camoufox-rs

Pure Rust client for controlling Camoufox through the Firefox Juggler protocol.

This crate implements the full stack needed to automate a Camoufox browser process over the -juggler-pipe transport: process launch, null-delimited JSON framing, protocol request/response/event routing, and ergonomic Browser / BrowserContext / MainFrame wrappers.

Current Scope

• Library crate with a synchronous API for Juggler domains (Browser, MainFrame, Network, Runtime, Heap)
• Optional CLI (--features cli) with a Unix socket daemon for multi-instance management
• Unix-first implementation (Linux/macOS style process + fd pipe model)
• Protocol reference docs in-repo:
  • docs/PROTOCOL.md
  • docs/UNDERSTANDING.md

Requirements

• Rust 1.70+ (see Cargo.toml)
• Unix-like OS for full functionality (process spawning + Unix sockets)
• Camoufox binary available on disk

The CLI daemon resolves the Camoufox binary in this order:

1. --executable <path> passed to launch
2. the CAMOUFOX_BIN environment variable
3. $HOME/.cache/camoufox/camoufox (falling back to /root/.cache/camoufox/camoufox when HOME is unset)

Build

Library only:

cargo build

CLI binary:

cargo build --features cli --bin camoufox

CLI Quick Start

The CLI uses a daemon process and newline-delimited JSON over a Unix domain socket.

Start daemon (run in a dedicated shell):

cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- serve --foreground

Launch an instance:

cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- launch

Create a page:

cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- new-page <instance_id>

Navigate and evaluate:

cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- navigate <instance_id> <page_id> https://example.com
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- evaluate <instance_id> <page_id> "document.title"

Navigate with wait-until and status_code:

# Block until the load event fires (bounded by --timeout seconds):
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- navigate <instance_id> <page_id> https://example.com \
    --wait-until load --timeout 30

# Or wait only until DOMContentLoaded:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- navigate <instance_id> <page_id> https://example.com \
    --wait-until domcontentloaded --timeout 15

# --wait-until accepts: load, domcontentloaded. Any other value is an error.
# navigate always succeeds even on 4xx/5xx responses.
# --json output includes status_code (final main-document HTTP status after following
# all redirects; null if uncapturable, e.g. about: pages or navigation errors):
#   { "ok": true, "data": { "navigation_id": "...", "status_code": 200 } }

Export the session cookie jar:

# Export all cookies for all instances (includes HttpOnly cookies):
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- cookies <instance_id>

# --json returns full cookie objects (name, value, domain, path, httpOnly, secure, ...):
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- --json cookies <instance_id>

# The exported jar can drive host-side fetches without in-session XHR:
#   curl --cookie "name=value" https://example.com/gated-endpoint

Set a cookie or an extra request header:

# Bind the cookie to the page's current URL (or pass --url / --domain explicitly):
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- cookie <instance_id> <page_id> 'session=abc123'
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- cookie <instance_id> <page_id> 'tracker=xyz' \
    --domain example.com --path / --secure

# Extra request headers accumulate per page across calls:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- header <instance_id> <page_id> 'Accept-Language: fr-FR'

Read the page (no hand-written extraction JS required):

# Rendered text, whole page or scoped to a selector:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- text <instance_id> <page_id>
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- text <instance_id> <page_id> --selector 'article'

# outerHTML of one element, or the whole document when --selector is omitted:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- html <instance_id> <page_id> --selector h1

# Every <a href> as `text → href`, with hrefs resolved to absolute URLs:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- links <instance_id> <page_id>

# Structured metadata; no flag returns og + jsonld + meta together:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- data <instance_id> <page_id> --og

# Current URL (stdout) and title (stderr):
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- url <instance_id> <page_id>

Wait for content to appear:

# Polls document.querySelector until it matches, or --timeout seconds elapse:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- wait <instance_id> <page_id> \
    --selector '#results' --timeout 15

Interact with the page (all input is trusted browser-level input):

# Click by CSS selector — resolves the element, scrolls it into view, clicks its centre:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- click <instance_id> <page_id> '#submit'

# Or dispatch a trusted left-click at raw viewport coordinates (x, y). Because the event
# originates from the browser (not JavaScript), the page sees isTrusted === true, so it
# can drive widgets like Cloudflare Turnstile that reject synthetic click events:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- click <instance_id> <page_id> 200 300

# Fill a field, then submit with a real Enter keypress:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- fill <instance_id> <page_id> 'input[name=q]' camoufox
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- press <instance_id> <page_id> Enter

# Also available: type <text>, hover <selector>, select <selector> <value>, scroll [selector]

Take a screenshot:

# Current viewport:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- screenshot <instance_id> <page_id> --format png -o /tmp/example.png

# Cropped to one element (scrolled into view first), or to an explicit region:
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- screenshot <instance_id> <page_id> --selector 'article' -o /tmp/article.png
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- screenshot <instance_id> <page_id> --clip 0,0,800,600 -o /tmp/region.png

Manage pages as tabs:

cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- tabs <instance_id>
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- close-tab <instance_id> <page_id>

Inspect and stop:

cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- list
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- stop <instance_id>
cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- shutdown

JSON output mode is available for all commands:

cargo run --features cli --bin camoufox -- --json list

Socket resolution:

• --socket <path> to override
• else $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/camoufox/daemon.sock
• else /tmp/camoufox-<uid>/daemon.sock

Library Bootstrap Example

The low-level lifecycle is:

1. Build LaunchConfig
2. Spawn process (process::unix::spawn)
3. Wait readiness sentinel on stderr
4. Build PipeTransport
5. Build Connection + root session
6. Browser::connect(...)

use std::path::PathBuf;

use camoufox::api::{Browser, BrowserOptions, ContextOptions};
use camoufox::config::LaunchConfig;
use camoufox::process;
use camoufox::protocol::client::Connection;
use camoufox::transport::pipe::PipeTransport;

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let profile_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join("camoufox-rs-profile");
    std::fs::create_dir_all(&profile_dir)?;

    let config = LaunchConfig {
        executable: PathBuf::from("/root/.cache/camoufox/camoufox"),
        profile_dir: Some(profile_dir),
        headless: true,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let mut launched = process::unix::spawn(&config)?;
    process::readiness::wait_for_ready(&mut launched.child, config.timeout)?;

    let transport = PipeTransport::new(launched.command_pipe, launched.response_pipe);
    let conn = Connection::new(Box::new(transport));
    let root = conn.root_session();

    let browser = Browser::connect(conn, root, BrowserOptions::default())?;
    let _context = browser.new_context(ContextOptions::default())?;

    browser.close()?;
    Ok(())
}

Pages via MainFrame

BrowserContext::new_main_frame() returns a fully wired MainFrame — a page handle that is structurally pinned to the top frame. The call blocks until the page target, top frame, and main-world execution context are all resolved from authoritative protocol responses, so there is no manual session or execution-context wiring to do.

This is the fix for the cross-origin-iframe attach bug: on sites that embed an early out-of-process iframe (e.g. an ad pixel), the old handle could bind to the iframe instead of the page — evaluate then ran in the wrong document. new_main_frame() applies three filters so it can only ever resolve to the real top frame:

• Layer 1 — accept only Browser.attachedToTarget events where targetInfo.type == "page"
• Layer 2 — accept only the top frame's Page.frameAttached (empty parentFrameId)
• Layer 3 — accept only the main-world Runtime.executionContextCreated whose auxData.frameId matches the top frame

use std::time::Duration;

// ...continuing from the bootstrap example, after `Browser::connect`:
let context = browser.new_context(ContextOptions::default())?;

// One call — no manual attachedToTarget / frameAttached / executionContext wiring:
let main_frame = context.new_main_frame()?;

// navigate(url, NavigateOptions, timeout) -> NavigateOutcome { nav_id, status_code }.
// status_code is the final main-document HTTP status after following redirects.
let outcome = main_frame.navigate("https://example.com", Default::default(), Duration::from_secs(30))?;
println!("status: {:?}", outcome.status_code);

// evaluate(expr, timeout) — the cached execution context is maintained internally,
// so no execution-context id is threaded through.
let title = main_frame.evaluate("document.title", Duration::from_secs(15))?;
println!("title: {title}");

A complete, runnable version is in examples/web_browse.rs:

cargo run --example web_browse -- --url https://example.com

End-to-end wiring is also exercised in tests/integration.rs and src/cli/instance.rs.

Reliability

• Every protocol request is bounded — Client::send enforces a default 60s deadline, and navigate / evaluate / screenshot accept an explicit timeout (CLI: --timeout <seconds>), so a stuck call can no longer hang the daemon.
• Navigations that the browser diverts into a download (e.g. a Content-Disposition: attachment URL) are detected via Browser.downloadCreated and surfaced promptly as a NavigationBecameDownload error instead of blocking forever waiting for a navigation response that never arrives.

Architecture

Core layers (top to bottom):

• api/: high-level Browser, BrowserContext, MainFrame
• protocol/: request IDs, pending map, session state, event router, reader thread
• transport/: transport traits + Unix pipe transport
• codec/: null-byte-delimited JSON framing (NulJsonCodec)
• process/: spawn/readiness/lifecycle around Camoufox child process
• cli/ (feature-gated): daemon + command dispatch over Unix socket
• compat/: Camoufox detection/version capability checks
• obs/: protocol logging helpers

Testing

Unit tests:

cargo test

Integration tests against a real Camoufox binary are ignored by default:

cargo test --test integration -- --ignored --test-threads=1

Integration tests resolve the binary the same way as the daemon: CAMOUFOX_BIN, else $HOME/.cache/camoufox/camoufox. Override per run with:

CAMOUFOX_BIN=/path/to/camoufox cargo test --test integration -- --ignored --test-threads=1

Observability

Use log + env_logger filters to inspect protocol behavior:

RUST_LOG=camoufox=trace cargo test

obs::ProtocolLogger formats command, response, and event traces with bounded payload previews.

Known Limitations

• Windows pipe transport is not implemented (src/transport/pipe/windows.rs hard errors at compile time)
• API is synchronous/blocking today (no async runtime integration)
• MainFrame is top-frame only; there is no public API for operating on sub-frames
• CLI daemon uses in-memory instance state only
• CLI daemon executes commands serially — it holds a single lock for the duration of each request across all instances. A long-polling command (e.g. wait --timeout 60) on one page therefore blocks every other instance and page until it returns. Fine for driving a single browser; keep timeouts tight if you drive multiple instances from one daemon.
• back / forward are wired to Page.goBack / Page.goForward but are inert against the Camoufox builds tested here: pages created via Browser.newPage expose no session history (history.length === 0), so both always report "no history entry". Re-navigate instead.

License

MIT (see crate metadata in Cargo.toml).