.rs
@@ -446,11 +446,12 @@ impl Runner {
                    if let Some(t) = self.last_upscale_request_at {
                        let elapsed = t.elapsed();
                        if elapsed < Duration::from_secs(1) {
-                            // *Ideally* we'd like to log here that we're ignoring the fact the
-                            // memory stats are too high, but in practice this can result in
-                            // spamming the logs with repetitive messages about ignoring the signal
-                            //
-                            // See https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/5865 for more.
+                            info!(
+                                elapsed_millis = elapsed.as_millis(),
+                                avg_non_reclaimable = bytes_to_mebibytes(cgroup_mem_stat.avg_non_reclaimable),
+                                threshold = bytes_to_mebibytes(cgroup.threshold),
+                                "cgroup memory stats are high enough to upscale but too soon to forward the request, ignoring",
+                            );
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More