chore: bump version to 3.1.2

Co-authored-by: Codex <noreply@openai.com>

.github/workflows/_container.yml

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ jobs:
           ${{ hashFiles('trivy-results.sarif') != '' &&
               (github.event_name != 'pull_request' ||
                github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository) }}
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@e4fba868fa4b1b91e1fdab776edc8cfbe6e9fb81 # v4.37.3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@f205ea1c3313d32999d8d6a48b4f6530d4437b38 # v4.37.4
         with:
           sarif_file: trivy-results.sarif
           category: runtime-container

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 name: Release
 
 on:
-  push:
-    tags:
-      - 'v*'
   workflow_dispatch:
     inputs:
       tag:
@@ -15,7 +12,7 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 concurrency:
-  group: release-${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.tag || github.ref_name }}
+  group: release-${{ inputs.tag }}
   cancel-in-progress: false
 
 env:
@@ -43,14 +40,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
-          ref: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.tag || github.ref }}
+          ref: ${{ inputs.tag }}
           fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: Read release metadata
         id: version
         shell: bash
         env:
-          RELEASE_TAG: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.tag || github.ref_name }}
+          RELEASE_TAG: ${{ inputs.tag }}
         run: |
           ruby <<'RUBY' >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           require "json"
@@ -188,9 +185,9 @@ jobs:
             ~/.cargo/registry
             ~/.cargo/git
             backend/target
-          key: cargo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('backend/Cargo.lock') }}
+          key: cargo-v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('backend/Cargo.lock', 'backend/rust-toolchain.toml', 'backend/**/Cargo.toml', 'backend/.cargo/config.toml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            cargo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
+            cargo-v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
 
       - name: Build binary
         shell: bash
@@ -253,9 +250,9 @@ jobs:
             ~/.cargo/registry
             ~/.cargo/git
             backend/target
-          key: cargo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('backend/Cargo.lock') }}
+          key: cargo-v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('backend/Cargo.lock', 'backend/rust-toolchain.toml', 'backend/**/Cargo.toml', 'backend/.cargo/config.toml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            cargo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
+            cargo-v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
 
       - name: Build binary
         shell: bash
@@ -378,7 +375,7 @@ jobs:
           PY
 
       - name: Generate release asset provenance
-        uses: actions/attest@f7c74d28b9d84cb8768d0b8ca14a4bac6ef463e6 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/attest@508db95dd578ae2727ebd6217d5ba78e4fbda05d # v4.2.1
         with:
           subject-path: dist/release/*
 
@@ -454,7 +451,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Login to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@abd2ef45e78c5afb21d64d4ca52ee8550d9572c7 # v4.5.1
+        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
         with:
           registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -471,8 +468,8 @@ jobs:
           push: true
           build-args: |
             CPR_PREBUILT_DIR=dist/docker
-          cache-from: type=gha,scope=runtime-prebuilt-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max,scope=runtime-prebuilt-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:buildcache-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          cache-to: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:buildcache-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }},mode=min
           provenance: mode=max
           sbom: true
           labels: |
@@ -525,7 +522,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@6f9f17788090df1f26f669e9d70d6ae9567deba6 # v4.1.2
 
       - name: Login to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@abd2ef45e78c5afb21d64d4ca52ee8550d9572c7 # v4.5.1
+        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
         with:
           registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -584,7 +581,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "digest=${digest}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Generate container provenance attestation
-        uses: actions/attest@f7c74d28b9d84cb8768d0b8ca14a4bac6ef463e6 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/attest@508db95dd578ae2727ebd6217d5ba78e4fbda05d # v4.2.1
         with:
           subject-name: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}
           subject-digest: ${{ steps.manifest.outputs.digest }}
@@ -626,7 +623,7 @@ jobs:
           make_latest: ${{ needs.release-info.outputs.prerelease == 'true' && 'false' || 'true' }}
           body: |
             > [!WARNING]
-            > **Upgrading across major versions?** Database schema and configuration are only compatible within a major version, and the one-click self-update refuses cross-major targets (releases before 3.0 lack this gate — do not use their built-in update to reach a newer major). Deploy the new major fresh (new `.runtime/` data directory) and re-import or re-authorize provider accounts and client keys. See the [upgrade notes](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/blob/main/deploy/README.md#镜像升级与源码构建).
+            > **Upgrading across major versions?** Online upgrades across major versions are not supported. Deploy the new major fresh with a new `.runtime/` data directory, then re-import or re-authorize provider accounts and client keys. See the [upgrade notes](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/blob/main/deploy/README.md#镜像升级与源码构建).
 
             ## 📥 Installation
 

.gitignore

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ Thumbs.db
 /.codex-ws-audit/
 /.agents/
 /.reasonix/
+/.claude
 /.worktrees/
 /worktrees/
 /.cargo/

README.md

@@ -168,10 +168,8 @@ docker compose -f deploy/compose.yaml up -d
 > 运行状态。
 
 > [!WARNING]
-> 跨大版本不是原地升级：数据库 schema 与配置只在同一大版本内兼容，内置一键自更新
-> 会拒绝跨大版本目标（3.0 之前的旧版没有这道门禁，不要用旧版界面的一键更新跨大版本）。
-> 升级到新的大版本需要全新部署（全新 `.runtime/` 数据目录），并重新导入或重新授权
-> Provider 账号与客户端 Key。
+> 不支持跨大版本在线升级。升级到新的大版本时，请使用全新的 `.runtime/` 数据目录重新部署，
+> 并重新导入或重新授权 Provider 账号与客户端 Key。
 
 Compose 默认只绑定 `127.0.0.1`。公网接入应使用 HTTPS 反向代理，转发 WebSocket
 upgrade 与真实客户端 IP；不要暴露 PostgreSQL 或 Redis。
@@ -184,9 +182,10 @@ upgrade 与真实客户端 IP；不要暴露 PostgreSQL 或 Redis。
 release/publish <version>
 ```
 
-脚本会更新 `release/version.yaml`、创建约定提交与带注释的 `v<version>` tag，并原子推送分支和 tag。
-不要手工修改版本后单独打 tag。该脚本只发布仓库版本和触发 Release 构建，不会登录服务器，也不会
-改变任何运行实例；源码提交、仓库发版和实例升级是三个独立状态。
+脚本依赖已登录的 GitHub CLI（`gh auth login`）。它会更新 `release/version.yaml`、创建约定提交与带
+注释的 `v<version>` tag，原子推送分支和 tag，再从发布分支触发 Release 构建，使构建缓存可以跨版本
+复用。不要手工修改版本后单独打 tag。该脚本不会登录服务器，也不会改变任何运行实例；源码提交、
+仓库发版和实例升级是三个独立状态。
 
 ## 文档
 

backend/apps/gateway/Cargo.toml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["rt-multi-th
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 config = { version = "0.15.23", default-features = false, features = ["yaml"] }
+serde_json = "1"
 syn = { version = "3.0.3", features = ["full"] }
 tempfile = "3.27.0"
 

backend/apps/gateway/src/bootstrap.rs

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub async fn run() -> Result<(), BootstrapError> {
     let providers = ProviderRegistry::new([openai.core_provider(), xai.core_provider()])?;
     let mut core = gateway_core::initialize(store.core_ports(), providers).await?;
     host.report_startup_ready("Core");
-    let admin = gateway_admin::initialize(
+    let mut admin = gateway_admin::initialize(
         admin,
         store.admin_ports(),
         vec![openai.admin_provider(), xai.admin_provider()],
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ pub async fn run() -> Result<(), BootstrapError> {
     plan.extend(core.take_worker_contributions());
     plan.extend(openai.take_worker_contributions());
     plan.extend(xai.take_worker_contributions());
+    plan.extend(admin.take_worker_contributions());
     host.start_workers(plan, store.worker_leader_lease())?;
     host.report_startup_ready("Workers");
     host.serve(api.router()).await?;

backend/apps/gateway/src/main.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::{env, error::Error, io};
 
+use provider_openai::transport::tls::ensure_rustls_provider;
+
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ensure_rustls_provider();
     let mut arguments = env::args_os().skip(1);
     match arguments.next().as_deref().and_then(|value| value.to_str()) {
         None | Some("serve") => {

backend/apps/gateway/tests/architecture.rs

@@ -82,6 +82,91 @@ fn gateway_admin_stays_free_of_infrastructure_dependencies() {
     );
 }
 
+/// workspace 包名到冻结成员路径的映射。
+const PACKAGE_TO_MEMBER: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "apps/gateway"),
+    ("gateway-admin", "crates/gateway-admin"),
+    ("gateway-api", "crates/gateway-api"),
+    ("gateway-core", "crates/gateway-core"),
+    ("gateway-host", "crates/gateway-host"),
+    ("gateway-protocol", "crates/gateway-protocol"),
+    ("gateway-store", "crates/gateway-store"),
+    ("provider-openai", "crates/providers/openai"),
+    ("provider-xai", "crates/providers/xai"),
+];
+
+/// 冻结的 workspace 内部运行时依赖边；新增/删除任何边都必须同步本表。
+const ALLOWED_INTERNAL_EDGES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-api"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-core"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-host"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-store"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "provider-openai"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "provider-xai"),
+    ("gateway-admin", "gateway-core"),
+    ("gateway-api", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("gateway-api", "gateway-core"),
+    ("gateway-api", "gateway-protocol"),
+    ("gateway-host", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("gateway-host", "gateway-core"),
+    ("gateway-store", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("gateway-store", "gateway-core"),
+    ("provider-openai", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("provider-openai", "gateway-core"),
+    ("provider-openai", "gateway-protocol"),
+    ("provider-xai", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("provider-xai", "gateway-core"),
+    ("provider-xai", "gateway-protocol"),
+];
+
+#[test]
+fn workspace_internal_dependency_edges_match_frozen_dag() {
+    let metadata = cargo_metadata_json();
+    let packages = metadata["packages"]
+        .as_array()
+        .expect("cargo metadata packages");
+    let internal_names: std::collections::BTreeSet<&str> =
+        PACKAGE_TO_MEMBER.iter().map(|(name, _)| *name).collect();
+
+    let mut actual: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+    for package in packages {
+        let name = package["name"].as_str().expect("package name");
+        if !internal_names.contains(name) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for dependency in package["dependencies"].as_array().into_iter().flatten() {
+            let dep_name = dependency["name"].as_str().expect("dependency name");
+            if !internal_names.contains(dep_name) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let is_runtime_edge = dependency["dep_kinds"]
+                .as_array()
+                .map(|kinds| {
+                    kinds
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|kind| kind["kind"].as_str() == Some("normal"))
+                })
+                .unwrap_or(true);
+            if is_runtime_edge {
+                actual.push((name.to_owned(), dep_name.to_owned()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut expected: Vec<(String, String)> = ALLOWED_INTERNAL_EDGES
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(from, to)| ((*from).to_owned(), (*to).to_owned()))
+        .collect();
+    actual.sort();
+    expected.sort();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        actual, expected,
+        "workspace internal dependency edges diverged from the frozen DAG"
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn production_sources_do_not_host_tests() {
     for member in WORKSPACE_MEMBERS {
@@ -107,6 +192,20 @@ fn backend_root() -> PathBuf {
         .expect("backend workspace root")
 }
 
+fn cargo_metadata_json() -> serde_json::Value {
+    let output = std::process::Command::new("cargo")
+        .args(["metadata", "--format-version", "1", "--no-deps"])
+        .current_dir(backend_root())
+        .output()
+        .expect("run cargo metadata");
+    assert!(
+        output.status.success(),
+        "cargo metadata failed: {}",
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+    );
+    serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout).expect("parse cargo metadata")
+}
+
 /// 提取成员 `[dependencies]` 段内声明的依赖名;段落以下一个 `[` 表头结束。
 fn dependency_names(member: &str) -> Vec<String> {
     let manifest = fs::read_to_string(backend_root().join(member).join("Cargo.toml"))

backend/apps/gateway/tests/bootstrap.rs

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ fn config_loader_should_reject_removed_fingerprint_section() {
 
 #[test]
 fn config_loader_should_reject_invalid_codex_core_version() {
-    assert_rejected(valid_config().replace("codex_version: '0.145.0'", "codex_version: 'latest'"));
+    assert_rejected(valid_config().replace("codex_version: '0.146.0'", "codex_version: 'latest'"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn config_loader_should_reject_zero_server_port() {
 
 #[test]
 fn config_loader_should_reject_invalid_desktop_profile_fields() {
-    assert_rejected(valid_config().replace("desktop_build: '5828'", "desktop_build: 'build'"));
+    assert_rejected(valid_config().replace("desktop_build: '6119'", "desktop_build: 'build'"));
 }
 
 fn assert_rejected(config: String) {

backend/crates/gateway-admin/Cargo.toml

@@ -26,9 +26,14 @@ subtle = "2.6.1"
 thiserror = "2.0.18"
 tracing = "0.1.44"
 uuid = { version = "1.23.3", features = ["v7"] }
+cron = "0.17"
+chrono-tz = "0.10"
+tokio = { version = "1.52", features = ["rt", "time", "macros"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["arbitrary_precision", "preserve_order"] }
+sha2 = "0.11"
+tempfile = "3"
 tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["macros", "rt"] }
 
 [lints]

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/backup/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//! 备份纯策略与 Worker 任务。
+
+pub mod policy;
+pub mod task;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/backup/policy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+//! 备份纯策略：Cron 推进与保留候选。
+//!
+//! 本模块不持有任何端口或对象，是 `BackupService` 与 `BackupTask` 共用的纯函数集。
+
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, TimeZone as _, Utc};
+use chrono_tz::Tz;
+use cron::Schedule;
+
+use crate::model::backup::{BackupError, BackupRecord, BackupStatus, code};
+
+/// 向历史回溯的最大范围（分钟）。覆盖 Feb 29 + 特定星期等罕见组合的最长间隔。
+const MAX_BACKDATE_MINUTES: i64 = 40 * 366 * 24 * 60;
+
+/// 已解析并校验的备份计划。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BackupSchedule {
+    schedule: Schedule,
+    timezone: Tz,
+}
+
+impl BackupSchedule {
+    /// 解析并校验 5 段 Cron 与 IANA 时区。
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Cron 非法或时区不是 IANA 名称时返回 [`BackupError`]。
+    pub fn parse(cron_expression: &str, schedule_timezone: &str) -> Result<Self, BackupError> {
+        let expression = format!("0 {cron_expression}");
+        let schedule = Schedule::from_str(&expression).map_err(|_| {
+            BackupError::new(code::INVALID_CRON, "Cron 表达式必须是 5 段格式".to_owned())
+        })?;
+        let timezone = schedule_timezone.parse::<Tz>().map_err(|_| {
+            BackupError::new(code::INVALID_TIMEZONE, "时区必须是 IANA 名称".to_owned())
+        })?;
+        Ok(Self { schedule, timezone })
+    }
+
+    /// 返回最接近 `at`（含 `at` 所在分钟）的最近一次触发时间。
+    ///
+    /// 若过去 `MAX_BACKDATE_MINUTES` 内没有任何触发（极罕见的稀疏计划或超长停机），
+    /// 返回 `None`，调用方不应为历史点补任务。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn last_firing_at_or_before(&self, at: DateTime<Utc>) -> Option<DateTime<Utc>> {
+        let high_min = at.timestamp().div_euclid(60);
+        let low_min = high_min.saturating_sub(MAX_BACKDATE_MINUTES);
+
+        // 检查窗口内是否存在触发；不存在则直接返回 None。
+        let low_instant = instant(low_min, self.timezone)?;
+        if self
+            .schedule
+            .after(&low_instant)
+            .next()
+            .is_none_or(|firing| firing.timestamp() > high_min * 60 + 59)
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // 二分查找最小的 u（分钟）使 after(u) > high；prev = after(u - 1 分钟)。
+        let mut lo = low_min;
+        let mut hi = high_min;
+        while lo < hi {
+            let mid = lo + (hi - lo) / 2;
+            if self
+                .firing_after(mid)
+                .is_some_and(|firing| firing > high_min)
+            {
+                hi = mid;
+            } else {
+                lo = mid + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        self.firing_after(lo - 1)
+            .filter(|&firing| firing <= high_min)
+            .and_then(|firing| Utc.timestamp_opt(firing * 60, 0).single())
+    }
+
+    /// 返回第一个严格晚于 `at` 的触发时间。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn next_after(&self, at: DateTime<Utc>) -> Option<DateTime<Utc>> {
+        let local = at.with_timezone(&self.timezone);
+        self.schedule
+            .after(&local)
+            .next()
+            .map(|firing| firing.with_timezone(&Utc))
+    }
+
+    /// `after(u 分钟)` 返回的第一个触发时间（分钟索引），用于二分搜索。
+    fn firing_after(&self, minute_index: i64) -> Option<i64> {
+        let instant = instant(minute_index, self.timezone)?;
+        self.schedule
+            .after(&instant)
+            .next()
+            .map(|firing| firing.timestamp().div_euclid(60))
+    }
+}
+
+/// 构造指定分钟索引（UTC epoch 分钟）在目标时区下的 `DateTime`。
+fn instant(minute_index: i64, timezone: Tz) -> Option<DateTime<Tz>> {
+    timezone.timestamp_opt(minute_index * 60, 0).single()
+}
+
+/// 一条记录被纳入删除流程的原因。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum RetentionReason {
+    /// 超过 `retention_days`。
+    Days,
+    /// 超过 `retention_count`。
+    Count,
+}
+
+/// 保留决策。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RetentionDecision {
+    pub record_id: String,
+    pub reason: RetentionReason,
+}
+
+/// 从按完成时间倒序的 completed 计划备份中决定纳入删除流程的记录。
+///
+/// 规则（`docs/s3-backup-design-audit.md` §4.4）：
+/// - `retentionDays = 0` 时不按天数清理；`retentionCount = 0` 时不按份数清理。
+/// - 自动计划备份满足任一启用阈值即可进入删除。
+/// - 无论阈值如何，至少保留最近一个成功的计划备份（倒序下标 0）。
+/// - 手动备份不受自动阈值影响；无 TTL，仅由管理员手动删除。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn decide_retention(
+    retention_days: u32,
+    retention_count: u32,
+    now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    scheduled_completed_desc: &[BackupRecord],
+) -> Vec<RetentionDecision> {
+    let mut decisions = Vec::new();
+    for (index, record) in scheduled_completed_desc.iter().enumerate() {
+        if record.status != BackupStatus::Completed {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // 最近一个成功的计划备份永远保留。
+        if index == 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let expired_by_days = retention_days > 0
+            && record.completed_at.is_some_and(|completed_at| {
+                completed_at <= now - Duration::days(i64::from(retention_days))
+            });
+        let exceeded_count =
+            retention_count > 0 && index >= usize::try_from(retention_count).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+        if expired_by_days || exceeded_count {
+            decisions.push(RetentionDecision {
+                record_id: record.id.clone(),
+                reason: if expired_by_days {
+                    RetentionReason::Days
+                } else {
+                    RetentionReason::Count
+                },
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    decisions
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/backup/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,602 @@
+//! Backup Worker 贡献：单个可取消 `DaemonTask` 承担调度、执行、删除收敛与保留清理。
+//!
+//! 当前部署边界是单副本，因此不需要 Redis lease、fencing token 或 heartbeat。长时间
+//! `pg_dump` 与上传由本 Daemon 自身持有；Host 只负责 panic 后重启、健康与关闭。
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use futures::future::BoxFuture;
+use gateway_core::{
+    engine::CancellationToken,
+    task::{DaemonTask, WorkerTaskError},
+};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use crate::{
+    model::backup::{
+        BackupError, BackupObjectMetadata, BackupRecord, BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig,
+        BackupTriggerKind, build_backup_seed, code,
+    },
+    ports::backup::{
+        BackupObjectStorePort, BackupRepository, DatabaseDumpPort, DumpRequest,
+        StatusTransitionUpdate, UploadObjectRequest,
+    },
+};
+
+impl From<BackupError> for WorkerTaskError {
+    fn from(error: BackupError) -> Self {
+        WorkerTaskError::safe(error.message())
+    }
+}
+
+use super::policy::{BackupSchedule, decide_retention};
+
+/// 循环间隔：管理员修改 Cron 后该时长内生效；无工作时可取消等待。
+const BACKUP_LOOP_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30);
+/// 每个循环最多执行的保留删除数量。
+const RETENTION_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 10;
+/// 保留扫描一次读取的 completed 计划备份上限。
+const RETENTION_SCAN_LIMIT: u32 = 1000;
+/// 每个循环最多完成的待删除记录数量。
+const PENDING_DELETION_BATCH: u32 = 20;
+
+/// 备份 Daemon 任务。
+pub struct BackupTask {
+    repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+    dump: Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort>,
+    object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+}
+
+impl BackupTask {
+    /// 组合仓储、导出器与对象存储适配器。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(
+        repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+        dump: Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort>,
+        object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository,
+            dump,
+            object_store,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DaemonTask for BackupTask {
+    fn run(&self, cancellation: CancellationToken) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<(), WorkerTaskError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move { self.run_daemon(cancellation).await })
+    }
+}
+
+impl BackupTask {
+    async fn run_daemon(&self, cancellation: CancellationToken) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        loop {
+            if cancellation.is_cancelled() {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            self.run_cycle(&cancellation).await?;
+
+            tokio::select! {
+                _ = cancellation.cancelled() => return Ok(()),
+                _ = tokio::time::sleep(BACKUP_LOOP_INTERVAL) => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 执行一个周期：推进计划、恢复中间态、删除收敛、领取执行一个任务、保留清理。
+    ///
+    /// 对外暴露以便集成测试逐周期驱动；daemon 循环内部复用。
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// 仓储或基础设施不可用、任务执行失败时返回 [`WorkerTaskError`]。
+    pub async fn run_cycle(&self, cancellation: &CancellationToken) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        if cancellation.is_cancelled() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        self.advance_schedule(Utc::now()).await?;
+        self.recover_intermediate(cancellation).await?;
+        self.finish_pending_deletions().await?;
+        self.process_next_task(cancellation).await?;
+        self.run_retention_batch(Utc::now()).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 推进到期计划并幂等插入 scheduled 任务。
+    async fn advance_schedule(&self, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        if !settings.schedule_enabled {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let cron = settings.cron_expression.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let timezone = settings.schedule_timezone.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        if cron.is_empty() || timezone.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let schedule = BackupSchedule::parse(cron, timezone)
+            .map_err(|_| WorkerTaskError::safe("backup schedule is invalid"))?;
+
+        let due = match settings.next_run_at {
+            Some(next_run_at) if next_run_at <= now => true,
+            Some(_) => false,
+            None => {
+                // 刚启用计划但尚无游标：直接初始化。
+                if let Some(next_run_at) = schedule.next_after(now) {
+                    let _ = self
+                        .repository
+                        .advance_schedule_cursor(next_run_at, cron, timezone)
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(repo_error)?;
+                }
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+        if !due {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let scheduled_at = match schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(now) {
+            Some(scheduled_at) => scheduled_at,
+            None => {
+                // 无法从计划推导最近到期时间：推进游标避免反复触发。
+                if let Some(next_run_at) = schedule.next_after(now) {
+                    let _ = self
+                        .repository
+                        .advance_schedule_cursor(next_run_at, cron, timezone)
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(repo_error)?;
+                }
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+        let prefix = settings.prefix.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let expires_at = if settings.retention_days > 0 {
+            Some(now + chrono::Duration::days(i64::from(settings.retention_days)))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let seed = build_backup_seed(
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            Some(scheduled_at),
+            prefix,
+            now,
+            expires_at,
+        )
+        .map_err(infra_error)?;
+        let inserted = self
+            .repository
+            .insert_scheduled_record(seed)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        if inserted {
+            info!(scheduled_at = %scheduled_at, "计划备份任务已创建");
+        } else {
+            warn!(scheduled_at = %scheduled_at, "计划时间点冲突，跳过并推进游标");
+        }
+        if let Some(next_run_at) = schedule.next_after(now) {
+            let _ = self
+                .repository
+                .advance_schedule_cursor(next_run_at, cron, timezone)
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 恢复中间状态（dumping/uploading/deleting）。
+    async fn recover_intermediate(
+        &self,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let records = self
+            .repository
+            .list_intermediate_records()
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        for record in records {
+            match record.status {
+                BackupStatus::Dumping => self.recover_dumping(&record, cancellation).await?,
+                BackupStatus::Uploading => self.recover_uploading(&record, cancellation).await?,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// dumping：有完整暂存则继续上传，否则清理暂存并标记失败。
+    async fn recover_dumping(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        match self.dump.inspect_staging(&record.id).await? {
+            Some(artifact) => {
+                let now = Utc::now();
+                let update = StatusTransitionUpdate {
+                    size_bytes: Some(artifact.size_bytes),
+                    sha256: Some(artifact.sha256.clone()),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                };
+                self.repository
+                    .transition_status(
+                        &record.id,
+                        BackupStatus::Dumping,
+                        BackupStatus::Uploading,
+                        update,
+                        now,
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(repo_error)?;
+                self.upload_and_verify(
+                    record,
+                    &artifact.path,
+                    artifact.size_bytes,
+                    &artifact.sha256,
+                    now,
+                    cancellation,
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+            None => {
+                let _ = self.dump.cleanup_staging(&record.id).await;
+                self.fail_task(record, code::PG_DUMP_FAILED, "导出进程中断，暂存归档不完整")
+                    .await?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// uploading：远端匹配则补记完成，有完整暂存则重试上传，否则失败。
+    async fn recover_uploading(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        if let Some(remote) = self
+            .object_store
+            .head_object(&config, &record.object_key)
+            .await?
+            && record.size_bytes == Some(remote.size_bytes)
+            && record.sha256.as_deref() == Some(remote.sha256.as_str())
+        {
+            let now = Utc::now();
+            self.repository
+                .transition_status(
+                    &record.id,
+                    BackupStatus::Uploading,
+                    BackupStatus::Completed,
+                    StatusTransitionUpdate::default(),
+                    now,
+                )
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?;
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        match self.dump.inspect_staging(&record.id).await? {
+            Some(artifact) => {
+                self.upload_and_verify(
+                    record,
+                    &artifact.path,
+                    artifact.size_bytes,
+                    &artifact.sha256,
+                    Utc::now(),
+                    cancellation,
+                )
+                .await
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.fail_task(
+                    record,
+                    code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED,
+                    "远端对象缺失且本地无完整暂存",
+                )
+                .await
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 完成待删除记录（deleting → DeleteObject → 硬删除）。
+    async fn finish_pending_deletions(&self) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        let records = self
+            .repository
+            .list_pending_deletions(PENDING_DELETION_BATCH)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        for record in records {
+            if self
+                .object_store
+                .delete_object(&config, &record.object_key)
+                .await
+                .is_ok()
+            {
+                self.repository
+                    .delete_record(&record.id)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(repo_error)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 领取一个 queued 任务并执行导出、上传与远端校验。
+    async fn process_next_task(
+        &self,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let Some(record) = self
+            .repository
+            .claim_next_queued(now)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?
+        else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        info!(
+            backup_id = %record.id,
+            attempt = record.attempt_count,
+            "领取备份任务"
+        );
+        if let Err(error) = self.execute_task(&record, cancellation).await {
+            warn!(backup_id = %record.id, error = %error, "备份任务执行失败");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 执行单个任务；内部处理全部状态迁移。
+    async fn execute_task(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        if BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings).is_none() {
+            return self
+                .fail_task(record, code::INVALID_CONFIG, "备份存储配置不完整")
+                .await;
+        }
+        if !settings.storage_verified() {
+            return self
+                .fail_task(record, code::INVALID_CONFIG, "备份存储配置尚未通过连接测试")
+                .await;
+        }
+
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let artifact = match self
+            .dump
+            .dump(DumpRequest {
+                backup_id: record.id.clone(),
+                cancellation: cancellation.clone(),
+            })
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(artifact) => artifact,
+            Err(error) => {
+                let (error_code, message) = classify_dump_error(error);
+                return self.fail_task(record, error_code, message).await;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // dumping → uploading，持久化 size/sha256。
+        let update = StatusTransitionUpdate {
+            size_bytes: Some(artifact.size_bytes),
+            sha256: Some(artifact.sha256.clone()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        self.repository
+            .transition_status(
+                &record.id,
+                BackupStatus::Dumping,
+                BackupStatus::Uploading,
+                update,
+                now,
+            )
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+
+        self.upload_and_verify(
+            record,
+            &artifact.path,
+            artifact.size_bytes,
+            &artifact.sha256,
+            now,
+            cancellation,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        let _ = self.dump.cleanup_staging(&record.id).await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 上传 + 远端校验，内部完成终态迁移。
+    async fn upload_and_verify(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        source: &std::path::Path,
+        size_bytes: u64,
+        sha256: &str,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        let store = self.object_store.clone();
+        let metadata =
+            BackupObjectMetadata::new(record.id.clone(), sha256.to_owned(), now, size_bytes);
+        if let Err(error) = store
+            .upload_file(
+                &config,
+                UploadObjectRequest {
+                    object_key: record.object_key.clone(),
+                    source: source.to_path_buf(),
+                    metadata,
+                    cancellation: cancellation.clone(),
+                },
+            )
+            .await
+        {
+            let _ = store.delete_object(&config, &record.object_key).await;
+            self.fail_task(record, error.code(), "上传到对象存储失败")
+                .await?;
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        match store.head_object(&config, &record.object_key).await {
+            Ok(Some(remote)) if remote.size_bytes == size_bytes && remote.sha256 == sha256 => {
+                if self
+                    .repository
+                    .transition_status(
+                        &record.id,
+                        BackupStatus::Uploading,
+                        BackupStatus::Completed,
+                        StatusTransitionUpdate::default(),
+                        Utc::now(),
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(repo_error)?
+                    .is_some()
+                {
+                    info!(
+                        backup_id = %record.id,
+                        size_bytes,
+                        "备份完成"
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(_) => {
+                let _ = store.delete_object(&config, &record.object_key).await;
+                self.fail_task(
+                    record,
+                    code::REMOTE_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
+                    "远端对象大小或校验值不一致",
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                let _ = store.delete_object(&config, &record.object_key).await;
+                self.fail_task(record, error.code(), "远端对象校验失败")
+                    .await?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 把活跃任务写入失败终态并清理暂存。
+    async fn fail_task(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        error_code: &'static str,
+        message: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let update = StatusTransitionUpdate {
+            error_code: Some(error_code.to_string()),
+            error_message: Some(message.into()),
+            completed_at: Some(now),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let _ = self
+            .repository
+            .transition_status(&record.id, record.status, BackupStatus::Failed, update, now)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let _ = self.dump.cleanup_staging(&record.id).await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 执行一小批到期保留清理：先处理 `expires_at` 已到期的记录，再按天数/份数清理计划备份。
+    async fn run_retention_batch(&self, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+
+        // 1. expires_at 已到期的记录（手动或计划）无条件进入删除。
+        let expired = self
+            .repository
+            .list_expired_records(RETENTION_BATCH_SIZE as u32)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        for record in expired {
+            let Some(record) = self
+                .repository
+                .transition_to_deleting(&record.id, now)
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            self.finalize_deletion(&record).await?;
+        }
+
+        // 2. 计划备份按 retentionDays / retentionCount 清理。
+        let records = self
+            .repository
+            .list_scheduled_completed_desc(RETENTION_SCAN_LIMIT)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let decisions = decide_retention(
+            settings.retention_days,
+            settings.retention_count,
+            now,
+            &records,
+        );
+        for decision in decisions.into_iter().take(RETENTION_BATCH_SIZE) {
+            let Some(record) = self
+                .repository
+                .transition_to_deleting(&decision.record_id, now)
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            self.finalize_deletion(&record).await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 对已进入 deleting 的记录执行对象删除并硬删除记录行。
+    async fn finalize_deletion(&self, record: &BackupRecord) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        if self
+            .object_store
+            .delete_object(&config, &record.object_key)
+            .await
+            .is_ok()
+        {
+            self.repository
+                .delete_record(&record.id)
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn classify_dump_error(error: BackupError) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
+    match error.code() {
+        code::CANCELLED => (code::CANCELLED, "备份已取消"),
+        code::STAGING_SPACE_EXHAUSTED => (code::STAGING_SPACE_EXHAUSTED, "暂存磁盘空间不足"),
+        _ => (code::PG_DUMP_FAILED, "数据库导出失败"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn repo_error(error: crate::ports::store::AdminStoreError) -> WorkerTaskError {
+    WorkerTaskError::safe(format!("backup store failed: {error}"))
+}
+
+fn infra_error(error: BackupError) -> WorkerTaskError {
+    WorkerTaskError::safe(error.message())
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,23 +2,28 @@
 //!
 //! 本 crate 不包含 HTTP wire、数据库实现或具体 Provider 实现。
 
-use std::{fmt, path::Path, sync::Arc};
+use std::{fmt, path::Path, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
 
 use gateway_core::{
     engine::probe::AccountProbe,
     routing::{ProviderKind, snapshot::SnapshotControl},
+    task::{
+        DaemonRestartPolicy, WorkerContribution, WorkerId, WorkerKind, WorkerRegistration,
+        WorkerRunnable,
+    },
 };
 use secrecy::{ExposeSecret as _, SecretString};
 use serde::Deserialize;
 
+pub mod backup;
 pub mod model;
 pub mod ports;
 mod use_case;
 
 pub use use_case::{
-    accounts::AccountsService, auth::AuthService, client_keys::ClientKeyService,
-    observability::ObservabilityService, openai::OpenAiService, settings::SettingsService,
-    system::SystemService, xai::XaiService,
+    accounts::AccountsService, auth::AuthService, backup::BackupService,
+    client_keys::ClientKeyService, observability::ObservabilityService, openai::OpenAiService,
+    settings::SettingsService, system::SystemService, xai::XaiService,
 };
 
 use model::{AdminError, AdminErrorKind};
@@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ use ports::{
     system::SystemOperations,
 };
 use use_case::{
-    accounts::DefaultAccountsService, auth::DefaultAuthService,
+    accounts::DefaultAccountsService, auth::DefaultAuthService, backup::DefaultBackupService,
     client_keys::DefaultClientKeyService, observability::DefaultObservabilityService,
     openai::DefaultOpenAiService, settings::DefaultSettingsService, system::DefaultSystemService,
     xai::DefaultXaiService,
@@ -48,6 +53,8 @@ const WEAK_INITIAL_PASSWORDS: &[&str] = &[
     "codex-proxy-rs",
 ];
 
+const BACKUP_WORKER_OWNER: &str = "backup";
+
 /// 只用于首次幂等创建默认管理员的启动密码。
 #[derive(Clone, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(transparent)]
@@ -146,6 +153,7 @@ pub struct AdminServices {
     system: Arc<dyn SystemService>,
     openai: Arc<dyn OpenAiService>,
     xai: Arc<dyn XaiService>,
+    backups: Arc<dyn BackupService>,
 }
 
 impl AdminServices {
@@ -188,11 +196,17 @@ impl AdminServices {
     pub fn xai(&self) -> &dyn XaiService {
         self.xai.as_ref()
     }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn backups(&self) -> &dyn BackupService {
+        self.backups.as_ref()
+    }
 }
 
 /// Admin 初始化完成后的封闭能力包。
 pub struct AdminBundle {
     services: AdminServices,
+    worker_contributions: Vec<WorkerContribution>,
 }
 
 impl AdminBundle {
@@ -200,6 +214,11 @@ impl AdminBundle {
     pub fn services(&self) -> AdminServices {
         self.services.clone()
     }
+
+    /// 取出 Backup Worker 贡献；只能调用一次，与其它 Bundle 的贡献一并交给 Host。
+    pub fn take_worker_contributions(&mut self) -> Vec<WorkerContribution> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.worker_contributions)
+    }
 }
 
 /// 校验配置、建立动态 Provider 注册表并完成默认管理员幂等初始化。
@@ -241,6 +260,18 @@ pub async fn initialize(
         snapshot.clone(),
         probe.clone(),
     ));
+    let backup_ports = store.backup();
+    let backups = Arc::new(DefaultBackupService::new(
+        backup_ports.repository(),
+        backup_ports.object_store(),
+        store.auth(),
+        snapshot.clone(),
+    ));
+    let backup_task = backup::task::BackupTask::new(
+        backup_ports.repository(),
+        backup_ports.dump(),
+        backup_ports.object_store(),
+    );
     let services = AdminServices {
         auth,
         accounts,
@@ -268,8 +299,32 @@ pub async fn initialize(
             store.accounts(),
             snapshot.clone(),
         )),
+        backups,
     };
-    Ok(AdminBundle { services })
+    let worker_contributions = backup_worker_contribution(backup_task)?;
+    Ok(AdminBundle {
+        services,
+        worker_contributions,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Backup Worker 注册：单个可取消 Daemon，owner 固定为 `backup`。
+fn backup_worker_contribution(
+    task: backup::task::BackupTask,
+) -> Result<Vec<WorkerContribution>, AdminError> {
+    let id = WorkerId::try_new(WorkerKind::Backup, BACKUP_WORKER_OWNER)
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Backup worker id is invalid"))?;
+    let restart = DaemonRestartPolicy::try_new(Duration::from_secs(1), Duration::from_secs(60))
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Backup worker restart policy is invalid"))?;
+    let registration = WorkerRegistration::try_new(
+        id,
+        WorkerRunnable::Daemon {
+            restart,
+            task: Box::new(task),
+        },
+    )
+    .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Backup worker registration is invalid"))?;
+    Ok(vec![WorkerContribution::Registration(registration)])
 }
 
 fn provider_kind(value: &'static str) -> Result<ProviderKind, AdminError> {

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/accounts.rs

@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@ pub use gateway_core::engine::credential::AccountAvailability;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum AccountStatus {
     Active,
-    Expired,
+    RateLimited,
     QuotaExhausted,
+    Expired,
+    Invalid,
     Disabled,
     Banned,
 }
@@ -75,8 +77,6 @@ pub struct AccountRecord {
     pub next_refresh_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub enabled: bool,
     pub availability: AccountAvailability,
-    pub availability_reason: Option<String>,
-    pub cooldown_until: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub availability_observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
     pub quota_observed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
@@ -169,6 +169,8 @@ pub struct AccountPage {
 }
 
 /// 统一账号目录的全局状态计数，不受当前筛选和分页影响。
+///
+/// 配额耗尽是可恢复状态，始终单列；`unavailable` 只包含过期、禁用和封禁账号。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct AccountSummary {
     pub total: u64,

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+//! S3 备份领域模型、状态机与稳定错误。
+//!
+//! 领域类型只携带事实，不承载基础设施细节。Secret 使用 [`secrecy::SecretString`]，
+//! 全流程不实现 `Serialize`，避免被错误地写入 wire 或日志。管理员身份等审计事实
+//! 只存在于 `admin_audit_events`，本模型不重复保存。
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use secrecy::SecretString;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use super::PageSize;
+
+/// 备份触发来源。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BackupTriggerKind {
+    Manual,
+    Scheduled,
+}
+
+impl BackupTriggerKind {
+    /// 稳定持久化值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Manual => "manual",
+            Self::Scheduled => "scheduled",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 解析持久化值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "manual" => Some(Self::Manual),
+            "scheduled" => Some(Self::Scheduled),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BackupTriggerKind {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str(self.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 备份任务状态机（六状态）。
+///
+/// 迁移 `backup_records_lifecycle_ck` 与字段空值语义共同定义合法持久化行；
+/// [`Self::allows_transition_to`] 只约束领域内的显式状态迁移，两层都必须满足。
+/// 删除成功后记录行被硬删除，因此不存在 `deleted` 终态。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum BackupStatus {
+    Queued,
+    Dumping,
+    Uploading,
+    Completed,
+    Failed,
+    Deleting,
+}
+
+impl BackupStatus {
+    /// 稳定持久化值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Queued => "queued",
+            Self::Dumping => "dumping",
+            Self::Uploading => "uploading",
+            Self::Completed => "completed",
+            Self::Failed => "failed",
+            Self::Deleting => "deleting",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 解析持久化值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "queued" => Some(Self::Queued),
+            "dumping" => Some(Self::Dumping),
+            "uploading" => Some(Self::Uploading),
+            "completed" => Some(Self::Completed),
+            "failed" => Some(Self::Failed),
+            "deleting" => Some(Self::Deleting),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 该状态是否消耗全局活跃名额。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn is_active(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Queued | Self::Dumping | Self::Uploading)
+    }
+
+    /// 该状态是否允许进入删除流程。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn can_be_deleted(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Completed | Self::Failed)
+    }
+
+    /// 领域内允许的显式迁移。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn allows_transition_to(self, target: BackupStatus) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            (self, target),
+            (Self::Queued, Self::Dumping)
+                | (Self::Queued, Self::Failed)
+                | (Self::Dumping, Self::Uploading)
+                | (Self::Dumping, Self::Failed)
+                | (Self::Uploading, Self::Completed)
+                | (Self::Uploading, Self::Failed)
+                | (Self::Completed, Self::Deleting)
+                | (Self::Failed, Self::Deleting)
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BackupStatus {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str(self.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+/// S3 存储配置更新命令；`secret_access_key` 为 `None` 表示保留旧值。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct UpdateBackupStorageCommand {
+    pub endpoint: String,
+    pub region: String,
+    pub bucket: String,
+    pub access_key_id: String,
+    pub secret_access_key: Option<SecretString>,
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for UpdateBackupStorageCommand {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("UpdateBackupStorageCommand")
+            .field("endpoint", &self.endpoint)
+            .field("region", &self.region)
+            .field("bucket", &self.bucket)
+            .field("access_key_id", &self.access_key_id)
+            .field("secret_access_key", &self.secret_access_key.is_some())
+            .field("prefix", &self.prefix)
+            .field("force_path_style", &self.force_path_style)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// 调度配置更新命令。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UpdateBackupScheduleCommand {
+    pub schedule_enabled: bool,
+    pub cron_expression: String,
+    pub schedule_timezone: String,
+    pub retention_days: u32,
+    pub retention_count: u32,
+}
+
+/// 完整保存的备份设置（含 Secret）。
+///
+/// 只从仓储读取；不实现 `Serialize`，防止 Secret 进入 wire 或日志。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BackupSettings {
+    pub storage_revision: u64,
+    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
+    pub region: Option<String>,
+    pub bucket: Option<String>,
+    pub access_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub secret_access_key: Option<SecretString>,
+    pub prefix: Option<String>,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+    pub schedule_enabled: bool,
+    pub cron_expression: Option<String>,
+    pub schedule_timezone: Option<String>,
+    pub retention_days: u32,
+    pub retention_count: u32,
+    pub next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub last_verified_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for BackupSettings {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("BackupSettings")
+            .field("storage_revision", &self.storage_revision)
+            .field("endpoint", &self.endpoint)
+            .field("region", &self.region)
+            .field("bucket", &self.bucket)
+            .field("access_key_id", &self.access_key_id)
+            .field("secret_access_key", &self.secret_access_key.is_some())
+            .field("prefix", &self.prefix)
+            .field("force_path_style", &self.force_path_style)
+            .field("schedule_enabled", &self.schedule_enabled)
+            .field("cron_expression", &self.cron_expression)
+            .field("schedule_timezone", &self.schedule_timezone)
+            .field("retention_days", &self.retention_days)
+            .field("retention_count", &self.retention_count)
+            .field("next_run_at", &self.next_run_at)
+            .field("last_verified_at", &self.last_verified_at)
+            .field("updated_at", &self.updated_at)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl BackupSettings {
+    /// S3 存储配置是否完整（bucket/region/密钥/前缀齐全）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn storage_configured(&self) -> bool {
+        self.endpoint.is_some()
+            && self.region.is_some()
+            && self.bucket.is_some()
+            && self.access_key_id.is_some()
+            && self.secret_access_key.is_some()
+            && self.prefix.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// 探测是否已对当前 revision 成功；`last_verified_at` 非空即表示当前配置已通过探针。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn storage_verified(&self) -> bool {
+        self.last_verified_at.is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+/// 已经校验并可用于对象存储操作的存储配置快照。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BackupStorageConfig {
+    pub storage_revision: u64,
+    pub endpoint: String,
+    pub region: String,
+    pub bucket: String,
+    pub access_key_id: String,
+    pub secret_access_key: SecretString,
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for BackupStorageConfig {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("BackupStorageConfig")
+            .field("storage_revision", &self.storage_revision)
+            .field("endpoint", &self.endpoint)
+            .field("region", &self.region)
+            .field("bucket", &self.bucket)
+            .field("access_key_id", &self.access_key_id)
+            .field("secret_access_key", &"[REDACTED]")
+            .field("prefix", &self.prefix)
+            .field("force_path_style", &self.force_path_style)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl BackupStorageConfig {
+    /// 从完整设置推导对象存储配置；设置不完整时返回 `None`。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_settings(settings: &BackupSettings) -> Option<Self> {
+        Some(Self {
+            storage_revision: settings.storage_revision,
+            endpoint: settings.endpoint.clone()?,
+            region: settings.region.clone()?,
+            bucket: settings.bucket.clone()?,
+            access_key_id: settings.access_key_id.clone()?,
+            secret_access_key: settings.secret_access_key.clone()?,
+            prefix: settings.prefix.clone()?,
+            force_path_style: settings.force_path_style,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// 一条备份记录。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupRecord {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind,
+    pub status: BackupStatus,
+    pub scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub object_key: String,
+    pub size_bytes: Option<u64>,
+    pub sha256: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_count: u32,
+    pub error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub error_message: Option<String>,
+    pub started_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    /// 手动过期时间；创建时确定，到期自动清理。
+    pub expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+/// 备份记录分页查询。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupRecordListQuery {
+    pub page: u32,
+    pub page_size: PageSize,
+    pub status: Option<BackupStatus>,
+    pub trigger: Option<BackupTriggerKind>,
+}
+
+/// 备份记录分页结果。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupRecordPage {
+    pub items: Vec<BackupRecord>,
+    pub total: u64,
+    pub page: u32,
+    pub page_size: PageSize,
+}
+
+impl BackupRecordPage {
+    /// 计算总页数；空集合视为一页。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn total_pages(&self) -> u32 {
+        let size = u64::from(self.page_size.get());
+        if self.total == 0 {
+            1
+        } else {
+            self.total.div_ceil(size).min(u64::from(u32::MAX)) as u32
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 创建备份任务的持久化数据；id 与对象 key 由领域生成。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupRecordSeed {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind,
+    pub scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub object_key: String,
+    pub expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+}
+
+/// 连接测试结果；只携带稳定阶段与脱敏消息。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ConnectionTestResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub stage: &'static str,
+    pub code: Option<&'static str>,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+/// 对象存储探测阶段。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ConnectionTestStage {
+    PutObject,
+    HeadObject,
+    GetObject,
+    DeleteObject,
+}
+
+impl ConnectionTestStage {
+    /// 稳定 wire 值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::PutObject => "putObject",
+            Self::HeadObject => "headObject",
+            Self::GetObject => "getObject",
+            Self::DeleteObject => "deleteObject",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 上传到对象存储并期望远端校验的归档 metadata。
+///
+/// `size_bytes` 在上传时不写入 metadata，但 `HeadObject` 会返回远端大小，
+/// 用于与本地归档校验一致。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupObjectMetadata {
+    pub backup_id: String,
+    pub sha256: String,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub size_bytes: u64,
+}
+
+impl BackupObjectMetadata {
+    /// 构造上传 metadata。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(
+        backup_id: String,
+        sha256: String,
+        created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        size_bytes: u64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            backup_id,
+            sha256,
+            created_at,
+            size_bytes,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 短时下载地址结果。
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DownloadUrlResult {
+    pub url: String,
+    pub file_name: String,
+    pub expires_in: std::time::Duration,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for DownloadUrlResult {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("DownloadUrlResult")
+            .field("url", &"[REDACTED]")
+            .field("file_name", &self.file_name)
+            .field("expires_in", &self.expires_in)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// 备份基础设施错误：只携带稳定错误码与脱敏消息。
+///
+/// 该类型不构成第二套 kind 枚举；`gateway-admin` 边界统一映射为既有
+/// `AdminErrorKind`。稳定 `error_code` 同时用于任务记录、日志与 UI。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("{message}")]
+pub struct BackupError {
+    code: &'static str,
+    message: String,
+}
+
+impl BackupError {
+    /// 构造基础设施错误。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(code: &'static str, message: String) -> Self {
+        Self { code, message }
+    }
+
+    /// 稳定错误码，例如 `backup.s3_auth_failed`。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn code(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.code
+    }
+
+    /// 脱敏后的可操作消息。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn message(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.message
+    }
+}
+
+/// 构造稳定错误码常量。
+pub mod code {
+    /// 配置或参数非法。
+    pub const INVALID_CONFIG: &str = "backup.invalid_config";
+    /// Cron 表达式非法。
+    pub const INVALID_CRON: &str = "backup.invalid_cron";
+    /// IANA 时区非法。
+    pub const INVALID_TIMEZONE: &str = "backup.invalid_timezone";
+    /// 记录不存在。
+    pub const RECORD_NOT_FOUND: &str = "backup.record_not_found";
+    /// 已存在活跃任务，拒绝创建。
+    pub const ACTIVE_TASK_CONFLICT: &str = "backup.active_task_conflict";
+    /// 记录状态与期望不符，无法迁移。
+    pub const STATE_CONFLICT: &str = "backup.state_conflict";
+    /// 已有记录时禁止切换存储目标。
+    pub const STORAGE_IDENTITY_LOCKED: &str = "backup.storage_identity_locked";
+    /// `pg_dump` 非零退出或失败。
+    pub const PG_DUMP_FAILED: &str = "backup.pg_dump_failed";
+    /// 暂存磁盘空间不足。
+    pub const STAGING_SPACE_EXHAUSTED: &str = "backup.staging_space_exhausted";
+    /// S3 认证失败。
+    pub const S3_AUTH_FAILED: &str = "backup.s3_auth_failed";
+    /// S3 权限拒绝。
+    pub const S3_PERMISSION_DENIED: &str = "backup.s3_permission_denied";
+    /// S3 上传失败。
+    pub const S3_UPLOAD_FAILED: &str = "backup.s3_upload_failed";
+    /// 远端对象校验失败。
+    pub const REMOTE_VERIFICATION_FAILED: &str = "backup.remote_verification_failed";
+    /// 任务被取消。
+    pub const CANCELLED: &str = "backup.cancelled";
+    /// 仓储或对象存储暂不可用。
+    pub const STORE_UNAVAILABLE: &str = "backup.store_unavailable";
+    /// 上游 S3 服务返回无效或失败响应。
+    pub const UPSTREAM_FAILURE: &str = "backup.upstream_failure";
+}
+
+/// 构建对象 key：`{prefix}/YYYY/MM/DD/codex-proxy-rs_{UTC seconds}_{backup id}.dump`。
+///
+/// 规范化规则：prefix 不得为空、不得以前导 `/` 开头、不得包含 `..`、反斜杠或控制字符；
+/// 输出统一使用 `/` 分隔且不含空段。
+pub fn build_object_key(
+    prefix: &str,
+    backup_id: &str,
+    at: DateTime<Utc>,
+) -> Result<String, BackupError> {
+    let prefix = normalize_prefix(prefix)?;
+    Ok(format!(
+        "{prefix}/{}/{:02}/{:02}/codex-proxy-rs_{}_{}.dump",
+        at.format("%Y"),
+        at.format("%m"),
+        at.format("%d"),
+        at.format("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S"),
+        short_backup_id(backup_id),
+    ))
+}
+
+/// 下载文件名：`codex-proxy-rs_{短 id}.dump`，与对象 key 的文件名一致。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn build_download_file_name(backup_id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("codex-proxy-rs_{}.dump", short_backup_id(backup_id))
+}
+
+/// 截取备份 id 的可读短标识：去掉 `backup_` 前缀，最多保留 8 位 hex。
+#[must_use]
+fn short_backup_id(backup_id: &str) -> String {
+    let hex = backup_id.strip_prefix("backup_").unwrap_or(backup_id);
+    hex.get(..8).unwrap_or(hex).to_owned()
+}
+
+/// 规范化并校验对象 prefix。
+///
+/// 返回去掉尾部 `/` 的规范 prefix；空串、前导 `/`、`..` 段、反斜杠和控制字符均拒绝。
+pub fn normalize_prefix(prefix: &str) -> Result<String, BackupError> {
+    if prefix.is_empty() || prefix.starts_with('/') {
+        return Err(BackupError::new(
+            code::INVALID_CONFIG,
+            "存储对象前缀必须非空且不能以前导 / 开头".to_owned(),
+        ));
+    }
+    if prefix.bytes().any(|byte| byte.is_ascii_control()) || prefix.contains('\\') {
+        return Err(BackupError::new(
+            code::INVALID_CONFIG,
+            "存储对象前缀包含非法字符".to_owned(),
+        ));
+    }
+    if prefix.split('/').any(|segment| segment == "..") {
+        return Err(BackupError::new(
+            code::INVALID_CONFIG,
+            "存储对象前缀不能包含 .. 路径段".to_owned(),
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(prefix.trim_end_matches('/').to_owned())
+}
+
+/// 生成新的备份记录 id。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn new_backup_id() -> String {
+    format!("backup_{}", Uuid::now_v7().simple())
+}
+
+/// 从触发类型与计划时间构造可持久化 seed；id 与对象 key 一次生成保持一致。
+pub fn build_backup_seed(
+    trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind,
+    scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    prefix: &str,
+    at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+) -> Result<BackupRecordSeed, BackupError> {
+    let id = new_backup_id();
+    let object_key = build_object_key(prefix, &id, at)?;
+    Ok(BackupRecordSeed {
+        id,
+        trigger_kind,
+        scheduled_at,
+        object_key,
+        expires_at,
+    })
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/mod.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU64};
 
 pub mod accounts;
 pub mod auth;
+pub mod backup;
 pub mod client_keys;
 pub mod observability;
 pub mod provider_credentials;
@@ -50,6 +51,11 @@ impl AdminError {
         Self::new(AdminErrorKind::Invalid, message)
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn bad_request(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(AdminErrorKind::Invalid, message)
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn not_found(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new(AdminErrorKind::NotFound, message)
@@ -60,6 +66,11 @@ impl AdminError {
         Self::new(AdminErrorKind::Conflict, message)
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn bad_gateway(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(AdminErrorKind::BadGateway, message)
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn unavailable(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new(AdminErrorKind::Unavailable, message)

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/observability.rs

@@ -204,42 +204,22 @@ impl DecimalAmount {
     /// 精确相加两个 `numeric(20,10)` 金额。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn checked_add(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Self> {
-        let sum = scaled_amount(&self.0)?.checked_add(scaled_amount(&other.0)?)?;
-        Self::from_scaled(sum)
+        Self::from_decimal(self.to_decimal()?.checked_add(other.to_decimal()?)?)
     }
 
     /// 将金额按非零请求数均分，保留最多十位小数。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn checked_div_u64(&self, divisor: u64) -> Option<Self> {
-        let divisor = u128::from(divisor);
-        (divisor != 0)
-            .then(|| scaled_amount(&self.0)?.checked_div(divisor))
-            .flatten()
-            .and_then(Self::from_scaled)
+        Self::from_decimal(self.to_decimal()?.checked_div_u64(divisor)?)
     }
 
-    fn from_scaled(value: u128) -> Option<Self> {
-        if value >= 10_u128.pow(20) {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let whole = value / 10_u128.pow(10);
-        let fraction = value % 10_u128.pow(10);
-        let value = if fraction == 0 {
-            whole.to_string()
-        } else {
-            format!("{whole}.{fraction:010}")
-                .trim_end_matches('0')
-                .to_owned()
-        };
-        Some(Self(value))
+    fn to_decimal(&self) -> Option<gateway_core::accounting::Decimal> {
+        self.0.parse().ok()
     }
-}
 
-fn scaled_amount(value: &str) -> Option<u128> {
-    let (whole, fraction) = value.split_once('.').unwrap_or((value, ""));
-    let whole = whole.parse::<u128>().ok()?;
-    let fraction = format!("{fraction:0<10}").parse::<u128>().ok()?;
-    whole.checked_mul(10_u128.pow(10))?.checked_add(fraction)
+    fn from_decimal(value: gateway_core::accounting::Decimal) -> Option<Self> {
+        Some(Self(value.canonical()))
+    }
 }
 
 impl FromStr for DecimalAmount {
@@ -460,13 +440,20 @@ pub struct RequestMetricPoint {
 }
 
 /// 账号池容量统计。
+///
+/// 首页概览的 `unavailable` 表示不可参与调度，包含配额耗尽及过期、禁用和封禁账号。
+///
+/// `quota_exhausted`（402 确认耗尽）与 `rate_limited`（429 限流中）单列，
+/// 以便状态详情展示和诊断。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct AccountPoolMetrics {
     pub total: u64,
     pub enabled: u64,
     pub unavailable: u64,
     pub active: u64,
+    pub rate_limited: u64,
     pub expired: u64,
+    pub invalid: u64,
     pub quota_exhausted: u64,
     pub refreshing: Option<u64>,
     pub disabled: u64,
@@ -645,6 +632,9 @@ pub struct UsageAttempt {
     pub operation: String,
     pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
     pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_authentication_kind: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_model_id: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_send_state: Option<String>,
@@ -705,6 +695,7 @@ pub struct UsageSummary {
 /// 单个诊断维度值的聚合结果。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct DiagnosticObservation {
+    pub key: String,
     pub name: String,
     pub request_count: u64,
     pub success_count: u64,
@@ -712,6 +703,7 @@ pub struct DiagnosticObservation {
     pub attempt_count: u64,
     pub total_tokens: u64,
     pub average_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<u64>,
     pub cost_coverage: CostCoverage,
     pub costs: Vec<CurrencyCost>,
 }
@@ -726,8 +718,12 @@ pub struct OpsError {
     pub client_api_key_ref: Option<String>,
     pub component: String,
     pub operation: String,
+    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
     pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
     pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_authentication_kind: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_model_id: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
     pub failure_kind: String,
@@ -1021,6 +1017,7 @@ pub struct UsageInsights {
 /// 已完成分母计算的诊断项。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct DiagnosticsItem {
+    pub key: String,
     pub name: String,
     pub request_count: u64,
     pub success_count: u64,
@@ -1028,6 +1025,7 @@ pub struct DiagnosticsItem {
     pub error_rate: f64,
     pub request_share: f64,
     pub average_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<u64>,
     pub estimated_cost: Option<DecimalAmount>,
     pub attempt_count: u64,
     pub total_tokens: u64,

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/provider_credentials.rs

@@ -153,8 +153,6 @@ pub struct PreparedCredentialCreate {
     pub next_refresh_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub enabled: bool,
     pub availability: AccountAvailability,
-    pub availability_reason: Option<String>,
-    pub cooldown_until: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub availability_observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
 }
 
@@ -573,6 +571,7 @@ pub struct ProviderQuotaWindow {
     pub window_seconds: Option<u64>,
     pub used_percent: Option<f64>,
     pub reset_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub limit_reached: bool,
     pub local_usage: Option<AccountUsage>,
     pub provider_data: Option<ProviderDocument>,
 }
@@ -591,6 +590,8 @@ pub struct ProviderQuota {
     pub observed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub refresh_token_expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub windows: Vec<ProviderQuotaWindow>,
+    /// 快照级限流事实（顶层或任一窗口触顶）；Admin 状态派生用，前端不再遍历窗口猜测。
+    pub limit_reached: bool,
     pub provider_data: Option<ProviderDocument>,
 }
 

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/settings.rs

@@ -11,14 +11,8 @@ use super::Revision;
 /// 客户端模型到上游模型的全局精确映射。
 pub type ModelMappings = BTreeMap<PublicModelId, UpstreamModelId>;
 
-/// 账号调度策略。
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum RotationStrategy {
-    Smart,
-    QuotaResetPriority,
-    RoundRobin,
-    Sticky,
-}
+/// 账号调度策略；由 Core 拥有稳定值与 wire 映射。
+pub use gateway_core::engine::credential::RotationStrategy;
 
 /// 完整运行设置事实。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/ports/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+//! 备份控制面所需的持久化与基础设施能力。
+//!
+//! 端口方法只接受/返回领域类型与既有错误体系：`BackupRepository` 复用
+//! `AdminStoreError`；`DatabaseDumpPort` 与 `BackupObjectStorePort` 返回只携带稳定
+//! 错误码的 [`BackupError`]。`gateway-store` 实现全部端口；`gateway-admin` 拥有
+//! 状态机、Cron、保留策略与 BackupTask 算法。
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+
+use crate::model::Revision;
+use crate::model::{
+    MutationContext,
+    backup::{
+        BackupError, BackupObjectMetadata, BackupRecord, BackupRecordListQuery, BackupRecordPage,
+        BackupRecordSeed, BackupSettings, BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig, ConnectionTestResult,
+        UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+    },
+};
+use crate::ports::store::AdminStoreResult;
+
+/// Worker 状态迁移携带的字段更新；`None` 字段不写入。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct StatusTransitionUpdate {
+    pub size_bytes: Option<u64>,
+    pub sha256: Option<String>,
+    pub error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub error_message: Option<String>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+}
+
+/// 备份配置、任务与计划游标的 PostgreSQL 仓储端口。
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait BackupRepository: Send + Sync {
+    /// 读取完整设置（含 Secret）。
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings>;
+
+    /// 同事务更新 S3 存储配置、递增 revision、清空验证状态并写审计事件。
+    ///
+    /// 已有记录时禁止切换 endpoint/region/bucket/path-style（存储身份锁定）。
+    /// 返回更新后的设置与新的全局 `config_revision`。
+    async fn update_storage_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<(BackupSettings, Revision)>;
+
+    /// 同事务更新调度配置、推进计划游标并写审计事件。
+    async fn update_schedule_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+        next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings>;
+
+    /// CAS 记录探针成功；`storage_revision` 与当前配置不一致时丢弃结果（返回 `false`）。
+    async fn record_verification(
+        &self,
+        storage_revision: u64,
+        at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool>;
+
+    /// 插入 queued 任务；存在活跃任务时返回 `backup.active_task_conflict`。
+    async fn insert_backup_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord>;
+
+    /// 幂等插入 scheduled 任务；同一时间点或活跃冲突时返回 `false`（调用方推进游标即可）。
+    async fn insert_scheduled_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<bool>;
+
+    /// 分页查询记录。
+    async fn list_backup_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecordPage>;
+
+    /// 读取单条记录。
+    async fn load_backup_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 读取中间状态记录（dumping/uploading），供启动恢复。
+    async fn list_intermediate_records(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 读取等待完成墓碑的记录（status = deleting）。
+    async fn list_pending_deletions(&self, limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 读取 `expires_at` 已到期且非活跃的记录（completed/failed），供保留清理。
+    async fn list_expired_records(&self, limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 原子领取最旧的 queued 任务并迁移到 dumping；无任务返回 `None`。
+    async fn claim_next_queued(&self, now: DateTime<Utc>)
+    -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 条件迁移状态：要求当前状态一致；不匹配返回 `None`。
+    async fn transition_status(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        from: BackupStatus,
+        to: BackupStatus,
+        update: StatusTransitionUpdate,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 迁移到删除流程（completed/failed → deleting）；供管理员与保留策略调用。
+    async fn transition_to_deleting(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 远端删除成功后硬删除记录行。
+    async fn delete_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<()>;
+
+    /// 条件推进计划游标；仅当计划表达式和时区仍是 `expected_*` 时才写入，返回是否推进。
+    async fn advance_schedule_cursor(
+        &self,
+        next_run_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        expected_cron: &str,
+        expected_timezone: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool>;
+
+    /// 按完成时间倒序读取 completed 计划备份，供保留策略扫描（最多 `limit` 条）。
+    async fn list_scheduled_completed_desc(
+        &self,
+        limit: u32,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>>;
+}
+
+/// `pg_dump` 导出与本地暂存端口。
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait DatabaseDumpPort: Send + Sync {
+    /// 创建归档；完成后原子落盘。取消时终止子进程并清理部分文件。
+    async fn dump(&self, request: DumpRequest) -> Result<DumpArtifact, BackupError>;
+
+    /// 检查暂存目录是否存在完整归档。
+    async fn inspect_staging(&self, backup_id: &str)
+    -> Result<Option<StagedArtifact>, BackupError>;
+
+    /// 清理暂存目录中该备份的全部文件。
+    async fn cleanup_staging(&self, backup_id: &str) -> Result<(), BackupError>;
+}
+
+/// 一次 `pg_dump` 请求。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct DumpRequest {
+    pub backup_id: String,
+    pub cancellation: gateway_core::engine::CancellationToken,
+}
+
+/// 已完成并落盘的归档事实。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DumpArtifact {
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+    pub size_bytes: u64,
+    pub sha256: String,
+}
+
+/// 暂存目录中已存在的完整归档。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct StagedArtifact {
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+    pub size_bytes: u64,
+    pub sha256: String,
+}
+
+/// S3 兼容对象存储适配器端口。
+///
+/// 方法接受已经校验的存储配置；SDK client 的构造与缓存属于 adapter 实现细节。
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait BackupObjectStorePort: Send + Sync {
+    /// 对专用探针对象执行 Put/Head/Get/Delete。
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, BackupError>;
+
+    /// 分片流式上传本地归档；取消时中止 multipart 并返回 `backup.cancelled`。
+    async fn upload_file(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        request: UploadObjectRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError>;
+
+    /// 读取对象大小与 metadata；对象不存在返回 `Ok(None)`。
+    async fn head_object(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<BackupObjectMetadata>, BackupError>;
+
+    /// 删除对象；对象不存在视为成功。
+    async fn delete_object(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError>;
+
+    /// 创建短时预签名下载 URL。
+    async fn presigned_download(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+        file_name: &str,
+        ttl: Duration,
+    ) -> Result<String, BackupError>;
+}
+
+/// 一次对象上传请求。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct UploadObjectRequest {
+    pub object_key: String,
+    pub source: PathBuf,
+    pub metadata: BackupObjectMetadata,
+    pub cancellation: gateway_core::engine::CancellationToken,
+}
+
+/// 备份控制面所需的全部 Store 能力集合。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BackupStorePorts {
+    repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+    dump: Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort>,
+    object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+}
+
+impl BackupStorePorts {
+    /// 组合备份端口。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(
+        repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+        dump: Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort>,
+        object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository,
+            dump,
+            object_store,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 备份任务/配置仓储。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn repository(&self) -> Arc<dyn BackupRepository> {
+        self.repository.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// `pg_dump` 导出与暂存。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn dump(&self) -> Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort> {
+        self.dump.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// S3/R2 对象存储适配器。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn object_store(&self) -> Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort> {
+        self.object_store.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// 测试与不可用路径使用的空实现；任何调用都返回不可用错误。
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn disabled() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository: Arc::new(UnavailableBackupRepository),
+            dump: Arc::new(UnavailableDumpPort),
+            object_store: Arc::new(UnavailableObjectStore),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct UnavailableBackupRepository;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupRepository for UnavailableBackupRepository {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn update_storage_settings(
+        &self,
+        _command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        _context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<(BackupSettings, Revision)> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn update_schedule_settings(
+        &self,
+        _command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+        _next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+        _context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn record_verification(
+        &self,
+        _storage_revision: u64,
+        _at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn insert_backup_record(
+        &self,
+        _seed: BackupRecordSeed,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn insert_scheduled_record(&self, _seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_backup_records(
+        &self,
+        _query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecordPage> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn load_backup_record(&self, _id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_intermediate_records(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_pending_deletions(&self, _limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_expired_records(&self, _limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn claim_next_queued(
+        &self,
+        _now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn transition_status(
+        &self,
+        _id: &str,
+        _from: BackupStatus,
+        _to: BackupStatus,
+        _update: StatusTransitionUpdate,
+        _now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn transition_to_deleting(
+        &self,
+        _id: &str,
+        _now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn delete_record(&self, _id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn advance_schedule_cursor(
+        &self,
+        _next_run_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        _expected_cron: &str,
+        _expected_timezone: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_scheduled_completed_desc(
+        &self,
+        _limit: u32,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+}
+
+struct UnavailableDumpPort;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl DatabaseDumpPort for UnavailableDumpPort {
+    async fn dump(&self, _request: DumpRequest) -> Result<DumpArtifact, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn inspect_staging(
+        &self,
+        _backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<StagedArtifact>, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn cleanup_staging(&self, _backup_id: &str) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+}
+
+struct UnavailableObjectStore;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupObjectStorePort for UnavailableObjectStore {
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn upload_file(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        _request: UploadObjectRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn head_object(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        _object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<BackupObjectMetadata>, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn delete_object(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        _object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn presigned_download(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        _object_key: &str,
+        _file_name: &str,
+        _ttl: std::time::Duration,
+    ) -> Result<String, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+}
+
+fn disabled_store() -> crate::ports::store::AdminStoreError {
+    crate::ports::store::AdminStoreError::new(
+        crate::ports::store::AdminStoreErrorKind::Unavailable,
+        "backup",
+        "backup store is disabled in this configuration",
+    )
+}
+
+fn disabled_infra() -> BackupError {
+    BackupError::new(
+        crate::model::backup::code::STORE_UNAVAILABLE,
+        "backup infrastructure is disabled in this configuration".to_owned(),
+    )
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/ports/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! 管理用例依赖的外部能力端口。
 
+pub mod backup;
 pub mod provider;
 pub mod store;
 pub mod system;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/ports/store.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 
+use super::backup::BackupStorePorts;
 use crate::model::{
     MutationContext, Revision,
     accounts::{
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ pub struct AdminStorePorts {
     client_keys: Arc<dyn ClientKeyStore>,
     observability: Arc<dyn ObservabilityStore>,
     settings: Arc<dyn SettingsStore>,
+    backup: BackupStorePorts,
 }
 
 impl AdminStorePorts {
@@ -310,6 +312,7 @@ impl AdminStorePorts {
         client_keys: Arc<dyn ClientKeyStore>,
         observability: Arc<dyn ObservabilityStore>,
         settings: Arc<dyn SettingsStore>,
+        backup: BackupStorePorts,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             accounts,
@@ -317,6 +320,7 @@ impl AdminStorePorts {
             client_keys,
             observability,
             settings,
+            backup,
         }
     }
 
@@ -344,4 +348,9 @@ impl AdminStorePorts {
     pub fn settings(&self) -> Arc<dyn SettingsStore> {
         self.settings.clone()
     }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn backup(&self) -> BackupStorePorts {
+        self.backup.clone()
+    }
 }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/accounts.rs

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ impl DefaultAccountsService {
         )
         .await?;
         Ok(AccountDirectoryItem {
-            status: account_status(&account, now),
+            status: account_status(&account, quota.limit_reached, now),
             usage: usage.into_iter().next(),
             account,
             quota,
@@ -260,18 +260,37 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
         let mut quotas = futures::future::join_all(page.items.iter().map(|account| async {
             let account_id = ProviderAccountId::new(account.id.clone())
                 .map_err(|_| AdminError::invalid("Invalid provider account ID"))?;
-            let provider = self
-                .providers
-                .require(&account.provider_kind)
-                .map_err(|error| map_provider_error(error, "provider quota"))?;
-            provider
+            // 单个账号的 quota 投影失败（Provider 未注册或 quota 读取失败）不拖垮整页：
+            // 该账号降级为空额度投影，其余账号与页面状态照常返回。
+            let provider = match self.providers.require(&account.provider_kind) {
+                Ok(provider) => provider,
+                Err(error) => {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        account_id = %account.id,
+                        error = %error,
+                        "account directory provider is not registered; showing empty quota"
+                    );
+                    return Ok(empty_quota());
+                }
+            };
+            match provider
                 .quota(ProviderQuotaRequest {
                     account_id,
                     refresh: false,
                     rolling_usage: rolling_usage.get(&account.id).cloned(),
                 })
                 .await
-                .map_err(|error| map_provider_error(error, "provider quota"))
+            {
+                Ok(quota) => Ok(quota),
+                Err(error) => {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        account_id = %account.id,
+                        error = %error,
+                        "account directory quota projection failed; showing empty quota"
+                    );
+                    Ok(empty_quota())
+                }
+            }
         }))
         .await
         .into_iter()
@@ -283,7 +302,7 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
             .into_iter()
             .zip(quotas)
             .map(|(account, quota)| AccountDirectoryItem {
-                status: account_status(&account, now),
+                status: account_status(&account, quota.limit_reached, now),
                 usage: usage.get(&account.id).cloned(),
                 account,
                 quota,
@@ -407,7 +426,7 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
         upstream_model: UpstreamModelId,
     ) -> Result<AccountConnectionTestEventStream, AdminError> {
         let (account, provider) = self.provider_for_account(&account_id).await?;
-        let initial_status = account_status(&account, Utc::now());
+        let initial_status = account_status(&account, false, Utc::now());
         let model = upstream_model.as_str().to_owned();
         let operation = provider
             .connection_test_operation(&upstream_model, CONNECTION_TEST_INPUT)
@@ -441,7 +460,7 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
                 .ok()
                 .flatten()
                 .map_or(initial_status, |account| {
-                    account_status(&account, Utc::now())
+                    account_status(&account, false, Utc::now())
                 });
             match result {
                 Ok(result) => result
@@ -486,26 +505,47 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
     }
 }
 
-fn account_status(account: &AccountRecord, now: chrono::DateTime<Utc>) -> AccountStatus {
+/// 账号目录中单个账号 quota 读取失败时使用的空额度投影。
+fn empty_quota() -> ProviderQuota {
+    ProviderQuota {
+        observed_at: None,
+        refresh_token_expires_at: None,
+        windows: Vec::new(),
+        limit_reached: false,
+        provider_data: None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 互斥页面状态：availability 终态优先，quota 快照级 `limit_reached` 派生
+/// `rate_limited`，`Unknown` 保守映射 `invalid`（不可调度，不显示为 active）。
+fn account_status(
+    account: &AccountRecord,
+    quota_limit_reached: bool,
+    now: chrono::DateTime<Utc>,
+) -> AccountStatus {
     if !account.enabled {
         AccountStatus::Disabled
     } else if account.availability == crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Banned {
         AccountStatus::Banned
-    } else if account.availability == crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted
-        || (account.availability == crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Cooldown
-            && account.availability_reason.as_deref() == Some("usage_limit_exhausted")
-            && account.cooldown_until.is_none_or(|until| until > now))
-    {
+    } else if account.availability == crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted {
         AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted
+    } else if matches!(
+        account.availability,
+        crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Invalid
+    ) {
+        AccountStatus::Invalid
     } else if matches!(
         account.availability,
         crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Expired
-            | crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Invalid
     ) || account
         .access_token_expires_at
         .is_some_and(|expires_at| expires_at <= now)
     {
         AccountStatus::Expired
+    } else if quota_limit_reached {
+        AccountStatus::RateLimited
+    } else if account.availability == crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Unknown {
+        AccountStatus::Invalid
     } else {
         AccountStatus::Active
     }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+//! 备份配置、手动创建、下载与删除用例。
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use gateway_core::routing::snapshot::SnapshotControl;
+use secrecy::ExposeSecret as _;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use crate::model::{
+    AdminError, AdminErrorKind, MutationContext,
+    auth::{AdminAuditEvent, AuditActorKind},
+    backup::{
+        BackupError, BackupRecord, BackupRecordListQuery, BackupRecordPage, BackupSettings,
+        BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig, BackupTriggerKind, ConnectionTestResult,
+        DownloadUrlResult, UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        build_backup_seed, code,
+    },
+};
+use crate::ports::{
+    backup::{BackupObjectStorePort, BackupRepository},
+    store::AuthStore,
+};
+
+use super::map_store_error;
+
+/// 默认下载地址有效期。
+const DOWNLOAD_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5 * 60);
+
+/// API 消费的备份管理服务。
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait BackupService: Send + Sync {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn update_storage(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+    ) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn update_schedule(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+    ) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn create_backup(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn list_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecordPage, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn download_url(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<DownloadUrlResult, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn delete_backup(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError>;
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct DefaultBackupService {
+    repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+    object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+    auth: Arc<dyn AuthStore>,
+    snapshot: Arc<dyn SnapshotControl>,
+}
+
+impl DefaultBackupService {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+        object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+        auth: Arc<dyn AuthStore>,
+        snapshot: Arc<dyn SnapshotControl>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository,
+            object_store,
+            auth,
+            snapshot,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupService for DefaultBackupService {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError> {
+        self.repository
+            .load_settings()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))
+    }
+
+    async fn update_storage(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+    ) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError> {
+        validate_storage(&command)?;
+        let (settings, revision) = self
+            .repository
+            .update_storage_settings(command, context)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup storage"))?;
+        super::publish_committed(self.snapshot.as_ref(), revision).await?;
+        Ok(settings)
+    }
+
+    async fn update_schedule(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+    ) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError> {
+        validate_schedule(&command)?;
+        let next_run_at = if command.schedule_enabled {
+            Some(
+                crate::backup::policy::BackupSchedule::parse(
+                    &command.cron_expression,
+                    &command.schedule_timezone,
+                )
+                .map_err(map_backup_error)?
+                .next_after(Utc::now())
+                .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::bad_request("无法从计划推导下次执行时间"))?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        self.repository
+            .update_schedule_settings(command, next_run_at, context)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup schedule"))
+    }
+
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, AdminError> {
+        let settings = self
+            .repository
+            .load_settings()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(ConnectionTestResult {
+                ok: false,
+                stage: "putObject",
+                code: Some(code::INVALID_CONFIG),
+                message: "备份存储配置不完整，无法执行连接测试".to_owned(),
+            });
+        };
+        let result = self
+            .object_store
+            .test_connection(&config)
+            .await
+            .map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+        if result.ok {
+            let _ = self
+                .repository
+                .record_verification(config.storage_revision, Utc::now())
+                .await
+                .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))?;
+        }
+        self.append_audit(
+            context,
+            "backup.s3_connection_tested",
+            "backup_settings",
+            vec![],
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    async fn create_backup(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError> {
+        let settings = self
+            .repository
+            .load_settings()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))?;
+        if !settings.storage_configured() {
+            return Err(AdminError::bad_request(
+                "备份存储配置不完整，请先保存存储配置",
+            ));
+        }
+        if !settings.storage_verified() {
+            return Err(AdminError::bad_request(
+                "备份存储尚未通过连接测试，请先测试存储配置",
+            ));
+        }
+        let prefix = settings.prefix.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let seed = build_backup_seed(
+            BackupTriggerKind::Manual,
+            None,
+            prefix,
+            Utc::now(),
+            expires_at,
+        )
+        .map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+        let record = self
+            .repository
+            .insert_backup_record(seed)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup record"))?;
+        self.append_audit(context, "backup.created", "backup", vec![record.id.clone()])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(record)
+    }
+
+    async fn list_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecordPage, AdminError> {
+        self.repository
+            .list_backup_records(query)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup records"))
+    }
+
+    async fn download_url(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<DownloadUrlResult, AdminError> {
+        let record = self.require_record(backup_id).await?;
+        if record.status != BackupStatus::Completed {
+            return Err(AdminError::conflict(
+                "只有 completed 的备份才能创建下载地址",
+            ));
+        }
+        let settings = self
+            .repository
+            .load_settings()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Err(AdminError::bad_request("备份存储配置不完整"));
+        };
+        let file_name = crate::model::backup::build_download_file_name(backup_id);
+        let url = self
+            .object_store
+            .presigned_download(&config, &record.object_key, &file_name, DOWNLOAD_TTL)
+            .await
+            .map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+        self.append_audit(
+            context,
+            "backup.download_url_created",
+            "backup",
+            vec![backup_id.to_owned()],
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(DownloadUrlResult {
+            url,
+            file_name,
+            expires_in: DOWNLOAD_TTL,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_backup(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError> {
+        let record = self.require_record(backup_id).await?;
+        if !record.status.can_be_deleted() {
+            return Err(AdminError::conflict(
+                "只有 completed 或 failed 的备份才能删除",
+            ));
+        }
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let deleting = self
+            .repository
+            .transition_to_deleting(backup_id, now)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup record"))?
+            .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::conflict("备份记录已进入删除流程"))?;
+        self.append_audit(
+            context,
+            "backup.delete_requested",
+            "backup",
+            vec![backup_id.to_owned()],
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(deleting)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DefaultBackupService {
+    async fn require_record(&self, backup_id: &str) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError> {
+        self.repository
+            .load_backup_record(backup_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup record"))?
+            .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::not_found("备份记录不存在"))
+    }
+
+    async fn append_audit(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        action: &str,
+        entity_ref: &str,
+        changed_fields: Vec<String>,
+    ) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+        let actor_kind = match context.actor {
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminSession { .. } => AuditActorKind::AdminSession,
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminApiKey => AuditActorKind::AdminApiKey,
+            crate::model::MutationActor::System => AuditActorKind::System,
+        };
+        let actor_ref = match &context.actor {
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminSession { admin_user_id } => admin_user_id.clone(),
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminApiKey => "admin_api_key".to_owned(),
+            crate::model::MutationActor::System => "system".to_owned(),
+        };
+        let actor_admin_user_id = match &context.actor {
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminSession { admin_user_id } => {
+                Some(admin_user_id.clone())
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let event = AdminAuditEvent {
+            id: format!("audit_{}", Uuid::now_v7().simple()),
+            actor_kind,
+            actor_admin_user_id,
+            actor_ref,
+            request_id: Some(context.request_id.clone()),
+            action: action.to_owned(),
+            entity_kind: "backup".to_owned(),
+            entity_ref: entity_ref.to_owned(),
+            config_revision: None,
+            changed_fields,
+            occurred_at: Utc::now(),
+        };
+        self.auth
+            .append_audit_event(event)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup audit"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// 校验存储配置；空串视为非法，Secret 缺省表示保留旧值。
+fn validate_storage(command: &UpdateBackupStorageCommand) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    validate_endpoint(&command.endpoint)?;
+    validate_nonempty("region", &command.region)?;
+    validate_nonempty("bucket", &command.bucket)?;
+    validate_nonempty("accessKeyId", &command.access_key_id)?;
+    if let Some(secret) = command.secret_access_key.as_ref() {
+        let value = secret.expose_secret();
+        if value.is_empty() {
+            return Err(AdminError::bad_request(
+                "secretAccessKey 不能为空字符串；缺省表示保留旧值",
+            ));
+        }
+        validate_length("secretAccessKey", value, 512)?;
+    }
+    crate::model::backup::normalize_prefix(&command.prefix).map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_endpoint(value: &str) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request("endpoint 不能为空"));
+    }
+    if !value.starts_with("https://") {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request(
+            "endpoint 必须使用 HTTPS；仅测试或显式开发配置允许 HTTP",
+        ));
+    }
+    if value.contains('@') || value.bytes().any(|byte| byte.is_ascii_control()) {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request("endpoint 格式非法"));
+    }
+    validate_length("endpoint", value, 2048)
+}
+
+fn validate_nonempty(field: &str, value: &str) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request(format!("{field} 不能为空")));
+    }
+    validate_length(field, value, 255)
+}
+
+fn validate_length(field: &str, value: &str, max: usize) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    if value.len() > max || value.bytes().any(|byte| byte.is_ascii_control()) {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request(format!(
+            "{field} 超出长度或包含非法字符"
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 校验调度配置并解析 Cron 与时区。
+fn validate_schedule(command: &UpdateBackupScheduleCommand) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    if command.cron_expression.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request("cronExpression 不能为空"));
+    }
+    crate::backup::policy::BackupSchedule::parse(
+        &command.cron_expression,
+        &command.schedule_timezone,
+    )
+    .map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 备份基础设施错误到既有 `AdminErrorKind` 的唯一边界映射。
+fn map_backup_error(error: BackupError) -> AdminError {
+    match error.code() {
+        code::INVALID_CONFIG | code::INVALID_CRON | code::INVALID_TIMEZONE => {
+            AdminError::bad_request(error.message().to_owned())
+        }
+        code::RECORD_NOT_FOUND => AdminError::not_found(error.message().to_owned()),
+        code::ACTIVE_TASK_CONFLICT | code::STATE_CONFLICT | code::STORAGE_IDENTITY_LOCKED => {
+            AdminError::conflict(error.message().to_owned())
+        }
+        code::STORE_UNAVAILABLE => {
+            AdminError::new(AdminErrorKind::Unavailable, error.message().to_owned())
+        }
+        _ => AdminError::bad_gateway(error.message().to_owned()),
+    }
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/mod.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 pub mod accounts;
 pub mod auth;
+pub mod backup;
 pub mod client_keys;
 pub mod observability;
 pub mod openai;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/observability.rs

@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ impl ObservabilityService for DefaultObservabilityService {
             items: items
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|item| DiagnosticsItem {
+                    key: item.key,
                     name: item.name,
                     request_count: item.request_count,
                     success_count: item.request_count.saturating_sub(item.failure_count),
@@ -254,6 +255,7 @@ impl ObservabilityService for DefaultObservabilityService {
                     error_rate: rate_or_zero(item.failure_count, item.request_count),
                     request_share: rate_or_zero(item.request_count, total_requests),
                     average_latency_ms: item.average_latency_ms,
+                    latency_p95_ms: item.latency_p95_ms,
                     estimated_cost: usd_cost(&item.costs),
                     attempt_count: item.attempt_count,
                     total_tokens: item.total_tokens,
@@ -492,14 +494,14 @@ impl DefaultObservabilityService {
         }
     }
 
-    /// 逐条尽力把 calculated 总额升级为完整分解；单条脏数据（非法 Provider kind
-    /// 或费用规则失败）只保留该条已存的总额，不影响整页返回。
+    /// 逐条尽力把可校验的总额升级为完整分解；单条脏数据（非法 Provider kind、
+    /// 不支持的来源或费用规则失败）只保留该条已存的总额，不影响整页返回。
     fn enrich_billing(&self, records: &mut [crate::model::observability::UsageRecord]) {
         for record in records {
             let Some(UsageBilling::Total { source, total }) = record.billing.as_ref() else {
                 continue;
             };
-            if source != "calculated" {
+            if !matches!(source.as_str(), "calculated" | "provider_reported") {
                 continue;
             }
             let (Some(provider), Some(upstream_model_id)) = (

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/backup/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//! 备份模块测试：镜像 src/backup/ 的 policy 与 task。
+
+mod policy;
+pub mod support;
+mod task;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/backup/policy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+//! 备份调度与保留策略（backup/policy.rs）的纯逻辑测试。
+
+use chrono::{Duration, TimeZone as _, Utc};
+
+use gateway_admin::{
+    backup::policy::{BackupSchedule, RetentionReason, decide_retention},
+    model::backup::{BackupRecord, BackupStatus, BackupTriggerKind},
+};
+
+fn record(
+    id: &str,
+    trigger: BackupTriggerKind,
+    status: BackupStatus,
+    created_at: chrono::DateTime<Utc>,
+    completed_at: Option<chrono::DateTime<Utc>>,
+) -> BackupRecord {
+    BackupRecord {
+        id: id.to_owned(),
+        trigger_kind: trigger,
+        status,
+        scheduled_at: if trigger == BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled {
+            Some(created_at)
+        } else {
+            None
+        },
+        object_key: format!("k/{id}"),
+        size_bytes: Some(1),
+        sha256: Some("a".repeat(64)),
+        attempt_count: 0,
+        error_code: None,
+        error_message: None,
+        started_at: Some(created_at),
+        completed_at,
+        expires_at: None,
+        created_at,
+        updated_at: created_at,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_rejects_bad_cron_and_timezone() {
+    assert!(BackupSchedule::parse("61 * * * *", "Asia/Shanghai").is_err());
+    assert!(BackupSchedule::parse("0 2 * * *", "Not/AZone").is_err());
+    assert!(BackupSchedule::parse("0 2 * * *", "Asia/Shanghai").is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_after_is_strictly_later() {
+    let schedule = BackupSchedule::parse("0 2 * * *", "Asia/Shanghai").unwrap();
+    let at = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 18, 0, 0).unwrap();
+    let next = schedule.next_after(at).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(next, Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 2, 18, 0, 0).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_firing_is_at_or_before() {
+    let schedule = BackupSchedule::parse("0 2 * * *", "Asia/Shanghai").unwrap();
+    // 北京时间 02:00 = 前一日 18:00 UTC。
+    let before = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 17, 59, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(before).unwrap(),
+        Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 7, 31, 18, 0, 0).unwrap()
+    );
+    let exact = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 18, 0, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(exact).unwrap(), exact);
+    let after = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 19, 0, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(after).unwrap(), exact);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dst_spring_forward_skips_missing_hour() {
+    let schedule = BackupSchedule::parse("30 2 * * *", "America/New_York").unwrap();
+    let at = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 3, 8, 6, 29, 0).unwrap(); // 01:29 EST
+    let next = schedule.next_after(at).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(next, Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 3, 9, 6, 30, 0).unwrap());
+    let at_after_spring = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 3, 8, 10, 0, 0).unwrap(); // 06:00 EDT
+    let last = schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(at_after_spring).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(last, Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 3, 7, 7, 30, 0).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn retention_count_keeps_newest_n() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let base = now - Duration::days(10);
+    let records = vec![
+        record(
+            "newest",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            base + Duration::days(2),
+            Some(base + Duration::days(2)),
+        ),
+        record(
+            "middle",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            base + Duration::days(1),
+            Some(base + Duration::days(1)),
+        ),
+        record(
+            "oldest",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            base,
+            Some(base),
+        ),
+    ];
+    let decisions = decide_retention(0, 2, now, &records);
+    let ids: Vec<_> = decisions.iter().map(|d| d.record_id.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(ids, vec!["oldest"]);
+    assert_eq!(decisions[0].reason, RetentionReason::Count);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn retention_days_deletes_old_scheduled_but_keeps_newest() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let records = vec![
+        record(
+            "recent",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            now - Duration::days(1),
+            Some(now - Duration::days(1)),
+        ),
+        record(
+            "ancient",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            now - Duration::days(40),
+            Some(now - Duration::days(40)),
+        ),
+    ];
+    let decisions = decide_retention(30, 0, now, &records);
+    let ids: Vec<_> = decisions.iter().map(|d| d.record_id.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(ids, vec!["ancient"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn newest_scheduled_never_auto_deleted_even_when_ancient() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let records = vec![record(
+        "sole",
+        BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+        BackupStatus::Completed,
+        now - Duration::days(400),
+        Some(now - Duration::days(400)),
+    )];
+    assert!(decide_retention(30, 1, now, &records).is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disabled_thresholds_delete_nothing() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let records = vec![
+        record(
+            "newest",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            now - Duration::days(2),
+            Some(now - Duration::days(2)),
+        ),
+        record(
+            "old",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            now - Duration::days(90),
+            Some(now - Duration::days(90)),
+        ),
+    ];
+    assert!(decide_retention(0, 0, now, &records).is_empty());
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/backup/support.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+//! 备份测试共享 fixture：内存 fake 端口与辅助函数。
+//!
+//! 用内存 fake 端口驱动编排层，不依赖 MinIO/真实 S3。
+//! s3.rs / pg_dump.rs 是 SDK 薄适配器，协议正确性交给 aws-sdk / pg_dump 保证。
+//! 供 backup::task 与 use_case::backup 的测试复用。
+
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::{
+    model::{
+        MutationActor, MutationContext, Revision,
+        auth::AdminAuditEvent,
+        backup::{
+            BackupObjectMetadata, BackupRecord, BackupRecordListQuery, BackupRecordPage,
+            BackupRecordSeed, BackupSettings, BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig, BackupTriggerKind,
+            ConnectionTestResult, UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        },
+    },
+    ports::{
+        backup::{
+            BackupObjectStorePort, BackupRepository, DatabaseDumpPort, DumpArtifact, DumpRequest,
+            StagedArtifact, StatusTransitionUpdate, UploadObjectRequest,
+        },
+        store::{AdminStoreError, AdminStoreErrorKind, AdminStoreResult, AuthStore},
+    },
+};
+use secrecy::SecretString;
+use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha256};
+use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+/// 假归档内容；dump 与上传校验共用同一字节与校验值。
+pub(crate) const DUMP_CONTENT: &[u8] = b"custom-format-archive-bytes-0123456789";
+
+/// 计算一段内容的 SHA-256 十六进制。
+pub(crate) fn sha256_hex(content: &[u8]) -> String {
+    hex::encode(Sha256::digest(content))
+}
+
+/// 返回 32 位十六进制的合法备份记录 id。
+pub(crate) fn backup_id(suffix: &str) -> String {
+    format!("backup_{}", sha256_hex(suffix.as_bytes()))
+}
+
+/// 已配置且已通过连接测试的设置快照。
+pub(crate) fn configured_settings() -> BackupSettings {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    BackupSettings {
+        storage_revision: 1,
+        endpoint: Some("https://s3.example.com".to_owned()),
+        region: Some("auto".to_owned()),
+        bucket: Some("backup-bucket".to_owned()),
+        access_key_id: Some("ak".to_owned()),
+        secret_access_key: Some(SecretString::from("sk-value")),
+        prefix: Some("codex".to_owned()),
+        force_path_style: false,
+        schedule_enabled: false,
+        cron_expression: None,
+        schedule_timezone: None,
+        retention_days: 0,
+        retention_count: 0,
+        next_run_at: None,
+        last_verified_at: Some(now),
+        updated_at: now,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 从 seed 构造 queued 记录。
+pub(crate) fn queued_record(seed: &BackupRecordSeed) -> BackupRecord {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    BackupRecord {
+        id: seed.id.clone(),
+        trigger_kind: seed.trigger_kind,
+        status: BackupStatus::Queued,
+        scheduled_at: seed.scheduled_at,
+        object_key: seed.object_key.clone(),
+        size_bytes: None,
+        sha256: None,
+        attempt_count: 0,
+        error_code: None,
+        error_message: None,
+        started_at: None,
+        completed_at: None,
+        expires_at: seed.expires_at,
+        created_at: now,
+        updated_at: now,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 内存版备份仓储。
+pub(crate) struct FakeBackupRepository {
+    settings: Mutex<BackupSettings>,
+    records: Mutex<Vec<BackupRecord>>,
+}
+
+impl FakeBackupRepository {
+    pub(crate) fn new(settings: BackupSettings) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            settings: Mutex::new(settings),
+            records: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 测试辅助：读取当前全部记录。
+    pub(crate) fn all_records(&self) -> Vec<BackupRecord> {
+        self.records.lock().expect("records").clone()
+    }
+
+    /// 测试辅助：强制把一条记录标记为指定时间完成的 completed。
+    pub(crate) fn set_completed(&self, id: &str, completed_at: DateTime<Utc>) {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        if let Some(record) = records.iter_mut().find(|record| record.id == id) {
+            record.status = BackupStatus::Completed;
+            record.completed_at = Some(completed_at);
+            record.updated_at = Utc::now();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 测试辅助：强制把一条记录迁移到指定状态。
+    pub(crate) fn force_status(&self, id: &str, status: BackupStatus) {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        if let Some(record) = records.iter_mut().find(|record| record.id == id) {
+            record.status = status;
+            if matches!(status, BackupStatus::Completed | BackupStatus::Failed) {
+                record.completed_at = Some(Utc::now());
+            }
+            record.updated_at = Utc::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupRepository for FakeBackupRepository {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        Ok(self.settings.lock().expect("settings").clone())
+    }
+
+    async fn update_storage_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        _context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<(BackupSettings, Revision)> {
+        let mut settings = self.settings.lock().expect("settings");
+        settings.storage_revision += 1;
+        settings.endpoint = Some(command.endpoint);
+        settings.region = Some(command.region);
+        settings.bucket = Some(command.bucket);
+        settings.access_key_id = Some(command.access_key_id);
+        if let Some(secret) = command.secret_access_key {
+            settings.secret_access_key = Some(secret);
+        }
+        settings.prefix = Some(command.prefix);
+        settings.force_path_style = command.force_path_style;
+        settings.last_verified_at = None;
+        settings.updated_at = Utc::now();
+        let revision = Revision::new(settings.storage_revision).map_err(|_| {
+            AdminStoreError::new(AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid, "backup", "zero revision")
+        })?;
+        Ok((settings.clone(), revision))
+    }
+
+    async fn update_schedule_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+        next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+        _context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        let mut settings = self.settings.lock().expect("settings");
+        settings.schedule_enabled = command.schedule_enabled;
+        settings.cron_expression = Some(command.cron_expression);
+        settings.schedule_timezone = Some(command.schedule_timezone);
+        settings.retention_days = command.retention_days;
+        settings.retention_count = command.retention_count;
+        settings.next_run_at = next_run_at;
+        settings.updated_at = Utc::now();
+        Ok(settings.clone())
+    }
+
+    async fn record_verification(
+        &self,
+        storage_revision: u64,
+        at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let mut settings = self.settings.lock().expect("settings");
+        if settings.storage_revision != storage_revision {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        settings.last_verified_at = Some(at);
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    async fn insert_backup_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        if records.iter().any(|record| record.status.is_active()) {
+            return Err(AdminStoreError::new(
+                AdminStoreErrorKind::Conflict,
+                "backup record",
+                "an active backup task already exists",
+            ));
+        }
+        let record = queued_record(&seed);
+        records.push(record.clone());
+        Ok(record)
+    }
+
+    async fn insert_scheduled_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        if records.iter().any(|record| record.status.is_active())
+            || records.iter().any(|record| {
+                record.trigger_kind == BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled
+                    && record.scheduled_at == seed.scheduled_at
+            })
+        {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        records.push(queued_record(&seed));
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    async fn list_backup_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecordPage> {
+        let records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        let mut items = records
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| {
+                query.status.is_none_or(|status| record.status == status)
+                    && query
+                        .trigger
+                        .is_none_or(|trigger| record.trigger_kind == trigger)
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        items.sort_by(|a, b| {
+            b.created_at
+                .cmp(&a.created_at)
+                .then_with(|| b.id.cmp(&a.id))
+        });
+        let total = items.len() as u64;
+        let offset =
+            (u64::from(query.page.saturating_sub(1)) * u64::from(query.page_size.get())) as usize;
+        let limit = usize::from(query.page_size.get());
+        items = items.into_iter().skip(offset).take(limit).collect();
+        Ok(BackupRecordPage {
+            items,
+            total,
+            page: query.page,
+            page_size: query.page_size,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn load_backup_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .find(|record| record.id == id)
+            .cloned())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_intermediate_records(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| {
+                matches!(
+                    record.status,
+                    BackupStatus::Dumping | BackupStatus::Uploading
+                )
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_pending_deletions(&self, _limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| record.status == BackupStatus::Deleting)
+            .cloned()
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_expired_records(&self, _limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        Ok(self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| {
+                record
+                    .expires_at
+                    .is_some_and(|expires_at| expires_at <= now)
+                    && matches!(
+                        record.status,
+                        BackupStatus::Completed | BackupStatus::Failed
+                    )
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn claim_next_queued(
+        &self,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        let Some(record) = records
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|record| record.status == BackupStatus::Queued)
+        else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        record.status = BackupStatus::Dumping;
+        record.started_at = Some(now);
+        record.attempt_count += 1;
+        record.updated_at = now;
+        Ok(Some(record.clone()))
+    }
+
+    async fn transition_status(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        from: BackupStatus,
+        to: BackupStatus,
+        update: StatusTransitionUpdate,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        let Some(record) = records
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|record| record.id == id && record.status == from)
+        else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        record.status = to;
+        if let Some(size) = update.size_bytes {
+            record.size_bytes = Some(size);
+        }
+        if let Some(sha256) = update.sha256 {
+            record.sha256 = Some(sha256);
+        }
+        if let Some(code) = update.error_code {
+            record.error_code = Some(code);
+        }
+        if let Some(message) = update.error_message {
+            record.error_message = Some(message);
+        }
+        record.completed_at = update.completed_at.or_else(|| {
+            matches!(to, BackupStatus::Completed | BackupStatus::Failed).then_some(now)
+        });
+        record.updated_at = now;
+        Ok(Some(record.clone()))
+    }
+
+    async fn transition_to_deleting(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        let Some(record) = records
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|record| record.id == id && record.status.can_be_deleted())
+        else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        record.status = BackupStatus::Deleting;
+        record.updated_at = now;
+        Ok(Some(record.clone()))
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        records.retain(|record| record.id != id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn advance_schedule_cursor(
+        &self,
+        next_run_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        _expected_cron: &str,
+        _expected_timezone: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let mut settings = self.settings.lock().expect("settings");
+        settings.next_run_at = Some(next_run_at);
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    async fn list_scheduled_completed_desc(
+        &self,
+        _limit: u32,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        let mut records = self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| {
+                record.trigger_kind == BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled
+                    && record.status == BackupStatus::Completed
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        records.sort_by(|a, b| {
+            b.completed_at
+                .cmp(&a.completed_at)
+                .then_with(|| b.id.cmp(&a.id))
+        });
+        Ok(records)
+    }
+}
+
+/// 假 `pg_dump` 端口：把固定内容写入临时文件作为归档；可注入失败。
+pub(crate) struct FakeDumpPort {
+    dir: TempDir,
+    fail_dump: bool,
+}
+
+impl FakeDumpPort {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            dir: tempfile::tempdir().expect("temp dir"),
+            fail_dump: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 让下一次 `dump` 返回 `backup.pg_dump_failed`。
+    pub(crate) fn fail_next_dump(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.fail_dump = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn artifact(&self, backup_id: &str) -> DumpArtifact {
+        let path = self.dir.path().join(format!("{backup_id}.dump"));
+        std::fs::write(&path, DUMP_CONTENT).expect("write artifact");
+        DumpArtifact {
+            path,
+            size_bytes: DUMP_CONTENT.len() as u64,
+            sha256: sha256_hex(DUMP_CONTENT),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl DatabaseDumpPort for FakeDumpPort {
+    async fn dump(
+        &self,
+        request: DumpRequest,
+    ) -> Result<DumpArtifact, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        if self.fail_dump {
+            return Err(gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError::new(
+                gateway_admin::model::backup::code::PG_DUMP_FAILED,
+                "pg_dump failed".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        if request.cancellation.is_cancelled() {
+            return Err(gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError::new(
+                gateway_admin::model::backup::code::CANCELLED,
+                "cancelled".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(self.artifact(&request.backup_id))
+    }
+
+    async fn inspect_staging(
+        &self,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<StagedArtifact>, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        let path = self.dir.path().join(format!("{backup_id}.dump"));
+        if !path.exists() {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        Ok(Some(StagedArtifact {
+            path,
+            size_bytes: DUMP_CONTENT.len() as u64,
+            sha256: sha256_hex(DUMP_CONTENT),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    async fn cleanup_staging(
+        &self,
+        _backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 内存版对象存储：把上传内容按 key 保存并支持 Head/Delete/预签名。
+pub(crate) struct FakeObjectStore {
+    pub(crate) objects: Mutex<std::collections::HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>>,
+}
+
+impl FakeObjectStore {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            objects: Mutex::new(std::collections::HashMap::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn object(&self, key: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.objects.lock().expect("objects").get(key).cloned()
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupObjectStorePort for FakeObjectStore {
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        Ok(ConnectionTestResult {
+            ok: true,
+            stage: "deleteObject",
+            code: None,
+            message: "连接测试成功".to_owned(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn upload_file(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        request: UploadObjectRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(), gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        let content = std::fs::read(&request.source).map_err(|_| {
+            gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError::new(
+                gateway_admin::model::backup::code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED,
+                "read source".to_owned(),
+            )
+        })?;
+        self.objects
+            .lock()
+            .expect("objects")
+            .insert(request.object_key, content);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn head_object(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<BackupObjectMetadata>, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        let Some(content) = self.object(object_key) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        Ok(Some(BackupObjectMetadata::new(
+            "backup-test".to_owned(),
+            sha256_hex(&content),
+            Utc::now(),
+            content.len() as u64,
+        )))
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_object(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        self.objects.lock().expect("objects").remove(object_key);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn presigned_download(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+        _file_name: &str,
+        _ttl: std::time::Duration,
+    ) -> Result<String, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        Ok(format!("https://presigned.example.com/{object_key}"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// 记录审计事件的假 AuthStore。
+pub(crate) struct FakeAuthStore {
+    audit: Mutex<Vec<AdminAuditEvent>>,
+}
+
+impl FakeAuthStore {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            audit: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn audit_actions(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.audit
+            .lock()
+            .expect("audit")
+            .iter()
+            .map(|event| event.action.clone())
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl AuthStore for FakeAuthStore {
+    async fn load_password_hash(&self, _admin_user_id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<String>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    async fn create_password_hash_if_absent(
+        &self,
+        _admin_user_id: &str,
+        _password_hash: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+    async fn load_admin_api_key(
+        &self,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<gateway_admin::model::settings::AdminApiKey>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    async fn load_session(
+        &self,
+        _session_id: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<gateway_admin::model::auth::AdminSession>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    async fn store_session(
+        &self,
+        _session_id: &str,
+        _session: &gateway_admin::model::auth::AdminSession,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    async fn delete_session(
+        &self,
+        _session_id: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<gateway_admin::model::auth::AdminSession>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    async fn append_audit_event(&self, event: AdminAuditEvent) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        self.audit.lock().expect("audit").push(event);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 系统发起者上下文。
+pub(crate) fn system_context() -> MutationContext {
+    MutationContext {
+        actor: MutationActor::System,
+        request_id: "backup-runtime-test".to_owned(),
+    }
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/backup/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+//! BackupTask 执行链测试：驱动内存 fake 端口跑完整 dump/upload/verify/retention 流程。
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use chrono::{Duration, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::{
+    backup::task::BackupTask,
+    model::backup::{
+        BackupRecordSeed, BackupStatus, BackupTriggerKind, UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+    },
+    ports::backup::BackupRepository,
+};
+use gateway_core::engine::CancellationToken;
+
+use super::support::{
+    DUMP_CONTENT, FakeBackupRepository, FakeDumpPort, FakeObjectStore, backup_id,
+    configured_settings, sha256_hex, system_context,
+};
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_task_runs_full_dump_upload_verify_pipeline() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+
+    let seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("manual"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Manual,
+        scheduled_at: None,
+        object_key: "codex/2026/08/01/manual.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    repository
+        .insert_backup_record(seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert queued");
+
+    let task = BackupTask::new(repository.clone(), dump.clone(), object_store.clone());
+    task.run_cycle(&CancellationToken::new())
+        .await
+        .expect("run cycle");
+
+    let records = repository.all_records();
+    assert_eq!(records.len(), 1);
+    let finished = &records[0];
+    assert_eq!(finished.status, BackupStatus::Completed);
+    assert_eq!(finished.size_bytes, Some(DUMP_CONTENT.len() as u64));
+    assert_eq!(
+        finished.sha256.as_deref(),
+        Some(sha256_hex(DUMP_CONTENT).as_str())
+    );
+
+    // 对象已上传且内容与本地归档一致。
+    let stored = object_store
+        .object(&seed.object_key)
+        .expect("uploaded object exists");
+    assert_eq!(stored.as_slice(), DUMP_CONTENT);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_task_marks_failed_when_dump_port_fails() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new().fail_next_dump());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+
+    let seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("fail"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Manual,
+        scheduled_at: None,
+        object_key: "codex/2026/08/01/fail.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    repository
+        .insert_backup_record(seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert queued");
+
+    let task = BackupTask::new(repository.clone(), dump.clone(), object_store.clone());
+    task.run_cycle(&CancellationToken::new())
+        .await
+        .expect("run cycle");
+
+    let records = repository.all_records();
+    let failed = &records[0];
+    assert_eq!(failed.status, BackupStatus::Failed);
+    assert_eq!(failed.error_code.as_deref(), Some("backup.pg_dump_failed"));
+    assert!(failed.completed_at.is_some());
+    // 归档未上传，对象不存在。
+    assert!(object_store.object(&seed.object_key).is_none());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn retention_cleans_expired_scheduled_backups() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+
+    // 造一条旧 completed 计划备份（超过 retention_days）与一条新备份。
+    let old_seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("old"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+        scheduled_at: Some(Utc::now() - Duration::days(40)),
+        object_key: "codex/2026/06/01/old.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    let new_seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("new"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+        scheduled_at: Some(Utc::now() - Duration::days(1)),
+        object_key: "codex/2026/07/01/new.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    repository
+        .insert_scheduled_record(old_seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert old");
+    // 旧备份 40 天前完成（释放活跃名额），再插入新备份。
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    repository.set_completed(&backup_id("old"), now - Duration::days(40));
+    repository
+        .insert_scheduled_record(new_seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert new");
+    // 新备份 1 天前完成。
+    repository.set_completed(&backup_id("new"), now - Duration::days(1));
+    // 两个对象都已上传。
+    object_store
+        .objects
+        .lock()
+        .expect("objects")
+        .insert(old_seed.object_key.clone(), DUMP_CONTENT.to_vec());
+    object_store
+        .objects
+        .lock()
+        .expect("objects")
+        .insert(new_seed.object_key.clone(), DUMP_CONTENT.to_vec());
+
+    // 设置 retention_days = 30。
+    repository
+        .update_schedule_settings(
+            UpdateBackupScheduleCommand {
+                schedule_enabled: false,
+                cron_expression: "0 2 * * *".to_owned(),
+                schedule_timezone: "Asia/Shanghai".to_owned(),
+                retention_days: 30,
+                retention_count: 0,
+            },
+            None,
+            &system_context(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("set retention");
+
+    let task = BackupTask::new(repository.clone(), dump.clone(), object_store.clone());
+    task.run_cycle(&CancellationToken::new())
+        .await
+        .expect("run cycle");
+
+    // 旧备份被硬删除，对象被删除；新备份保留。
+    let records = repository.all_records();
+    let ids: Vec<_> = records.iter().map(|record| record.id.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(ids, vec![backup_id("new").as_str()]);
+    assert!(object_store.object(&old_seed.object_key).is_none());
+    assert!(object_store.object(&new_seed.object_key).is_some());
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/main.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ use gateway_admin::{
     ports::store::{AccountStore, AuthStore, ClientKeyStore, ObservabilityStore, SettingsStore},
 };
 
+mod backup;
+mod model;
 mod use_case;
 
 #[test]
@@ -125,6 +127,7 @@ fn representative_quota_should_prefer_short_window_and_highest_usage() {
             quota_window("shortTerm", Some(18_000), Some(30.0)),
             quota_window("shortTerm", Some(14_400), Some(45.0)),
         ],
+        limit_reached: false,
         provider_data: None,
     };
 
@@ -144,6 +147,7 @@ fn quota_window(
         window_seconds,
         used_percent,
         reset_at: None,
+        limit_reached: false,
         local_usage: None,
         provider_data: None,
     }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/model/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//! 备份领域模型（model/backup.rs）的纯逻辑测试。
+
+use chrono::{TimeZone as _, Utc};
+use secrecy::SecretString;
+
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::{
+    BackupSettings, BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig, BackupTriggerKind, build_object_key,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn status_machine_rejects_invalid_transitions() {
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Queued.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Dumping));
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Dumping.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Uploading));
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Uploading.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Completed));
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Completed.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Deleting));
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Queued.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Completed));
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Completed.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Dumping));
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Deleting.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Failed));
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Deleting.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Completed));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn status_classification() {
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Queued.is_active());
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Uploading.is_active());
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Completed.is_active());
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Completed.can_be_deleted());
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Failed.can_be_deleted());
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Queued.can_be_deleted());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn object_key_shape() {
+    let at = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 12, 30, 0).unwrap();
+    let key = build_object_key("production/backups", "backup_abc", at).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        key,
+        "production/backups/2026/08/01/codex-proxy-rs_20260801_123000_abc.dump"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn object_key_rejects_dangerous_prefixes() {
+    let at = Utc::now();
+    assert!(build_object_key("/leading", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("a/../b", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("a\\b", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("a\u{0001}b", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("trailing//", "backup_x", at).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trigger_and_status_roundtrip() {
+    for status in [
+        BackupStatus::Queued,
+        BackupStatus::Dumping,
+        BackupStatus::Uploading,
+        BackupStatus::Completed,
+        BackupStatus::Failed,
+        BackupStatus::Deleting,
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(BackupStatus::parse(status.as_str()), Some(status));
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        BackupTriggerKind::parse("manual"),
+        Some(BackupTriggerKind::Manual)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BackupTriggerKind::parse("scheduled"),
+        Some(BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(BackupTriggerKind::parse("unknown"), None);
+    assert_eq!(BackupStatus::parse("skipped"), None);
+    assert_eq!(BackupStatus::parse("deleted"), None);
+    assert_eq!(BackupStatus::parse("unknown"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn config_from_settings_redacts_secret_in_debug() {
+    let mut settings = BackupSettings {
+        storage_revision: 3,
+        endpoint: Some("https://example.com".to_owned()),
+        region: Some("auto".to_owned()),
+        bucket: Some("b".to_owned()),
+        access_key_id: Some("ak".to_owned()),
+        secret_access_key: Some(SecretString::from("sk-secret")),
+        prefix: Some("p".to_owned()),
+        force_path_style: false,
+        schedule_enabled: false,
+        cron_expression: None,
+        schedule_timezone: None,
+        retention_days: 0,
+        retention_count: 0,
+        next_run_at: None,
+        last_verified_at: None,
+        updated_at: Utc::now(),
+    };
+    assert!(!format!("{:?}", settings).contains("sk-secret"));
+    let config = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings).unwrap();
+    assert!(!format!("{config:?}").contains("sk-secret"));
+    settings.endpoint = None;
+    assert!(BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings).is_none());
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/model/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+//! 模型模块测试：镜像 src/model/ 中带逻辑的模块。
+
+mod backup;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/accounts.rs

@@ -373,7 +373,8 @@ impl ProviderAdmin for FakeProviderAdmin {
 
 pub(super) struct FakeAccountStore {
     events: EventLog,
-    account: AccountRecord,
+    accounts: Mutex<Vec<AccountRecord>>,
+    account_after_probe: Mutex<Option<AccountRecord>>,
     fail_commit: Mutex<bool>,
     audit_requests: Mutex<Vec<String>>,
     quota_window_usage: Mutex<Vec<AccountUsageWindowResult>>,
@@ -387,7 +388,8 @@ impl FakeAccountStore {
     fn with_account(account: AccountRecord, events: EventLog) -> Arc<Self> {
         Arc::new(Self {
             events,
-            account,
+            accounts: Mutex::new(vec![account]),
+            account_after_probe: Mutex::new(None),
             fail_commit: Mutex::new(false),
             audit_requests: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
             quota_window_usage: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
@@ -406,6 +408,17 @@ impl FakeAccountStore {
         *self.quota_window_usage.lock().expect("quota window usage") = usage;
     }
 
+    pub(super) fn set_accounts(&self, accounts: Vec<AccountRecord>) {
+        *self.accounts.lock().expect("accounts") = accounts;
+    }
+
+    fn set_account_after_probe(&self, account: AccountRecord) {
+        *self
+            .account_after_probe
+            .lock()
+            .expect("account after probe") = Some(account);
+    }
+
     fn record(&self, event: &'static str) {
         self.events.lock().expect("store events").push(event);
     }
@@ -430,12 +443,14 @@ impl FakeAccountStore {
 #[async_trait]
 impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
     async fn list_accounts(&self, _: AccountListQuery) -> AdminStoreResult<AccountPage> {
+        self.record("store.list_accounts");
+        let accounts = self.accounts.lock().expect("accounts").clone();
         Ok(AccountPage {
             config_revision: revision(1),
-            items: vec![self.account.clone()],
-            total: 1,
+            items: accounts.clone(),
+            total: accounts.len() as u64,
             summary: AccountSummary {
-                total: 1,
+                total: accounts.len() as u64,
                 active: 1,
                 quota_exhausted: 0,
                 unavailable: 0,
@@ -445,7 +460,22 @@ impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
 
     async fn load_account(&self, account_id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<AccountRecord>> {
         self.record("store.load_account");
-        Ok((account_id == self.account.id).then(|| self.account.clone()))
+        // probe 后的账号状态覆盖只对同一 id 生效；其余按账号列表查询。
+        let account = self
+            .account_after_probe
+            .lock()
+            .expect("account after probe")
+            .clone()
+            .filter(|account| account.id == account_id)
+            .or_else(|| {
+                self.accounts
+                    .lock()
+                    .expect("accounts")
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|account| account.id == account_id)
+                    .cloned()
+            });
+        Ok(account)
     }
 
     async fn load_account_usage(
@@ -473,11 +503,12 @@ impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
         _: CredentialListQuery,
     ) -> AdminStoreResult<CredentialPage> {
         self.record("store.list_credentials");
+        let accounts = self.accounts.lock().expect("accounts").clone();
         Ok(CredentialPage {
             config_revision: revision(1),
-            items: (provider_kind == &self.account.provider_kind)
-                .then(|| self.account.clone())
+            items: accounts
                 .into_iter()
+                .filter(|account| &account.provider_kind == provider_kind)
                 .collect(),
             next_cursor: None,
         })
@@ -489,14 +520,19 @@ impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
         account_id: &ProviderAccountId,
     ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<CredentialDetails>> {
         self.record("store.credential_details");
-        Ok(
-            (provider_kind == &self.account.provider_kind
-                && account_id.as_str() == self.account.id)
-                .then(|| CredentialDetails {
-                    config_revision: revision(1),
-                    credential: self.account.clone(),
-                }),
-        )
+        let account = self
+            .accounts
+            .lock()
+            .expect("accounts")
+            .iter()
+            .find(|account| {
+                &account.provider_kind == provider_kind && account.id == account_id.as_str()
+            })
+            .cloned();
+        Ok(account.map(|credential| CredentialDetails {
+            config_revision: revision(1),
+            credential,
+        }))
     }
 
     async fn load_credentials_for_export(
@@ -505,21 +541,26 @@ impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
         account_ids: &[ProviderAccountId],
     ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<ProviderExportCredentialInput>> {
         self.record("store.load_credentials_for_export");
-        if provider_kind != &self.account.provider_kind
-            || account_ids
-                .iter()
-                .any(|account_id| account_id.as_str() != self.account.id)
-        {
+        let accounts = self.accounts.lock().expect("accounts").clone();
+        if accounts.iter().any(|account| {
+            &account.provider_kind != provider_kind
+                || !account_ids
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|account_id| account_id.as_str() == account.id)
+        }) {
             return Err(AdminStoreError::new(
                 AdminStoreErrorKind::NotFound,
                 "test account",
                 "credential not found",
             ));
         }
-        Ok(vec![ProviderExportCredentialInput {
-            account: self.account.clone(),
-            provider_material: document(),
-        }])
+        Ok(accounts
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|account| ProviderExportCredentialInput {
+                account,
+                provider_material: document(),
+            })
+            .collect())
     }
 
     async fn commit_credential_import(
@@ -802,6 +843,36 @@ async fn connection_test_should_probe_unavailable_account() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn connection_test_rate_limited_probe_preserves_active_account_status() {
+    let events = events();
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("xai", events.clone());
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::new("xai", events);
+    let probe = Arc::new(FreeModelQuotaProbe {
+        store: Arc::clone(&store),
+    });
+    let services = accounts_service_with_probe(provider, store, probe).await;
+
+    let events = services
+        .accounts()
+        .test_connection(
+            ProviderAccountId::new("acct_test").expect("account ID"),
+            gateway_core::routing::UpstreamModelId::new("grok-4.5").expect("model"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("connection test stream")
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .await;
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        events.last(),
+        Some(AccountConnectionTestEvent::Failed {
+            account_status: gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Active,
+            ..
+        })
+    ));
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn connection_test_should_preserve_disabled_account_status() {
     let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("xai", events());
@@ -835,7 +906,7 @@ async fn connection_test_should_preserve_disabled_account_status() {
 async fn accounts_export_should_pass_store_loaded_timestamps_and_material_to_provider() {
     let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
     let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events());
-    let expected = store.account.clone();
+    let expected = store.accounts.lock().expect("accounts")[0].clone();
     accounts_service(provider.clone(), store)
         .await
         .accounts()
@@ -923,12 +994,76 @@ async fn accounts_list_should_return_complete_directory_semantics() {
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn accounts_list_should_prefer_usage_limit_exhaustion_over_stale_token_expiry() {
+async fn accounts_list_should_degrade_quota_failure_to_empty_window_without_dropping_page() {
+    let events = events();
+    let openai = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events.clone());
+    openai.set_quota(ProviderQuota {
+        observed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        refresh_token_expires_at: None,
+        windows: vec![ProviderQuotaWindow {
+            key: "primary".to_owned(),
+            group: "shortTerm".to_owned(),
+            label: "5小时限额".to_owned(),
+            source: None,
+            window_seconds: Some(5 * 60 * 60),
+            used_percent: Some(97.0),
+            reset_at: Some(Utc::now() + TimeDelta::hours(1)),
+            limit_reached: false,
+            local_usage: None,
+            provider_data: None,
+        }],
+        limit_reached: false,
+        provider_data: None,
+    });
+    let failing = FakeProviderAdmin::new("xai", events.clone());
+    failing.fail_next_quota(ProviderAdminErrorKind::Invalid);
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events.clone());
+    let mut xai_account = account_record("xai");
+    xai_account.id = "acct_bad_xai".to_owned();
+    store.set_accounts(vec![account_record("openai"), xai_account]);
+    let services = super::AdminHarness::new()
+        .accounts(store.clone())
+        .settings(Arc::new(StaticSettingsStore))
+        .provider(openai)
+        .provider(failing)
+        .probe(Arc::new(SuccessfulAccountProbe))
+        .build()
+        .await;
+
+    let page = services
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("one failing quota must not fail the directory page");
+
+    assert_eq!(page.items.len(), 2);
+    let by_id = page
+        .items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| (item.account.id.as_str(), item))
+        .collect::<std::collections::HashMap<_, _>>();
+    let healthy = by_id.get("acct_test").expect("healthy account item");
+    assert_eq!(healthy.quota.windows.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(healthy.quota.windows[0].key, "primary");
+    let degraded = by_id.get("acct_bad_xai").expect("degraded account item");
+    assert!(degraded.quota.windows.is_empty());
+    assert!(degraded.quota.observed_at.is_none());
+    assert!(degraded.quota.provider_data.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(page.summary.total, 2);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_prefer_quota_exhaustion_over_stale_token_expiry() {
     let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
     let mut account = account_record("openai");
-    account.availability = AccountAvailability::Cooldown;
-    account.availability_reason = Some("usage_limit_exhausted".to_owned());
-    account.cooldown_until = Some(Utc::now() + TimeDelta::minutes(5));
+    account.availability = AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted;
     account.access_token_expires_at = Some(Utc::now() - TimeDelta::minutes(5));
     let store = FakeAccountStore::with_account(account, events());
 
@@ -952,6 +1087,78 @@ async fn accounts_list_should_prefer_usage_limit_exhaustion_over_stale_token_exp
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_map_unknown_availability_to_invalid_not_active() {
+    // Unknown 不可调度，Admin 不得显示为 active。
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
+    let mut account = account_record("openai");
+    account.availability = AccountAvailability::Unknown;
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::with_account(account, events());
+
+    let page = accounts_service(provider, store)
+        .await
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("unknown account directory");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        page.items.first().expect("account item").status,
+        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Invalid,
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_map_rate_limited_from_quota_limit_reached() {
+    // ready + 快照级 quota.limitReached → rate_limited。
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
+    provider.set_quota(ProviderQuota {
+        observed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        refresh_token_expires_at: None,
+        windows: vec![ProviderQuotaWindow {
+            key: "primary".to_owned(),
+            group: "shortTerm".to_owned(),
+            label: "5小时限额".to_owned(),
+            source: None,
+            window_seconds: Some(5 * 60 * 60),
+            used_percent: Some(100.0),
+            reset_at: Some(Utc::now() + TimeDelta::hours(1)),
+            limit_reached: true,
+            local_usage: None,
+            provider_data: None,
+        }],
+        limit_reached: true,
+        provider_data: None,
+    });
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events());
+
+    let page = accounts_service(provider, store)
+        .await
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("rate limited account directory");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        page.items.first().expect("account item").status,
+        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::RateLimited,
+    );
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn accounts_list_should_attach_local_usage_to_quota_windows() {
     let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
@@ -967,9 +1174,11 @@ async fn accounts_list_should_attach_local_usage_to_quota_windows() {
             window_seconds: Some(5 * 60 * 60),
             used_percent: Some(97.0),
             reset_at: Some(reset_at),
+            limit_reached: false,
             local_usage: None,
             provider_data: None,
         }],
+        limit_reached: false,
         provider_data: None,
     });
     let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events());
@@ -1077,6 +1286,7 @@ fn empty_quota() -> ProviderQuota {
         observed_at: None,
         refresh_token_expires_at: None,
         windows: Vec::new(),
+        limit_reached: false,
         provider_data: None,
     }
 }
@@ -1121,8 +1331,6 @@ pub(super) fn account_record(kind: &str) -> AccountRecord {
         next_refresh_at: Some(now + TimeDelta::minutes(30)),
         enabled: true,
         availability: AccountAvailability::Ready,
-        availability_reason: None,
-        cooldown_until: None,
         availability_observed_at: now,
         quota_observed_at: None,
         created_at: now,
@@ -1159,8 +1367,6 @@ fn prepared_create_with_id(
         next_refresh_at: Some(now + TimeDelta::minutes(30)),
         enabled: true,
         availability: AccountAvailability::Ready,
-        availability_reason: None,
-        cooldown_until: None,
         availability_observed_at: now,
     }
 }
@@ -1234,6 +1440,28 @@ impl AccountProbe for FailingAccountProbe {
     }
 }
 
+struct FreeModelQuotaProbe {
+    store: Arc<FakeAccountStore>,
+}
+
+impl AccountProbe for FreeModelQuotaProbe {
+    fn probe(
+        &self,
+        _: AccountProbeRequest,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut account = account_record("xai");
+            account.availability = AccountAvailability::Ready;
+            self.store.set_account_after_probe(account);
+            Err(GatewayError::new(
+                GatewayErrorKind::RateLimited,
+                "xAI free model quota is exhausted",
+            )
+            .into())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 fn store_unavailable() -> AdminStoreError {
     AdminStoreError::new(
         AdminStoreErrorKind::Unavailable,

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//! BackupService 用例测试：通过 AdminHarness 注入 fake 备份端口构造真实服务。
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupStatus;
+use gateway_admin::ports::backup::BackupStorePorts;
+
+use crate::backup::support::{
+    FakeAuthStore, FakeBackupRepository, FakeDumpPort, FakeObjectStore, configured_settings,
+    system_context,
+};
+
+use super::AdminHarness;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_service_creates_downloads_and_deletes_with_audit() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+    let auth = Arc::new(FakeAuthStore::new());
+
+    let services = AdminHarness::new()
+        .auth(auth.clone())
+        .backup(BackupStorePorts::new(
+            repository.clone(),
+            dump,
+            object_store,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await;
+
+    // 创建手动备份 → queued + 审计。
+    let created = services
+        .backups()
+        .create_backup(&system_context(), None)
+        .await
+        .expect("create backup");
+    assert_eq!(created.status, BackupStatus::Queued);
+    assert!(created.object_key.starts_with("codex/"));
+    assert!(
+        auth.audit_actions()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|action| action == "backup.created")
+    );
+
+    // 下载地址要求 completed 记录。
+    repository.force_status(&created.id, BackupStatus::Completed);
+    let download = services
+        .backups()
+        .download_url(&system_context(), &created.id)
+        .await
+        .expect("download url");
+    assert!(download.url.starts_with("https://presigned.example.com/"));
+    assert!(
+        auth.audit_actions()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|action| action == "backup.download_url_created")
+    );
+
+    // 删除 → deleting + 审计。
+    let deleting = services
+        .backups()
+        .delete_backup(&system_context(), &created.id)
+        .await
+        .expect("delete backup");
+    assert_eq!(deleting.status, BackupStatus::Deleting);
+    assert!(
+        auth.audit_actions()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|action| action == "backup.delete_requested")
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_service_rejects_download_of_non_completed_record() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+    let auth = Arc::new(FakeAuthStore::new());
+
+    let services = AdminHarness::new()
+        .auth(auth.clone())
+        .backup(BackupStorePorts::new(
+            repository.clone(),
+            dump,
+            object_store,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await;
+
+    let created = services
+        .backups()
+        .create_backup(&system_context(), None)
+        .await
+        .expect("create backup");
+
+    // queued 记录不能创建下载地址。
+    let error = services
+        .backups()
+        .download_url(&system_context(), &created.id)
+        .await
+        .expect_err("non-completed record must be rejected");
+    assert_eq!(error.kind(), gateway_admin::model::AdminErrorKind::Conflict);
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod accounts;
 mod auth;
+mod backup;
 mod client_keys;
 mod observability;
 mod openai;
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ use gateway_admin::{
         system::{SystemOperationAccepted, SystemUpdateDetail, SystemUpdateStatus, SystemVersion},
     },
     ports::{
+        backup::BackupStorePorts,
         provider::{ProviderAdmin, ProviderAdminError, ProviderAdminErrorKind},
         store::{
             AccountStore, AdminStoreError, AdminStoreErrorKind, AdminStorePorts, AdminStoreResult,
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ pub(super) struct AdminHarness {
     client_keys: Arc<dyn ClientKeyStore>,
     observability: Arc<dyn ObservabilityStore>,
     settings: Arc<dyn SettingsStore>,
+    backup: BackupStorePorts,
     providers: Vec<Arc<dyn ProviderAdmin>>,
     probe: Arc<dyn AccountProbe>,
     system: Arc<dyn SystemOperations>,
@@ -91,6 +94,7 @@ impl AdminHarness {
             client_keys: unavailable.clone(),
             observability: unavailable.clone(),
             settings: unavailable,
+            backup: BackupStorePorts::disabled(),
             providers: vec![
                 Arc::new(UnavailableProvider::new("openai")),
                 Arc::new(UnavailableProvider::new("xai")),
@@ -135,6 +139,11 @@ impl AdminHarness {
         self
     }
 
+    pub(super) fn backup(mut self, backup: BackupStorePorts) -> Self {
+        self.backup = backup;
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(super) fn provider(mut self, provider: Arc<dyn ProviderAdmin>) -> Self {
         self.providers
             .retain(|registered| registered.provider_kind() != provider.provider_kind());
@@ -165,6 +174,7 @@ impl AdminHarness {
                 self.client_keys,
                 self.observability,
                 self.settings,
+                self.backup,
             ),
             self.providers,
             Arc::new(NoopSnapshot),

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/observability.rs

@@ -327,9 +327,19 @@ async fn usage_records_should_tolerate_records_that_fail_billing_enrichment() {
     let store = Arc::new(FixtureObservabilityStore::new(observation_range(now)));
     let invalid_kind = "x".repeat(65);
     store.replace_usage_records(vec![
-        calculated_total_record("request_invalid_kind", Some(&invalid_kind), now),
-        calculated_total_record("request_unregistered_kind", Some("anthropic"), now),
-        calculated_total_record("request_enriched", Some("openai"), now),
+        total_record(
+            "request_invalid_kind",
+            Some(&invalid_kind),
+            "calculated",
+            now,
+        ),
+        total_record(
+            "request_unregistered_kind",
+            Some("anthropic"),
+            "calculated",
+            now,
+        ),
+        total_record("request_enriched", Some("openai"), "calculated", now),
     ]);
     let services = observability_services_with_calculated_billing(store).await;
 
@@ -354,6 +364,30 @@ async fn usage_records_should_tolerate_records_that_fail_billing_enrichment() {
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn usage_records_should_enrich_provider_reported_totals_when_pricing_matches() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let store = Arc::new(FixtureObservabilityStore::new(observation_range(now)));
+    store.replace_usage_records(vec![total_record(
+        "request_provider_reported",
+        Some("openai"),
+        "provider_reported",
+        now,
+    )]);
+    let services = observability_services_with_calculated_billing(store).await;
+
+    let page = services
+        .observability()
+        .usage_records(usage_query(now))
+        .await
+        .expect("usage records");
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        page.items[0].billing,
+        Some(UsageBilling::Calculated(_))
+    ));
+}
+
 struct FixtureObservabilityStore {
     trend: Mutex<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>>,
     overview: Mutex<UsageOverview>,
@@ -567,9 +601,10 @@ fn usage_query(now: DateTime<Utc>) -> UsageQuery {
     }
 }
 
-fn calculated_total_record(
+fn total_record(
     id: &str,
     provider_kind: Option<&str>,
+    source: &str,
     now: DateTime<Utc>,
 ) -> UsageRecord {
     UsageRecord {
@@ -613,11 +648,11 @@ fn calculated_total_record(
         image_input_tokens: None,
         image_output_tokens: None,
         total_tokens: Some(1_000),
-        cost_source: "calculated".to_owned(),
+        cost_source: source.to_owned(),
         cost_amount: None,
         cost_currency: None,
         billing: Some(UsageBilling::Total {
-            source: "calculated".to_owned(),
+            source: source.to_owned(),
             total: CurrencyCost {
                 currency: "USD".to_owned(),
                 amount: gateway_admin::model::observability::DecimalAmount::from_str("1.25")
@@ -660,6 +695,7 @@ fn health_metric_point(bucket_start: DateTime<Utc>, metrics: RequestMetrics) ->
 
 fn diagnostic(name: &str, request_count: u64) -> DiagnosticObservation {
     DiagnosticObservation {
+        key: name.to_owned(),
         name: name.to_owned(),
         request_count,
         success_count: request_count,
@@ -667,6 +703,7 @@ fn diagnostic(name: &str, request_count: u64) -> DiagnosticObservation {
         attempt_count: request_count,
         total_tokens: request_count.saturating_mul(100),
         average_latency_ms: Some(100),
+        latency_p95_ms: Some(200),
         cost_coverage: CostCoverage::default(),
         costs: Vec::new(),
     }

backend/crates/gateway-api/Cargo.toml

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ futures = "0.3.32"
 gateway-admin = { path = "../gateway-admin" }
 gateway-core = { path = "../gateway-core" }
 gateway-protocol = { path = "../gateway-protocol" }
+secrecy = "0.10"
 serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["arbitrary_precision", "preserve_order"] }
 thiserror = "2.0.18"

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/accounts.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD};
 use chrono::{DateTime, FixedOffset, Utc};
 use futures::{Stream, StreamExt as _};
 use gateway_admin::model::{
-    AdminError as AdminServiceError, AdminErrorKind, PageSize,
+    AdminError as AdminServiceError, PageSize,
     accounts::{
         AccountConnectionTestEvent as DomainConnectionTestEvent, AccountCost, AccountListQuery,
         AccountModelUsage, AccountSort, AccountSortField, AccountStatus as DomainAccountStatus,
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ use gateway_core::{
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::{Map, Value};
 
+use super::presenter::{format_compact_number, format_number};
 use super::{
     AdminAuth, AdminEnvelope, AdminError, AdminResponse, AdminSessionState, PageMeta,
     WireValidationError,
@@ -193,7 +194,6 @@ pub struct AccountView {
     pub has_refresh_token: bool,
     pub status: String,
     pub display_status: String,
-    pub token_refreshing: bool,
     pub availability: String,
     pub enabled: bool,
     pub access_token_expires_at: Option<String>,
@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ pub struct AccountView {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AccountQuotaView {
     pub refreshed_at_display: String,
+    pub limit_reached: bool,
     pub windows: Vec<AccountQuotaWindowView>,
 }
 
@@ -226,6 +227,7 @@ pub struct AccountQuotaWindowView {
     pub label_display: String,
     pub used_percent: Option<f64>,
     pub used_percent_display: String,
+    pub limit_reached: bool,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub local_usage: Option<serde_json::Value>,
     pub reset_at_display: String,
@@ -1386,7 +1388,6 @@ fn account_view(item: AccountDirectoryItem, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> AccountView {
         has_refresh_token: account.has_refresh_token,
         status: status.clone(),
         display_status: status,
-        token_refreshing: false,
         availability: account.availability.as_str().to_owned(),
         enabled: account.enabled,
         access_token_expires_at: expires_at,
@@ -1419,6 +1420,7 @@ fn account_quota_view(
     (
         AccountQuotaView {
             refreshed_at_display,
+            limit_reached: quota.limit_reached,
             windows,
         },
         refresh_token_expires_at,
@@ -1434,6 +1436,7 @@ fn quota_window_view(window: ProviderQuotaWindow) -> AccountQuotaWindowView {
         window_seconds,
         used_percent,
         reset_at,
+        limit_reached,
         local_usage,
         provider_data: _,
     } = window;
@@ -1445,6 +1448,7 @@ fn quota_window_view(window: ProviderQuotaWindow) -> AccountQuotaWindowView {
         used_percent,
         used_percent_display: used_percent
             .map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), |value| format!("{value:.1}%")),
+        limit_reached,
         local_usage: local_usage.as_ref().map(quota_local_usage),
         reset_at_display: reset_at.map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), |value| china_datetime(&value)),
     }
@@ -1468,7 +1472,7 @@ fn quota_local_usage(usage: &AccountUsage) -> Value {
         "imageRequestCount": usage.image_request_count,
         "imageRequestFailedCount": usage.image_request_failed_count,
         "totalTokens": total_tokens,
-        "totalTokensDisplay": format_tokens(total_tokens),
+        "totalTokensDisplay": format_compact_number(total_tokens),
         "requestBuckets": usage.request_buckets.iter().map(|bucket| serde_json::json!({
             "bucketStart": bucket.bucket_start,
             "requestCount": bucket.request_count,
@@ -1601,7 +1605,7 @@ fn account_currency_cost_view(cost: &AccountCost) -> CurrencyCostView {
 }
 
 fn display_optional_tokens(value: Option<u64>) -> String {
-    value.map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), format_tokens)
+    value.map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), format_compact_number)
 }
 
 fn empty_account_usage() -> AccountUsageView {
@@ -1712,44 +1716,15 @@ fn provider_document_value(document: ProviderDocument) -> Value {
 fn account_status_name(status: DomainAccountStatus) -> &'static str {
     match status {
         DomainAccountStatus::Active => "active",
-        DomainAccountStatus::Expired => "expired",
+        DomainAccountStatus::RateLimited => "rate_limited",
         DomainAccountStatus::QuotaExhausted => "quota_exhausted",
+        DomainAccountStatus::Expired => "expired",
+        DomainAccountStatus::Invalid => "invalid",
         DomainAccountStatus::Disabled => "disabled",
         DomainAccountStatus::Banned => "banned",
     }
 }
 
-fn format_number(value: u64) -> String {
-    let text = value.to_string();
-    let mut output = String::with_capacity(text.len() + text.len() / 3);
-    for (index, character) in text.chars().rev().enumerate() {
-        if index > 0 && index % 3 == 0 {
-            output.push(',');
-        }
-        output.push(character);
-    }
-    output.chars().rev().collect()
-}
-
-fn format_tokens(value: u64) -> String {
-    if value < 1_000 {
-        return format_number(value);
-    }
-    for (suffix, threshold) in [
-        ("P", 1_000_000_000_000_000_u64),
-        ("T", 1_000_000_000_000_u64),
-        ("B", 1_000_000_000_u64),
-        ("M", 1_000_000_u64),
-        ("K", 1_000_u64),
-    ] {
-        if value >= threshold {
-            let scaled = value as f64 / threshold as f64;
-            return format!("{scaled:.1}{suffix}").replace(".0", "");
-        }
-    }
-    format_number(value)
-}
-
 fn relative_time(value: DateTime<Utc>, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> String {
     let elapsed = now.signed_duration_since(value);
     if elapsed.num_seconds() < 0 {
@@ -1787,16 +1762,5 @@ fn map_wire_error(error: WireValidationError) -> AdminError {
 }
 
 fn map_service_error(error: AdminServiceError) -> AdminError {
-    match error.kind() {
-        AdminErrorKind::Invalid => AdminError::bad_request(error.to_string()),
-        AdminErrorKind::Unauthorized => AdminError::admin_session_required(),
-        AdminErrorKind::NotFound => AdminError::not_found(error.to_string()),
-        AdminErrorKind::Conflict => AdminError::conflict(error.to_string()),
-        AdminErrorKind::RateLimited => AdminError::too_many_login_attempts(),
-        AdminErrorKind::BadGateway => AdminError::bad_gateway(error.to_string()),
-        AdminErrorKind::Unavailable => {
-            AdminError::service_unavailable("Account directory unavailable")
-        }
-        AdminErrorKind::Internal => AdminError::internal(error.to_string()),
-    }
+    super::wire::map_admin_service_error(error, "Account directory unavailable")
 }

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/backups.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+//! 备份设置、计划、手动创建、记录、下载与删除路由。
+//!
+//! 路径统一位于 `/api/admin/settings/backups/*`，内部由独立 `BackupService` 承担业务。
+
+use axum::{
+    Json, Router,
+    extract::{Query, State},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::IntoResponse,
+    routing::{get, post},
+};
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::{
+    BackupRecord, BackupSettings, BackupStatus, BackupTriggerKind, ConnectionTestResult,
+    UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+};
+use secrecy::{ExposeSecret as _, SecretString};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use super::{
+    AdminAuth, AdminEnvelope, AdminError, AdminPageData, AdminResponse, AdminSessionState,
+    PageMeta, wire::map_admin_service_error,
+};
+
+/// 备份设置视图；`secretAccessKey` 返回已保存的明文凭据，由前端掩码显示。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BackupSettingsView {
+    pub storage_revision: u64,
+    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
+    pub region: Option<String>,
+    pub bucket: Option<String>,
+    pub access_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub secret_access_key: Option<String>,
+    pub prefix: Option<String>,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+    pub verified: bool,
+    pub schedule_enabled: bool,
+    pub cron_expression: Option<String>,
+    pub schedule_timezone: Option<String>,
+    pub retention_days: u32,
+    pub retention_count: u32,
+    pub next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub last_verified_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+impl From<BackupSettings> for BackupSettingsView {
+    fn from(settings: BackupSettings) -> Self {
+        let verified = settings.storage_verified();
+        Self {
+            storage_revision: settings.storage_revision,
+            endpoint: settings.endpoint,
+            region: settings.region,
+            bucket: settings.bucket,
+            access_key_id: settings.access_key_id,
+            secret_access_key: settings
+                .secret_access_key
+                .map(|secret| secret.expose_secret().to_owned()),
+            prefix: settings.prefix,
+            force_path_style: settings.force_path_style,
+            verified,
+            schedule_enabled: settings.schedule_enabled,
+            cron_expression: settings.cron_expression,
+            schedule_timezone: settings.schedule_timezone,
+            retention_days: settings.retention_days,
+            retention_count: settings.retention_count,
+            next_run_at: settings.next_run_at,
+            last_verified_at: settings.last_verified_at,
+            updated_at: settings.updated_at,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 更新 S3 存储配置请求；`secretAccessKey` 缺省表示保留旧值。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct UpdateBackupStorageRequest {
+    pub endpoint: String,
+    pub region: String,
+    pub bucket: String,
+    pub access_key_id: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub secret_access_key: Option<String>,
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+}
+
+/// 更新调度配置请求。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct UpdateBackupScheduleRequest {
+    pub schedule_enabled: bool,
+    pub cron_expression: String,
+    pub schedule_timezone: String,
+    pub retention_days: u32,
+    pub retention_count: u32,
+}
+
+/// 备份记录 wire 视图。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BackupRecordView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub trigger_kind: String,
+    pub status: String,
+    pub scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub object_key: String,
+    pub size_bytes: Option<u64>,
+    pub sha256: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_count: u32,
+    pub error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub error_message: Option<String>,
+    pub started_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+impl From<BackupRecord> for BackupRecordView {
+    fn from(record: BackupRecord) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: record.id,
+            trigger_kind: record.trigger_kind.to_string(),
+            status: record.status.to_string(),
+            scheduled_at: record.scheduled_at,
+            object_key: record.object_key,
+            size_bytes: record.size_bytes,
+            sha256: record.sha256,
+            attempt_count: record.attempt_count,
+            error_code: record.error_code,
+            error_message: record.error_message,
+            started_at: record.started_at,
+            completed_at: record.completed_at,
+            expires_at: record.expires_at,
+            created_at: record.created_at,
+            updated_at: record.updated_at,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 记录列表查询参数。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BackupRecordsQuery {
+    pub page: Option<u32>,
+    pub page_size: Option<u16>,
+    pub status: Option<String>,
+    pub trigger: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// 下载地址请求。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct BackupIdRequest {
+    pub backup_id: String,
+}
+
+/// 下载地址响应。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DownloadUrlView {
+    pub url: String,
+    pub file_name: String,
+    pub expires_in_seconds: u64,
+}
+
+impl From<gateway_admin::model::backup::DownloadUrlResult> for DownloadUrlView {
+    fn from(result: gateway_admin::model::backup::DownloadUrlResult) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            url: result.url,
+            file_name: result.file_name,
+            expires_in_seconds: result.expires_in.as_secs(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 连接测试响应。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ConnectionTestView {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub stage: String,
+    pub code: Option<String>,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+impl From<ConnectionTestResult> for ConnectionTestView {
+    fn from(result: ConnectionTestResult) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ok: result.ok,
+            stage: result.stage.to_owned(),
+            code: result.code.map(str::to_owned),
+            message: result.message,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 构造固定 GET/POST 备份路由。
+pub fn router<S>() -> Router<S>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/api/admin/settings/backups", get(backup_settings::<S>))
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/storage/update",
+            post(update_backup_storage::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/storage/test",
+            post(test_backup_storage::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/schedule/update",
+            post(update_backup_schedule::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/records",
+            get(backup_records::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/create",
+            post(create_backup::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/download-url",
+            post(download_backup_url::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/delete",
+            post(delete_backup::<S>),
+        )
+}
+
+async fn backup_settings<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let settings = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .load_settings()
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupSettingsView::from(settings)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn update_backup_storage<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Json(request): Json<UpdateBackupStorageRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let command = UpdateBackupStorageCommand {
+        endpoint: request.endpoint,
+        region: request.region,
+        bucket: request.bucket,
+        access_key_id: request.access_key_id,
+        secret_access_key: request.secret_access_key.map(SecretString::from),
+        prefix: request.prefix,
+        force_path_style: request.force_path_style,
+    };
+    let settings = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .update_storage(&auth.context().mutation_context(), command)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupSettingsView::from(settings)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn test_backup_storage<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .test_connection(&auth.context().mutation_context())
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(ConnectionTestView::from(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn update_backup_schedule<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Json(request): Json<UpdateBackupScheduleRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let command = UpdateBackupScheduleCommand {
+        schedule_enabled: request.schedule_enabled,
+        cron_expression: request.cron_expression,
+        schedule_timezone: request.schedule_timezone,
+        retention_days: request.retention_days,
+        retention_count: request.retention_count,
+    };
+    let settings = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .update_schedule(&auth.context().mutation_context(), command)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupSettingsView::from(settings)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn backup_records<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<BackupRecordsQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let page_size = gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(query.page_size.unwrap_or(20))
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::bad_request("Invalid pageSize"))?;
+    let page = query.page.unwrap_or(1);
+    if page == 0 {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request("Invalid page"));
+    }
+    let status = match query.status.as_deref() {
+        None => None,
+        Some(value) => BackupStatus::parse(value)
+            .map(Some)
+            .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::bad_request("Invalid status"))?,
+    };
+    let trigger = match query.trigger.as_deref() {
+        None => None,
+        Some(value) => BackupTriggerKind::parse(value)
+            .map(Some)
+            .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::bad_request("Invalid trigger"))?,
+    };
+    let domain_query = gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupRecordListQuery {
+        page,
+        page_size,
+        status,
+        trigger,
+    };
+    let page_result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .list_records(domain_query)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    let meta = PageMeta::new(
+        page_result.page,
+        u32::from(page_result.page_size.get()),
+        page_result.total,
+        page_result.total_pages(),
+    );
+    let items: Vec<BackupRecordView> = page_result
+        .items
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(BackupRecordView::from)
+        .collect();
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(AdminPageData::new(items, meta)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn create_backup<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    body: Option<Json<CreateBackupRequest>>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let expires_at = body
+        .and_then(|body| body.0.expires_in_days)
+        .filter(|&days| days > 0)
+        .map(|days| Utc::now() + chrono::Duration::days(i64::from(days)));
+    let record = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .create_backup(&auth.context().mutation_context(), expires_at)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::ACCEPTED,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupRecordView::from(record)),
+    ))
+}
+
+/// 创建备份请求；`expiresInDays` 为 0 或缺省表示不设置过期时间。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct CreateBackupRequest {
+    pub expires_in_days: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+async fn download_backup_url<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Json(request): Json<BackupIdRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .download_url(&auth.context().mutation_context(), &request.backup_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(DownloadUrlView::from(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn delete_backup<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Json(request): Json<BackupIdRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let record = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .delete_backup(&auth.context().mutation_context(), &request.backup_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupRecordView::from(record)),
+    ))
+}
+
+fn map_service_error(error: gateway_admin::model::AdminError) -> AdminError {
+    map_admin_service_error(error, "Backup service unavailable")
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/mod.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ use axum::{
 
 pub mod accounts;
 pub mod auth;
+pub mod backups;
 pub mod client_keys;
 pub mod observability;
+pub mod presenter;
 pub mod settings;
 pub mod system;
 pub mod wire;
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ where
     Router::new()
         .merge(accounts::router::<S>())
         .merge(auth::router::<S>())
+        .merge(backups::router::<S>())
         .merge(client_keys::router::<S>())
         .merge(observability::router::<S>())
         .merge(settings::router::<S>())

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/observability/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//! Dashboard、用量与诊断查询的 wire 映射和固定路由。
+
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, num::NonZeroU32};
+
+use axum::{
+    Router,
+    extract::{Query, State},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::IntoResponse,
+    routing::get,
+};
+use base64::engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::model::{PageSize as DomainPageSize, observability as domain};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use super::presenter::{format_compact_number, format_number};
+use super::{
+    AdminAuth, AdminEnvelope, AdminError, AdminResponse, AdminSessionState, PageMeta,
+    WireValidationError, wire::map_admin_service_error,
+};
+
+mod presenter;
+mod query;
+mod routes;
+mod wire;
+
+pub(crate) use presenter::*;
+pub use query::*;
+pub use routes::*;
+pub use wire::*;

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/observability/query.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+//! 查询 wire 类型、校验与领域命令映射。
+
+use super::*;
+
+use base64::Engine as _;
+
+/// 观测列表默认页大小。
+pub const DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE: u16 = 50;
+/// 观测列表允许的最大页大小。
+pub const MAX_PAGE_SIZE: u16 = 100;
+/// 游标编码在 HTTP 层解码前允许的最大长度。
+pub const MAX_CURSOR_BYTES: usize = 1024;
+
+/// Dashboard 查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct DashboardQuery {
+    pub kind: Option<String>,
+    pub start_time: Option<String>,
+    pub end_time: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl DashboardQuery {
+    /// 解析 dashboard 趋势类型。
+    pub fn trend_kind(&self) -> Result<TrendKind, WireValidationError> {
+        TrendKind::parse(self.kind.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 逻辑请求列表、汇总和洞察查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct UsageQuery {
+    pub page: Option<u32>,
+    pub page_size: Option<u16>,
+    pub cursor: Option<String>,
+    pub kind: Option<String>,
+    pub outcome: Option<String>,
+    pub client_api_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub route: Option<String>,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<i64>,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub search: Option<String>,
+    pub start_time: Option<String>,
+    pub end_time: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl UsageQuery {
+    /// 校验分页字段，不改变仓储层的分页 owner。
+    pub fn validate_page(&self) -> Result<(u32, u16), WireValidationError> {
+        let page = self.page.unwrap_or(1);
+        if page == 0 {
+            return Err(WireValidationError::new("page"));
+        }
+        let page_size = self.page_size.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
+        if page_size == 0 || page_size > MAX_PAGE_SIZE {
+            return Err(WireValidationError::new("pageSize"));
+        }
+        Ok((page, page_size))
+    }
+
+    /// 校验游标的 wire 边界；编码和排序语义由应用层负责。
+    pub fn validate_cursor(&self) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+        validate_cursor(self.cursor.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 详情查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct DetailQuery {
+    pub id: String,
+}
+
+impl DetailQuery {
+    /// 校验详情 ID，错误不回显输入值。
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+        require_text(&self.id, "id")
+    }
+}
+
+/// 诊断聚合查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct DiagnosticsQuery {
+    pub dimension: Option<String>,
+    pub start_time: Option<String>,
+    pub end_time: Option<String>,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub search: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl DiagnosticsQuery {
+    /// 解析诊断维度。
+    pub fn dimension(&self) -> Result<DiagnosticDimension, WireValidationError> {
+        DiagnosticDimension::parse(self.dimension.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 运维错误查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct OpsQuery {
+    pub page: Option<u32>,
+    pub page_size: Option<u16>,
+    pub cursor: Option<String>,
+    pub kind: Option<String>,
+    pub client_api_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub route: Option<String>,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub client_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub upstream_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<i64>,
+    pub failure_class: Option<String>,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub search: Option<String>,
+    pub start_time: Option<String>,
+    pub end_time: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl OpsQuery {
+    /// 校验分页字段。
+    pub fn validate_page(&self) -> Result<(u32, u16), WireValidationError> {
+        let page = self.page.unwrap_or(1);
+        if page == 0 {
+            return Err(WireValidationError::new("page"));
+        }
+        let page_size = self.page_size.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
+        if page_size == 0 || page_size > MAX_PAGE_SIZE {
+            return Err(WireValidationError::new("pageSize"));
+        }
+        Ok((page, page_size))
+    }
+
+    /// 校验游标的 wire 边界。
+    pub fn validate_cursor(&self) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+        validate_cursor(self.cursor.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 趋势类型。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum TrendKind {
+    Usage,
+    Latency,
+    Errors,
+}
+
+impl TrendKind {
+    /// 从 query 值解析趋势类型。
+    pub fn parse(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self, WireValidationError> {
+        match trimmed(value) {
+            None | Some("usage") => Ok(Self::Usage),
+            Some("latency") => Ok(Self::Latency),
+            Some("errors") => Ok(Self::Errors),
+            Some(_) => Err(WireValidationError::new("kind")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 诊断聚合维度。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DiagnosticDimension {
+    Model,
+    Account,
+    ApiKey,
+    Provider,
+    Transport,
+    Failure,
+    Status,
+}
+
+impl DiagnosticDimension {
+    /// 从 query 值解析诊断维度。
+    pub fn parse(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self, WireValidationError> {
+        match trimmed(value) {
+            None | Some("model") => Ok(Self::Model),
+            Some("account") => Ok(Self::Account),
+            Some("apiKey" | "api_key") => Ok(Self::ApiKey),
+            Some("provider") => Ok(Self::Provider),
+            Some("transport") => Ok(Self::Transport),
+            Some("failureClass" | "failure_class") => Ok(Self::Failure),
+            Some("status") => Ok(Self::Status),
+            Some(_) => Err(WireValidationError::new("dimension")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 返回终态响应中的稳定维度名称。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn display_name(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Model => "model",
+            Self::Account => "account",
+            Self::ApiKey => "apiKey",
+            Self::Provider => "provider",
+            Self::Transport => "transport",
+            Self::Failure => "failureClass",
+            Self::Status => "status",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 解析 RFC3339 时间；错误不回显原始值。
+pub fn parse_datetime(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<Option<DateTime<Utc>>, WireValidationError> {
+    let Some(value) = trimmed(value) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(value)
+        .map(|value| Some(value.with_timezone(&Utc)))
+        .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("timeRange"))
+}
+
+/// 解析 HTTP 状态码。
+pub fn parse_status(value: Option<i64>) -> Result<Option<u16>, WireValidationError> {
+    value
+        .map(|value| {
+            u16::try_from(value)
+                .ok()
+                .filter(|value| (100..=599).contains(value))
+                .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("statusCode"))
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+/// 解析尝试序号。
+pub fn parse_attempt_index(value: Option<i64>) -> Result<Option<u32>, WireValidationError> {
+    value
+        .map(|value| {
+            u32::try_from(value)
+                .ok()
+                .filter(|value| *value > 0 && *value <= i32::MAX as u32)
+                .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("attemptIndex"))
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn require_text(value: &str, field: &'static str) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+    if value.trim().is_empty() {
+        Err(WireValidationError::new(field))
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_cursor(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+    if value.is_some_and(|value| value.is_empty() || value.len() > MAX_CURSOR_BYTES) {
+        return Err(WireValidationError::new("cursor"));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn trimmed(value: Option<&str>) -> Option<&str> {
+    value.map(str::trim).filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn domain_trend_kind(kind: TrendKind) -> domain::TrendKind {
+    match kind {
+        TrendKind::Usage => domain::TrendKind::Usage,
+        TrendKind::Latency => domain::TrendKind::Latency,
+        TrendKind::Errors => domain::TrendKind::Errors,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn domain_diagnostic_dimension(
+    dimension: DiagnosticDimension,
+) -> domain::DiagnosticDimension {
+    match dimension {
+        DiagnosticDimension::Model => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Model,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Account => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Account,
+        DiagnosticDimension::ApiKey => domain::DiagnosticDimension::ApiKey,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Provider => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Provider,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Transport => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Transport,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Failure => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Failure,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Status => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Status,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn request_outcome(
+    value: Option<String>,
+) -> Result<Option<domain::RequestOutcome>, WireValidationError> {
+    non_empty(value)
+        .map(|value| {
+            domain::RequestOutcome::new(value).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("outcome"))
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn usage_range(
+    start: Option<&str>,
+    end: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<domain::TimeRange, WireValidationError> {
+    let end = parse_datetime(end)?.unwrap_or_else(Utc::now);
+    let start = parse_datetime(start)?.unwrap_or(end - Duration::days(7));
+    domain::TimeRange::new(start, end).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("timeRange"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn dashboard_range(
+    start: Option<&str>,
+    end: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<domain::TimeRange, WireValidationError> {
+    let end = parse_datetime(end)?.unwrap_or_else(Utc::now);
+    let start =
+        parse_datetime(start)?.unwrap_or_else(|| domain::china_day_start(end) - Duration::days(1));
+    domain::TimeRange::new(start, end).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("timeRange"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn dashboard_today_range(
+    start: Option<&str>,
+    end: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<domain::TimeRange, WireValidationError> {
+    let end = parse_datetime(end)?.unwrap_or_else(Utc::now);
+    let start = parse_datetime(start)?.unwrap_or_else(|| domain::china_day_start(end));
+    domain::TimeRange::new(start, end).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("timeRange"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn usage_filter(query: &UsageQuery) -> Result<domain::UsageFilter, WireValidationError> {
+    let outcome = query.outcome.clone().or_else(|| {
+        non_empty(query.kind.clone()).filter(|value| {
+            matches!(
+                value.as_str(),
+                "running" | "succeeded" | "failed" | "cancelled" | "incomplete"
+            )
+        })
+    });
+    Ok(domain::UsageFilter {
+        client_api_key_ref: non_empty(query.client_api_key_id.clone()),
+        request_id: non_empty(query.request_id.clone()),
+        provider_account_ref: non_empty(query.account_id.clone()),
+        operation: non_empty(query.route.clone()),
+        provider_kind: non_empty(query.provider.clone()),
+        model: non_empty(query.model.clone()),
+        outcome: request_outcome(outcome)?,
+        status_code: parse_status(query.status_code)?,
+        transport: non_empty(query.transport.clone()),
+        attempt_index: parse_attempt_index(query.attempt_index)?,
+        response_id: non_empty(query.response_id.clone()),
+        upstream_request_id: non_empty(query.upstream_request_id.clone()),
+        search: non_empty(query.search.clone()),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn usage_command(
+    query: &UsageQuery,
+) -> Result<(domain::UsageQuery, u32, u16), WireValidationError> {
+    let (page, page_size) = query.validate_page()?;
+    query.validate_cursor()?;
+    let page_number = NonZeroU32::new(page)
+        .map(domain::PageNumber::new)
+        .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("page"))?;
+    let page_size_value =
+        DomainPageSize::new(page_size).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("pageSize"))?;
+    Ok((
+        domain::UsageQuery {
+            range: usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())?,
+            filter: usage_filter(query)?,
+            cursor: decode_observability_cursor(query.cursor.as_deref())?,
+            page: page_number,
+            page_size: page_size_value,
+        },
+        page,
+        page_size,
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn ops_command(
+    query: &OpsQuery,
+) -> Result<(domain::OpsErrorQuery, u32, u16), WireValidationError> {
+    let (page, page_size) = query.validate_page()?;
+    query.validate_cursor()?;
+    let page_number = NonZeroU32::new(page)
+        .map(domain::PageNumber::new)
+        .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("page"))?;
+    let page_size_value =
+        DomainPageSize::new(page_size).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("pageSize"))?;
+    let status_code = parse_status(
+        query
+            .upstream_status_code
+            .or(query.client_status_code)
+            .or(query.status_code),
+    )?;
+    Ok((
+        domain::OpsErrorQuery {
+            range: usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())?,
+            filter: domain::OpsErrorFilter {
+                client_api_key_ref: non_empty(query.client_api_key_id.clone()),
+                request_id: non_empty(query.request_id.clone()),
+                provider_kind: non_empty(query.provider.clone()),
+                provider_account_ref: non_empty(query.account_id.clone()),
+                operation: non_empty(query.route.clone()).or_else(|| non_empty(query.kind.clone())),
+                model: non_empty(query.model.clone()),
+                transport: non_empty(query.transport.clone()),
+                attempt_index: parse_attempt_index(query.attempt_index)?,
+                response_id: non_empty(query.response_id.clone()),
+                upstream_request_id: non_empty(query.upstream_request_id.clone()),
+                failure_kind: non_empty(query.failure_class.clone()),
+                status_code,
+                search: non_empty(query.search.clone()),
+            },
+            cursor: decode_observability_cursor(query.cursor.as_deref())?,
+            page: page_number,
+            page_size: page_size_value,
+        },
+        page,
+        page_size,
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn decode_observability_cursor(
+    value: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<Option<domain::ObservabilityCursor>, WireValidationError> {
+    value
+        .map(|encoded| {
+            if encoded.is_empty() || encoded.len() > MAX_CURSOR_BYTES {
+                return Err(WireValidationError::new("cursor"));
+            }
+            let bytes = URL_SAFE_NO_PAD
+                .decode(encoded)
+                .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("cursor"))?;
+            let wire: CursorWire =
+                serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("cursor"))?;
+            if wire.stable_id.trim().is_empty() {
+                return Err(WireValidationError::new("cursor"));
+            }
+            Ok(domain::ObservabilityCursor {
+                observed_at: wire.observed_at,
+                stable_id: wire.stable_id,
+            })
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn encode_observability_cursor(
+    cursor: &domain::ObservabilityCursor,
+) -> Result<String, WireValidationError> {
+    let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&CursorWire {
+        observed_at: cursor.observed_at,
+        stable_id: cursor.stable_id.clone(),
+    })
+    .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("cursor"))?;
+    Ok(URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(bytes))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn non_empty(value: Option<String>) -> Option<String> {
+    value
+        .map(|value| value.trim().to_owned())
+        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/observability/routes.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+//! 固定 `/api/admin` 观测路由与 handler。
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub fn router<S>() -> Router<S>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/api/admin/dashboard/summary", get(dashboard_summary::<S>))
+        .route("/api/admin/dashboard/trend", get(dashboard_trend::<S>))
+        .route("/api/admin/usage/records", get(usage_records::<S>))
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/usage/records/detail",
+            get(usage_record_detail::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/usage/records/summary",
+            get(usage_records_summary::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/usage/insights/overview",
+            get(usage_insights_overview::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/usage/insights/diagnostics",
+            get(usage_insights_diagnostics::<S>),
+        )
+        .route("/api/admin/operations/errors", get(ops_errors::<S>))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn dashboard_summary<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<DashboardQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let kind = query.trend_kind().map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let range = dashboard_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .dashboard_summary(range, domain_trend_kind(kind))
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(dashboard_view(result, kind)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn dashboard_trend<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<DashboardQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let kind = query.trend_kind().map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let range = dashboard_today_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .dashboard_trend(range, domain_trend_kind(kind))
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(trend_view(result, kind)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_records<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<UsageQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let (command, page, page_size) = usage_command(&query).map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .usage_records(command)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    let data = usage_page_view(result, page, page_size)
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Failed to encode observability cursor"))?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(StatusCode::OK, AdminEnvelope::ok(data)))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_record_detail<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<DetailQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    query.validate().map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .usage_record_detail(query.id.trim())
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(usage_detail_view(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_records_summary<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<UsageQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let range = usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let filter = usage_filter(&query).map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .usage_summary(range, filter)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(usage_summary_view(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_insights_overview<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<UsageQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let range = usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let filter = usage_filter(&query).map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .usage_insights(range, filter)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(usage_insights_view(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_insights_diagnostics<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<DiagnosticsQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let dimension = query.dimension().map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let range = usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let filter = domain::UsageFilter {
+        provider_kind: non_empty(query.provider),
+        model: non_empty(query.model),
+        status_code: parse_status(query.status_code).map_err(map_wire_error)?,
+        search: non_empty(query.search),
+        ..domain::UsageFilter::default()
+    };
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .diagnostics(range, filter, domain_diagnostic_dimension(dimension))
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(diagnostics_view(result, dimension)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn ops_errors<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<OpsQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let (command, page, page_size) = ops_command(&query).map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .ops_errors(command)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    let data = ops_page_view(result, page, page_size)
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Failed to encode observability cursor"))?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(StatusCode::OK, AdminEnvelope::ok(data)))
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/observability/wire.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,712 @@
+//! 响应 DTO 与固定 wire 形状。
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// 观测列表游标的稳定 wire 形状。
+#[derive(Clone, Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct CursorWire {
+    pub observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub stable_id: String,
+}
+
+/// 观测列表响应数据。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct PageData<T> {
+    pub items: Vec<T>,
+    pub page: PageMeta,
+    pub next_cursor: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Token 详情展示。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TokenDetailsView {
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub total_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub input_tokens_display: String,
+    pub output_tokens_display: String,
+    pub cached_tokens_display: String,
+    pub cache_write_tokens_display: String,
+    pub reasoning_tokens_display: String,
+    pub image_input_tokens_display: String,
+    pub image_output_tokens_display: String,
+    pub total_tokens_display: String,
+}
+
+/// 按货币展示的成本。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CostView {
+    pub currency: String,
+    pub estimated_amount: String,
+}
+
+/// 成本覆盖状态计数。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CostCoverageView {
+    pub known: u64,
+    pub partial: u64,
+    pub unknown: u64,
+    pub not_billable: u64,
+}
+
+/// Provider 受控价格规则生成的单次请求费用明细展示。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BillingView {
+    pub input_amount_display: String,
+    pub output_amount_display: String,
+    pub cache_read_amount_display: String,
+    pub cache_write_amount_display: String,
+    pub standard_amount_display: String,
+    pub total_amount_display: String,
+    pub input_price_display: String,
+    pub output_price_display: String,
+    pub cache_read_price_display: String,
+    pub cache_write_price_display: String,
+    pub service_tier_display: String,
+    pub multiplier_display: String,
+}
+
+/// 单条逻辑请求展示。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageRecordView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub request_id: String,
+    pub client_api_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub route: String,
+    pub model: String,
+    pub requested_model: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_model: Option<String>,
+    pub service_tier: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub protocol: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub http_version: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub client_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub upstream_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub websocket_pool: Option<WebSocketPoolMetadataView>,
+    pub image_generation_requested: bool,
+    pub image_generation_succeeded: Option<bool>,
+    pub latency_details: UsageLatencyDetailsView,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<i64>,
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_token_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub message: String,
+    /// Provider 安全观测；Core 字段由顶层字段提供，不再复制进 metadata。
+    pub metadata: BTreeMap<String, Value>,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub created_at_display: String,
+    pub client_ip: Option<String>,
+    pub user_agent: Option<String>,
+    pub reasoning_effort: Option<String>,
+    pub reasoning_preset: Option<String>,
+    pub compact: Option<bool>,
+    pub request_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub subagent_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub token_details: TokenDetailsView,
+    pub billing: Option<BillingView>,
+    pub costs: Vec<CostView>,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverageView,
+    pub first_token_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_token_latency_ms_display: String,
+    pub latency_ms_display: String,
+    pub logical_outcome: String,
+}
+
+/// WebSocket 池决策的稳定形状；与 Provider 选择逻辑无关。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct WebSocketPoolMetadataView {
+    pub kind: String,
+}
+
+/// 逻辑请求在上游和输出阶段测得的时延事实。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageLatencyDetailsView {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub transport_decision_wait_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub ws_connect_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub upstream_headers_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub first_event_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub first_reasoning_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub first_text_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub first_token_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub openai_processing_ms: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+/// 单次上游尝试展示。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageAttemptView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub attempt_index: u32,
+    pub trigger: String,
+    pub provider: String,
+    pub model: String,
+    pub transport: String,
+    pub send_state: String,
+    pub outcome: String,
+    pub downstream_committed: bool,
+    pub status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub provider_error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub failure_class: Option<String>,
+    pub cost_estimate_status: String,
+    pub estimated_cost_amount: Option<String>,
+    pub estimated_cost_currency: Option<String>,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub total_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_token_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub credential_name: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub started_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+}
+
+/// 逻辑请求详情与其尝试列表。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageRecordDetailView {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub request: UsageRecordView,
+    pub attempts: Vec<UsageAttemptView>,
+    /// 尝试列表是否完整；best-effort 下恒为 false。
+    pub attempts_complete: bool,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 趋势数据。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TrendData {
+    pub kind: TrendKind,
+    pub points: Vec<TrendPointView>,
+    pub summary: Vec<TrendSummaryView>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 单个趋势桶。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TrendPointView {
+    pub time: String,
+    pub bucket: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub requests: String,
+    pub requests_value: u64,
+    pub input_tokens: String,
+    pub input_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: String,
+    pub output_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: String,
+    pub cached_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub cache_hit_rate_value: f64,
+    pub tokens_value: u64,
+    pub errors: String,
+    pub errors_value: u64,
+    pub latency: String,
+    pub latency_value: Option<u64>,
+    pub max_latency: String,
+    pub max_latency_value: Option<u64>,
+    pub min_latency: String,
+    pub min_latency_value: Option<u64>,
+    pub success_rate: String,
+    pub success_rate_value: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 趋势摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct TrendSummaryView {
+    pub label: String,
+    pub value: String,
+    pub ratio: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 卡片集合。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardCardsView {
+    pub credentials: DashboardCredentialsCardView,
+    pub traffic: DashboardTrafficCardView,
+    pub tokens: DashboardTokensCardView,
+    pub cache: DashboardCacheCardView,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 上游凭据卡片。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardCredentialsCardView {
+    pub total: String,
+    pub total_value: u64,
+    pub available: String,
+    pub available_value: u64,
+    pub unavailable: String,
+    pub unavailable_value: u64,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 流量卡片。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardTrafficCardView {
+    pub today_requests: String,
+    pub today_requests_value: u64,
+    pub yesterday_requests_value: u64,
+    pub total_requests: String,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard token 卡片。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardTokensCardView {
+    pub today_tokens: String,
+    pub today_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub yesterday_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: String,
+    pub total_billing_amount_usd: String,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 缓存卡片。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardCacheCardView {
+    pub today_hit_rate: String,
+    pub today_hit_rate_value: Option<f64>,
+    pub yesterday_hit_rate_value: Option<f64>,
+    pub total_hit_rate: String,
+    pub total_cached_tokens: String,
+    pub average_first_token_latency_ms: String,
+}
+
+/// 旧 Dashboard 账号概览卡片所需的 Provider 安全投影。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardAccountUsageView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub provider: String,
+    pub authentication_kind: String,
+    pub email: String,
+    pub plan_type: Option<String>,
+    pub tokens: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub request_buckets: Vec<DashboardAccountRequestBucketView>,
+    pub quota_used_percent: Option<f64>,
+    pub last_used: String,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 账号单小时请求数。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardAccountRequestBucketView {
+    pub bucket_start: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+}
+
+/// Provider 账号池的持久事实汇总。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardPoolSummaryView {
+    pub total: u64,
+    pub active: u64,
+    pub rate_limited: u64,
+    pub expired: u64,
+    pub invalid: u64,
+    pub quota_exhausted: u64,
+    pub refreshing: Option<u64>,
+    pub disabled: u64,
+    pub banned: u64,
+}
+
+/// 同 target 账号调度容量；Redis 未提供聚合事实时运行中槽位保持空值。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardCapacityInfoView {
+    pub max_concurrent_per_account: u64,
+    pub total_slots: u64,
+    pub used_slots: Option<u64>,
+    pub available_slots: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+/// 逻辑请求指标展示。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RequestMetricsView {
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub cancelled_count: u64,
+    pub incomplete_count: u64,
+    pub caller_error_count: u64,
+    pub input_tokens: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: u64,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: u64,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+}
+
+/// 上游尝试指标展示。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AttemptMetricsView {
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub cancelled_count: u64,
+    pub incomplete_count: u64,
+    pub rate_limited_count: u64,
+    pub auth_failure_count: u64,
+    pub provider5xx_count: u64,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverageView,
+    pub costs: Vec<CostView>,
+}
+
+/// 健康时间线单点。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct HealthTimelinePointView {
+    pub time: String,
+    pub status: String,
+    pub reliability_display: String,
+    pub success_requests: u64,
+    pub failed_requests: u64,
+    pub cancelled_requests: u64,
+    pub incomplete_requests: u64,
+    pub caller_error_requests: u64,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 健康时间线。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct HealthTimelineView {
+    pub title: String,
+    pub description: String,
+    pub reliability_display: String,
+    pub status: String,
+    pub success_requests: u64,
+    pub failed_requests: u64,
+    pub cancelled_requests: u64,
+    pub incomplete_requests: u64,
+    pub caller_error_requests: u64,
+    pub points: Vec<HealthTimelinePointView>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 展示的实际 Provider 上游请求身份。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardWireProfileView {
+    pub provider: String,
+    pub product: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub build: Option<String>,
+    pub target: DashboardWireTargetView,
+    pub user_agent: String,
+    pub attributes: Vec<DashboardWireAttributeView>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub verified_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub release: Option<DashboardDesktopReleaseView>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardWireAttributeView {
+    pub label: String,
+    pub value: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardWireTargetView {
+    pub os_type: String,
+    pub os_version: String,
+    pub arch: String,
+    pub terminal: String,
+}
+
+/// 发布检查与启动画像分离；未检查时使用明确的 `unchecked` 状态。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardDesktopReleaseView {
+    pub status: DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub checked_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub latest_version: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub latest_build: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 发布检查的稳定 wire 状态。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView {
+    Unchecked,
+    Aligned,
+    ReviewRequired,
+    CheckFailed,
+}
+
+impl From<domain::DesktopReleaseStatus> for DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView {
+    fn from(status: domain::DesktopReleaseStatus) -> Self {
+        match status {
+            domain::DesktopReleaseStatus::Unchecked => Self::Unchecked,
+            domain::DesktopReleaseStatus::Current => Self::Aligned,
+            domain::DesktopReleaseStatus::UpdateAvailable => Self::ReviewRequired,
+            domain::DesktopReleaseStatus::Failed => Self::CheckFailed,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 汇总响应数据。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardDataView {
+    pub cards: DashboardCardsView,
+    pub trend: TrendData,
+    pub health_timeline: HealthTimelineView,
+    pub wire_profiles: Vec<DashboardWireProfileView>,
+    pub account_usage: Vec<DashboardAccountUsageView>,
+    pub usage_records: Vec<UsageRecordView>,
+    pub pool_summary: DashboardPoolSummaryView,
+    pub capacity_info: DashboardCapacityInfoView,
+    pub rotation_strategy: String,
+}
+
+/// 用量汇总响应数据。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageSummaryView {
+    pub total_requests: String,
+    pub input_tokens: String,
+    pub output_tokens: String,
+    pub cached_tokens: String,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: String,
+    pub total_tokens: String,
+    pub average_latency_ms: String,
+    pub logical_requests: RequestMetricsView,
+    pub attempts: AttemptMetricsView,
+}
+
+/// 洞察健康趋势点。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewHealthPointView {
+    pub bucket: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub success_requests: u64,
+    pub failed_requests: u64,
+    pub cancelled_requests: u64,
+    pub incomplete_requests: u64,
+    pub caller_error_requests: u64,
+    pub error_rate: f64,
+}
+
+/// 洞察健康摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewHealthView {
+    pub total_requests: u64,
+    pub success_requests: u64,
+    pub failed_requests: u64,
+    pub cancelled_requests: u64,
+    pub incomplete_requests: u64,
+    pub caller_error_requests: u64,
+    pub success_rate: f64,
+    pub request_change_rate: Option<f64>,
+    pub success_rate_change: Option<f64>,
+    pub points: Vec<OverviewHealthPointView>,
+}
+
+/// 洞察性能趋势点。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewPerformancePointView {
+    pub bucket: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub latency_p50_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_p99_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p50_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p95_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p99_ms: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// 洞察性能摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewPerformanceView {
+    pub latency_p50_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_p99_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p50_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p95_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p99_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_coverage: f64,
+    pub first_token_coverage: f64,
+    pub points: Vec<OverviewPerformancePointView>,
+}
+
+/// 洞察成本趋势点。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewCostPointView {
+    pub bucket: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub input_tokens: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+    pub estimated_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub standard_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub cached_token_rate: f64,
+    pub cache_hit_request_rate: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// 洞察成本摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewCostView {
+    pub estimated_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub standard_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub cost_per_request: Option<String>,
+    pub tokens_per_request: f64,
+    pub cached_token_rate: f64,
+    pub cache_hit_request_rate: Option<f64>,
+    pub input_tokens: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+    pub points: Vec<OverviewCostPointView>,
+    pub costs: Vec<CostView>,
+    pub coverage: CostCoverageView,
+}
+
+/// Provider 维度洞察摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ProviderOverviewView {
+    pub provider: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+}
+
+/// 用量洞察总响应。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageInsightsOverviewView {
+    pub granularity: String,
+    pub health: OverviewHealthView,
+    pub performance: OverviewPerformanceView,
+    pub cost: OverviewCostView,
+    pub attempts: AttemptMetricsView,
+    pub providers: Vec<ProviderOverviewView>,
+}
+
+/// 诊断聚合项目。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DiagnosticItemView {
+    pub key: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub error_count: u64,
+    pub error_rate: f64,
+    pub request_share: f64,
+    pub average_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub estimated_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+}
+
+/// 诊断聚合响应。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DiagnosticsView {
+    pub dimension: String,
+    pub items: Vec<DiagnosticItemView>,
+}
+
+/// 运维错误项目。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OpsErrorView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub client_api_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub route: String,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub client_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub upstream_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<u32>,
+    pub failure_class: String,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub message: String,
+    pub metadata: OpsErrorMetadataView,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub created_at_display: String,
+}
+
+/// 运维错误安全元数据；只保留可查询的标识，不回显秘密材料。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OpsErrorMetadataView {
+    pub source: String,
+    pub component: String,
+    pub attempt_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_label: Option<String>,
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/presenter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Admin API 的展示层辅助：数值格式化。
+//!
+//! 按 docs/project-redundancy-boundary-audit.md BE-02 的目标，display 字段最终
+//! 迁移到前端；过渡期统一由本模块提供，避免 accounts/observability 各自维护。
+
+/// 千分位格式化。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn format_number(value: u64) -> String {
+    let text = value.to_string();
+    let mut output = String::with_capacity(text.len() + text.len() / 3);
+    for (index, character) in text.chars().rev().enumerate() {
+        if index > 0 && index % 3 == 0 {
+            output.push(',');
+        }
+        output.push(character);
+    }
+    output.chars().rev().collect()
+}
+
+/// 紧凑格式化：≥1000 时用 K/M/B/T/P 后缀，否则千分位。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn format_compact_number(value: u64) -> String {
+    if value < 1_000 {
+        return format_number(value);
+    }
+    for (suffix, threshold) in [
+        ("P", 1_000_000_000_000_000_u64),
+        ("T", 1_000_000_000_000_u64),
+        ("B", 1_000_000_000_u64),
+        ("M", 1_000_000_u64),
+        ("K", 1_000_u64),
+    ] {
+        if value >= threshold {
+            let scaled = value as f64 / threshold as f64;
+            return format!("{scaled:.1}{suffix}").replace(".0", "");
+        }
+    }
+    format_number(value)
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/settings.rs

@@ -72,10 +72,7 @@ impl UpdateRuntimeSettingsRequest {
         if i64::try_from(self.request_interval_ms).is_err() {
             return Err(WireValidationError::new("requestIntervalMs"));
         }
-        if !matches!(
-            self.rotation_strategy.as_str(),
-            "smart" | "quota_reset_priority" | "round_robin" | "sticky"
-        ) {
+        if RotationStrategy::parse(&self.rotation_strategy).is_none() {
             return Err(WireValidationError::new("rotationStrategy"));
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ impl UpdateRuntimeSettingsRequest {
             max_concurrent_per_account: u32::try_from(self.max_concurrent_per_account)
                 .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("settingsMaxConcurrencyOverflow"))?,
             request_interval_ms: self.request_interval_ms,
-            rotation_strategy: parse_rotation_strategy(&self.rotation_strategy)
+            rotation_strategy: RotationStrategy::parse(&self.rotation_strategy)
                 .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("rotationStrategy"))?,
             usage_retention_days: u32::try_from(self.usage_retention_days)
                 .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("settingsUsageRetentionOverflow"))?,
@@ -111,7 +108,7 @@ impl From<RuntimeSettings> for RuntimeSettingsView {
             refresh_concurrency: u64::from(settings.refresh_concurrency),
             max_concurrent_per_account: u64::from(settings.max_concurrent_per_account),
             request_interval_ms: settings.request_interval_ms,
-            rotation_strategy: rotation_strategy_name(settings.rotation_strategy).to_owned(),
+            rotation_strategy: settings.rotation_strategy.as_str().to_owned(),
             usage_retention_days: u64::from(settings.usage_retention_days),
             ops_event_retention_days: u64::from(settings.ops_event_retention_days),
             audit_retention_days: u64::from(settings.audit_retention_days),
@@ -319,25 +316,6 @@ fn wire_model_mappings(mappings: DomainModelMappings) -> ModelMappings {
         .collect()
 }
 
-fn parse_rotation_strategy(value: &str) -> Option<RotationStrategy> {
-    match value {
-        "smart" => Some(RotationStrategy::Smart),
-        "quota_reset_priority" => Some(RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority),
-        "round_robin" => Some(RotationStrategy::RoundRobin),
-        "sticky" => Some(RotationStrategy::Sticky),
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-const fn rotation_strategy_name(strategy: RotationStrategy) -> &'static str {
-    match strategy {
-        RotationStrategy::Smart => "smart",
-        RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority => "quota_reset_priority",
-        RotationStrategy::RoundRobin => "round_robin",
-        RotationStrategy::Sticky => "sticky",
-    }
-}
-
 fn valid_model_name(value: &str, max_len: usize) -> bool {
     !value.is_empty()
         && value.len() <= max_len

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/lib.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use axum::Router;
-use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue, Method, StatusCode};
+use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue, Method, Request, StatusCode};
 use axum::routing::get;
 use gateway_admin::AdminServices;
 use gateway_core::engine::execution::ExecutionService;
@@ -166,10 +166,32 @@ pub fn initialize(
             Duration::from_secs(seconds),
         ));
     }
+    // Trace 必须在 SetRequestId 内侧，span 才能捕获本服务生成的 request_id；
+    // 默认 DEBUG span 会被 info 日志过滤器丢弃，这里显式用 info_span。
+    let trace_layer = TraceLayer::new_for_http().make_span_with({
+        let request_id_header = request_id_header.clone();
+        move |request: &Request<_>| {
+            let request_id = request
+                .headers()
+                .get(&request_id_header)
+                .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            tracing::info_span!(
+                "request",
+                request_id = %request_id,
+                method = %request.method().as_str(),
+                uri = %request
+                    .uri()
+                    .path_and_query()
+                    .map(axum::http::uri::PathAndQuery::as_str)
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+        }
+    });
     let router = router
         .layer(PropagateRequestIdLayer::new(request_id_header.clone()))
+        .layer(trace_layer)
         .layer(SetRequestIdLayer::new(request_id_header, MakeRequestUuid))
-        .layer(TraceLayer::new_for_http())
         .with_state(state);
     Ok(ApiBundle { router })
 }

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/error.rs

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use axum::{
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
 };
 use gateway_core::{
-    engine::{EngineError, UpstreamSendState},
-    error::{GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind, ProviderErrorKind},
+    engine::EngineError,
+    error::{GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind},
 };
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
@@ -72,19 +72,6 @@ pub fn model_not_found_response() -> (StatusCode, Json<Value>) {
 #[must_use]
 pub fn gateway_error_from_engine(error: &EngineError) -> GatewayError {
     match error {
-        EngineError::Provider(error)
-            if error.kind() == ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable
-                && error.send_state() == UpstreamSendState::NotSent =>
-        {
-            let gateway = GatewayError::new(
-                GatewayErrorKind::NoAvailableProvider,
-                "no upstream provider is currently available for this request",
-            );
-            match error.client_visible_upstream_error() {
-                Some(upstream) => gateway.with_client_visible_upstream_error(upstream.clone()),
-                None => gateway,
-            }
-        }
         EngineError::Provider(error) => GatewayError::from_provider(error),
         EngineError::Cancelled => {
             GatewayError::new(GatewayErrorKind::Cancelled, "request was cancelled")
@@ -185,6 +172,16 @@ pub const fn gateway_error_contract(
             "server_error",
             "no_available_provider",
         ),
+        GatewayErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable => (
+            StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+            "server_error",
+            "account_capacity_unavailable",
+        ),
+        GatewayErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable => (
+            StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+            "server_error",
+            "provider_infrastructure_unavailable",
+        ),
         GatewayErrorKind::RateLimited => (
             StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS,
             "rate_limit_error",

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/responses/request.rs

@@ -470,6 +470,15 @@ fn passthrough_header_name(name: &str, connection_headers: &[String]) -> bool {
             | "x-openai-project"
             // installation ID 始终由当前 lease 重建。
             | "x-codex-installation-id"
+            // 上游指纹必须由运行时画像统一生成，客户端 originator/User-Agent
+            // 不能透传覆盖，避免不同下游客户端暴露不一致的设备指纹。
+            | "originator"
+            | "user-agent"
+            // 设备 attestation/integrity 头只能由官方客户端或网关自身生成，
+            // 客户端注入的 x-oai-attestation / X-OAI-IS 不得透传上游。
+            | "x-oai-attestation"
+            | "x-oai-is"
+            | "x-oai-is-update"
     )
 }
 

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/accounts.rs

@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ mod actions {
                 upstream_status: Some(429),
                 upstream_content_type: Some("application/json".to_owned()),
                 upstream_body: Some(r#"{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached"}}"#.to_owned()),
-                account_status: AccountStatus::Active,
+                account_status: AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted,
             },
         ]
         .map(|event| AccountConnectionTestEvent::from(event).data);
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ mod actions {
                     "upstreamStatus": 429,
                     "upstreamContentType": "application/json",
                     "upstreamBody": r#"{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached"}}"#,
-                    "accountStatus": "active"
+                    "accountStatus": "quota_exhausted"
                 }),
             ]
         );

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/mod.rs

@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ use gateway_admin::{
             NewClientKey, SetClientKeyEnabled, UpdateClientKey,
         },
         observability::{
-            DashboardObservation, DiagnosticDimension, DiagnosticObservation, OpsErrorPage,
-            OpsErrorQuery, RequestMetricPoint, TimeRange, UsageDetail, UsageFilter, UsageOverview,
-            UsagePage, UsageQuery, UsageRecord,
+            DashboardObservation, DiagnosticDimension, DiagnosticObservation, OpsError,
+            OpsErrorPage, OpsErrorQuery, RequestMetricPoint, TimeRange, UsageDetail, UsageFilter,
+            UsageOverview, UsagePage, UsageQuery, UsageRecord,
         },
         provider_credentials::{
             AuthorizationCommit, AuthorizationStarted, CompleteAuthorization, CredentialDetails,
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ pub(super) struct AdminTestFixture {
     pub auth: Arc<MemoryAuthStore>,
     pub settings: Arc<MemorySettingsStore>,
     pub usage_records: Arc<Mutex<Vec<UsageRecord>>>,
+    pub usage_detail: Arc<Mutex<Option<UsageDetail>>>,
+    pub diagnostics: Arc<Mutex<Vec<DiagnosticObservation>>>,
+    pub ops_errors: Arc<Mutex<Vec<OpsError>>>,
+    pub dashboard_observation: Arc<Mutex<Option<DashboardObservation>>>,
 }
 
 impl AdminTestFixture {
@@ -92,8 +96,16 @@ impl AdminTestFixture {
         let settings = Arc::new(MemorySettingsStore::new(api_key));
         let client_keys = Arc::new(MemoryClientKeyStore);
         let usage_records = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let usage_detail = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+        let diagnostics = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let ops_errors = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let dashboard_observation = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
         let unused = Arc::new(UnusedStore {
             usage_records: Arc::clone(&usage_records),
+            usage_detail: Arc::clone(&usage_detail),
+            diagnostics: Arc::clone(&diagnostics),
+            ops_errors: Arc::clone(&ops_errors),
+            dashboard_observation: Arc::clone(&dashboard_observation),
         });
         let stores = AdminStorePorts::new(
             unused.clone(),
@@ -101,6 +113,7 @@ impl AdminTestFixture {
             client_keys.clone(),
             unused,
             settings.clone(),
+            gateway_admin::ports::backup::BackupStorePorts::disabled(),
         );
         let providers: Vec<Arc<dyn ProviderAdmin>> = vec![
             Arc::new(UnusedProvider::new("openai")),
@@ -125,6 +138,10 @@ impl AdminTestFixture {
             auth,
             settings,
             usage_records,
+            usage_detail,
+            diagnostics,
+            ops_errors,
+            dashboard_observation,
         }
     }
 
@@ -392,6 +409,10 @@ impl ClientKeyStore for MemoryClientKeyStore {
 
 struct UnusedStore {
     usage_records: Arc<Mutex<Vec<UsageRecord>>>,
+    usage_detail: Arc<Mutex<Option<UsageDetail>>>,
+    diagnostics: Arc<Mutex<Vec<DiagnosticObservation>>>,
+    ops_errors: Arc<Mutex<Vec<OpsError>>>,
+    dashboard_observation: Arc<Mutex<Option<DashboardObservation>>>,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -503,7 +524,11 @@ impl AccountStore for UnusedStore {
 #[async_trait]
 impl ObservabilityStore for UnusedStore {
     async fn dashboard_summary(&self, _: TimeRange) -> AdminStoreResult<DashboardObservation> {
-        Err(unavailable("dashboard"))
+        self.dashboard_observation
+            .lock()
+            .expect("dashboard observation")
+            .clone()
+            .ok_or_else(|| unavailable("dashboard"))
     }
 
     async fn dashboard_trend(&self, _: TimeRange) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>> {
@@ -537,7 +562,11 @@ impl ObservabilityStore for UnusedStore {
     }
 
     async fn usage_record_detail(&self, _: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<UsageDetail> {
-        Err(unavailable("usage detail"))
+        self.usage_detail
+            .lock()
+            .expect("usage detail")
+            .clone()
+            .ok_or_else(|| unavailable("usage detail"))
     }
 
     async fn usage_summary(&self, _: TimeRange, _: UsageFilter) -> AdminStoreResult<UsageOverview> {
@@ -550,11 +579,16 @@ impl ObservabilityStore for UnusedStore {
         _: UsageFilter,
         _: DiagnosticDimension,
     ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<DiagnosticObservation>> {
-        Err(unavailable("usage diagnostics"))
+        Ok(self.diagnostics.lock().expect("diagnostics").clone())
     }
 
     async fn list_ops_errors(&self, _: OpsErrorQuery) -> AdminStoreResult<OpsErrorPage> {
-        Err(unavailable("ops errors"))
+        let items = self.ops_errors.lock().expect("ops errors").clone();
+        Ok(OpsErrorPage {
+            total: items.len() as u64,
+            items,
+            next_cursor: None,
+        })
     }
 }
 

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/observability.rs

@@ -1,459 +0,0 @@
-mod query {
-    use gateway_api::admin::observability::{
-        DashboardQuery, DiagnosticDimension, DiagnosticsQuery, OpsQuery, TrendKind, UsageQuery,
-        parse_attempt_index, parse_datetime, parse_status,
-    };
-    use serde_json::json;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn dashboard_query_should_parse_terminal_trend_kinds() {
-        let query: DashboardQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"kind": "errors"})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.trend_kind().unwrap(), TrendKind::Errors);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn dashboard_query_should_reject_unknown_trend_kind() {
-        let query: DashboardQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"kind": "secret"})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.trend_kind().unwrap_err().field(), "kind");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn usage_query_should_bound_page_size_and_cursor() {
-        let query: UsageQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({
-            "page": 2,
-            "pageSize": 100,
-            "cursor": "opaque"
-        }))
-        .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap(), (2, 100));
-        assert!(query.validate_cursor().is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn usage_query_should_reject_zero_page() {
-        let query: UsageQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"page": 0})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap_err().field(), "page");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn ops_query_should_reject_page_size_above_terminal_limit() {
-        let query: OpsQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"pageSize": 101})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap_err().field(), "pageSize");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn diagnostics_query_should_keep_wire_dimension_name() {
-        let query: DiagnosticsQuery =
-            serde_json::from_value(json!({"dimension": "failure_class"})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.dimension().unwrap(), DiagnosticDimension::Failure);
-        assert_eq!(DiagnosticDimension::Failure.display_name(), "failureClass");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn scalar_query_parsers_should_reject_out_of_range_values_without_echoing_input() {
-        assert_eq!(parse_status(Some(99)).unwrap_err().field(), "statusCode");
-        assert_eq!(
-            parse_attempt_index(Some(0)).unwrap_err().field(),
-            "attemptIndex"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            parse_datetime(Some("not-a-time")).unwrap_err().field(),
-            "timeRange"
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-mod response {
-    use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
-    use gateway_admin::model::observability::DesktopReleaseStatus;
-    use gateway_api::admin::observability::{
-        BillingView, CostCoverageView, CursorWire, DashboardAccountRequestBucketView,
-        DashboardAccountUsageView, DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView, DashboardWireAttributeView,
-        DashboardWireProfileView, DashboardWireTargetView, PageData, PageMeta, TokenDetailsView,
-        TrendData, TrendKind, TrendPointView, TrendSummaryView,
-    };
-    use serde_json::json;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn usage_page_should_keep_terminal_camel_case_shape() {
-        let data = PageData {
-            items: vec![json!({"id": "request_1"})],
-            page: PageMeta::new(1, 50, 1, 1),
-            next_cursor: Some("cursor".to_owned()),
-        };
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(data).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value["page"]["pageSize"], 50);
-        assert_eq!(value["nextCursor"], "cursor");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn dashboard_wire_profiles_should_keep_provider_specific_attributes() {
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(DashboardWireProfileView {
-            provider: "xai".to_owned(),
-            product: "Grok Build".to_owned(),
-            version: "0.2.106".to_owned(),
-            build: None,
-            target: DashboardWireTargetView {
-                os_type: "linux".to_owned(),
-                os_version: "—".to_owned(),
-                arch: "x86_64".to_owned(),
-                terminal: "headless".to_owned(),
-            },
-            user_agent: "grok-shell/0.2.106 (linux; x86_64)".to_owned(),
-            attributes: vec![DashboardWireAttributeView {
-                label: "客户端标识".to_owned(),
-                value: "grok-shell".to_owned(),
-            }],
-            verified_at: None,
-            release: None,
-        })
-        .expect("dashboard profile");
-
-        assert_eq!(value["provider"], "xai");
-        assert_eq!(value["version"], "0.2.106");
-        assert_eq!(value["attributes"][0]["label"], "客户端标识");
-        assert!(value.get("release").is_none());
-        assert!(value.get("verifiedAt").is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn dashboard_account_usage_should_keep_daily_request_timeline() {
-        let bucket_start = Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap();
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(DashboardAccountUsageView {
-            id: "account_1".to_owned(),
-            provider: "xai".to_owned(),
-            authentication_kind: "oauth".to_owned(),
-            email: "account@example.com".to_owned(),
-            plan_type: Some("free".to_owned()),
-            tokens: "—".to_owned(),
-            request_count: 3,
-            request_buckets: vec![DashboardAccountRequestBucketView {
-                bucket_start,
-                request_count: 3,
-            }],
-            quota_used_percent: None,
-            last_used: "刚刚".to_owned(),
-        })
-        .expect("dashboard account usage");
-
-        assert_eq!(value["requestCount"], 3);
-        assert_eq!(
-            value["requestBuckets"][0]["bucketStart"],
-            "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(value["requestBuckets"][0]["requestCount"], 3);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn trend_wire_should_serialize_kind_and_values_without_store_types() {
-        let now = Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap();
-        let data = TrendData {
-            kind: TrendKind::Usage,
-            points: vec![TrendPointView {
-                time: "08:00".to_owned(),
-                bucket: now,
-                label: "01-01 08:00".to_owned(),
-                requests: "1".to_owned(),
-                requests_value: 1,
-                input_tokens: "2".to_owned(),
-                input_tokens_value: 2,
-                output_tokens: "3".to_owned(),
-                output_tokens_value: 3,
-                cached_tokens: "0".to_owned(),
-                cached_tokens_value: 0,
-                cache_hit_rate_value: 0.0,
-                tokens_value: 5,
-                errors: "0".to_owned(),
-                errors_value: 0,
-                latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
-                latency_value: Some(1),
-                first_token_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
-                first_token_latency_value: Some(1),
-                max_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
-                max_latency_value: Some(1),
-                min_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
-                min_latency_value: Some(1),
-                success_rate: "100.0%".to_owned(),
-                success_rate_value: Some(100.0),
-            }],
-            summary: vec![TrendSummaryView {
-                label: "输入".to_owned(),
-                value: "2".to_owned(),
-                ratio: None,
-            }],
-        };
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(data).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value["kind"], "usage");
-        assert_eq!(value["points"][0]["requestsValue"], 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn sensitive_response_views_do_not_require_debug_or_add_secret_fields() {
-        let coverage = CostCoverageView {
-            known: 1,
-            partial: 0,
-            unknown: 0,
-            not_billable: 0,
-        };
-        let token_details = TokenDetailsView {
-            input_tokens: Some(1),
-            output_tokens: Some(2),
-            cached_tokens: None,
-            cache_write_tokens: None,
-            reasoning_tokens: None,
-            image_input_tokens: None,
-            image_output_tokens: None,
-            total_tokens: Some(3),
-            input_tokens_display: "1".to_owned(),
-            output_tokens_display: "2".to_owned(),
-            cached_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            cache_write_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            reasoning_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            image_input_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            image_output_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            total_tokens_display: "3".to_owned(),
-        };
-        let cursor = CursorWire {
-            observed_at: Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap(),
-            stable_id: "request_1".to_owned(),
-        };
-        let value = serde_json::to_value((&coverage, &token_details, &cursor)).unwrap();
-        assert!(value.to_string().contains("known"));
-        assert!(!value.to_string().contains("secret"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn billing_view_should_preserve_the_original_detail_contract() {
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(BillingView {
-            input_amount_display: "$0.03".to_owned(),
-            output_amount_display: "$0.00".to_owned(),
-            cache_read_amount_display: "$0.14".to_owned(),
-            cache_write_amount_display: "$0.00".to_owned(),
-            standard_amount_display: "$0.17".to_owned(),
-            total_amount_display: "$0.17".to_owned(),
-            input_price_display: "$10.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
-            output_price_display: "$60.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
-            cache_read_price_display: "$1.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
-            cache_write_price_display: "$12.5000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
-            service_tier_display: "Fast".to_owned(),
-            multiplier_display: "1.00x".to_owned(),
-        })
-        .expect("billing view");
-
-        assert_eq!(value["inputAmountDisplay"], "$0.03");
-        assert_eq!(value["cacheReadPriceDisplay"], "$1.0000 / 1M Token");
-        assert_eq!(value["serviceTierDisplay"], "Fast");
-        assert_eq!(value["multiplierDisplay"], "1.00x");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn desktop_release_status_should_preserve_the_existing_dashboard_wire_values() {
-        for (domain, expected) in [
-            (DesktopReleaseStatus::Unchecked, "unchecked"),
-            (DesktopReleaseStatus::Current, "aligned"),
-            (DesktopReleaseStatus::UpdateAvailable, "review_required"),
-            (DesktopReleaseStatus::Failed, "check_failed"),
-        ] {
-            let status = DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView::from(domain);
-            assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(status).unwrap(), expected);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn usage_route_should_forward_a_bounded_unknown_outcome_filter() {
-    use axum::{
-        body::Body,
-        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
-    };
-    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
-    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
-
-    use super::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
-
-    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
-    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
-    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
-        .with_state(fixture.state())
-        .oneshot(
-            Request::builder()
-                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records?outcome=provider_future_state")
-                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
-                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_other_outcome")
-                .body(Body::empty())
-                .expect("usage request"),
-        )
-        .await
-        .expect("usage response");
-
-    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn usage_route_should_expose_image_and_websocket_facts() {
-    use axum::{
-        body::{Body, to_bytes},
-        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
-    };
-    use chrono::Utc;
-    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{RequestOutcome, UsageRecord};
-    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
-    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
-
-    use super::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
-
-    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
-    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
-    fixture
-        .usage_records
-        .lock()
-        .expect("usage records")
-        .push(UsageRecord {
-            id: "request_endpoint".to_owned(),
-            client_api_key_ref: "key_endpoint".to_owned(),
-            config_revision: 1,
-            protocol: "openai".to_owned(),
-            operation: "generate".to_owned(),
-            endpoint: "/v1/responses".to_owned(),
-            client_transport: "http_sse".to_owned(),
-            requested_model_id: "grok-4.5".to_owned(),
-            provider_kind: Some("xai".to_owned()),
-            provider_account_ref: None,
-            provider_account_name: None,
-            provider_account_email: None,
-            provider_account_authentication_kind: Some("oauth".to_owned()),
-            upstream_model_id: Some("grok-4.5".to_owned()),
-            upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
-            http_version: Some("h2".to_owned()),
-            websocket_pool: Some("reuse".to_owned()),
-            service_tier: Some("priority".to_owned()),
-            provider_metadata_json: Some(
-                serde_json::json!({
-                    "effectiveModel": "grok-4.5",
-                    "requestSummary": {"inputItemsCount": 2},
-                    "transport": "must-not-overwrite-core",
-                })
-                .to_string(),
-            ),
-            attempt_count: 1,
-            upstream_send_state: "sent".to_owned(),
-            downstream_committed_at: None,
-            outcome: RequestOutcome::Succeeded,
-            client_status_code: Some(200),
-            upstream_status_code: Some(200),
-            client_response_id: Some("resp_usage_metadata".to_owned()),
-            upstream_request_id: Some("upstream_usage_metadata".to_owned()),
-            upstream_response_id: None,
-            error_kind: None,
-            provider_error_code: None,
-            error_message: None,
-            retry_after_ms: None,
-            input_tokens: Some(1),
-            output_tokens: Some(1),
-            cached_tokens: Some(0),
-            cache_write_tokens: Some(0),
-            reasoning_tokens: Some(0),
-            image_input_tokens: Some(31),
-            image_output_tokens: Some(9),
-            total_tokens: Some(2),
-            cost_source: "unavailable".to_owned(),
-            cost_amount: None,
-            cost_currency: None,
-            billing: None,
-            transport_decision_wait_ms: Some(7),
-            connect_ms: Some(11),
-            headers_ms: Some(13),
-            first_event_ms: Some(17),
-            first_reasoning_ms: Some(19),
-            first_text_ms: Some(23),
-            first_token_ms: Some(19),
-            provider_processing_ms: Some(29),
-            latency_ms: Some(31),
-            client_ip: Some("127.0.0.1".to_owned()),
-            user_agent: Some("usage-metadata-test".to_owned()),
-            reasoning_effort: Some("max".to_owned()),
-            reasoning_preset: Some("ultra".to_owned()),
-            request_kind: Some("review".to_owned()),
-            subagent_kind: Some("worker".to_owned()),
-            compact: true,
-            image_generation_requested: true,
-            image_generation_succeeded: Some(true),
-            started_at: Utc::now(),
-            deadline_at: Utc::now(),
-            completed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
-        });
-    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
-        .with_state(fixture.state())
-        .oneshot(
-            Request::builder()
-                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records")
-                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
-                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_endpoint")
-                .body(Body::empty())
-                .expect("usage request"),
-        )
-        .await
-        .expect("usage response");
-    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
-    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
-        .await
-        .expect("usage response body");
-    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("usage response JSON");
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        serde_json::json!({
-            "route": value["data"]["items"][0]["route"],
-            "serviceTier": value["data"]["items"][0]["serviceTier"],
-            "authenticationKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["authenticationKind"],
-            "imageInputTokens": value["data"]["items"][0]["tokenDetails"]["imageInputTokens"],
-            "imageOutputTokens": value["data"]["items"][0]["tokenDetails"]["imageOutputTokens"],
-            "websocketPool": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["websocketPool"],
-            "imageGenerationRequested": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["imageGenerationRequested"],
-            "imageGenerationSucceeded": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["imageGenerationSucceeded"],
-            "requestedModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["requestedModel"],
-            "upstreamModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["upstreamModel"],
-            "clientIp": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["clientIp"],
-            "userAgent": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["userAgent"],
-            "reasoningEffort": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["reasoningEffort"],
-            "reasoningPreset": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["reasoningPreset"],
-            "requestKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["requestKind"],
-            "subagentKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["subagentKind"],
-            "compact": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["compact"],
-            "transport": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["transport"],
-            "transportDecisionWaitMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["transportDecisionWaitMs"],
-            "wsConnectMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["wsConnectMs"],
-            "firstReasoningMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["firstReasoningMs"],
-            "firstTextMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["firstTextMs"],
-            "firstTokenMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["firstTokenMs"],
-            "effectiveModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["effectiveModel"],
-            "requestSummary": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["requestSummary"],
-        }),
-        serde_json::json!({
-            "route": "/v1/responses",
-            "serviceTier": "priority",
-            "authenticationKind": "oauth",
-            "imageInputTokens": 31,
-            "imageOutputTokens": 9,
-            "websocketPool": {"kind": "reuse"},
-            "imageGenerationRequested": true,
-            "imageGenerationSucceeded": true,
-            "requestedModel": "grok-4.5",
-            "upstreamModel": "grok-4.5",
-            "clientIp": "127.0.0.1",
-            "userAgent": "usage-metadata-test",
-            "reasoningEffort": "max",
-            "reasoningPreset": "ultra",
-            "requestKind": "review",
-            "subagentKind": "worker",
-            "compact": true,
-            "transport": "http_sse",
-            "transportDecisionWaitMs": 7,
-            "wsConnectMs": 11,
-            "firstReasoningMs": 19,
-            "firstTextMs": 23,
-            "firstTokenMs": 19,
-            "effectiveModel": "grok-4.5",
-            "requestSummary": {"inputItemsCount": 2},
-        })
-    );
-}

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/observability/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//! Admin 观测 wire/路由的固定合同测试。
+
+mod query;
+mod response;

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/observability/query.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//! 查询 wire 校验的固定合同测试。
+
+use gateway_api::admin::observability::{
+    DashboardQuery, DiagnosticDimension, DiagnosticsQuery, OpsQuery, TrendKind, UsageQuery,
+    parse_attempt_index, parse_datetime, parse_status,
+};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[test]
+fn dashboard_query_should_parse_terminal_trend_kinds() {
+    let query: DashboardQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"kind": "errors"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.trend_kind().unwrap(), TrendKind::Errors);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dashboard_query_should_reject_unknown_trend_kind() {
+    let query: DashboardQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"kind": "secret"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.trend_kind().unwrap_err().field(), "kind");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn usage_query_should_bound_page_size_and_cursor() {
+    let query: UsageQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+        "page": 2,
+        "pageSize": 100,
+        "cursor": "opaque"
+    }))
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap(), (2, 100));
+    assert!(query.validate_cursor().is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn usage_query_should_reject_zero_page() {
+    let query: UsageQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"page": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap_err().field(), "page");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ops_query_should_reject_page_size_above_terminal_limit() {
+    let query: OpsQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"pageSize": 101})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap_err().field(), "pageSize");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diagnostics_query_should_keep_wire_dimension_name() {
+    let query: DiagnosticsQuery =
+        serde_json::from_value(json!({"dimension": "failure_class"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.dimension().unwrap(), DiagnosticDimension::Failure);
+    assert_eq!(DiagnosticDimension::Failure.display_name(), "failureClass");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scalar_query_parsers_should_reject_out_of_range_values_without_echoing_input() {
+    assert_eq!(parse_status(Some(99)).unwrap_err().field(), "statusCode");
+    assert_eq!(
+        parse_attempt_index(Some(0)).unwrap_err().field(),
+        "attemptIndex"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        parse_datetime(Some("not-a-time")).unwrap_err().field(),
+        "timeRange"
+    );
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/observability/response.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,848 @@
+//! 响应 DTO 与固定 wire 形状的合同测试。
+
+use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::model::observability::DesktopReleaseStatus;
+use gateway_api::admin::PageMeta;
+use gateway_api::admin::observability::{
+    BillingView, CostCoverageView, CursorWire, DashboardAccountRequestBucketView,
+    DashboardAccountUsageView, DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView, DashboardWireAttributeView,
+    DashboardWireProfileView, DashboardWireTargetView, PageData, TokenDetailsView, TrendData,
+    TrendKind, TrendPointView, TrendSummaryView,
+};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[test]
+fn usage_page_should_keep_terminal_camel_case_shape() {
+    let data = PageData {
+        items: vec![json!({"id": "request_1"})],
+        page: PageMeta::new(1, 50, 1, 1),
+        next_cursor: Some("cursor".to_owned()),
+    };
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(data).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(value["page"]["pageSize"], 50);
+    assert_eq!(value["nextCursor"], "cursor");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dashboard_wire_profiles_should_keep_provider_specific_attributes() {
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(DashboardWireProfileView {
+        provider: "xai".to_owned(),
+        product: "Grok Build".to_owned(),
+        version: "0.2.106".to_owned(),
+        build: None,
+        target: DashboardWireTargetView {
+            os_type: "linux".to_owned(),
+            os_version: "—".to_owned(),
+            arch: "x86_64".to_owned(),
+            terminal: "headless".to_owned(),
+        },
+        user_agent: "grok-shell/0.2.106 (linux; x86_64)".to_owned(),
+        attributes: vec![DashboardWireAttributeView {
+            label: "客户端标识".to_owned(),
+            value: "grok-shell".to_owned(),
+        }],
+        verified_at: None,
+        release: None,
+    })
+    .expect("dashboard profile");
+
+    assert_eq!(value["provider"], "xai");
+    assert_eq!(value["version"], "0.2.106");
+    assert_eq!(value["attributes"][0]["label"], "客户端标识");
+    assert!(value.get("release").is_none());
+    assert!(value.get("verifiedAt").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dashboard_account_usage_should_keep_daily_request_timeline() {
+    let bucket_start = Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap();
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(DashboardAccountUsageView {
+        id: "account_1".to_owned(),
+        provider: "xai".to_owned(),
+        authentication_kind: "oauth".to_owned(),
+        email: "account@example.com".to_owned(),
+        plan_type: Some("free".to_owned()),
+        tokens: "—".to_owned(),
+        request_count: 3,
+        request_buckets: vec![DashboardAccountRequestBucketView {
+            bucket_start,
+            request_count: 3,
+        }],
+        quota_used_percent: None,
+        last_used: "刚刚".to_owned(),
+    })
+    .expect("dashboard account usage");
+
+    assert_eq!(value["requestCount"], 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        value["requestBuckets"][0]["bucketStart"],
+        "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(value["requestBuckets"][0]["requestCount"], 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trend_wire_should_serialize_kind_and_values_without_store_types() {
+    let now = Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap();
+    let data = TrendData {
+        kind: TrendKind::Usage,
+        points: vec![TrendPointView {
+            time: "08:00".to_owned(),
+            bucket: now,
+            label: "01-01 08:00".to_owned(),
+            requests: "1".to_owned(),
+            requests_value: 1,
+            input_tokens: "2".to_owned(),
+            input_tokens_value: 2,
+            output_tokens: "3".to_owned(),
+            output_tokens_value: 3,
+            cached_tokens: "0".to_owned(),
+            cached_tokens_value: 0,
+            cache_hit_rate_value: 0.0,
+            tokens_value: 5,
+            errors: "0".to_owned(),
+            errors_value: 0,
+            latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
+            latency_value: Some(1),
+            max_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
+            max_latency_value: Some(1),
+            min_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
+            min_latency_value: Some(1),
+            success_rate: "100.0%".to_owned(),
+            success_rate_value: Some(100.0),
+        }],
+        summary: vec![TrendSummaryView {
+            label: "输入".to_owned(),
+            value: "2".to_owned(),
+            ratio: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(data).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(value["kind"], "usage");
+    assert_eq!(value["points"][0]["requestsValue"], 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sensitive_response_views_do_not_require_debug_or_add_secret_fields() {
+    let coverage = CostCoverageView {
+        known: 1,
+        partial: 0,
+        unknown: 0,
+        not_billable: 0,
+    };
+    let token_details = TokenDetailsView {
+        input_tokens: Some(1),
+        output_tokens: Some(2),
+        cached_tokens: None,
+        cache_write_tokens: None,
+        reasoning_tokens: None,
+        image_input_tokens: None,
+        image_output_tokens: None,
+        total_tokens: Some(3),
+        input_tokens_display: "1".to_owned(),
+        output_tokens_display: "2".to_owned(),
+        cached_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        cache_write_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        reasoning_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        image_input_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        image_output_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        total_tokens_display: "3".to_owned(),
+    };
+    let cursor = CursorWire {
+        observed_at: Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap(),
+        stable_id: "request_1".to_owned(),
+    };
+    let value = serde_json::to_value((&coverage, &token_details, &cursor)).unwrap();
+    assert!(value.to_string().contains("known"));
+    assert!(!value.to_string().contains("secret"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn billing_view_should_preserve_the_original_detail_contract() {
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(BillingView {
+        input_amount_display: "$0.03".to_owned(),
+        output_amount_display: "$0.00".to_owned(),
+        cache_read_amount_display: "$0.14".to_owned(),
+        cache_write_amount_display: "$0.00".to_owned(),
+        standard_amount_display: "$0.17".to_owned(),
+        total_amount_display: "$0.17".to_owned(),
+        input_price_display: "$10.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
+        output_price_display: "$60.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
+        cache_read_price_display: "$1.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
+        cache_write_price_display: "$12.5000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
+        service_tier_display: "Fast".to_owned(),
+        multiplier_display: "1.00x".to_owned(),
+    })
+    .expect("billing view");
+
+    assert_eq!(value["inputAmountDisplay"], "$0.03");
+    assert_eq!(value["cacheReadPriceDisplay"], "$1.0000 / 1M Token");
+    assert_eq!(value["serviceTierDisplay"], "Fast");
+    assert_eq!(value["multiplierDisplay"], "1.00x");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn desktop_release_status_should_preserve_the_existing_dashboard_wire_values() {
+    for (domain, expected) in [
+        (DesktopReleaseStatus::Unchecked, "unchecked"),
+        (DesktopReleaseStatus::Current, "aligned"),
+        (DesktopReleaseStatus::UpdateAvailable, "review_required"),
+        (DesktopReleaseStatus::Failed, "check_failed"),
+    ] {
+        let status = DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView::from(domain);
+        assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(status).unwrap(), expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn dashboard_summary_should_include_quota_exhaustion_in_unavailable_headline_count() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::{Duration, Utc};
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{
+        AccountPoolMetrics, AttemptMetrics, DashboardObservation, RequestMetrics, TimeRange,
+    };
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    *fixture
+        .dashboard_observation
+        .lock()
+        .expect("dashboard observation") = Some(DashboardObservation {
+        range: TimeRange::new(now - Duration::hours(1), now).expect("dashboard range"),
+        requests: RequestMetrics::default(),
+        attempts: AttemptMetrics::default(),
+        provider_accounts: AccountPoolMetrics {
+            total: 807,
+            enabled: 804,
+            unavailable: 792,
+            active: 15,
+            rate_limited: 0,
+            expired: 2,
+            invalid: 0,
+            quota_exhausted: 785,
+            refreshing: None,
+            disabled: 3,
+            banned: 2,
+        },
+        trend: Vec::new(),
+        account_usage: Vec::new(),
+        recent_requests: Vec::new(),
+    });
+
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/dashboard/summary")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_dashboard_account_summary")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("dashboard request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("dashboard response");
+    let status = response.status();
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("dashboard response body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("dashboard response JSON");
+    assert_eq!(status, StatusCode::OK, "{value}");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        (
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["credentials"]["totalValue"],
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["credentials"]["availableValue"],
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["credentials"]["unavailableValue"],
+        ),
+        (
+            &serde_json::json!(807),
+            &serde_json::json!(15),
+            &serde_json::json!(792)
+        ),
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn usage_detail_should_keep_attempt_snapshot_contract() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::Utc;
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{UsageAttempt, UsageDetail};
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    fixture
+        .usage_detail
+        .lock()
+        .expect("usage detail")
+        .replace(UsageDetail {
+            request: usage_record_with_account(
+                "req_detail",
+                "acct_snap_a",
+                "Snapshot Alpha",
+                "alpha@example.invalid",
+                "oauth",
+                now,
+            ),
+            attempts: vec![UsageAttempt {
+                source: "ops_event".to_owned(),
+                id: "ops_detail".to_owned(),
+                attempt_index: 1,
+                component: "routing".to_owned(),
+                operation: "fallback".to_owned(),
+                provider_kind: Some("openai".to_owned()),
+                provider_account_ref: Some("acct_snap_b".to_owned()),
+                provider_account_name: Some("Snapshot Beta".to_owned()),
+                provider_account_email: Some("beta@example.invalid".to_owned()),
+                provider_account_authentication_kind: Some("api_key".to_owned()),
+                upstream_model_id: Some("upstream-b".to_owned()),
+                upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
+                upstream_send_state: Some("sent".to_owned()),
+                outcome: gateway_admin::model::observability::RequestOutcome::Failed,
+                downstream_committed: false,
+                status_code: Some(429),
+                provider_error_code: Some("rate_limit".to_owned()),
+                failure_kind: Some("rate_limited".to_owned()),
+                retry_after_ms: Some(1_000),
+                upstream_request_id: None,
+                latency_ms: Some(120),
+                message: Some("limited".to_owned()),
+                input_tokens: None,
+                output_tokens: None,
+                cached_tokens: None,
+                cache_write_tokens: None,
+                reasoning_tokens: None,
+                total_tokens: None,
+                cost_source: Some("unavailable".to_owned()),
+                cost_amount: None,
+                cost_currency: None,
+                occurred_at: now,
+            }],
+        });
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records/detail?id=req_detail")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_detail_snapshot")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("usage detail request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("usage detail response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("usage detail body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("usage detail JSON");
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "accountId": value["data"]["accountId"],
+            "accountName": value["data"]["accountName"],
+            "accountEmail": value["data"]["accountEmail"],
+            "authenticationKind": value["data"]["authenticationKind"],
+            "attemptCredentialName": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["credentialName"],
+            "attemptAccountId": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["accountId"],
+            "attemptAccountName": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["accountName"],
+            "attemptAccountEmail": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["accountEmail"],
+            "attemptAuthenticationKind": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["authenticationKind"],
+        }),
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "accountId": "acct_snap_a",
+            "accountName": "Snapshot Alpha",
+            "accountEmail": "alpha@example.invalid",
+            "authenticationKind": "oauth",
+            "attemptCredentialName": "Snapshot Beta",
+            "attemptAccountId": "acct_snap_b",
+            "attemptAccountName": "Snapshot Beta",
+            "attemptAccountEmail": "beta@example.invalid",
+            "attemptAuthenticationKind": "api_key",
+        })
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn ops_errors_should_keep_account_label_and_authentication_contract() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::Utc;
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::OpsError;
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    fixture
+        .ops_errors
+        .lock()
+        .expect("ops errors")
+        .push(OpsError {
+            source: "model_request".to_owned(),
+            event_id: "err_snapshot".to_owned(),
+            request_id: Some("req_err".to_owned()),
+            attempt_index: Some(1),
+            client_api_key_ref: Some("key_err".to_owned()),
+            component: "model_request".to_owned(),
+            operation: "responses".to_owned(),
+            endpoint: Some("/v1/responses".to_owned()),
+            provider_kind: Some("openai".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_ref: Some("acct_err".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_name: None,
+            provider_account_email: Some("err@example.invalid".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_authentication_kind: Some("api_key".to_owned()),
+            upstream_model_id: Some("upstream-err".to_owned()),
+            upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
+            failure_kind: "upstream_error".to_owned(),
+            client_status_code: Some(502),
+            upstream_status_code: Some(502),
+            provider_error_code: Some("upstream".to_owned()),
+            client_response_id: None,
+            upstream_request_id: None,
+            latency_ms: Some(90),
+            message: "snapshot error".to_owned(),
+            occurrence_count: 1,
+            occurred_at: Utc::now(),
+            stable_sort_id: "model_request:req_err".to_owned(),
+        });
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/operations/errors")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_ops_errors_snapshot")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("ops errors request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("ops errors response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("ops errors body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("ops errors JSON");
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "provider": value["data"]["items"][0]["provider"],
+            "authenticationKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["authenticationKind"],
+            "kind": value["data"]["items"][0]["kind"],
+            "accountId": value["data"]["items"][0]["accountId"],
+            "accountLabel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["accountLabel"],
+            "clientStatusCode": value["data"]["items"][0]["clientStatusCode"],
+            "route": value["data"]["items"][0]["route"],
+        }),
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "provider": "openai",
+            "authenticationKind": "api_key",
+            "kind": "model_request",
+            "accountId": "acct_err",
+            "accountLabel": "err@example.invalid",
+            "clientStatusCode": 502,
+            "route": "/v1/responses",
+        })
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn diagnostics_should_keep_stable_key_and_display_name_contract() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{CostCoverage, DiagnosticObservation};
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    fixture
+        .diagnostics
+        .lock()
+        .expect("diagnostics")
+        .push(DiagnosticObservation {
+            key: "acct_diag".to_owned(),
+            name: "diag@example.invalid".to_owned(),
+            request_count: 2,
+            success_count: 2,
+            failure_count: 0,
+            attempt_count: 2,
+            total_tokens: 200,
+            average_latency_ms: Some(100),
+            latency_p95_ms: Some(3800),
+            cost_coverage: CostCoverage::default(),
+            costs: Vec::new(),
+        });
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/usage/insights/diagnostics?dimension=account")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_diagnostics_snapshot")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("diagnostics request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("diagnostics response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("diagnostics body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("diagnostics JSON");
+    assert_eq!(
+        (
+            &value["data"]["items"][0]["key"],
+            &value["data"]["items"][0]["name"],
+            &value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyP95Ms"],
+            &value["data"]["dimension"],
+        ),
+        (
+            &serde_json::json!("acct_diag"),
+            &serde_json::json!("diag@example.invalid"),
+            &serde_json::json!(3800),
+            &serde_json::json!("account"),
+        )
+    );
+}
+
+fn usage_record_with_account(
+    id: &str,
+    account_id: &str,
+    name: &str,
+    email: &str,
+    authentication_kind: &str,
+    started_at: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
+) -> gateway_admin::model::observability::UsageRecord {
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{RequestOutcome, UsageRecord};
+
+    UsageRecord {
+        id: id.to_owned(),
+        client_api_key_ref: "key_detail".to_owned(),
+        config_revision: 1,
+        protocol: "openai".to_owned(),
+        operation: "responses".to_owned(),
+        endpoint: "/v1/responses".to_owned(),
+        client_transport: "http_sse".to_owned(),
+        requested_model_id: "coding".to_owned(),
+        provider_kind: Some("openai".to_owned()),
+        provider_account_ref: Some(account_id.to_owned()),
+        provider_account_name: Some(name.to_owned()),
+        provider_account_email: Some(email.to_owned()),
+        provider_account_authentication_kind: Some(authentication_kind.to_owned()),
+        upstream_model_id: Some("upstream-model".to_owned()),
+        upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
+        http_version: Some("h2".to_owned()),
+        websocket_pool: None,
+        service_tier: None,
+        provider_metadata_json: None,
+        attempt_count: 1,
+        upstream_send_state: "sent".to_owned(),
+        downstream_committed_at: Some(started_at),
+        outcome: RequestOutcome::Succeeded,
+        client_status_code: Some(200),
+        upstream_status_code: Some(200),
+        client_response_id: None,
+        upstream_request_id: None,
+        upstream_response_id: None,
+        error_kind: None,
+        provider_error_code: None,
+        error_message: None,
+        retry_after_ms: None,
+        input_tokens: Some(1),
+        output_tokens: Some(1),
+        cached_tokens: Some(0),
+        cache_write_tokens: Some(0),
+        reasoning_tokens: Some(0),
+        image_input_tokens: Some(0),
+        image_output_tokens: Some(0),
+        total_tokens: Some(2),
+        cost_source: "unavailable".to_owned(),
+        cost_amount: None,
+        cost_currency: None,
+        billing: None,
+        transport_decision_wait_ms: None,
+        connect_ms: None,
+        headers_ms: None,
+        first_event_ms: None,
+        first_reasoning_ms: None,
+        first_text_ms: None,
+        first_token_ms: None,
+        provider_processing_ms: None,
+        latency_ms: None,
+        client_ip: None,
+        user_agent: None,
+        reasoning_effort: None,
+        reasoning_preset: None,
+        request_kind: None,
+        subagent_kind: None,
+        compact: false,
+        image_generation_requested: false,
+        image_generation_succeeded: None,
+        started_at,
+        deadline_at: started_at + chrono::Duration::seconds(30),
+        completed_at: Some(started_at),
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn usage_route_should_forward_a_bounded_unknown_outcome_filter() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::Body,
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records?outcome=provider_future_state")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_other_outcome")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("usage request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("usage response");
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn usage_route_should_expose_image_and_websocket_facts() {
+    use std::str::FromStr as _;
+
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::Utc;
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{
+        CalculatedBillingBreakdown, CurrencyCost, DecimalAmount, RequestOutcome, UsageBilling,
+        UsageRecord,
+    };
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let usd = |amount: &str| CurrencyCost {
+        currency: "USD".to_owned(),
+        amount: DecimalAmount::from_str(amount).expect("USD amount"),
+    };
+    fixture
+        .usage_records
+        .lock()
+        .expect("usage records")
+        .push(UsageRecord {
+            id: "request_endpoint".to_owned(),
+            client_api_key_ref: "key_endpoint".to_owned(),
+            config_revision: 1,
+            protocol: "openai".to_owned(),
+            operation: "generate".to_owned(),
+            endpoint: "/v1/responses".to_owned(),
+            client_transport: "http_sse".to_owned(),
+            requested_model_id: "grok-4.5".to_owned(),
+            provider_kind: Some("xai".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_ref: Some("acct_snapshot".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_name: Some("Snapshot Alpha".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_email: Some("alpha@example.invalid".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_authentication_kind: Some("oauth".to_owned()),
+            upstream_model_id: Some("grok-4.5".to_owned()),
+            upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
+            http_version: Some("h2".to_owned()),
+            websocket_pool: Some("reuse".to_owned()),
+            service_tier: Some("priority".to_owned()),
+            provider_metadata_json: Some(
+                serde_json::json!({
+                    "effectiveModel": "grok-4.5",
+                    "requestSummary": {"inputItemsCount": 2},
+                    "transport": "must-not-overwrite-core",
+                })
+                .to_string(),
+            ),
+            attempt_count: 1,
+            upstream_send_state: "sent".to_owned(),
+            downstream_committed_at: None,
+            outcome: RequestOutcome::Succeeded,
+            client_status_code: Some(200),
+            upstream_status_code: Some(200),
+            client_response_id: Some("resp_usage_metadata".to_owned()),
+            upstream_request_id: Some("upstream_usage_metadata".to_owned()),
+            upstream_response_id: None,
+            error_kind: None,
+            provider_error_code: None,
+            error_message: None,
+            retry_after_ms: None,
+            input_tokens: Some(1),
+            output_tokens: Some(1),
+            cached_tokens: Some(0),
+            cache_write_tokens: Some(0),
+            reasoning_tokens: Some(0),
+            image_input_tokens: Some(31),
+            image_output_tokens: Some(9),
+            total_tokens: Some(2),
+            cost_source: "unavailable".to_owned(),
+            cost_amount: None,
+            cost_currency: None,
+            billing: Some(UsageBilling::Calculated(Box::new(
+                CalculatedBillingBreakdown {
+                    input_amount: usd("0.03"),
+                    output_amount: usd("0.07"),
+                    cache_read_amount: usd("0.00"),
+                    cache_write_amount: usd("0.00"),
+                    standard_amount: usd("0.10"),
+                    total_amount: usd("0.10"),
+                    input_price_per_million: usd("10.0000"),
+                    output_price_per_million: usd("60.0000"),
+                    cache_read_price_per_million: usd("1.0000"),
+                    cache_write_price_per_million: usd("12.5000"),
+                    service_tier: Some("priority".to_owned()),
+                    multiplier_percent: 100,
+                },
+            ))),
+            transport_decision_wait_ms: Some(7),
+            connect_ms: Some(11),
+            headers_ms: Some(13),
+            first_event_ms: Some(17),
+            first_reasoning_ms: Some(19),
+            first_text_ms: Some(23),
+            first_token_ms: Some(19),
+            provider_processing_ms: Some(29),
+            latency_ms: Some(31),
+            client_ip: Some("127.0.0.1".to_owned()),
+            user_agent: Some("usage-metadata-test".to_owned()),
+            reasoning_effort: Some("max".to_owned()),
+            reasoning_preset: Some("ultra".to_owned()),
+            request_kind: Some("review".to_owned()),
+            subagent_kind: Some("worker".to_owned()),
+            compact: true,
+            image_generation_requested: true,
+            image_generation_succeeded: Some(true),
+            started_at: Utc::now(),
+            deadline_at: Utc::now(),
+            completed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        });
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_endpoint")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("usage request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("usage response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("usage response body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("usage response JSON");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        value["data"]["items"][0]["billing"]["inputPriceDisplay"],
+        "$10 / 1M Token"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        value["data"]["items"][0]["billing"]["outputPriceDisplay"],
+        "$60 / 1M Token"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        value["data"]["items"][0]["billing"]["cacheWritePriceDisplay"],
+        "$12.5 / 1M Token"
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "route": value["data"]["items"][0]["route"],
+            "serviceTier": value["data"]["items"][0]["serviceTier"],
+            "accountId": value["data"]["items"][0]["accountId"],
+            "accountName": value["data"]["items"][0]["accountName"],
+            "accountEmail": value["data"]["items"][0]["accountEmail"],
+            "authenticationKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["authenticationKind"],
+            "imageInputTokens": value["data"]["items"][0]["tokenDetails"]["imageInputTokens"],
+            "imageOutputTokens": value["data"]["items"][0]["tokenDetails"]["imageOutputTokens"],
+            "websocketPool": value["data"]["items"][0]["websocketPool"],
+            "imageGenerationRequested": value["data"]["items"][0]["imageGenerationRequested"],
+            "imageGenerationSucceeded": value["data"]["items"][0]["imageGenerationSucceeded"],
+            "requestedModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["requestedModel"],
+            "upstreamModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["upstreamModel"],
+            "clientIp": value["data"]["items"][0]["clientIp"],
+            "userAgent": value["data"]["items"][0]["userAgent"],
+            "reasoningEffort": value["data"]["items"][0]["reasoningEffort"],
+            "reasoningPreset": value["data"]["items"][0]["reasoningPreset"],
+            "requestKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["requestKind"],
+            "subagentKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["subagentKind"],
+            "compact": value["data"]["items"][0]["compact"],
+            "transport": value["data"]["items"][0]["transport"],
+            "transportDecisionWaitMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["transportDecisionWaitMs"],
+            "wsConnectMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["wsConnectMs"],
+            "firstReasoningMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["firstReasoningMs"],
+            "firstTextMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["firstTextMs"],
+            "firstTokenMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["firstTokenMs"],
+            "effectiveModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["effectiveModel"],
+            "requestSummary": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["requestSummary"],
+        }),
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "route": "/v1/responses",
+            "serviceTier": "priority",
+            "accountId": "acct_snapshot",
+            "accountName": "Snapshot Alpha",
+            "accountEmail": "alpha@example.invalid",
+            "authenticationKind": "oauth",
+            "imageInputTokens": 31,
+            "imageOutputTokens": 9,
+            "websocketPool": {"kind": "reuse"},
+            "imageGenerationRequested": true,
+            "imageGenerationSucceeded": true,
+            "requestedModel": "grok-4.5",
+            "upstreamModel": "grok-4.5",
+            "clientIp": "127.0.0.1",
+            "userAgent": "usage-metadata-test",
+            "reasoningEffort": "max",
+            "reasoningPreset": "ultra",
+            "requestKind": "review",
+            "subagentKind": "worker",
+            "compact": true,
+            "transport": "http_sse",
+            "transportDecisionWaitMs": 7,
+            "wsConnectMs": 11,
+            "firstReasoningMs": 19,
+            "firstTextMs": 23,
+            "firstTokenMs": 19,
+            "effectiveModel": "grok-4.5",
+            "requestSummary": {"inputItemsCount": 2},
+        })
+    );
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/settings.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,123 @@ fn settings_request_should_reject_unknown_rotation_strategy() {
     assert_eq!(request.validate().unwrap_err().field(), "rotationStrategy");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn settings_response_should_cover_the_full_runtime_settings_contract() {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
+    use gateway_admin::model::Revision;
+    use gateway_admin::model::settings::RuntimeSettings;
+    use gateway_api::admin::settings::RuntimeSettingsView;
+    use gateway_core::engine::credential::RotationStrategy;
+    use gateway_core::routing::{PublicModelId, UpstreamModelId};
+
+    let settings = RuntimeSettings {
+        config_revision: Revision::new(7).expect("revision"),
+        model_mappings: BTreeMap::from_iter([
+            (
+                PublicModelId::new("gpt-5.4").expect("public model"),
+                UpstreamModelId::new("gpt-5.5").expect("upstream model"),
+            ),
+            (
+                PublicModelId::new("grok-latest").expect("public model"),
+                UpstreamModelId::new("grok-4.5").expect("upstream model"),
+            ),
+        ]),
+        refresh_margin_seconds: 1800,
+        refresh_concurrency: 4,
+        max_concurrent_per_account: 5,
+        request_interval_ms: 25,
+        rotation_strategy: RotationStrategy::RoundRobin,
+        usage_retention_days: 32,
+        ops_event_retention_days: 31,
+        audit_retention_days: 91,
+        updated_at: Utc
+            .with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 2, 10, 30, 0)
+            .single()
+            .expect("timestamp"),
+    };
+
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(RuntimeSettingsView::from(settings)).expect("serialize view");
+    assert_eq!(
+        value,
+        json!({
+            "modelMappings": {
+                "gpt-5.4": "gpt-5.5",
+                "grok-latest": "grok-4.5"
+            },
+            "refreshMarginSeconds": 1800,
+            "refreshConcurrency": 4,
+            "maxConcurrentPerAccount": 5,
+            "requestIntervalMs": 25,
+            "rotationStrategy": "round_robin",
+            "usageRetentionDays": 32,
+            "opsEventRetentionDays": 31,
+            "auditRetentionDays": 91,
+            "updatedAt": "2026-08-02T10:30:00Z"
+        })
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn settings_request_and_response_fields_should_stay_in_lockstep() {
+    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+    use gateway_admin::model::Revision;
+    use gateway_admin::model::settings::RuntimeSettings;
+    use gateway_api::admin::settings::RuntimeSettingsView;
+    use gateway_core::engine::credential::RotationStrategy;
+    use gateway_core::routing::{PublicModelId, UpstreamModelId};
+
+    let request: UpdateRuntimeSettingsRequest =
+        serde_json::from_value(update_body()).expect("decode settings");
+    request.validate().expect("fixture settings must validate");
+
+    let request_fields: BTreeSet<String> = update_body()
+        .as_object()
+        .expect("request body object")
+        .keys()
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+    let settings = RuntimeSettings {
+        config_revision: Revision::new(7).expect("revision"),
+        model_mappings: request
+            .model_mappings
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(public, upstream)| {
+                Ok((
+                    PublicModelId::new(public.clone())?,
+                    UpstreamModelId::new(upstream.clone())?,
+                ))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<BTreeMap<_, _>, gateway_core::error::IdentifierError>>()
+            .expect("valid model mappings"),
+        refresh_margin_seconds: request.refresh_margin_seconds,
+        refresh_concurrency: u32::try_from(request.refresh_concurrency).expect("u32"),
+        max_concurrent_per_account: u32::try_from(request.max_concurrent_per_account).expect("u32"),
+        request_interval_ms: request.request_interval_ms,
+        rotation_strategy: RotationStrategy::parse(&request.rotation_strategy)
+            .expect("fixture rotation strategy"),
+        usage_retention_days: u32::try_from(request.usage_retention_days).expect("u32"),
+        ops_event_retention_days: u32::try_from(request.ops_event_retention_days).expect("u32"),
+        audit_retention_days: u32::try_from(request.audit_retention_days).expect("u32"),
+        updated_at: chrono::Utc::now(),
+    };
+
+    let response_fields: BTreeSet<String> =
+        serde_json::to_value(RuntimeSettingsView::from(settings))
+            .expect("serialize view")
+            .as_object()
+            .expect("view object")
+            .keys()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+    let mut expected_fields = request_fields;
+    expected_fields.insert("updatedAt".to_owned());
+
+    assert_eq!(response_fields, expected_fields);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn settings_request_should_reject_unknown_revision_field() {
     let mut body = update_body();

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/architecture.rs

@@ -35,9 +35,15 @@ fn source_tree_should_match_frozen_machine_manifest() {
     let mut expected = vec![
         "src/admin/accounts.rs",
         "src/admin/auth.rs",
+        "src/admin/backups.rs",
         "src/admin/client_keys.rs",
         "src/admin/mod.rs",
-        "src/admin/observability.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/mod.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/presenter.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/query.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/routes.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/wire.rs",
+        "src/admin/presenter.rs",
         "src/admin/settings.rs",
         "src/admin/system.rs",
         "src/admin/wire.rs",
@@ -71,7 +77,9 @@ fn test_tree_should_match_frozen_rust_mirror() {
         "tests/admin/auth.rs",
         "tests/admin/client_keys.rs",
         "tests/admin/mod.rs",
-        "tests/admin/observability.rs",
+        "tests/admin/observability/mod.rs",
+        "tests/admin/observability/query.rs",
+        "tests/admin/observability/response.rs",
         "tests/admin/settings.rs",
         "tests/admin/system.rs",
         "tests/admin/wire.rs",

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/openai/error.rs

@@ -58,6 +58,30 @@ fn no_available_provider_error_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn account_capacity_error_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        gateway_error_contract(GatewayErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable),
+        (
+            StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+            "server_error",
+            "account_capacity_unavailable",
+        )
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn provider_infrastructure_error_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        gateway_error_contract(GatewayErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable),
+        (
+            StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+            "server_error",
+            "provider_infrastructure_unavailable",
+        )
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn rate_limited_error_should_map_to_openai_retryable_status() {
     assert_eq!(
@@ -122,29 +146,32 @@ fn engine_provider_error_should_preserve_retry_classification() {
 #[test]
 fn local_provider_capacity_exhaustion_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
     let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
-        ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable,
+        ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable,
         UpstreamSendState::NotSent,
     ));
 
     assert_eq!(
         gateway_error_from_engine(&error),
         GatewayError::new(
-            GatewayErrorKind::NoAvailableProvider,
-            "no upstream provider is currently available for this request"
+            GatewayErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable,
+            "all eligible upstream accounts are temporarily busy"
         )
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn local_provider_capacity_exhaustion_should_preserve_safe_provider_detail() {
+fn no_eligible_provider_account_should_preserve_safe_provider_detail() {
     let detail = ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
         "no account is eligible for the requested model",
         Some("no_eligible_account".to_owned()),
         Some("account_unavailable_error".to_owned()),
     );
     let error = EngineError::Provider(
-        ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable, UpstreamSendState::NotSent)
-            .with_client_visible_upstream_error(detail),
+        ProviderError::new(
+            ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount,
+            UpstreamSendState::NotSent,
+        )
+        .with_client_visible_upstream_error(detail),
     );
     let gateway = gateway_error_from_engine(&error);
 
@@ -164,6 +191,22 @@ fn local_provider_capacity_exhaustion_should_preserve_safe_provider_detail() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn provider_infrastructure_failure_should_have_a_distinct_client_contract() {
+    let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
+        ProviderErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
+        UpstreamSendState::NotSent,
+    ));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        gateway_error_from_engine(&error),
+        GatewayError::new(
+            GatewayErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
+            "provider account infrastructure is temporarily unavailable"
+        )
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn no_eligible_provider_account_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
     let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
@@ -181,16 +224,18 @@ fn no_eligible_provider_account_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn sent_provider_unavailability_should_remain_bad_gateway() {
-    let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
-        ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable,
-        UpstreamSendState::Sent,
-    ));
+fn provider_unavailability_should_remain_bad_gateway_regardless_of_send_state() {
+    for send_state in [UpstreamSendState::NotSent, UpstreamSendState::Sent] {
+        let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
+            ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable,
+            send_state,
+        ));
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        gateway_error_from_engine(&error).kind(),
-        GatewayErrorKind::UpstreamUnavailable
-    );
+        assert_eq!(
+            gateway_error_from_engine(&error).kind(),
+            GatewayErrorKind::UpstreamUnavailable
+        );
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/openai/responses/http.rs

@@ -533,9 +533,8 @@ async fn request_context_should_resolve_forwarded_precedence_and_peer_fallback()
             operation_kind: OperationKind::Generate,
             input: Some(json!("hello")),
             client_metadata: None,
-            protocol_context: Some(json!({
-                "opaque_request_headers": [["user-agent", "IENvZGV4LUNMSS8xLjAg"]]
-            })),
+            // 客户端 User-Agent 仅用于本地展示，不再透传给上游指纹上下文。
+            protocol_context: None,
             prompt_cache_key: None,
             previous_response_id: None,
         }

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/openai/responses/mod.rs

@@ -288,6 +288,15 @@ fn decoder_should_preserve_ordinary_request_headers_as_opaque_multivalues() {
         "x-codex-installation-id",
         HeaderValue::from_static("client-installation"),
     );
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-oai-attestation",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("client-attestation"),
+    );
+    headers.insert("x-oai-is", HeaderValue::from_static("client-is"));
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-oai-is-update",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("client-is-update"),
+    );
 
     let decoded =
         decode_request_with_headers(br#"{"model":"smart-code","input":"hello"}"#, &headers)
@@ -321,8 +330,6 @@ fn decoder_should_preserve_ordinary_request_headers_as_opaque_multivalues() {
     for preserved in [
         "accept",
         "content-type",
-        "user-agent",
-        "originator",
         "x-openai-internal-codex-residency",
         "x-codex-turn-state",
     ] {
@@ -339,6 +346,12 @@ fn decoder_should_preserve_ordinary_request_headers_as_opaque_multivalues() {
         "chatgpt-account-id",
         "chatgpt-project-id",
         "x-codex-installation-id",
+        // 上游指纹由运行时画像统一生成，客户端不得覆盖。
+        "user-agent",
+        "originator",
+        "x-oai-attestation",
+        "x-oai-is",
+        "x-oai-is-update",
     ] {
         assert!(values(excluded).is_empty(), "unexpected {excluded}");
     }

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/accounting/mod.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,30 @@ impl Decimal {
             .filter(|value| *value <= MAX_SCALED_DECIMAL)
             .map(Self)
     }
+
+    /// 除以非零整数，保留最多十位小数。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn checked_div_u64(self, divisor: u64) -> Option<Self> {
+        let divisor = u128::from(divisor);
+        (divisor != 0)
+            .then(|| self.0.checked_div(divisor))
+            .flatten()
+            .and_then(|value| Self::from_scaled(value).ok())
+    }
+
+    /// 去尾零的 canonical 字符串，用于 wire 序列化。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn canonical(self) -> String {
+        let integer = self.0 / DECIMAL_SCALE;
+        let fraction = self.0 % DECIMAL_SCALE;
+        if fraction == 0 {
+            integer.to_string()
+        } else {
+            let fraction = format!("{fraction:010}");
+            let trimmed = fraction.trim_end_matches('0');
+            format!("{integer}.{trimmed}")
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl FromStr for Decimal {

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/continuation.rs

@@ -190,9 +190,26 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ContinuationBinding {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
-#[error("native continuation store is unavailable")]
-pub struct NativeContinuationStoreError;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("native continuation store is unavailable: {detail}")]
+pub struct NativeContinuationStoreError {
+    detail: String,
+}
+
+impl NativeContinuationStoreError {
+    /// 构造带可排查细节的亲和存储错误；`detail` 不应包含 response handle。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(detail: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            detail: detail.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn detail(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.detail
+    }
+}
 
 /// 可丢失的 previous-response 亲和存储端口。
 ///

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/coordinator.rs

@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ where
             timings: ModelRequestTimings::default(),
             client_response_id: None,
             upstream_response_id: None,
-            last_account_exhaustion: None,
-            last_account_exhaustion_events: Vec::new(),
+            last_retryable_failure: None,
+            last_retryable_failure_events: Vec::new(),
             provider_attempt_outcomes: Vec::new(),
             pending_terminal_failure: None,
         };
@@ -245,9 +245,10 @@ pub struct ResponseExecutionSession<S: ?Sized> {
     timings: ModelRequestTimings,
     client_response_id: Option<String>,
     upstream_response_id: Option<String>,
-    last_account_exhaustion: Option<ProviderError>,
-    /// 最近一次账号耗尽在重试时被丢弃的原始失败批次；只用于后续空选路终态。
-    last_account_exhaustion_events: Vec<ProviderEvent>,
+    /// 最近一次为无感恢复而被丢弃的原始上游错误；只在后续空选路时成为终态。
+    last_retryable_failure: Option<ProviderError>,
+    /// 与 `last_retryable_failure` 同属一个 attempt 的原始失败批次。
+    last_retryable_failure_events: Vec<ProviderEvent>,
     provider_attempt_outcomes: Vec<ProviderAttemptOutcome>,
     /// 原子失败批次已交给协议层、但尚待下游提交后收敛的原 Provider 错误。
     pending_terminal_failure: Option<PendingTerminalFailure>,
@@ -659,25 +660,30 @@ where
             ProviderBoundary::Result(result) => match *result {
                 Ok(stream) => stream,
                 Err(error) => {
-                    if error.kind() == ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
-                        && let Some(exhaustion) = self.last_account_exhaustion.take()
+                    if matches!(
+                        error.kind(),
+                        ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable
+                            | ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
+                    ) && let Some(last_failure) = self.last_retryable_failure.take()
                     {
                         let send_state = self.current_send_state();
-                        let mut events = std::mem::take(&mut self.last_account_exhaustion_events);
+                        let mut events = std::mem::take(&mut self.last_retryable_failure_events);
                         if !events.is_empty() {
                             self.observe_atomic_terminal_events(&mut events);
                             return Ok(Some(PullOutcome::TerminalFailure {
                                 events,
-                                error: exhaustion,
+                                error: last_failure,
                                 send_state,
                             }));
                         }
-                        self.finish_provider_error(&exhaustion).await?;
-                        return Err(provider_engine_error(exhaustion));
+                        self.finish_provider_error(&last_failure).await?;
+                        return Err(provider_engine_error(last_failure));
                     }
                     if !(matches!(
                         error.kind(),
-                        ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable | ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
+                        ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable
+                            | ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
+                            | ProviderErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable
                     ) && error.send_state() == UpstreamSendState::NotSent)
                     {
                         self.record_provider_failure(candidate.provider().clone(), error.kind());
@@ -909,14 +915,10 @@ where
         &mut self,
         mut error: ProviderError,
     ) -> Result<StreamErrorOutcome, EngineError> {
-        // 原始 wire 只能活在本次决策栈内；后续 clone、attempt 记录与终态对象均只
-        // 接触已剥离的稳定错误字段。
+        // 原始 wire 只活在 request-local 决策状态；clone、attempt 记录与持久化终态
+        // 均只接触已剥离的稳定错误字段。
         let mut atomic_client_events = error.take_atomic_client_events();
         let current = self.current.take().ok_or(EngineError::NoActiveAttempt)?;
-        let account_exhausted = matches!(
-            error.kind(),
-            ProviderErrorKind::RateLimited | ProviderErrorKind::QuotaExhausted
-        );
         self.record_provider_failure(current.metadata.provider().clone(), error.kind());
         // attempt_send_state 是本 attempt 自身的发送事实，驱动重试门；
         // 持久化与终态用请求级水位，二者不可混用（水位会把早先 attempt 的
@@ -976,8 +978,8 @@ where
             continuation_retry || same_account_retry || ordinary_retry || pre_delivery_retry;
 
         if retryable {
-            // 普通 clone 只保留稳定事实；原始失败响应只能随最后一次客户端可见
-            // 的账号耗尽错误继续，不能进入中间失败记录。
+            // 普通 clone 只保留稳定事实；原始 wire/HTTP response 由 request-local
+            // 所有权保留到下一次 attempt 成功，或最终空选路时返回客户端。
             let persistence_error = self.request_persisted.then(|| error.clone());
             if same_account_retry {
                 if let Some(account) = current.metadata.provider_account_id() {
@@ -992,10 +994,8 @@ where
             {
                 self.excluded_accounts.insert(account.clone());
             }
-            if account_exhausted {
-                self.last_account_exhaustion_events = atomic_client_events;
-                self.last_account_exhaustion = Some(error);
-            }
+            self.last_retryable_failure_events = atomic_client_events;
+            self.last_retryable_failure = Some(error);
             if let Some(error) = persistence_error {
                 best_effort_store_write(
                     "record_intermediate_failure",

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/credential.rs

@@ -188,11 +188,13 @@ impl fmt::Debug for OpaqueProviderData {
 }
 
 /// 数据库中固定的账号运行状态。
+///
+/// 只承载终态或需要外部干预的状态；临时限流（429）不进入此状态，由
+/// Provider quota 数据驱动（`AccountQuotaSignals::limit_reached`）。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum AccountAvailability {
     Unknown,
     Ready,
-    Cooldown,
     QuotaExhausted,
     Expired,
     Banned,
@@ -206,7 +208,6 @@ impl AccountAvailability {
         match self {
             Self::Unknown => "unknown",
             Self::Ready => "ready",
-            Self::Cooldown => "cooldown",
             Self::QuotaExhausted => "quota_exhausted",
             Self::Expired => "expired",
             Self::Banned => "banned",
@@ -220,7 +221,6 @@ impl AccountAvailability {
         match value {
             "unknown" => Some(Self::Unknown),
             "ready" => Some(Self::Ready),
-            "cooldown" => Some(Self::Cooldown),
             "quota_exhausted" => Some(Self::QuotaExhausted),
             "expired" => Some(Self::Expired),
             "banned" => Some(Self::Banned),
@@ -244,7 +244,6 @@ pub struct ProviderAccount {
     revision: CredentialRevision,
     enabled: bool,
     availability: AccountAvailability,
-    cooldown_until: Option<SystemTime>,
     access_token_expires_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     next_refresh_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     has_refresh_token: bool,
@@ -274,7 +273,6 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
             revision,
             enabled: true,
             availability: AccountAvailability::Unknown,
-            cooldown_until: None,
             access_token_expires_at,
             next_refresh_at: None,
             has_refresh_token: false,
@@ -299,11 +297,9 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
         mut self,
         enabled: bool,
         availability: AccountAvailability,
-        cooldown_until: Option<SystemTime>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.enabled = enabled;
         self.availability = availability;
-        self.cooldown_until = cooldown_until;
         self
     }
 
@@ -373,11 +369,6 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
         self.enabled
     }
 
-    #[must_use]
-    pub const fn cooldown_until(&self) -> Option<SystemTime> {
-        self.cooldown_until
-    }
-
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn access_token_expires_at(&self) -> Option<SystemTime> {
         self.access_token_expires_at
@@ -398,7 +389,6 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
     pub fn is_schedulable(&self, now: SystemTime) -> bool {
         let available = match self.availability {
             AccountAvailability::Ready => true,
-            AccountAvailability::Cooldown => self.cooldown_until.is_some_and(|until| until <= now),
             AccountAvailability::Unknown
             | AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted
             | AccountAvailability::Expired
@@ -588,6 +578,8 @@ pub struct QuotaObservation {
     pub expected_revision: CredentialRevision,
     pub quota: Option<OpaqueProviderData>,
     pub observed_at: Option<SystemTime>,
+    /// 快照级限流事实（Provider 解析后物化）；None 表示不更新物化列。
+    pub limit_reached: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for QuotaObservation {
@@ -614,8 +606,6 @@ pub struct AccountStateChange {
     pub account_id: ProviderAccountId,
     pub expected_revision: CredentialRevision,
     pub availability: AccountAvailability,
-    pub reason: Option<String>,
-    pub cooldown_until: Option<SystemTime>,
     pub observed_at: SystemTime,
 }
 
@@ -698,6 +688,17 @@ impl RotationStrategy {
             Self::Sticky => "sticky",
         }
     }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "smart" => Some(Self::Smart),
+            "quota_reset_priority" => Some(Self::QuotaResetPriority),
+            "round_robin" => Some(Self::RoundRobin),
+            "sticky" => Some(Self::Sticky),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// 从 `runtime_settings` 冻结到一次请求计划的账号调度策略。
@@ -745,6 +746,7 @@ pub struct AccountRuntimeSignals {
     pub last_started_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     pub quota_reset_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     pub quota_remaining_rank: Option<u64>,
+    pub quota_limit_reached: bool,
     pub failure_rate_basis_points: Option<u16>,
     pub first_output_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
 }
@@ -892,6 +894,7 @@ impl AccountRuntimeSignals {
         if let Some(quota) = quota {
             self.quota_reset_at = quota.reset_at;
             self.quota_remaining_rank = quota.remaining_rank;
+            self.quota_limit_reached = quota.limit_reached;
         }
         self
     }
@@ -913,14 +916,20 @@ impl AccountRuntimeSignals {
 pub struct AccountQuotaSignals {
     reset_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     remaining_rank: Option<u64>,
+    limit_reached: bool,
 }
 
 impl AccountQuotaSignals {
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn new(reset_at: Option<SystemTime>, remaining_rank: Option<u64>) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(
+        reset_at: Option<SystemTime>,
+        remaining_rank: Option<u64>,
+        limit_reached: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             reset_at,
             remaining_rank,
+            limit_reached,
         }
     }
 
@@ -933,6 +942,12 @@ impl AccountQuotaSignals {
     pub const fn remaining_rank(self) -> Option<u64> {
         self.remaining_rank
     }
+
+    /// 任一计量窗口已触顶（`limit_reached`/`used_percent >= 100`）；调度据此排除候选。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn limit_reached(self) -> bool {
+        self.limit_reached
+    }
 }
 
 /// 账号持久事实与可重建运行信号的请求级组合。

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/execution.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::num::NonZeroU32;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
 
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ use crate::routing::{
 };
 
 const MODEL_REQUEST_DEADLINE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10 * 60);
-const REDIS_COORDINATION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
+const COORDINATION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ClientTransport {
@@ -173,6 +174,22 @@ pub enum ProviderCircuitDecision {
 #[error("provider circuit store is unavailable")]
 pub struct ProviderCircuitError;
 
+/// Provider circuit 的可重建协调策略；由 Core 拥有并交给 Store adapter 执行。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderCircuitPolicy {
+    pub failure_threshold: NonZeroU32,
+    pub open_duration: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Default for ProviderCircuitPolicy {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            failure_threshold: NonZeroU32::new(3).unwrap_or(NonZeroU32::MIN),
+            open_duration: Duration::from_secs(30),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait ProviderCircuitPort: Send + Sync {
     fn decision<'a>(
         &'a self,
@@ -254,10 +271,20 @@ impl DefaultExecutionService {
         let continuation = match request.metadata.previous_response_id.as_ref() {
             Some(previous) => {
                 let resolve = self.continuation.resolve(previous).fuse();
-                let timeout = Delay::new(REDIS_COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
+                let timeout = Delay::new(COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
                 pin_mut!(resolve, timeout);
                 let pin = select_biased! {
-                    result = resolve => result.ok().flatten(),
+                    result = resolve => match result {
+                        Ok(pin) => pin,
+                        Err(error) => {
+                            tracing::debug!(
+                                request_id = request_id.as_str(),
+                                %error,
+                                "Continuation affinity 查询失败，退化为外部续接"
+                            );
+                            None
+                        }
+                    },
                     _ = timeout => None,
                 };
                 match pin {
@@ -393,7 +420,7 @@ impl DefaultExecutionService {
         provider_kind: &ProviderKind,
     ) -> Result<RoutingContext, GatewayError> {
         let decision = self.circuits.decision(provider_kind).fuse();
-        let timeout = Delay::new(REDIS_COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
+        let timeout = Delay::new(COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
         pin_mut!(decision, timeout);
         let decision = select_biased! {
             result = decision => Some(result),
@@ -933,17 +960,28 @@ async fn record_native_continuation(
     continuation: &dyn NativeContinuationPort,
     pin: NativeContinuationPin,
 ) {
+    let provider = pin.provider().as_str().to_owned();
+    let account = pin.account().as_str().to_owned();
     let record = continuation.record(pin).fuse();
-    let timeout = Delay::new(REDIS_COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
+    let timeout = Delay::new(COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
     pin_mut!(record, timeout);
     select_biased! {
         result = record => {
             if let Err(error) = result {
-                tracing::warn!(%error, "Continuation affinity 写入失败，后续请求将退化为外部续接");
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    provider = %provider,
+                    account = %account,
+                    %error,
+                    "Continuation affinity 写入失败，后续请求将退化为外部续接"
+                );
             }
         },
         _ = timeout => {
-            tracing::warn!("Continuation affinity 后台写入超时，已丢弃本次亲和记录");
+            tracing::warn!(
+                provider = %provider,
+                account = %account,
+                "Continuation affinity 后台写入超时，已丢弃本次亲和记录"
+            );
         },
     }
 }

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/error.rs

@@ -129,8 +129,12 @@ pub enum ProviderErrorKind {
     RateLimited,
     /// Credential 配额耗尽。
     QuotaExhausted,
+    /// 仍有符合条件的账号，但它们暂时没有可调度容量。
+    AccountCapacityUnavailable,
     /// Provider 已确认当前请求无法选出可用账号。
     NoEligibleAccount,
+    /// Provider 的账号存储、租约协调或本地凭据数据不可用。
+    ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
     /// 请求超时。
     Timeout,
     /// 网络或 transport 失败。
@@ -156,7 +160,9 @@ impl ProviderErrorKind {
             Self::PermissionDenied => "permission_denied",
             Self::RateLimited => "rate_limited",
             Self::QuotaExhausted => "quota_exhausted",
+            Self::AccountCapacityUnavailable => "account_capacity_unavailable",
             Self::NoEligibleAccount => "no_eligible_account",
+            Self::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable => "provider_infrastructure_unavailable",
             Self::Timeout => "timeout",
             Self::Transport => "transport",
             Self::Protocol => "protocol",
@@ -711,6 +717,10 @@ pub enum GatewayErrorKind {
     ModelNotFound,
     /// 当前没有可用 target。
     NoAvailableProvider,
+    /// 符合条件的上游账号暂时没有调度容量。
+    AccountCapacityUnavailable,
+    /// Provider 的本地账号基础设施不可用。
+    ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
     /// 上游限流。
     RateLimited,
     /// 上游暂不可用。
@@ -734,6 +744,8 @@ impl GatewayErrorKind {
             Self::PolicyDenied => "policy_denied",
             Self::ModelNotFound => "model_not_found",
             Self::NoAvailableProvider => "no_available_provider",
+            Self::AccountCapacityUnavailable => "account_capacity_unavailable",
+            Self::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable => "provider_infrastructure_unavailable",
             Self::RateLimited => "rate_limited",
             Self::UpstreamUnavailable => "upstream_unavailable",
             Self::Timeout => "timeout",
@@ -782,10 +794,18 @@ impl GatewayError {
                 GatewayErrorKind::RateLimited,
                 "upstream capacity is temporarily unavailable",
             ),
+            ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable => Self::new(
+                GatewayErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable,
+                "all eligible upstream accounts are temporarily busy",
+            ),
             ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount => Self::new(
                 GatewayErrorKind::NoAvailableProvider,
                 "no upstream provider is currently available for this request",
             ),
+            ProviderErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable => Self::new(
+                GatewayErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
+                "provider account infrastructure is temporarily unavailable",
+            ),
             ProviderErrorKind::Timeout => {
                 Self::new(GatewayErrorKind::Timeout, "upstream request timed out")
             }

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/provider_ports/mod.rs

@@ -635,6 +635,13 @@ pub trait ProviderCooldownPort: Send + Sync {
         scope: &'a ProviderCooldownScope,
         through_revision: CredentialRevision,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<bool, ProviderStoreError>>;
+
+    /// 删除账号时清除该账号全部 account/model scope cooldown key。
+    /// 生命周期与 credential revision 无关；不要求调用方持有 revision。
+    fn clear_all<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        account_id: &'a ProviderAccountId,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<bool, ProviderStoreError>>;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/routing/snapshot.rs

@@ -244,13 +244,8 @@ async fn compile_runtime_snapshot(
     }
 
     let model_mappings = facts.settings.model_mappings;
-    let rotation_strategy = match facts.settings.rotation_strategy.as_str() {
-        "smart" => RotationStrategy::Smart,
-        "quota_reset_priority" => RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority,
-        "round_robin" => RotationStrategy::RoundRobin,
-        "sticky" => RotationStrategy::Sticky,
-        _ => return Err(RuntimeSnapshotCompileError::InvalidData),
-    };
+    let rotation_strategy = RotationStrategy::parse(facts.settings.rotation_strategy.as_str())
+        .ok_or(RuntimeSnapshotCompileError::InvalidData)?;
     let selection_policy = AccountSelectionPolicy::new(
         rotation_strategy,
         NonZeroU32::new(facts.settings.max_concurrent_per_account)

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/task/mod.rs

@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ pub enum WorkerKind {
     StaleModelRequestRecovery,
     Retention,
     OpsFlush,
+    Backup,
 }
 
 impl WorkerKind {
-    pub const ALL: [Self; 7] = [
+    pub const ALL: [Self; 8] = [
         Self::OAuthRefresh,
         Self::QuotaCatalogHealth,
         Self::RuntimeSnapshotReconciliation,
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ impl WorkerKind {
         Self::StaleModelRequestRecovery,
         Self::Retention,
         Self::OpsFlush,
+        Self::Backup,
     ];
 
     #[must_use]
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ impl WorkerKind {
             Self::StaleModelRequestRecovery => "stale_model_request_recovery",
             Self::Retention => "retention",
             Self::OpsFlush => "ops_flush",
+            Self::Backup => "backup",
         }
     }
 }

backend/crates/gateway-core/tests/accounting/mod.rs

@@ -12,6 +12,22 @@ fn decimal_should_render_with_database_scale() {
     assert_eq!(decimal.to_string(), "12.3400000000");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn decimal_canonical_should_strip_trailing_zeroes() {
+    assert_eq!(Decimal::from_str("12.34").unwrap().canonical(), "12.34");
+    assert_eq!(Decimal::from_str("12").unwrap().canonical(), "12");
+    assert_eq!(Decimal::from_str("0").unwrap().canonical(), "0");
+    assert_eq!(Decimal::from_str("1.0000000000").unwrap().canonical(), "1");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn decimal_div_u64_should_keep_up_to_ten_fraction_digits() {
+    let decimal = Decimal::from_str("10").unwrap();
+    let third = decimal.checked_div_u64(3).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(third.canonical(), "3.3333333333");
+    assert_eq!(decimal.checked_div_u64(0), None);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn provider_usd_ticks_should_map_exactly_to_decimal_scale() {
     let estimate = ProviderReportedCost::from_usd_ticks(12_345_678_901)

backend/crates/gateway-core/tests/engine/coordinator.rs

@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ use gateway_core::engine::{
     ProviderAttemptOutcome, RecoveryReport, UpstreamSendState,
 };
 use gateway_core::error::{
-    ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse, ContinuationFailure, GatewayErrorKind, OpaqueUpstreamValue,
-    ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind, StoreError, StoreErrorKind,
+    ClientVisibleUpstreamError, ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse, ContinuationFailure,
+    GatewayErrorKind, OpaqueUpstreamValue, ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind, StoreError,
+    StoreErrorKind,
 };
 use gateway_core::event::{
     ContentItem, ContentKind, GatewayEvent, ProtocolWireEvent, ProviderEvent,
@@ -2554,6 +2555,128 @@ fn pre_delivery_transport_failure_rotates_account_for_non_idempotent_generation(
     assert_eq!(state.finalizations[0].outcome, ExecutionOutcome::Succeeded);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn final_capacity_exhaustion_returns_the_last_retryable_upstream_failure() {
+    let operation = operation(RetrySafety::NonIdempotent);
+    let route_plan = plan(&operation);
+    let raw_body = Bytes::from_static(b"{\"error\":\"last upstream body\"}\x00");
+    let upstream_error =
+        ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::Transport, UpstreamSendState::Ambiguous)
+            .with_pre_delivery_retry()
+            .with_client_visible_upstream_error(ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
+                "message too big",
+                Some("1009".to_owned()),
+                Some("websocket_close_error".to_owned()),
+            ))
+            .with_client_visible_upstream_response(ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse::new(
+                502,
+                Some(b"application/json".to_vec()),
+                raw_body.clone(),
+            ));
+    let (coordinator, store, provider) = coordinator(vec![
+        Script::Stream {
+            account_id: "acct_first",
+            items: vec![Err(upstream_error)],
+        },
+        Script::Error(ProviderError::new(
+            ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable,
+            UpstreamSendState::NotSent,
+        )),
+    ]);
+
+    let mut session = block_on(coordinator.start(
+        model_request(&operation, SystemTime::now() + Duration::from_secs(30)),
+        operation,
+        route_plan,
+        None,
+        None,
+        CancellationToken::new(),
+    ))
+    .expect("start execution");
+    let error = block_on(session.collect_uncommitted())
+        .expect_err("empty selection must return the retained upstream failure");
+    let EngineError::Provider(error) = error else {
+        panic!("expected retained provider error");
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(error.kind(), ProviderErrorKind::Transport);
+    let detail = error
+        .client_visible_upstream_error()
+        .expect("structured upstream detail");
+    assert_eq!(detail.message(), "message too big");
+    assert_eq!(detail.code(), Some("1009"));
+    assert_eq!(detail.error_type(), Some("websocket_close_error"));
+    let response = error
+        .client_visible_upstream_response()
+        .expect("original upstream response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), 502);
+    assert_eq!(response.body(), &raw_body);
+
+    assert_eq!(provider.contexts.lock().expect("contexts lock").len(), 2);
+    let state = store.state.lock().expect("store lock");
+    assert_eq!(state.intermediate_failures, 1);
+    assert_eq!(state.finalizations[0].outcome, ExecutionOutcome::Failed);
+    assert_eq!(
+        state.finalizations[0].send_state,
+        UpstreamSendState::Ambiguous
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn provider_infrastructure_failure_does_not_restore_the_last_upstream_failure() {
+    let operation = operation(RetrySafety::NonIdempotent);
+    let route_plan = plan(&operation);
+    let upstream_error =
+        ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::Transport, UpstreamSendState::Ambiguous)
+            .with_pre_delivery_retry()
+            .with_client_visible_upstream_error(ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
+                "upstream marker",
+                Some("upstream_marker".to_owned()),
+                Some("upstream_error".to_owned()),
+            ))
+            .with_client_visible_upstream_response(ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse::new(
+                502,
+                Some(b"application/json".to_vec()),
+                Bytes::from_static(b"{\"error\":\"upstream marker\"}"),
+            ));
+    let (coordinator, store, provider) = coordinator(vec![
+        Script::Stream {
+            account_id: "acct_first",
+            items: vec![Err(upstream_error)],
+        },
+        Script::Error(ProviderError::new(
+            ProviderErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
+            UpstreamSendState::NotSent,
+        )),
+    ]);
+
+    let mut session = block_on(coordinator.start(
+        model_request(&operation, SystemTime::now() + Duration::from_secs(30)),
+        operation,
+        route_plan,
+        None,
+        None,
+        CancellationToken::new(),
+    ))
+    .expect("start execution");
+    let error = block_on(session.collect_uncommitted())
+        .expect_err("provider infrastructure failure must remain terminal");
+    let EngineError::Provider(error) = error else {
+        panic!("expected provider error");
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        error.kind(),
+        ProviderErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable
+    );
+    assert!(error.client_visible_upstream_error().is_none());
+    assert!(error.client_visible_upstream_response().is_none());
+    assert_eq!(provider.contexts.lock().expect("contexts lock").len(), 2);
+    let state = store.state.lock().expect("store lock");
+    assert_eq!(state.intermediate_failures, 1);
+    assert_eq!(state.finalizations[0].outcome, ExecutionOutcome::Failed);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn pre_delivery_retry_marker_is_ignored_after_downstream_commit() {
     let operation = operation(RetrySafety::NonIdempotent);

backend/crates/gateway-core/tests/engine/credential.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn account(id: &str) -> ProviderAccount {
         CredentialRevision::new(1).expect("valid revision"),
         Some(SystemTime::now() + Duration::from_secs(3600)),
     )
-    .with_runtime_state(true, AccountAvailability::Ready, None)
+    .with_runtime_state(true, AccountAvailability::Ready)
 }
 
 fn candidate(id: &str, in_flight: u32, remaining: Option<u64>) -> AccountCandidate {
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ fn candidate(id: &str, in_flight: u32, remaining: Option<u64>) -> AccountCandida
             last_started_at: None,
             quota_reset_at: None,
             quota_remaining_rank: remaining,
+            quota_limit_reached: false,
             failure_rate_basis_points: None,
             first_output_latency_ms: None,
         },
@@ -56,6 +57,19 @@ fn context(strategy: RotationStrategy) -> AccountSelectionContext {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn rotation_strategy_parse_should_round_trip_stable_wire_values() {
+    for strategy in [
+        RotationStrategy::Smart,
+        RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority,
+        RotationStrategy::RoundRobin,
+        RotationStrategy::Sticky,
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(RotationStrategy::parse(strategy.as_str()), Some(strategy));
+    }
+    assert_eq!(RotationStrategy::parse("unknown"), None);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn plaintext_credential_debug_should_redact_values() {
     let mut object = Map::new();
@@ -97,31 +111,27 @@ fn availability_should_round_trip_all_database_values() {
 #[test]
 fn diagnostic_selection_bypasses_all_local_account_availability() {
     let exhausted = AccountCandidate {
-        account: account("acct_exhausted").with_runtime_state(
-            true,
-            AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted,
-            None,
-        ),
+        account: account("acct_exhausted")
+            .with_runtime_state(true, AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted),
         signals: AccountRuntimeSignals {
             in_flight: 0,
             last_started_at: None,
             quota_reset_at: None,
             quota_remaining_rank: None,
+            quota_limit_reached: false,
             failure_rate_basis_points: None,
             first_output_latency_ms: None,
         },
     };
     let disabled = AccountCandidate {
-        account: account("acct_disabled").with_runtime_state(
-            false,
-            AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted,
-            None,
-        ),
+        account: account("acct_disabled")
+            .with_runtime_state(false, AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted),
         signals: AccountRuntimeSignals {
             in_flight: 0,
             last_started_at: None,
             quota_reset_at: None,
             quota_remaining_rank: None,
+            quota_limit_reached: false,
             failure_rate_basis_points: None,
             first_output_latency_ms: None,
         },
@@ -145,33 +155,11 @@ fn diagnostic_selection_bypasses_all_local_account_availability() {
 
 #[test]
 fn disabled_account_should_not_be_schedulable() {
-    let account =
-        account("acct_disabled").with_runtime_state(false, AccountAvailability::Ready, None);
+    let account = account("acct_disabled").with_runtime_state(false, AccountAvailability::Ready);
 
     assert!(!account.is_schedulable(SystemTime::now()));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn cooldown_account_should_become_schedulable_at_its_deadline() {
-    let now = SystemTime::now();
-    let account =
-        account("acct_cooldown").with_runtime_state(true, AccountAvailability::Cooldown, Some(now));
-
-    assert!(account.is_schedulable(now));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn cooldown_account_should_remain_isolated_before_its_deadline() {
-    let now = SystemTime::now();
-    let account = account("acct_cooldown").with_runtime_state(
-        true,
-        AccountAvailability::Cooldown,
-        Some(now + Duration::from_secs(1)),
-    );
-
-    assert!(!account.is_schedulable(now));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn smart_selector_should_prefer_lower_inflight_count() {
     let candidates = vec![
@@ -298,10 +286,15 @@ fn provider_quota_overlay_should_preserve_store_concurrency_facts() {
         last_started_at: Some(last_started_at),
         quota_reset_at: None,
         quota_remaining_rank: None,
+        quota_limit_reached: false,
         failure_rate_basis_points: None,
         first_output_latency_ms: None,
     }
-    .with_provider_quota(Some(AccountQuotaSignals::new(Some(reset_at), Some(75))));
+    .with_provider_quota(Some(AccountQuotaSignals::new(
+        Some(reset_at),
+        Some(75),
+        false,
+    )));
 
     assert_eq!(
         (
@@ -616,3 +609,48 @@ fn credential_cas_should_reject_refresh_schedule_without_refresh_token() {
         .is_err()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn enforced_availability_excludes_terminal_states_despite_quota_signals() {
+    // availability 终态（Banned/Expired/Invalid）始终排除，
+    // 不受 quota 信号或 skip_exhausted 放宽影响。
+    let mut banned = candidate("acct_banned", 0, Some(100));
+    banned.account = banned
+        .account
+        .with_runtime_state(true, AccountAvailability::Banned);
+    let mut expired = candidate("acct_expired", 0, Some(100));
+    expired.account = expired
+        .account
+        .with_runtime_state(true, AccountAvailability::Expired);
+    let mut invalid = candidate("acct_invalid", 0, Some(100));
+    invalid.account = invalid
+        .account
+        .with_runtime_state(true, AccountAvailability::Invalid);
+    let healthy = candidate("acct_healthy", 0, Some(100));
+    let candidates = vec![banned, expired, invalid, healthy];
+
+    let selected = AccountSelector
+        .select(&candidates, &context(RotationStrategy::Smart))
+        .expect("healthy candidate available");
+
+    assert_eq!(selected.candidate().account.id().as_str(), "acct_healthy");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enforced_availability_allows_quota_exhausted_with_skip_exhausted_projection() {
+    // QuotaExhausted 是可恢复额度耗尽，skip_exhausted=false 的
+    // 放宽投影（provider 层）允许其参与调度；core 的 Enforce 策略本身
+    // 只排除终态。这里验证 Enforce 下 QuotaExhausted 仍被排除（严格模式）。
+    let mut exhausted = candidate("acct_exhausted", 0, Some(100));
+    exhausted.account = exhausted
+        .account
+        .with_runtime_state(true, AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted);
+    let healthy = candidate("acct_healthy", 0, Some(100));
+    let candidates = vec![exhausted, healthy];
+
+    let selected = AccountSelector
+        .select(&candidates, &context(RotationStrategy::Smart))
+        .expect("healthy candidate available");
+
+    assert_eq!(selected.candidate().account.id().as_str(), "acct_healthy");
+}

backend/crates/gateway-core/tests/provider_ports/mod.rs

@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ fn scheduling_state_preserves_provider_neutral_signals() {
             last_started_at: None,
             quota_reset_at: None,
             quota_remaining_rank: Some(7),
+            quota_limit_reached: false,
             failure_rate_basis_points: Some(125),
             first_output_latency_ms: Some(250),
         },

backend/crates/gateway-host/tests/workers/mod.rs

@@ -17,13 +17,14 @@ use gateway_core::task::{
 use gateway_host::workers::{WorkerStartError, WorkerSupervisor};
 use tokio::sync::Notify;
 
-const ACTIVE_KINDS: [WorkerKind; 6] = [
+const ACTIVE_KINDS: [WorkerKind; 7] = [
     WorkerKind::OAuthRefresh,
     WorkerKind::QuotaCatalogHealth,
     WorkerKind::RuntimeSnapshotReconciliation,
     WorkerKind::RuntimeChangeSubscription,
     WorkerKind::StaleModelRequestRecovery,
     WorkerKind::Retention,
+    WorkerKind::Backup,
 ];
 
 #[derive(Clone)]

backend/crates/gateway-store/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,24 +13,31 @@ path = "tests/main.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 async-trait = "0.1.89"
+aws-credential-types = "1.2"
+aws-sdk-s3 = { version = "1.140", default-features = false, features = ["rt-tokio", "default-https-client"] }
+aws-smithy-runtime-api = "1.14"
+aws-smithy-types = "1.6"
 chrono = "0.4.45"
+fs2 = "0.4"
 futures = "0.3.32"
 gateway-admin = { path = "../gateway-admin" }
 gateway-core = { path = "../gateway-core" }
 hex = "0.4.3"
 redis = { version = "1.3.0", default-features = false, features = ["tokio-comp", "connection-manager", "script"] }
+secrecy = "0.10"
 serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["arbitrary_precision", "preserve_order"] }
 sha2 = "0.11.0"
 sqlx = { version = "0.9.0", default-features = false, features = ["runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls", "postgres", "chrono", "json", "macros", "migrate"] }
 thiserror = "2.0.18"
-tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["rt", "time"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.52", default-features = false, features = ["fs", "io-std", "io-util", "macros", "process", "rt", "sync", "time"] }
 tracing = "0.1.44"
 url = "2.5.8"
 uuid = { version = "1.23.3", features = ["v4", "v7"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["macros", "rt-multi-thread"] }
+tempfile = "3.23"
+tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["macros", "rt-multi-thread", "fs", "io-util", "process", "time"] }
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/admin_adapter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+//! Admin 认证与设置 adapter。
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub(crate) struct AdminAuthStoreAdapter {
+    pub(crate) security: postgres::PgAdminSecurityAuditRepository,
+    pub(crate) settings: postgres::PgRuntimeSettingsRepository,
+    pub(crate) state: redis::RedisAdminAuthStateRepository,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct AdminSettingsStoreAdapter {
+    pub(crate) control_plane: postgres::PgControlPlaneRepository,
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl SettingsStore for AdminSettingsStoreAdapter {
+    async fn load_runtime_settings(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<AdminRuntimeSettings> {
+        let snapshot = postgres::ControlPlaneRepository::load_control_plane(&self.control_plane)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("runtime settings", error))?;
+        admin_runtime_settings(snapshot.settings)
+    }
+
+    async fn admin_api_key_exists(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        postgres::ControlPlaneRepository::load_control_plane(&self.control_plane)
+            .await
+            .map(|snapshot| snapshot.settings.admin_api_key.is_some())
+            .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin API key", error))
+    }
+
+    async fn replace_runtime_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: ReplaceRuntimeSettings,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<AdminRuntimeSettings> {
+        let current = postgres::ControlPlaneRepository::load_control_plane(&self.control_plane)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("runtime settings", error))?;
+        let replacement = postgres::ControlPlaneReplacement {
+            settings: postgres::RuntimeSettingsUpdate {
+                admin_api_key: current.settings.admin_api_key,
+                refresh_margin_seconds: command.refresh_margin_seconds,
+                refresh_concurrency: command.refresh_concurrency,
+                max_concurrent_per_account: command.max_concurrent_per_account,
+                request_interval_ms: command.request_interval_ms,
+                rotation_strategy: command.rotation_strategy.as_str().to_owned(),
+                model_mappings: store_model_mappings(command.model_mappings),
+                usage_retention_days: command.usage_retention_days,
+                ops_event_retention_days: command.ops_event_retention_days,
+                audit_retention_days: command.audit_retention_days,
+            },
+            audit: mutation_audit(
+                context,
+                "settings.replace",
+                "runtime_settings",
+                "1",
+                vec![
+                    "model_mappings_json".to_owned(),
+                    "refresh_margin_seconds".to_owned(),
+                    "refresh_concurrency".to_owned(),
+                    "max_concurrent_per_account".to_owned(),
+                    "request_interval_ms".to_owned(),
+                    "rotation_strategy".to_owned(),
+                    "retention".to_owned(),
+                ],
+            ),
+        };
+        let snapshot = postgres::ControlPlaneRepository::replace_control_plane(
+            &self.control_plane,
+            replacement,
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("runtime settings", error))?;
+        admin_runtime_settings(snapshot.settings)
+    }
+
+    async fn replace_admin_api_key(
+        &self,
+        key: AdminApiKey,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<AdminApiKeyMutation> {
+        self.replace_admin_api_key_value(Some(key.expose_for_auth().to_owned()), context)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_admin_api_key(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<AdminApiKeyMutation> {
+        self.replace_admin_api_key_value(None, context).await
+    }
+}
+
+impl AdminSettingsStoreAdapter {
+    async fn replace_admin_api_key_value(
+        &self,
+        admin_api_key: Option<String>,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<AdminApiKeyMutation> {
+        let exists = admin_api_key.is_some();
+        let revision = postgres::ControlPlaneRepository::replace_admin_api_key(
+            &self.control_plane,
+            admin_api_key,
+            mutation_audit(
+                context,
+                if exists {
+                    "admin_api_key.replace"
+                } else {
+                    "admin_api_key.delete"
+                },
+                "runtime_settings",
+                "1",
+                vec!["admin_api_key".to_owned()],
+            ),
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin API key", error))?;
+        Ok(AdminApiKeyMutation {
+            config_revision: admin_revision(revision)?,
+            exists,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_runtime_settings(
+    settings: postgres::RuntimeSettings,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<AdminRuntimeSettings> {
+    let rotation_strategy = AdminRotationStrategy::parse(settings.rotation_strategy.as_str())
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            AdminStoreError::new(
+                AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid,
+                "runtime settings",
+                "rotation strategy is invalid",
+            )
+        })?;
+    let model_mappings = settings
+        .model_mappings
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(public, upstream)| {
+            let public = gateway_core::routing::PublicModelId::new(public).map_err(|_| {
+                AdminStoreError::new(
+                    AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid,
+                    "runtime settings",
+                    "public model mapping is invalid",
+                )
+            })?;
+            let upstream = gateway_core::routing::UpstreamModelId::new(upstream).map_err(|_| {
+                AdminStoreError::new(
+                    AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid,
+                    "runtime settings",
+                    "upstream model mapping is invalid",
+                )
+            })?;
+            Ok((public, upstream))
+        })
+        .collect::<AdminStoreResult<ModelMappings>>()?;
+    Ok(AdminRuntimeSettings {
+        config_revision: admin_revision(settings.config_revision)?,
+        model_mappings,
+        refresh_margin_seconds: settings.refresh_margin_seconds,
+        refresh_concurrency: settings.refresh_concurrency,
+        max_concurrent_per_account: settings.max_concurrent_per_account,
+        request_interval_ms: settings.request_interval_ms,
+        rotation_strategy,
+        usage_retention_days: settings.usage_retention_days,
+        ops_event_retention_days: settings.ops_event_retention_days,
+        audit_retention_days: settings.audit_retention_days,
+        updated_at: settings.updated_at,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn store_model_mappings(
+    mappings: ModelMappings,
+) -> std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String> {
+    mappings
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(public, upstream)| (public.as_str().to_owned(), upstream.as_str().to_owned()))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl AuthStore for AdminAuthStoreAdapter {
+    async fn load_password_hash(&self, admin_user_id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<String>> {
+        postgres::AdminSecurityAuditRepository::password_hash(&self.security, admin_user_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin authentication", error))
+    }
+
+    async fn create_password_hash_if_absent(
+        &self,
+        admin_user_id: &str,
+        password_hash: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        postgres::AdminSecurityAuditRepository::create_password_hash_if_absent(
+            &self.security,
+            admin_user_id,
+            password_hash,
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin authentication", error))
+    }
+
+    async fn load_admin_api_key(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<AdminApiKey>> {
+        postgres::RuntimeSettingsRepository::load_runtime_settings(&self.settings)
+            .await
+            .map(|settings| settings.admin_api_key.map(AdminApiKey::new))
+            .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin API key", error))
+    }
+
+    async fn load_session(&self, session_id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<AdminSession>> {
+        redis::AdminAuthStateRepository::load_admin_session(&self.state, session_id)
+            .await
+            .map(|session| {
+                session.map(|record| AdminSession {
+                    admin_user_id: record.admin_user_id,
+                    expires_at: record.expires_at,
+                })
+            })
+            .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin session", error))
+    }
+
+    async fn store_session(
+        &self,
+        session_id: &str,
+        session: &AdminSession,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        redis::AdminAuthStateRepository::store_admin_session(
+            &self.state,
+            session_id,
+            &redis::AdminSessionRecord {
+                admin_user_id: session.admin_user_id.clone(),
+                expires_at: session.expires_at,
+            },
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin session", error))
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_session(&self, session_id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<AdminSession>> {
+        redis::AdminAuthStateRepository::delete_admin_session(&self.state, session_id)
+            .await
+            .map(|session| {
+                session.map(|record| AdminSession {
+                    admin_user_id: record.admin_user_id,
+                    expires_at: record.expires_at,
+                })
+            })
+            .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin session", error))
+    }
+
+    async fn append_audit_event(&self, event: AdminAuditModel) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        let config_revision = event
+            .config_revision
+            .map(|revision| i64::try_from(revision.get()))
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|_| {
+                AdminStoreError::new(
+                    AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid,
+                    "admin audit",
+                    "config revision is outside the supported range",
+                )
+            })?;
+        let actor_kind = match event.actor_kind {
+            gateway_admin::model::auth::AuditActorKind::AdminSession => {
+                postgres::AdminAuditActorKind::AdminSession
+            }
+            gateway_admin::model::auth::AuditActorKind::AdminApiKey => {
+                postgres::AdminAuditActorKind::AdminApiKey
+            }
+            gateway_admin::model::auth::AuditActorKind::System => {
+                postgres::AdminAuditActorKind::System
+            }
+            gateway_admin::model::auth::AuditActorKind::Anonymous => {
+                postgres::AdminAuditActorKind::Anonymous
+            }
+        };
+        postgres::AdminSecurityAuditRepository::append_admin_audit_event(
+            &self.security,
+            postgres::AdminAuditEvent {
+                id: event.id,
+                actor_kind,
+                actor_admin_user_id: event.actor_admin_user_id,
+                actor_ref: event.actor_ref,
+                admin_request_id: event.request_id,
+                action: event.action,
+                entity_kind: event.entity_kind,
+                entity_ref: event.entity_ref,
+                config_revision,
+                changed_fields: event.changed_fields,
+                created_at: event.occurred_at,
+            },
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|error| admin_store_error("admin audit", error))
+    }
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/backup/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//! S3 对象存储与 `pg_dump` 基础设施适配器。
+
+pub mod pg_dump;
+pub mod s3;
+pub mod staging;

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/backup/pg_dump.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+//! `pg_dump` 子进程与本地暂存适配器。
+//!
+//! 数据库密码只通过 `PGPASSWORD` 环境变量传给子进程，绝不进入命令行参数或日志。
+//! 导出以有界内存流式写入暂存文件并计算 SHA-256；取消时终止子进程并清理部分文件。
+
+use std::process::Stdio;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha256};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt as _, AsyncWriteExt as _};
+use tokio::process::Command;
+
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::{BackupError, code};
+use gateway_admin::ports::backup::{DatabaseDumpPort, DumpArtifact, DumpRequest, StagedArtifact};
+
+use super::staging::StagingArea;
+
+/// `pg_dump` 导出适配器。
+pub struct PgDumpAdapter {
+    staging: Arc<StagingArea>,
+    /// 不含密码的 PostgreSQL URL，用于 `--dbname`。
+    database_url: String,
+    /// 数据库密码，仅通过 `PGPASSWORD` 注入。
+    database_password: String,
+}
+
+impl PgDumpAdapter {
+    /// 组合暂存区与数据库连接事实。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(
+        staging: Arc<StagingArea>,
+        database_url: impl Into<String>,
+        database_password: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            staging,
+            database_url: database_url.into(),
+            database_password: database_password.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl DatabaseDumpPort for PgDumpAdapter {
+    async fn dump(&self, request: DumpRequest) -> Result<DumpArtifact, BackupError> {
+        self.staging
+            .ensure_capacity()
+            .map_err(|_| staging_space_exhausted())?;
+        let partial = self.staging.partial_path(&request.backup_id);
+        let final_path = self.staging.final_path(&request.backup_id);
+
+        let mut child = Command::new("pg_dump")
+            .arg("--format=custom")
+            .arg("--no-owner")
+            .arg("--no-privileges")
+            .arg("--dbname")
+            .arg(&self.database_url)
+            .env("PGPASSWORD", &self.database_password)
+            .env("PGCONNECT_TIMEOUT", "10")
+            .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+            .stderr(Stdio::null())
+            .spawn()
+            .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("无法启动 pg_dump 进程"))?;
+        let stdout = child
+            .stdout
+            .take()
+            .ok_or_else(|| pg_dump_failed("无法读取 pg_dump 输出"))?;
+
+        let file = tokio::fs::OpenOptions::new()
+            .create(true)
+            .write(true)
+            .truncate(true)
+            .mode(0o600)
+            .open(&partial)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("无法创建暂存文件"))?;
+        let mut writer = tokio::io::BufWriter::new(file);
+        let mut reader = tokio::io::BufReader::new(stdout);
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        let mut size: u64 = 0;
+
+        let copy = async {
+            let mut buffer = vec![0_u8; 64 * 1024];
+            loop {
+                let n = reader
+                    .read(&mut buffer)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("读取 pg_dump 输出失败"))?;
+                if n == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                size = size.saturating_add(n as u64);
+                if size > self.staging.max_archive_bytes() {
+                    return Err(staging_space_exhausted());
+                }
+                hasher.update(&buffer[..n]);
+                writer
+                    .write_all(&buffer[..n])
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("写入暂存文件失败"))?;
+            }
+            writer
+                .flush()
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("刷新暂存文件失败"))?;
+            Ok(())
+        };
+
+        let copy_result = tokio::select! {
+            result = copy => result,
+            _ = request.cancellation.cancelled() => {
+                let _ = child.kill().await;
+                Err(cancelled())
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Err(error) = copy_result {
+            let _ = child.kill().await;
+            let _ = child.wait().await;
+            self.staging.cleanup(&request.backup_id);
+            return Err(error);
+        }
+
+        let status = child
+            .wait()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("等待 pg_dump 退出失败"))?;
+        if !status.success() {
+            self.staging.cleanup(&request.backup_id);
+            return Err(pg_dump_failed("pg_dump 非零退出"));
+        }
+
+        tokio::fs::rename(&partial, &final_path)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("暂存归档改名失败"))?;
+        let sha256 = hex::encode(hasher.finalize());
+        Ok(DumpArtifact {
+            path: final_path,
+            size_bytes: size,
+            sha256,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn inspect_staging(
+        &self,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<StagedArtifact>, BackupError> {
+        let path = self.staging.final_path(backup_id);
+        let metadata = match tokio::fs::metadata(&path).await {
+            Ok(metadata) => metadata,
+            Err(_) => return Ok(None),
+        };
+        if !metadata.is_file() {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        let size_bytes = metadata.len();
+        let sha256 = hash_file(&path).await?;
+        Ok(Some(StagedArtifact {
+            path,
+            size_bytes,
+            sha256,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    async fn cleanup_staging(&self, backup_id: &str) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        self.staging.cleanup(backup_id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 以有界内存读取文件并计算 SHA-256。
+async fn hash_file(path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<String, BackupError> {
+    let mut file = tokio::fs::File::open(path)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("打开暂存归档失败"))?;
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    let mut buffer = vec![0_u8; 64 * 1024];
+    loop {
+        let n = file
+            .read(&mut buffer)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| pg_dump_failed("读取暂存归档失败"))?;
+        if n == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        hasher.update(&buffer[..n]);
+    }
+    Ok(hex::encode(hasher.finalize()))
+}
+
+fn pg_dump_failed(message: &'static str) -> BackupError {
+    BackupError::new(code::PG_DUMP_FAILED, message.to_owned())
+}
+
+fn staging_space_exhausted() -> BackupError {
+    BackupError::new(
+        code::STAGING_SPACE_EXHAUSTED,
+        "暂存磁盘空间不足或归档超过单任务上限".to_owned(),
+    )
+}
+
+fn cancelled() -> BackupError {
+    BackupError::new(code::CANCELLED, "备份导出已取消".to_owned())
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/backup/s3.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+//! S3 兼容对象存储适配器（含 Cloudflare R2）。
+//!
+//! 单个 `BackupObjectStorePort` 实现：方法接受已经校验的存储配置，内部按
+//! `storage_revision` 缓存 SDK client。上传采用分片流式读取，内存占用有界；
+//! 取消时主动 `AbortMultipartUpload`。
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::{
+    Arc, Mutex,
+    atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
+};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use aws_credential_types::Credentials;
+use aws_sdk_s3::config::{BehaviorVersion, Builder as S3ConfigBuilder, Region};
+use aws_sdk_s3::primitives::ByteStream;
+use aws_sdk_s3::types::{CompletedMultipartUpload, CompletedPart};
+use aws_sdk_s3::{Client as S3Client, presigning::PresigningConfig};
+use aws_smithy_runtime_api::client::orchestrator::HttpResponse;
+use aws_smithy_runtime_api::client::result::SdkError;
+use aws_smithy_types::error::metadata::ProvideErrorMetadata;
+use aws_smithy_types::retry::RetryConfig;
+use aws_smithy_types::timeout::TimeoutConfig;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use secrecy::ExposeSecret as _;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt as _, AsyncSeekExt as _, SeekFrom};
+use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::{
+    BackupError, BackupObjectMetadata, BackupStorageConfig, ConnectionTestResult,
+    ConnectionTestStage, code,
+};
+use gateway_admin::ports::backup::{BackupObjectStorePort, UploadObjectRequest};
+
+/// 分片大小：16 MiB。
+const PART_SIZE: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+/// 并发上传分片数；最大额外内存约为 `PART_SIZE * 并发数`。
+const CONCURRENCY: usize = 4;
+/// SDK 单次请求超时。
+const OPERATION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(300);
+
+/// 探针对象的固定 metadata 值。
+const PROBE_METADATA_KEY: &str = "probe";
+const PROBE_METADATA_VALUE: &str = "backup-connection-test";
+
+/// S3 兼容对象存储适配器。
+pub struct S3ObjectStoreAdapter {
+    clients: Mutex<HashMap<u64, S3Client>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for S3ObjectStoreAdapter {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl S3ObjectStoreAdapter {
+    /// 创建适配器；client 按 `storage_revision` 惰性构建并缓存。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            clients: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn client(&self, config: &BackupStorageConfig) -> S3Client {
+        if let Some(client) = self
+            .clients
+            .lock()
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|guard| guard.get(&config.storage_revision).cloned())
+        {
+            return client;
+        }
+        let client = build_client(config);
+        if let Ok(mut guard) = self.clients.lock() {
+            guard.insert(config.storage_revision, client.clone());
+        }
+        client
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_client(config: &BackupStorageConfig) -> S3Client {
+    let retry = RetryConfig::standard().with_max_attempts(3);
+    let timeout = TimeoutConfig::builder()
+        .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
+        .read_timeout(OPERATION_TIMEOUT)
+        .build();
+    let s3_config = S3ConfigBuilder::new()
+        .behavior_version(BehaviorVersion::latest())
+        .region(Region::new(config.region.clone()))
+        .endpoint_url(&config.endpoint)
+        .force_path_style(config.force_path_style)
+        .credentials_provider(Credentials::new(
+            config.access_key_id.clone(),
+            config.secret_access_key.expose_secret().to_string(),
+            None,
+            None,
+            "static",
+        ))
+        .retry_config(retry)
+        .timeout_config(timeout)
+        .build();
+    S3Client::from_conf(s3_config)
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl BackupObjectStorePort for S3ObjectStoreAdapter {
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, BackupError> {
+        let client = self.client(config);
+        let probe_key = format!(
+            "{}/.probe/{}",
+            config.prefix.trim_end_matches('/'),
+            Uuid::new_v4()
+        );
+        let body: Vec<u8> = (0_u8..64).collect();
+
+        if let Err(error) = client
+            .put_object()
+            .bucket(&config.bucket)
+            .key(&probe_key)
+            .body(ByteStream::from(body.clone()))
+            .metadata(PROBE_METADATA_KEY, PROBE_METADATA_VALUE)
+            .send()
+            .await
+        {
+            let _ = best_effort_delete(&client, config, &probe_key).await;
+            return Ok(failed(ConnectionTestStage::PutObject, &error));
+        }
+
+        match client
+            .head_object()
+            .bucket(&config.bucket)
+            .key(&probe_key)
+            .send()
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(head) => {
+                let length_matches = head.content_length() == Some(body.len() as i64);
+                let metadata_matches = head
+                    .metadata()
+                    .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get(PROBE_METADATA_KEY))
+                    .is_some_and(|value| value == PROBE_METADATA_VALUE);
+                if !length_matches || !metadata_matches {
+                    let _ = best_effort_delete(&client, config, &probe_key).await;
+                    return Ok(ConnectionTestResult {
+                        ok: false,
+                        stage: ConnectionTestStage::HeadObject.as_str(),
+                        code: Some(code::UPSTREAM_FAILURE),
+                        message: "探针对象校验不一致".to_owned(),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                let _ = best_effort_delete(&client, config, &probe_key).await;
+                return Ok(failed(ConnectionTestStage::HeadObject, &error));
+            }
+        }
+
+        match client
+            .get_object()
+            .bucket(&config.bucket)
+            .key(&probe_key)
+            .send()
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(get) => {
+                let received = get
+                    .body
+                    .collect()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| {
+                        BackupError::new(code::UPSTREAM_FAILURE, "读取探针对象响应失败".to_owned())
+                    })?
+                    .into_bytes();
+                if received.as_ref() != body.as_slice() {
+                    let _ = best_effort_delete(&client, config, &probe_key).await;
+                    return Ok(ConnectionTestResult {
+                        ok: false,
+                        stage: ConnectionTestStage::GetObject.as_str(),
+                        code: Some(code::UPSTREAM_FAILURE),
+                        message: "探针对象内容不一致".to_owned(),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                let _ = best_effort_delete(&client, config, &probe_key).await;
+                return Ok(failed(ConnectionTestStage::GetObject, &error));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let _ = best_effort_delete(&client, config, &probe_key).await;
+        Ok(ConnectionTestResult {
+            ok: true,
+            stage: ConnectionTestStage::DeleteObject.as_str(),
+            code: None,
+            message: "连接测试成功".to_owned(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn upload_file(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        request: UploadObjectRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        let client = self.client(config);
+        let file_size = tokio::fs::metadata(&request.source)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| BackupError::new(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "读取暂存归档失败".to_owned()))?
+            .len();
+        if file_size == 0 {
+            return Err(BackupError::new(
+                code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED,
+                "暂存归档为空，拒绝上传".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let created_at = request.metadata.created_at.to_rfc3339();
+        let create = client
+            .create_multipart_upload()
+            .bucket(&config.bucket)
+            .key(&request.object_key)
+            .metadata("backup-id", &request.metadata.backup_id)
+            .metadata("sha256", &request.metadata.sha256)
+            .metadata("created-at", &created_at)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map_err(map_s3_error)?;
+        let upload_id = create
+            .upload_id()
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                BackupError::new(
+                    code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED,
+                    "S3 未返回 multipart upload id".to_owned(),
+                )
+            })?
+            .to_owned();
+
+        let upload = upload_parts(&client, config, &request, upload_id.clone(), file_size);
+        let outcome = tokio::select! {
+            result = upload => result,
+            _ = request.cancellation.cancelled() => {
+                Err(BackupError::new(code::CANCELLED, "上传已取消".to_owned()))
+            }
+        };
+        if let Err(error) = &outcome {
+            let _ = client
+                .abort_multipart_upload()
+                .bucket(&config.bucket)
+                .key(&request.object_key)
+                .upload_id(&upload_id)
+                .send()
+                .await;
+            if error.code() != code::CANCELLED {
+                let _ = client
+                    .delete_object()
+                    .bucket(&config.bucket)
+                    .key(&request.object_key)
+                    .send()
+                    .await;
+            }
+        }
+        outcome
+    }
+
+    async fn head_object(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<BackupObjectMetadata>, BackupError> {
+        let client = self.client(config);
+        match client
+            .head_object()
+            .bucket(&config.bucket)
+            .key(object_key)
+            .send()
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(head) => {
+                let size_bytes = head.content_length().filter(|&value| value >= 0);
+                let metadata = head.metadata().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+                let sha256 = metadata.get("sha256").cloned().ok_or_else(|| {
+                    BackupError::new(
+                        code::REMOTE_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
+                        "远端对象缺少 sha256 metadata".to_owned(),
+                    )
+                })?;
+                let backup_id = metadata.get("backup-id").cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+                let created_at = metadata
+                    .get("created-at")
+                    .and_then(|value| DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(value).ok())
+                    .map(|value| value.with_timezone(&Utc))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(Utc::now);
+                let Some(size_bytes) = size_bytes else {
+                    return Err(BackupError::new(
+                        code::REMOTE_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
+                        "远端对象缺少大小".to_owned(),
+                    ));
+                };
+                Ok(Some(BackupObjectMetadata::new(
+                    backup_id,
+                    sha256,
+                    created_at,
+                    size_bytes as u64,
+                )))
+            }
+            Err(error) if is_not_found(&error) => Ok(None),
+            Err(error) => Err(map_s3_error(error)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_object(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        let client = self.client(config);
+        client
+            .delete_object()
+            .bucket(&config.bucket)
+            .key(object_key)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map(|_| ())
+            .map_err(map_s3_error)
+    }
+
+    async fn presigned_download(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+        file_name: &str,
+        ttl: Duration,
+    ) -> Result<String, BackupError> {
+        let client = self.client(config);
+        let presigning = PresigningConfig::expires_in(ttl)
+            .map_err(|_| BackupError::new(code::INVALID_CONFIG, "下载地址有效期非法".to_owned()))?;
+        let request = client
+            .get_object()
+            .bucket(&config.bucket)
+            .key(object_key)
+            .response_content_disposition(format!("attachment; filename=\"{file_name}\""))
+            .presigned(presigning)
+            .await
+            .map_err(map_s3_error)?;
+        Ok(request.uri().to_owned())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 并发分片上传 + CompleteMultipartUpload。
+async fn upload_parts(
+    client: &S3Client,
+    config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    request: &UploadObjectRequest,
+    upload_id: String,
+    file_size: u64,
+) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+    let total_parts = file_size.div_ceil(u64::try_from(PART_SIZE).unwrap_or(u64::MAX));
+    let next_part = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(1));
+    let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(CONCURRENCY));
+    let (sender, mut receiver) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<(i32, String)>(CONCURRENCY * 2);
+
+    let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(CONCURRENCY);
+    for _ in 0..CONCURRENCY {
+        let client = client.clone();
+        let semaphore = Arc::clone(&semaphore);
+        let next_part = Arc::clone(&next_part);
+        let sender = sender.clone();
+        let source = request.source.clone();
+        let bucket = config.bucket.clone();
+        let key = request.object_key.clone();
+        let upload_id = upload_id.clone();
+        workers.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
+            loop {
+                let part = next_part.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                if part > total_parts {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let _permit = semaphore.acquire().await.map_err(|_| {
+                    BackupError::new(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "上传并发闸门关闭".to_owned())
+                })?;
+                let offset = (part - 1) * (PART_SIZE as u64);
+                let bytes = read_part(&source, offset, PART_SIZE).await?;
+                let part_number = i32::try_from(part).map_err(|_| {
+                    BackupError::new(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "分片号溢出".to_owned())
+                })?;
+                let response = client
+                    .upload_part()
+                    .bucket(&bucket)
+                    .key(&key)
+                    .upload_id(&upload_id)
+                    .part_number(part_number)
+                    .body(ByteStream::from(bytes))
+                    .send()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(map_s3_error)?;
+                let etag = response
+                    .e_tag()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        BackupError::new(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "S3 未返回分片 ETag".to_owned())
+                    })?
+                    .to_owned();
+                if sender.send((part_number, etag)).await.is_err() {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            Ok::<(), BackupError>(())
+        }));
+    }
+    drop(sender);
+
+    let mut parts = Vec::new();
+    while let Some((part, etag)) = receiver.recv().await {
+        parts.push((part, etag));
+    }
+    for worker in workers {
+        worker.await.map_err(|_| {
+            BackupError::new(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "上传分片任务崩溃".to_owned())
+        })??;
+    }
+    parts.sort_by_key(|(part, _)| *part);
+
+    let completed = CompletedMultipartUpload::builder()
+        .set_parts(Some(
+            parts
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(part, etag)| {
+                    CompletedPart::builder()
+                        .part_number(part)
+                        .e_tag(etag)
+                        .build()
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        ))
+        .build();
+    client
+        .complete_multipart_upload()
+        .bucket(&config.bucket)
+        .key(&request.object_key)
+        .upload_id(&upload_id)
+        .multipart_upload(completed)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(map_s3_error)
+}
+
+/// 从文件中读取一个分片（最多 `PART_SIZE` 字节）。
+async fn read_part(source: &Path, offset: u64, max_len: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>, BackupError> {
+    let mut file = tokio::fs::File::open(source)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| BackupError::new(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "打开暂存归档失败".to_owned()))?;
+    file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset))
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| BackupError::new(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "定位暂存归档失败".to_owned()))?;
+    let mut buffer = vec![0_u8; max_len];
+    let n = file
+        .read(&mut buffer)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| BackupError::new(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "读取暂存归档失败".to_owned()))?;
+    buffer.truncate(n);
+    Ok(buffer)
+}
+
+async fn best_effort_delete(
+    client: &S3Client,
+    config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    object_key: &str,
+) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+    client
+        .delete_object()
+        .bucket(&config.bucket)
+        .key(object_key)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(map_s3_error)
+}
+
+/// 探测失败结果。
+fn failed(
+    stage: ConnectionTestStage,
+    error: &SdkError<impl std::fmt::Debug + ProvideErrorMetadata, HttpResponse>,
+) -> ConnectionTestResult {
+    let result = ConnectionTestResult {
+        ok: false,
+        stage: stage.as_str(),
+        code: Some(s3_error_code(error)),
+        message: s3_error_message(error),
+    };
+    tracing::warn!(
+        stage = result.stage,
+        code = result.code.unwrap_or_default(),
+        message = %result.message,
+        "S3 连接探针失败"
+    );
+    result
+}
+
+/// 稳定错误码。
+fn s3_error_code<E: ProvideErrorMetadata>(error: &SdkError<E, HttpResponse>) -> &'static str {
+    match status_of(error) {
+        Some(401) => code::S3_AUTH_FAILED,
+        Some(403) => code::S3_PERMISSION_DENIED,
+        Some(404) => code::UPSTREAM_FAILURE,
+        Some(500..=599) => code::UPSTREAM_FAILURE,
+        _ => code::UPSTREAM_FAILURE,
+    }
+}
+
+fn s3_error_message<E: ProvideErrorMetadata>(error: &SdkError<E, HttpResponse>) -> String {
+    // 只取稳定的 S3 错误码（如 AccessDenied / NoSuchBucket / SignatureDoesNotMatch），
+    // 不拼入原始 message，避免泄露请求细节。
+    let detail = error.code().unwrap_or("unknown");
+    match status_of(error) {
+        Some(401) => format!("当前凭据认证失败（{detail}）"),
+        Some(403) => format!("当前凭据没有目标前缀的读写权限（{detail}）"),
+        Some(404) => format!("目标存储或对象不存在（{detail}）"),
+        Some(500..=599) => format!("上游对象存储服务返回失败响应（{detail}）"),
+        _ => format!("对象存储请求失败（{detail}）"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// 提取 HTTP 状态码；非 ServiceError 返回 `None`。
+fn status_of<E>(error: &SdkError<E, HttpResponse>) -> Option<u16> {
+    match error {
+        SdkError::ServiceError(service) => Some(service.raw().status().as_u16()),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 对象不存在的判定（HeadObject 的 404）。
+fn is_not_found<E>(error: &SdkError<E, HttpResponse>) -> bool {
+    status_of(error) == Some(404)
+}
+
+fn map_s3_error<E: ProvideErrorMetadata>(error: SdkError<E, HttpResponse>) -> BackupError {
+    BackupError::new(s3_error_code(&error), s3_error_message(&error))
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/backup/staging.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//! 受控暂存目录：权限校验、磁盘空间检查与原子改名。
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use crate::{StoreError, StoreResult};
+
+/// 单任务暂存归档上限（默认 64 GiB）。
+pub const DEFAULT_MAX_ARCHIVE_BYTES: u64 = 64 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
+/// 暂存目录所需的最小剩余空间；与单归档上限解耦，避免小磁盘环境被 64 GiB 门槛误拒。
+const MIN_STAGING_FREE_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+/// 备份暂存区。只负责文件系统；归档校验与上传由调用方负责。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct StagingArea {
+    base_dir: PathBuf,
+    max_archive_bytes: u64,
+}
+
+impl StagingArea {
+    /// 创建暂存区并确保目录存在、权限为仅运行用户可读写（0700）。
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// 目录创建或权限设置失败时返回 [`StoreError`]。
+    pub fn open(base_dir: PathBuf, max_archive_bytes: u64) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&base_dir).map_err(|_| unavailable("create staging directory"))?;
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt as _;
+            std::fs::set_permissions(&base_dir, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700))
+                .map_err(|_| unavailable("set staging directory permissions"))?;
+        }
+        let metadata = std::fs::metadata(&base_dir)
+            .map_err(|_| unavailable("read staging directory metadata"))?;
+        if !metadata.is_dir() {
+            return Err(invalid("staging path is not a directory"));
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            base_dir,
+            max_archive_bytes,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// 未完成归档的暂存路径。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn partial_path(&self, backup_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+        self.base_dir.join(format!("{backup_id}.partial"))
+    }
+
+    /// 完成归档的暂存路径。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn final_path(&self, backup_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+        self.base_dir.join(format!("{backup_id}.dump"))
+    }
+
+    /// 单任务暂存归档上限。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn max_archive_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.max_archive_bytes
+    }
+
+    /// 检查剩余磁盘空间是否足够暂存一个归档。
+    ///
+    /// 只要求保留一个基本工作余量；单个归档的硬上限由
+    /// [`Self::max_archive_bytes`] 在写入时兜底。
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// 剩余空间不足或读取失败时返回 [`crate::StoreError`]。
+    pub fn ensure_capacity(&self) -> StoreResult<()> {
+        let free = fs2::available_space(&self.base_dir)
+            .map_err(|_| unavailable("read staging free space"))?;
+        if free < MIN_STAGING_FREE_BYTES {
+            return Err(StoreError::InvalidData {
+                entity: "backup staging",
+                message: "staging disk space is below 1 GiB".to_owned(),
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 清理该备份在暂存区的全部文件；不存在视为成功。
+    pub fn cleanup(&self, backup_id: &str) {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(self.partial_path(backup_id));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(self.final_path(backup_id));
+    }
+
+    /// 校验一个已完成归档的暂存路径归属本暂存区。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn owns(&self, path: &Path) -> bool {
+        path.parent() == Some(self.base_dir.as_path())
+    }
+}
+
+fn unavailable(operation: &'static str) -> StoreError {
+    crate::postgres_unavailable(operation)
+}
+
+fn invalid(message: &str) -> StoreError {
+    StoreError::InvalidData {
+        entity: "backup staging",
+        message: message.to_owned(),
+    }
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/bundle.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+//! 完成连接、迁移与 hydration 的 Store 能力集合与启动屏障。
+
+use gateway_core::engine::credential::ProviderAccountStore;
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// 已完成连接、迁移与 hydration 的 Store 能力集合。
+pub struct StoreBundle {
+    admin_ports: AdminStorePorts,
+    core_ports: CoreStorePorts,
+    provider_ports: ProviderStorePorts,
+    worker_leader_lease: Arc<dyn WorkerLeaderLeasePort>,
+    health_probes: Vec<Arc<dyn HealthProbe>>,
+    worker_contributions: Vec<WorkerContribution>,
+}
+
+impl StoreBundle {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn admin_ports(&self) -> AdminStorePorts {
+        self.admin_ports.clone()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn core_ports(&self) -> CoreStorePorts {
+        self.core_ports.clone()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn provider_ports(&self) -> ProviderStorePorts {
+        self.provider_ports.clone()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn worker_leader_lease(&self) -> Arc<dyn WorkerLeaderLeasePort> {
+        Arc::clone(&self.worker_leader_lease)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn health_probes(&self) -> Vec<Arc<dyn HealthProbe>> {
+        self.health_probes.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn take_worker_contributions(&mut self) -> Vec<WorkerContribution> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.worker_contributions)
+    }
+}
+
+/// 在返回 Bundle 前完成全部 Store 启动屏障。
+pub async fn initialize(mut config: StoreConfig) -> StoreResult<StoreBundle> {
+    const REDIS_NAMESPACE: &str = "codex-proxy-rs";
+
+    config.resolve_and_validate(std::path::Path::new("."))?;
+    let pool = postgres::connect_and_migrate(&config.database_url()?, config.pool).await?;
+    let redis_client = ::redis::Client::open(config.redis_url()?)
+        .map_err(|_| redis_unavailable("create Redis client"))?;
+    let redis_connection = redis_client
+        .get_connection_manager()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| redis_unavailable("connect Redis manager"))?;
+
+    let provider_accounts = Arc::new(postgres::PgProviderAccountRepository::new(pool.clone()));
+    let cooldowns = Arc::new(redis::RedisCredentialCooldownRepository::new(
+        redis_connection.clone(),
+        REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+    )?);
+    let account_store: Arc<dyn ProviderAccountStore> = provider_accounts;
+
+    let credential_leases =
+        redis::RedisCredentialLeaseRepository::new(redis_connection.clone(), REDIS_NAMESPACE)?;
+    let provider_leases = Arc::new(redis::RedisProviderLeaseCoordinator::new(
+        credential_leases.clone(),
+    ));
+    let provider_session_affinity = Arc::new(redis::RedisProviderSessionAffinityRepository::new(
+        redis_connection.clone(),
+        REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+    )?);
+    let credential_state = Arc::new(redis::RedisCredentialStateRepository::new(
+        redis_connection.clone(),
+        REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+    )?);
+    let runtime_policy = Arc::new(postgres::PgRuntimeSettingsRepository::new(pool.clone()));
+    let oauth_pending = Arc::new(redis::RedisOAuthPendingFlowRepository::new(
+        redis_connection.clone(),
+        REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+    )?);
+
+    let admin_ports = AdminStorePorts::new(
+        Arc::new(postgres::PgAdminAccountStore::new(pool.clone())),
+        Arc::new(AdminAuthStoreAdapter {
+            security: postgres::PgAdminSecurityAuditRepository::new(pool.clone()),
+            settings: postgres::PgRuntimeSettingsRepository::new(pool.clone()),
+            state: redis::RedisAdminAuthStateRepository::new(
+                redis_connection.clone(),
+                REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+            )?,
+        }),
+        Arc::new(postgres::PgAdminClientKeyStore::new(pool.clone())),
+        Arc::new(postgres::PgAdminObservabilityStore::new(
+            pool.clone(),
+            Some(credential_leases.clone()),
+        )),
+        Arc::new(AdminSettingsStoreAdapter {
+            control_plane: postgres::PgControlPlaneRepository::new(pool.clone()),
+        }),
+        backup_ports(pool.clone(), &config)?,
+    );
+
+    let execution_repository = Arc::new(postgres::PgExecutionStore::new(pool.clone()));
+    let (execution, execution_writer) =
+        postgres::BufferedExecutionStore::new(Arc::clone(&execution_repository));
+    let execution = Arc::new(execution);
+    let retention = Arc::new(postgres::PgRetentionRepository::new(pool.clone()));
+    let admissions: Arc<dyn gateway_core::engine::admission::ClientAdmissionPort> = Arc::new(
+        redis::RedisClientAdmissionRepository::new(redis_connection.clone(), REDIS_NAMESPACE)?,
+    );
+    let circuits: Arc<dyn gateway_core::engine::execution::ProviderCircuitPort> =
+        Arc::new(redis::RedisProviderCircuitRepository::new(
+            redis_connection.clone(),
+            REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+            gateway_core::engine::execution::ProviderCircuitPolicy::default(),
+        )?);
+    // Continuation affinity 是下一轮请求的路由事实，Core 必须直接等待 Redis 确认。
+    let continuation: Arc<dyn gateway_core::engine::continuation::NativeContinuationPort> =
+        Arc::new(redis::RedisNativeContinuationRepository::new(
+            redis_connection.clone(),
+            REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+        )?);
+    let (admissions, admission_release_writer) =
+        redis::BufferedClientAdmissionPort::new(admissions);
+    let (circuits, circuit_feedback_writer) = redis::BufferedProviderCircuitPort::new(circuits);
+    let core_ports = CoreStorePorts::new(
+        execution,
+        (
+            Arc::new(admissions),
+            Arc::new(postgres::PgClientAdmissionRecoveryRepository::new(
+                pool.clone(),
+            )),
+        ),
+        Arc::new(circuits),
+        continuation,
+        (
+            Arc::new(postgres::PgRuntimeSnapshotRepository::new(pool.clone())),
+            Arc::new(redis::RedisRuntimeChangeRepository::new(
+                redis_client,
+                REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+            )?),
+        ),
+        Arc::new(postgres::PgClientApiKeyUsageSink::new(pool.clone())),
+    );
+
+    let provider_ports = ProviderStorePorts::new(
+        account_store,
+        provider_leases,
+        provider_session_affinity,
+        Arc::new(redis::RedisProviderSessionExclusionRepository::new(
+            redis_connection.clone(),
+            REDIS_NAMESPACE,
+        )?),
+        credential_state.clone(),
+        credential_state,
+        cooldowns,
+        runtime_policy,
+        oauth_pending,
+    );
+    let worker_leader_lease = Arc::new(redis::worker_lease::RedisWorkerLeaderLeasePort::new(
+        credential_leases,
+    ));
+    let health_probes: Vec<Arc<dyn HealthProbe>> = vec![
+        Arc::new(PostgresHealthProbe { pool: pool.clone() }),
+        Arc::new(RedisHealthProbe {
+            connection: redis_connection,
+        }),
+    ];
+    let worker_contributions = store_worker_contributions(
+        execution_repository,
+        execution_writer,
+        admission_release_writer,
+        circuit_feedback_writer,
+        retention,
+    )?;
+    Ok(StoreBundle {
+        admin_ports,
+        core_ports,
+        provider_ports,
+        worker_leader_lease,
+        health_probes,
+        worker_contributions,
+    })
+}
+
+/// 构造备份控制面的仓储、导出器与对象存储适配器。
+pub(crate) fn backup_ports(
+    pool: sqlx::PgPool,
+    config: &StoreConfig,
+) -> StoreResult<BackupStorePorts> {
+    let staging = Arc::new(backup::staging::StagingArea::open(
+        std::path::PathBuf::from(".runtime/data/backup-staging"),
+        backup::staging::DEFAULT_MAX_ARCHIVE_BYTES,
+    )?);
+    let repository = Arc::new(postgres::PgBackupRepository::new(pool));
+    let dump = Arc::new(backup::pg_dump::PgDumpAdapter::new(
+        staging,
+        config.database.url.clone(),
+        config.database.password.clone(),
+    ));
+    let object_store = Arc::new(backup::s3::S3ObjectStoreAdapter::new());
+    Ok(BackupStorePorts::new(repository, dump, object_store))
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/config.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+//! Store 启动配置、环境变量解析与校验。
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub(crate) const DATABASE_URL_ENV: &str = "CPR_DATABASE_URL";
+pub(crate) const REDIS_URL_ENV: &str = "CPR_REDIS_URL";
+pub(crate) const DATABASE_PASSWORD_ENV: &str = "CPR_DATABASE_PASSWORD";
+pub(crate) const REDIS_PASSWORD_ENV: &str = "CPR_REDIS_PASSWORD";
+
+/// Store 自己拥有并校验的启动配置。
+#[derive(Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct StoreConfig {
+    pub(crate) database: StoreConnectionConfig,
+    pub(crate) redis: StoreConnectionConfig,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) pool: StorePoolConfig,
+}
+
+/// PostgreSQL 连接池预算；acquire 超时决定池耗尽时快速失败而非排队积压。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields, default)]
+pub struct StorePoolConfig {
+    pub max_connections: u32,
+    pub acquire_timeout_seconds: u64,
+}
+
+impl Default for StorePoolConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            max_connections: 10,
+            acquire_timeout_seconds: 5,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl StorePoolConfig {
+    fn validate(&self) -> StoreResult<()> {
+        if self.max_connections == 0 || self.acquire_timeout_seconds == 0 {
+            return Err(StoreError::InvalidData {
+                entity: "store config",
+                message: "pool limits must be positive".to_owned(),
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl StoreConfig {
+    pub fn resolve_and_validate(&mut self, _source_dir: &std::path::Path) -> StoreResult<()> {
+        if let Some(url) = optional_environment_value(DATABASE_URL_ENV)? {
+            self.database.url = url;
+        }
+        if let Some(url) = optional_environment_value(REDIS_URL_ENV)? {
+            self.redis.url = url;
+        }
+        if let Some(password) = optional_environment_value(DATABASE_PASSWORD_ENV)? {
+            self.database.password = password;
+        }
+        if let Some(password) = optional_environment_value(REDIS_PASSWORD_ENV)? {
+            self.redis.password = password;
+        }
+        self.database.validate("database")?;
+        self.redis.validate("redis")?;
+        self.pool.validate()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn database_url(&self) -> StoreResult<String> {
+        self.database.connection_url("database")
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn redis_url(&self) -> StoreResult<String> {
+        self.redis.connection_url("redis")
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn optional_environment_value(name: &'static str) -> StoreResult<Option<String>> {
+    match std::env::var(name) {
+        Ok(value) if value.trim().is_empty() => Err(StoreError::InvalidData {
+            entity: "store config",
+            message: format!("environment variable {name} is empty"),
+        }),
+        Ok(value) => Ok(Some(value)),
+        Err(std::env::VarError::NotPresent) => Ok(None),
+        Err(std::env::VarError::NotUnicode(_)) => Err(StoreError::InvalidData {
+            entity: "store config",
+            message: format!("environment variable {name} is not Unicode"),
+        }),
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for StoreConfig {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("StoreConfig")
+            .field("database", &"[REDACTED]")
+            .field("redis", &"[REDACTED]")
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub(crate) struct StoreConnectionConfig {
+    pub(crate) url: String,
+    pub(crate) password: String,
+}
+
+impl StoreConnectionConfig {
+    fn validate(&self, field: &'static str) -> StoreResult<()> {
+        require_nonempty("store config", field, &self.url)?;
+        if self.password.len() != 48 || !self.password.bytes().all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_hexdigit())
+        {
+            return Err(StoreError::InvalidData {
+                entity: "store config",
+                message: format!("{field}.password must be exactly 48 hexadecimal characters"),
+            });
+        }
+        self.connection_url(field).map(|_| ())
+    }
+
+    fn connection_url(&self, field: &'static str) -> StoreResult<String> {
+        let mut url = url::Url::parse(&self.url).map_err(|_| StoreError::InvalidData {
+            entity: "store config",
+            message: format!("{field}.url is invalid"),
+        })?;
+        if url.password().is_some() {
+            return Err(StoreError::InvalidData {
+                entity: "store config",
+                message: format!("{field}.url must not contain a password"),
+            });
+        }
+        url.set_password(Some(&self.password))
+            .map_err(|()| StoreError::InvalidData {
+                entity: "store config",
+                message: format!("{field}.url cannot carry credentials"),
+            })?;
+        Ok(url.to_string())
+    }
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,870 @@
+//! `backup_settings` 与 `backup_records` 的 PostgreSQL owner。
+//!
+//! 实现 `gateway-admin::ports::backup::BackupRepository`。本模块只执行事务与
+//! 条件更新，不决定保留策略或状态机语义。
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use secrecy::{ExposeSecret as _, SecretString};
+use sqlx::{PgPool, Postgres, Row as _, Transaction};
+
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::{
+    BackupRecord, BackupRecordListQuery, BackupRecordPage, BackupRecordSeed, BackupSettings,
+    BackupStatus, BackupTriggerKind, UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+};
+use gateway_admin::model::{MutationContext, Revision as AdminRevision};
+use gateway_admin::ports::backup::{BackupRepository, StatusTransitionUpdate};
+use gateway_admin::ports::store::{AdminStoreError, AdminStoreErrorKind, AdminStoreResult};
+
+use crate::{
+    StoreError, StoreResult,
+    postgres::{
+        admin_security_audit::AdminAuditEvent,
+        runtime_settings::bump_config_revision_in_transaction,
+    },
+};
+
+/// `backup_records` 的最大分页大小。
+const BACKUP_PAGE_LIMIT: u32 = 200;
+
+/// 备份任务/配置仓储。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PgBackupRepository {
+    pool: PgPool,
+}
+
+impl PgBackupRepository {
+    /// 包装连接池。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(pool: PgPool) -> Self {
+        Self { pool }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupRepository for PgBackupRepository {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        load_backup_settings(&self.pool).await
+    }
+
+    async fn update_storage_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<(BackupSettings, AdminRevision)> {
+        let mut transaction = self
+            .pool
+            .begin()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("begin backup storage update"))?;
+        let result = async {
+            let current = lock_settings_in_transaction(&mut transaction).await?;
+            ensure_storage_identity_stable(&current, &command, &mut transaction).await?;
+
+            let secret = command
+                .secret_access_key
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|secret| secret.expose_secret().to_owned());
+            sqlx::query(
+                "update backup_settings
+                    set endpoint = $1,
+                        region = $2,
+                        bucket = $3,
+                        access_key_id = $4,
+                        secret_access_key = coalesce($5, secret_access_key),
+                        prefix = $6,
+                        force_path_style = $7,
+                        storage_revision = storage_revision + 1,
+                        last_verified_at = null,
+                        updated_at = now()
+                  where id = 1",
+            )
+            .bind(&command.endpoint)
+            .bind(&command.region)
+            .bind(&command.bucket)
+            .bind(&command.access_key_id)
+            .bind(secret.as_deref())
+            .bind(&command.prefix)
+            .bind(command.force_path_style)
+            .execute(&mut *transaction)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("update backup storage"))?;
+
+            let store_revision = bump_config_revision_in_transaction(&mut transaction)
+                .await
+                .map_err(map_admin_error)?;
+            let revision = admin_revision(store_revision)?;
+            let changed = storage_changed_fields(&current, &command);
+            let audit = crate::mutation_audit(
+                context,
+                "backup.s3_config_updated",
+                "backup_settings",
+                "1",
+                changed,
+            );
+            append_audit_in_transaction(&mut transaction, audit, Some(revision))
+                .await
+                .map_err(map_admin_error)?;
+
+            let settings = load_settings_in_transaction(&mut transaction).await?;
+            Ok((settings, revision))
+        }
+        .await;
+        match result {
+            Ok(result) => {
+                transaction
+                    .commit()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("commit backup storage update"))?;
+                Ok(result)
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                transaction
+                    .rollback()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("rollback backup storage update"))?;
+                Err(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn update_schedule_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+        next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        let mut transaction = self
+            .pool
+            .begin()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("begin backup schedule update"))?;
+        let result = async {
+            sqlx::query(
+                "update backup_settings
+                    set schedule_enabled = $1,
+                        cron_expression = $2,
+                        schedule_timezone = $3,
+                        retention_days = $4,
+                        retention_count = $5,
+                        next_run_at = $6,
+                        updated_at = now()
+                  where id = 1",
+            )
+            .bind(command.schedule_enabled)
+            .bind(&command.cron_expression)
+            .bind(&command.schedule_timezone)
+            .bind(i64::from(command.retention_days))
+            .bind(i64::from(command.retention_count))
+            .bind(next_run_at)
+            .execute(&mut *transaction)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("update backup schedule"))?;
+
+            let audit = crate::mutation_audit(
+                context,
+                "backup.schedule_updated",
+                "backup_settings",
+                "1",
+                vec![
+                    "schedule_enabled".to_owned(),
+                    "cron_expression".to_owned(),
+                    "schedule_timezone".to_owned(),
+                    "retention_days".to_owned(),
+                    "retention_count".to_owned(),
+                ],
+            );
+            append_audit_in_transaction(&mut transaction, audit, None)
+                .await
+                .map_err(map_admin_error)?;
+            load_settings_in_transaction(&mut transaction).await
+        }
+        .await;
+        match result {
+            Ok(settings) => {
+                transaction
+                    .commit()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("commit backup schedule update"))?;
+                Ok(settings)
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                transaction
+                    .rollback()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("rollback backup schedule update"))?;
+                Err(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn record_verification(
+        &self,
+        storage_revision: u64,
+        at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let result = sqlx::query(
+            "update backup_settings
+                set last_verified_at = $2, updated_at = now()
+              where id = 1 and storage_revision = $1",
+        )
+        .bind(i64::try_from(storage_revision).map_err(|_| store_invalid("storage revision"))?)
+        .bind(at)
+        .execute(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("record backup storage verification"))?;
+        Ok(result.rows_affected() == 1)
+    }
+
+    async fn insert_backup_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord> {
+        let mut transaction = self
+            .pool
+            .begin()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("begin backup record insert"))?;
+        let result = async {
+            let _ = lock_settings_in_transaction(&mut transaction).await?;
+            insert_queued_in_transaction(&mut transaction, &seed).await
+        }
+        .await;
+        match result {
+            Ok(record) => {
+                transaction
+                    .commit()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("commit backup record insert"))?;
+                Ok(record)
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                transaction
+                    .rollback()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("rollback backup record insert"))?;
+                Err(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn insert_scheduled_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let mut transaction = self
+            .pool
+            .begin()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("begin scheduled insert"))?;
+        match insert_queued_in_transaction(&mut transaction, &seed).await {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                transaction
+                    .commit()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("commit scheduled insert"))?;
+                Ok(true)
+            }
+            Err(error) if is_active_or_scheduled_conflict(&error) => {
+                transaction
+                    .rollback()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("rollback scheduled insert"))?;
+                Ok(false)
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                transaction
+                    .rollback()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("rollback scheduled insert"))?;
+                Err(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn list_backup_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecordPage> {
+        let limit = u32::from(query.page_size.get()).min(BACKUP_PAGE_LIMIT);
+        let offset = u64::from(query.page.saturating_sub(1)) * u64::from(limit);
+
+        let status = query.status.map(BackupStatus::as_str);
+        let trigger = query.trigger.map(BackupTriggerKind::as_str);
+
+        let total = sqlx::query_scalar::<_, i64>(
+            "select count(*) from backup_records
+              where ($1::text is null or status = $1)
+                and ($2::text is null or trigger_kind = $2)",
+        )
+        .bind(status)
+        .bind(trigger)
+        .fetch_one(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("count backup records"))?;
+
+        let rows = sqlx::query(
+            "select id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                    attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                    created_at, updated_at
+               from backup_records
+              where ($1::text is null or status = $1)
+                and ($2::text is null or trigger_kind = $2)
+              order by created_at desc, id desc
+              limit $3 offset $4",
+        )
+        .bind(status)
+        .bind(trigger)
+        .bind(i64::from(limit))
+        .bind(i64::try_from(offset).map_err(|_| store_invalid("page offset"))?)
+        .fetch_all(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("list backup records"))?;
+
+        let items = rows
+            .iter()
+            .map(backup_record_from_row)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        Ok(BackupRecordPage {
+            items,
+            total: u64::try_from(total).map_err(|_| store_invalid("record count"))?,
+            page: query.page,
+            page_size: query.page_size,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn load_backup_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        sqlx::query(
+            "select id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                    attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                    created_at, updated_at
+               from backup_records where id = $1",
+        )
+        .bind(id)
+        .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("load backup record"))?
+        .map(|row| backup_record_from_row(&row))
+        .transpose()
+    }
+
+    async fn list_intermediate_records(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        let rows = sqlx::query(
+            "select id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                    attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                    created_at, updated_at
+               from backup_records
+              where status in ('dumping', 'uploading')
+              order by created_at, id",
+        )
+        .fetch_all(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("list intermediate backup records"))?;
+        rows.iter()
+            .map(backup_record_from_row)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+    }
+
+    async fn list_pending_deletions(&self, limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        let limit = limit.clamp(1, 100);
+        let rows = sqlx::query(
+            "select id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                    attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                    created_at, updated_at
+               from backup_records
+              where status = 'deleting'
+              order by created_at, id
+              limit $1",
+        )
+        .bind(i64::from(limit))
+        .fetch_all(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("list pending deletions"))?;
+        rows.iter()
+            .map(backup_record_from_row)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+    }
+
+    async fn list_expired_records(&self, limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        let limit = limit.clamp(1, 1000);
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let rows = sqlx::query(
+            "select id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                    attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                    created_at, updated_at
+               from backup_records
+              where expires_at is not null
+                and expires_at <= $1
+                and status in ('completed', 'failed')
+              order by created_at, id
+              limit $2",
+        )
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(i64::from(limit))
+        .fetch_all(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("list expired backups"))?;
+        rows.iter()
+            .map(backup_record_from_row)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+    }
+
+    async fn claim_next_queued(
+        &self,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        sqlx::query(
+            "with claimed as (
+               select backup_records.id from backup_records
+                where backup_records.status = 'queued'
+                order by backup_records.created_at, backup_records.id
+                limit 1
+                for update skip locked
+             )
+             update backup_records br
+                set status = 'dumping',
+                    started_at = $1,
+                    completed_at = null,
+                    attempt_count = br.attempt_count + 1,
+                    updated_at = $1
+               from claimed
+              where br.id = claimed.id
+              returning br.id, br.trigger_kind, br.status, br.scheduled_at, br.object_key,
+                        br.size_bytes, br.sha256, br.attempt_count, br.error_code,
+                        br.error_message, br.started_at, br.completed_at, br.expires_at,
+                        br.created_at, br.updated_at",
+        )
+        .bind(now)
+        .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("claim queued backup task"))?
+        .map(|row| backup_record_from_row(&row))
+        .transpose()
+    }
+
+    async fn transition_status(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        from: BackupStatus,
+        to: BackupStatus,
+        update: StatusTransitionUpdate,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        let size_bytes = update
+            .size_bytes
+            .map(i64::try_from)
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|_| store_invalid("size bytes"))?;
+        sqlx::query(
+            "update backup_records
+                set status = $1,
+                    size_bytes = coalesce($2, size_bytes),
+                    sha256 = coalesce($3, sha256),
+                    error_code = coalesce($4, error_code),
+                    error_message = coalesce($5, error_message),
+                    completed_at = coalesce(
+                        $6,
+                        case when $1 in ('completed', 'failed') then $7 else completed_at end
+                    ),
+                    updated_at = $7
+              where id = $8 and status = $9
+              returning id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                        attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                        created_at, updated_at",
+        )
+        .bind(to.as_str())
+        .bind(size_bytes)
+        .bind(update.sha256.as_deref())
+        .bind(update.error_code.as_deref())
+        .bind(update.error_message.as_deref())
+        .bind(update.completed_at)
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(id)
+        .bind(from.as_str())
+        .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("transition backup task"))?
+        .map(|row| backup_record_from_row(&row))
+        .transpose()
+    }
+
+    async fn transition_to_deleting(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        sqlx::query(
+            "update backup_records
+                set status = 'deleting', updated_at = $1
+              where id = $2 and status in ('completed', 'failed')
+              returning id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                        attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                        created_at, updated_at",
+        )
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(id)
+        .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("transition backup to deleting"))?
+        .map(|row| backup_record_from_row(&row))
+        .transpose()
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        sqlx::query("delete from backup_records where id = $1")
+            .bind(id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .map(|_| ())
+            .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("delete backup record"))
+    }
+
+    async fn advance_schedule_cursor(
+        &self,
+        next_run_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        expected_cron: &str,
+        expected_timezone: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let result = sqlx::query(
+            "update backup_settings
+                set next_run_at = $1
+              where id = 1
+                and schedule_enabled
+                and cron_expression = $2
+                and schedule_timezone = $3",
+        )
+        .bind(next_run_at)
+        .bind(expected_cron)
+        .bind(expected_timezone)
+        .execute(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("advance backup schedule cursor"))?;
+        Ok(result.rows_affected() == 1)
+    }
+
+    async fn list_scheduled_completed_desc(
+        &self,
+        limit: u32,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        let limit = limit.clamp(1, 10000);
+        let rows = sqlx::query(
+            "select id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                    attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                    created_at, updated_at
+               from backup_records
+              where trigger_kind = 'scheduled' and status = 'completed'
+              order by completed_at desc, id desc
+              limit $1",
+        )
+        .bind(i64::from(limit))
+        .fetch_all(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("list scheduled completed backups"))?;
+        rows.iter()
+            .map(backup_record_from_row)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Store 内部 Revision → Admin Revision 转换。
+fn admin_revision(revision: crate::Revision) -> AdminStoreResult<AdminRevision> {
+    AdminRevision::new(revision.get()).map_err(|_| {
+        AdminStoreError::new(AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid, "revision", "zero revision")
+    })
+}
+
+/// 锁定并读取单例配置行。
+async fn lock_settings_in_transaction(
+    transaction: &mut Transaction<'_, Postgres>,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+    sqlx::query(
+        "select storage_revision, endpoint, region, bucket, access_key_id, secret_access_key,
+                prefix, force_path_style, schedule_enabled, cron_expression, schedule_timezone,
+                retention_days, retention_count, next_run_at, last_verified_at, updated_at
+           from backup_settings where id = 1 for update",
+    )
+    .fetch_optional(&mut **transaction)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("lock backup settings"))?
+    .map(|row| backup_settings_from_row(&row))
+    .transpose()?
+    .ok_or_else(|| store_not_found("backup settings"))
+}
+
+async fn load_settings_in_transaction(
+    transaction: &mut Transaction<'_, Postgres>,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+    sqlx::query(
+        "select storage_revision, endpoint, region, bucket, access_key_id, secret_access_key,
+                prefix, force_path_style, schedule_enabled, cron_expression, schedule_timezone,
+                retention_days, retention_count, next_run_at, last_verified_at, updated_at
+           from backup_settings where id = 1",
+    )
+    .fetch_optional(&mut **transaction)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("load backup settings in transaction"))?
+    .map(|row| backup_settings_from_row(&row))
+    .transpose()?
+    .ok_or_else(|| store_not_found("backup settings"))
+}
+
+async fn load_backup_settings(pool: &PgPool) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+    sqlx::query(
+        "select storage_revision, endpoint, region, bucket, access_key_id, secret_access_key,
+                prefix, force_path_style, schedule_enabled, cron_expression, schedule_timezone,
+                retention_days, retention_count, next_run_at, last_verified_at, updated_at
+           from backup_settings where id = 1",
+    )
+    .fetch_optional(pool)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("load backup settings"))?
+    .map(|row| backup_settings_from_row(&row))
+    .transpose()?
+    .ok_or_else(|| store_not_found("backup settings"))
+}
+
+/// 插入 queued 记录；返回记录或唯一约束冲突。
+async fn insert_queued_in_transaction(
+    transaction: &mut Transaction<'_, Postgres>,
+    seed: &BackupRecordSeed,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord> {
+    let row = sqlx::query(
+        "insert into backup_records (
+           id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, expires_at, created_at, updated_at
+         ) values ($1, $2, 'queued', $3, $4, $5, now(), now())
+         returning id, trigger_kind, status, scheduled_at, object_key, size_bytes, sha256,
+                   attempt_count, error_code, error_message, started_at, completed_at, expires_at,
+                   created_at, updated_at",
+    )
+    .bind(&seed.id)
+    .bind(seed.trigger_kind.as_str())
+    .bind(seed.scheduled_at)
+    .bind(&seed.object_key)
+    .bind(seed.expires_at)
+    .fetch_one(&mut **transaction)
+    .await
+    .map_err(map_insert_error)?;
+    backup_record_from_row(&row)
+}
+
+/// 把唯一约束冲突映射为活跃任务/计划冲突。
+fn map_insert_error(error: sqlx::Error) -> AdminStoreError {
+    match &error {
+        sqlx::Error::Database(database_error)
+            if database_error.constraint() == Some("backup_records_active_uq") =>
+        {
+            AdminStoreError::new(
+                AdminStoreErrorKind::Conflict,
+                "backup record",
+                "an active backup task already exists",
+            )
+        }
+        sqlx::Error::Database(database_error)
+            if database_error.constraint() == Some("backup_records_scheduled_uq") =>
+        {
+            AdminStoreError::new(
+                AdminStoreErrorKind::Conflict,
+                "backup record",
+                "a scheduled backup already exists at this time",
+            )
+        }
+        _ => AdminStoreError::new(
+            AdminStoreErrorKind::Unavailable,
+            "backup record",
+            "backup record insert failed",
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_active_or_scheduled_conflict(error: &AdminStoreError) -> bool {
+    error.kind() == AdminStoreErrorKind::Conflict
+}
+
+/// 已有记录时锁定存储身份：endpoint/region/bucket/path-style 不允许变化。
+async fn ensure_storage_identity_stable(
+    current: &BackupSettings,
+    command: &UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+    transaction: &mut Transaction<'_, Postgres>,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+    let identity_changed = current.endpoint.as_deref() != Some(command.endpoint.as_str())
+        || current.region.as_deref() != Some(command.region.as_str())
+        || current.bucket.as_deref() != Some(command.bucket.as_str())
+        || current.force_path_style != command.force_path_style;
+    if !identity_changed {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let records_exist =
+        sqlx::query_scalar::<_, bool>("select exists(select 1 from backup_records)")
+            .fetch_one(&mut **transaction)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| store_unavailable("check backup records existence"))?;
+    if records_exist {
+        return Err(AdminStoreError::new(
+            AdminStoreErrorKind::Conflict,
+            "backup storage",
+            "storage identity cannot change while backup records exist",
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn storage_changed_fields(
+    current: &BackupSettings,
+    command: &UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut fields = Vec::new();
+    if current.endpoint.as_deref() != Some(command.endpoint.as_str()) {
+        fields.push("endpoint".to_owned());
+    }
+    if current.region.as_deref() != Some(command.region.as_str()) {
+        fields.push("region".to_owned());
+    }
+    if current.bucket.as_deref() != Some(command.bucket.as_str()) {
+        fields.push("bucket".to_owned());
+    }
+    if current.access_key_id.as_deref() != Some(command.access_key_id.as_str()) {
+        fields.push("access_key_id".to_owned());
+    }
+    if command.secret_access_key.is_some() {
+        fields.push("secret_access_key".to_owned());
+    }
+    if current.prefix.as_deref() != Some(command.prefix.as_str()) {
+        fields.push("prefix".to_owned());
+    }
+    if current.force_path_style != command.force_path_style {
+        fields.push("force_path_style".to_owned());
+    }
+    fields
+}
+
+/// 在同事务追加审计事件；`revision` 为空时不写 config_revision。
+async fn append_audit_in_transaction(
+    transaction: &mut Transaction<'_, Postgres>,
+    mut event: AdminAuditEvent,
+    revision: Option<AdminRevision>,
+) -> StoreResult<()> {
+    event.config_revision = revision
+        .map(|revision| {
+            i64::try_from(revision.get()).map_err(|_| StoreError::InvalidData {
+                entity: "backup",
+                message: "revision overflow".to_owned(),
+            })
+        })
+        .transpose()?;
+    event.validate()?;
+    sqlx::query(
+        "insert into admin_audit_events (
+           id, actor_kind, actor_admin_user_id, actor_ref, admin_request_id,
+           action, entity_kind, entity_ref, config_revision, changed_fields, created_at
+         ) values ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11)",
+    )
+    .bind(event.id)
+    .bind(event.actor_kind.as_str())
+    .bind(event.actor_admin_user_id)
+    .bind(event.actor_ref)
+    .bind(event.admin_request_id)
+    .bind(event.action)
+    .bind(event.entity_kind)
+    .bind(event.entity_ref)
+    .bind(event.config_revision)
+    .bind(event.changed_fields)
+    .bind(event.created_at)
+    .execute(&mut **transaction)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| crate::postgres_unavailable("append backup audit event"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn backup_record_from_row(row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord> {
+    let size_bytes = decode(row.try_get::<Option<i64>, _>("size_bytes"))?
+        .map(u64::try_from)
+        .transpose()
+        .map_err(|_| store_invalid("size_bytes"))?;
+    Ok(BackupRecord {
+        id: decode(row.try_get("id"))?,
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::parse(decode(row.try_get::<&str, _>("trigger_kind"))?)
+            .ok_or_else(|| store_invalid("trigger_kind"))?,
+        status: BackupStatus::parse(decode(row.try_get::<&str, _>("status"))?)
+            .ok_or_else(|| store_invalid("status"))?,
+        scheduled_at: decode(row.try_get("scheduled_at"))?,
+        object_key: decode(row.try_get("object_key"))?,
+        size_bytes,
+        sha256: decode(row.try_get("sha256"))?,
+        attempt_count: u32::try_from(decode(row.try_get::<i32, _>("attempt_count"))?)
+            .map_err(|_| store_invalid("attempt_count"))?,
+        error_code: decode(row.try_get("error_code"))?,
+        error_message: decode(row.try_get("error_message"))?,
+        started_at: decode(row.try_get("started_at"))?,
+        completed_at: decode(row.try_get("completed_at"))?,
+        expires_at: decode(row.try_get("expires_at"))?,
+        created_at: decode(row.try_get("created_at"))?,
+        updated_at: decode(row.try_get("updated_at"))?,
+    })
+}
+
+fn backup_settings_from_row(row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+    let storage_revision = u64::try_from(decode(row.try_get::<i64, _>("storage_revision"))?)
+        .map_err(|_| store_invalid("storage_revision"))?;
+    let secret = decode(row.try_get::<Option<String>, _>("secret_access_key"))?;
+    Ok(BackupSettings {
+        storage_revision,
+        endpoint: decode(row.try_get("endpoint"))?,
+        region: decode(row.try_get("region"))?,
+        bucket: decode(row.try_get("bucket"))?,
+        access_key_id: decode(row.try_get("access_key_id"))?,
+        secret_access_key: secret.map(SecretString::from),
+        prefix: decode(row.try_get("prefix"))?,
+        force_path_style: decode(row.try_get("force_path_style"))?,
+        schedule_enabled: decode(row.try_get("schedule_enabled"))?,
+        cron_expression: decode(row.try_get("cron_expression"))?,
+        schedule_timezone: decode(row.try_get("schedule_timezone"))?,
+        retention_days: u32::try_from(decode(row.try_get::<i64, _>("retention_days"))?)
+            .map_err(|_| store_invalid("retention_days"))?,
+        retention_count: u32::try_from(decode(row.try_get::<i64, _>("retention_count"))?)
+            .map_err(|_| store_invalid("retention_count"))?,
+        next_run_at: decode(row.try_get("next_run_at"))?,
+        last_verified_at: decode(row.try_get("last_verified_at"))?,
+        updated_at: decode(row.try_get("updated_at"))?,
+    })
+}
+
+/// sqlx 解码错误统一映射为备份 InvalidData。
+fn decode<T>(result: Result<T, sqlx::Error>) -> AdminStoreResult<T> {
+    result.map_err(|_| {
+        AdminStoreError::new(
+            AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid,
+            "backup",
+            "backup record decode failed",
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+/// StoreError → AdminStoreError 的显式映射。
+fn map_admin_error(error: StoreError) -> AdminStoreError {
+    match error {
+        StoreError::Unavailable { .. } => AdminStoreError::new(
+            AdminStoreErrorKind::Unavailable,
+            "backup",
+            "backup store unavailable",
+        ),
+        StoreError::NotFound { entity, .. } => {
+            AdminStoreError::new(AdminStoreErrorKind::NotFound, entity, "not found")
+        }
+        StoreError::Conflict { entity, .. } => {
+            AdminStoreError::new(AdminStoreErrorKind::Conflict, entity, "conflict")
+        }
+        StoreError::InvalidData { entity, message } => {
+            AdminStoreError::new(AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid, entity, message)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn store_unavailable(operation: &'static str) -> AdminStoreError {
+    AdminStoreError::new(
+        AdminStoreErrorKind::Unavailable,
+        "backup",
+        format!("{operation}: store unavailable"),
+    )
+}
+
+fn store_not_found(entity: &'static str) -> AdminStoreError {
+    AdminStoreError::new(AdminStoreErrorKind::NotFound, entity, "not found")
+}
+
+fn store_invalid(message: &'static str) -> AdminStoreError {
+    AdminStoreError::new(AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid, "backup", message)
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/execution.rs

@@ -414,12 +414,18 @@ impl ModelRequestRepository for PgExecutionStore {
                reasoning_preset, request_kind, subagent_kind, compact,
                image_generation_requested, started_at, deadline_at,
                provider_kind, provider_account_id, provider_account_ref,
+               provider_account_name_snapshot, provider_account_email_snapshot,
+               provider_account_authentication_kind_snapshot,
                upstream_model_id, upstream_transport, http_version,
                attempt_count, upstream_send_state
              ) values (
                $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10::inet, $11, $12,
                $13, $14, $15, $16, $17, $18, $19,
-               $20, $21, $22, $23, $24, $25, 1, 'not_sent'
+               $20, $21, $22,
+               (select name from provider_accounts where id = $21),
+               (select email from provider_accounts where id = $21),
+               (select authentication_kind from provider_accounts where id = $21),
+               $23, $24, $25, 1, 'not_sent'
              )",
         )
         .bind(request.id)
@@ -466,6 +472,15 @@ impl ModelRequestRepository for PgExecutionStore {
              set provider_kind = $2,
                  provider_account_id = $3,
                  provider_account_ref = $4,
+                 provider_account_name_snapshot = (
+                   select name from provider_accounts where id = $3
+                 ),
+                 provider_account_email_snapshot = (
+                   select email from provider_accounts where id = $3
+                 ),
+                 provider_account_authentication_kind_snapshot = (
+                   select authentication_kind from provider_accounts where id = $3
+                 ),
                  upstream_model_id = $5,
                  upstream_transport = $6,
                  http_version = $7,

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! 八张终态业务表的 PostgreSQL adapters。
+//! 九张终态业务表的 PostgreSQL adapters。
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sqlx::{PgPool, postgres::PgPoolOptions};
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 mod admin_security_audit;
 mod admission_recovery;
+mod backup;
 mod client_keys;
 mod execution;
 mod execution_buffer;
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ mod snapshot;
 
 pub use admin_security_audit::*;
 pub use admission_recovery::*;
+pub use backup::*;
 pub use client_keys::*;
 pub use execution::*;
 pub use execution_buffer::*;
@@ -79,6 +81,13 @@ pub trait ControlPlaneRepository: Send + Sync {
         replacement: ControlPlaneReplacement,
     ) -> StoreResult<ControlPlaneSnapshot>;
 
+    /// 更新 admin_api_key 字段并推进 config revision。
+    async fn replace_admin_api_key(
+        &self,
+        admin_api_key: Option<String>,
+        audit: AdminAuditEvent,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Revision>;
+
     async fn create_client_api_key(
         &self,
         key: NewClientApiKey,
@@ -174,6 +183,15 @@ impl ControlPlaneRepository for PgControlPlaneRepository {
         }
     }
 
+    async fn replace_admin_api_key(
+        &self,
+        admin_api_key: Option<String>,
+        audit: AdminAuditEvent,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Revision> {
+        self.apply_targeted_mutation(ControlPlaneMutation::SetAdminApiKey(admin_api_key), audit)
+            .await
+    }
+
     async fn create_client_api_key(
         &self,
         key: NewClientApiKey,
@@ -226,6 +244,7 @@ enum ControlPlaneMutation {
     UpdateClientApiKey(UpdateClientApiKeyDetails),
     SetClientApiKeyEnabled { id: String, enabled: bool },
     DeleteClientApiKey(String),
+    SetAdminApiKey(Option<String>),
 }
 
 impl PgControlPlaneRepository {
@@ -255,6 +274,9 @@ impl PgControlPlaneRepository {
                 ControlPlaneMutation::DeleteClientApiKey(id) => {
                     delete_client_api_key_in_transaction(&mut transaction, &id).await?;
                 }
+                ControlPlaneMutation::SetAdminApiKey(key) => {
+                    update_admin_api_key_in_transaction(&mut transaction, key).await?;
+                }
             }
             append_admin_audit_event_in_transaction(&mut transaction, audit, revision).await?;
             Ok(revision)

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/observability/admin_adapter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+//! Pg 观测 adapter：实现 `ObservabilityRepository` 与 `AdminObservabilityStore`。
+
+use super::*;
+
+use crate::redis::{CredentialLeaseRepository as _, RedisCredentialLeaseRepository};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PgObservabilityRepository {
+    pool: PgPool,
+}
+
+impl PgObservabilityRepository {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(pool: PgPool) -> Self {
+        Self { pool }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `gateway-admin` 观测端口的 PostgreSQL adapter。
+///
+/// SQL 查询与内部投影继续由 [`PgObservabilityRepository`] 唯一拥有；本类型只负责
+/// Admin UTC 领域模型与持久化投影之间的无格式化转换。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PgAdminObservabilityStore {
+    repository: PgObservabilityRepository,
+    runtime_signals: Option<RedisCredentialLeaseRepository>,
+}
+
+impl PgAdminObservabilityStore {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(pool: PgPool, runtime_signals: Option<RedisCredentialLeaseRepository>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository: PgObservabilityRepository::new(pool),
+            runtime_signals,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl ObservabilityRepository for PgObservabilityRepository {
+    async fn dashboard_summary(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+    ) -> StoreResult<DashboardObservation> {
+        let filter = UsageRecordFilter::default();
+        let account_usage_range = ObservabilityRange::new(
+            range.end - TimeDelta::hours(ACCOUNT_USAGE_TIMELINE_HOURS),
+            range.end,
+        )?;
+        let account_usage_query =
+            ProviderAccountUsageQuery::recent(account_usage_range, DASHBOARD_ACCOUNT_LIMIT)?
+                .with_hourly_request_buckets()?;
+        let recent_query = UsageRecordQuery {
+            range,
+            filter: UsageRecordFilter {
+                outcome: Some("succeeded".to_owned()),
+                ..UsageRecordFilter::default()
+            },
+            cursor: None,
+            page: ObservabilityPageNumber::new(1)?,
+            page_size: ObservabilityPageSize::new(10)?,
+        };
+        // 分两批并发：页面延迟从六路之和降为两批各自最慢者之和，同时单次
+        // 渲染最多占用 3 个池连接，不与数据面写路径争抢整个连接池。
+        let (requests, attempts, provider_accounts) = futures::try_join!(
+            request_metrics(&self.pool, range, &filter),
+            attempt_metrics(&self.pool, range, &filter),
+            provider_account_metrics(&self.pool, range.end),
+        )?;
+        let (trend, account_usage, recent_requests) = futures::try_join!(
+            request_metric_series(&self.pool, range, &filter),
+            provider_account_usage(&self.pool, account_usage_query),
+            async { Ok(list_usage_records(&self.pool, recent_query).await?.items) },
+        )?;
+        Ok(DashboardObservation {
+            range,
+            requests,
+            attempts,
+            provider_accounts,
+            trend,
+            account_usage,
+            recent_requests,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn dashboard_trend(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>> {
+        request_metric_series(&self.pool, range, &UsageRecordFilter::default()).await
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_trend(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+        filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>> {
+        request_metric_series(&self.pool, range, &filter).await
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_calculated_billing_facts(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+        filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<CalculatedUsageBillingFact>> {
+        calculated_usage_billing_facts(&self.pool, range, &filter).await
+    }
+
+    async fn provider_account_usage(
+        &self,
+        query: ProviderAccountUsageQuery,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<ProviderAccountUsageObservation>> {
+        provider_account_usage(&self.pool, query).await
+    }
+
+    async fn list_usage_records(&self, query: UsageRecordQuery) -> StoreResult<UsageRecordPage> {
+        list_usage_records(&self.pool, query).await
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_record_detail(&self, request_id: &str) -> StoreResult<UsageRecordDetail> {
+        usage_record_detail(&self.pool, request_id).await
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_summary(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+        filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+    ) -> StoreResult<UsageOverview> {
+        filter.validate()?;
+        let requests = request_metrics(&self.pool, range, &filter).await?;
+        let attempts = attempt_metrics(&self.pool, range, &filter).await?;
+        let providers = provider_observations(&self.pool, range, &filter).await?;
+        Ok(UsageOverview {
+            range,
+            requests,
+            attempts,
+            providers,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_diagnostics(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+        filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+        dimension: DiagnosticDimension,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<DiagnosticObservation>> {
+        usage_diagnostics(&self.pool, range, &filter, dimension).await
+    }
+
+    async fn list_ops_errors(&self, query: OpsErrorQuery) -> StoreResult<OpsErrorPage> {
+        list_ops_errors(&self.pool, query).await
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl AdminObservabilityStore for PgAdminObservabilityStore {
+    async fn dashboard_summary(
+        &self,
+        range: admin_observability::TimeRange,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::DashboardObservation> {
+        let observation = self
+            .repository
+            .dashboard_summary(store_range(range)?)
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?;
+        admin_dashboard_observation(observation)
+    }
+
+    async fn dashboard_runtime_slots(
+        &self,
+        observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<admin_observability::DashboardRuntimeSlots>> {
+        let active_account_ids = active_provider_account_ids(&self.repository.pool, observed_at)
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?;
+        let active_accounts = u64::try_from(active_account_ids.len())
+            .map_err(|_| observability_error(invalid("active account count overflows u64")))?;
+        if active_account_ids.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(Some(admin_observability::DashboardRuntimeSlots {
+                active_accounts,
+                used_slots: Some(0),
+            }));
+        }
+        let Some(runtime_signals) = &self.runtime_signals else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let signals = match runtime_signals
+            .credential_runtime_signals(&active_account_ids)
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(signals) => signals,
+            Err(_) => {
+                return Ok(Some(admin_observability::DashboardRuntimeSlots {
+                    active_accounts,
+                    used_slots: None,
+                }));
+            }
+        };
+        let used_slots = signals.into_iter().fold(0_u64, |total, signal| {
+            total.saturating_add(u64::from(signal.in_flight))
+        });
+        Ok(Some(admin_observability::DashboardRuntimeSlots {
+            active_accounts,
+            used_slots: Some(used_slots),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    async fn dashboard_trend(
+        &self,
+        range: admin_observability::TimeRange,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<admin_observability::RequestMetricPoint>> {
+        self.repository
+            .dashboard_trend(store_range(range)?)
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_request_metric_point)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_trend(
+        &self,
+        range: admin_observability::TimeRange,
+        filter: admin_observability::UsageFilter,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<admin_observability::RequestMetricPoint>> {
+        self.repository
+            .usage_trend(store_range(range)?, store_usage_filter(filter))
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_request_metric_point)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_calculated_billing_facts(
+        &self,
+        range: admin_observability::TimeRange,
+        filter: admin_observability::UsageFilter,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<admin_observability::UsageCalculatedBillingFact>> {
+        self.repository
+            .usage_calculated_billing_facts(store_range(range)?, store_usage_filter(filter))
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_calculated_usage_billing_fact)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    async fn list_usage_records(
+        &self,
+        query: admin_observability::UsageQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsagePage> {
+        let page = self
+            .repository
+            .list_usage_records(store_usage_query(query)?)
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?;
+        admin_usage_page(page)
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_record_detail(
+        &self,
+        request_id: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsageDetail> {
+        let detail = self
+            .repository
+            .usage_record_detail(request_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?;
+        admin_usage_detail(detail)
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_summary(
+        &self,
+        range: admin_observability::TimeRange,
+        filter: admin_observability::UsageFilter,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsageOverview> {
+        let overview = self
+            .repository
+            .usage_summary(store_range(range)?, store_usage_filter(filter))
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?;
+        admin_usage_overview(overview)
+    }
+
+    async fn usage_diagnostics(
+        &self,
+        range: admin_observability::TimeRange,
+        filter: admin_observability::UsageFilter,
+        dimension: admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<admin_observability::DiagnosticObservation>> {
+        self.repository
+            .usage_diagnostics(
+                store_range(range)?,
+                store_usage_filter(filter),
+                store_diagnostic_dimension(dimension),
+            )
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_diagnostic_observation)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    async fn list_ops_errors(
+        &self,
+        query: admin_observability::OpsErrorQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::OpsErrorPage> {
+        let page = self
+            .repository
+            .list_ops_errors(store_ops_error_query(query)?)
+            .await
+            .map_err(observability_error)?;
+        admin_ops_error_page(page)
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn observability_error(
+    error: StoreError,
+) -> gateway_admin::ports::store::AdminStoreError {
+    admin_store_error("observability", error)
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/observability/mapping.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,864 @@
+//! Store 与 Admin 领域之间的无格式化转换及 row 解析。
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub(crate) fn store_range(
+    range: admin_observability::TimeRange,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<ObservabilityRange> {
+    ObservabilityRange::new(range.start, range.end).map_err(observability_error)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn store_usage_filter(filter: admin_observability::UsageFilter) -> UsageRecordFilter {
+    UsageRecordFilter {
+        client_api_key_ref: filter.client_api_key_ref,
+        request_id: filter.request_id,
+        provider_account_ref: filter.provider_account_ref,
+        operation: filter.operation,
+        provider_kind: filter.provider_kind,
+        model: filter.model,
+        outcome: filter.outcome.map(store_request_outcome),
+        status_code: filter.status_code,
+        transport: filter.transport,
+        attempt_index: filter.attempt_index,
+        response_id: filter.response_id,
+        upstream_request_id: filter.upstream_request_id,
+        search: filter.search,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn store_request_outcome(outcome: admin_observability::RequestOutcome) -> String {
+    outcome.as_str().to_owned()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn store_cursor(
+    cursor: admin_observability::ObservabilityCursor,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<ObservabilityCursor> {
+    ObservabilityCursor::new(cursor.observed_at, cursor.stable_id).map_err(observability_error)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn store_usage_query(
+    query: admin_observability::UsageQuery,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<UsageRecordQuery> {
+    Ok(UsageRecordQuery {
+        range: store_range(query.range)?,
+        filter: store_usage_filter(query.filter),
+        cursor: query.cursor.map(store_cursor).transpose()?,
+        page: ObservabilityPageNumber::new(query.page.get()).map_err(observability_error)?,
+        page_size: ObservabilityPageSize::new(query.page_size.get())
+            .map_err(observability_error)?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn store_ops_error_filter(
+    filter: admin_observability::OpsErrorFilter,
+) -> OpsErrorFilter {
+    OpsErrorFilter {
+        client_api_key_ref: filter.client_api_key_ref,
+        request_id: filter.request_id,
+        provider_account_ref: filter.provider_account_ref,
+        provider_kind: filter.provider_kind,
+        operation: filter.operation,
+        model: filter.model,
+        transport: filter.transport,
+        attempt_index: filter.attempt_index,
+        response_id: filter.response_id,
+        upstream_request_id: filter.upstream_request_id,
+        failure_kind: filter.failure_kind,
+        status_code: filter.status_code,
+        search: filter.search,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn store_ops_error_query(
+    query: admin_observability::OpsErrorQuery,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<OpsErrorQuery> {
+    Ok(OpsErrorQuery {
+        range: store_range(query.range)?,
+        filter: store_ops_error_filter(query.filter),
+        cursor: query.cursor.map(store_cursor).transpose()?,
+        page: ObservabilityPageNumber::new(query.page.get()).map_err(observability_error)?,
+        page_size: ObservabilityPageSize::new(query.page_size.get())
+            .map_err(observability_error)?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) const fn store_diagnostic_dimension(
+    dimension: admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension,
+) -> DiagnosticDimension {
+    match dimension {
+        admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension::Provider => DiagnosticDimension::Provider,
+        admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension::Model => DiagnosticDimension::Model,
+        admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension::Account => DiagnosticDimension::Account,
+        admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension::ApiKey => DiagnosticDimension::ApiKey,
+        admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension::Transport => DiagnosticDimension::Transport,
+        admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension::Failure => DiagnosticDimension::Failure,
+        admin_observability::DiagnosticDimension::Status => DiagnosticDimension::Status,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_dashboard_observation(
+    observation: DashboardObservation,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::DashboardObservation> {
+    let DashboardObservation {
+        range,
+        requests,
+        attempts,
+        provider_accounts,
+        trend,
+        account_usage,
+        recent_requests,
+    } = observation;
+    Ok(admin_observability::DashboardObservation {
+        range: admin_range(range),
+        requests: admin_request_metrics(requests)?,
+        attempts: admin_attempt_metrics(attempts)?,
+        provider_accounts: admin_account_pool_metrics(provider_accounts),
+        trend: trend
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_request_metric_point)
+            .collect::<AdminStoreResult<_>>()?,
+        account_usage: account_usage
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_dashboard_account_usage)
+            .collect::<AdminStoreResult<_>>()?,
+        recent_requests: recent_requests
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_usage_record)
+            .collect::<AdminStoreResult<_>>()?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) const fn admin_range(range: ObservabilityRange) -> admin_observability::TimeRange {
+    admin_observability::TimeRange {
+        start: range.start,
+        end: range.end,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_request_metrics(
+    metrics: RequestMetrics,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::RequestMetrics> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::RequestMetrics {
+        request_count: metrics.request_count,
+        success_count: metrics.success_count,
+        failure_count: metrics.failure_count,
+        cancelled_count: metrics.cancelled_count,
+        incomplete_count: metrics.incomplete_count,
+        caller_error_count: metrics.caller_error_count,
+        input_tokens: metrics.input_tokens,
+        output_tokens: metrics.output_tokens,
+        cached_tokens: metrics.cached_tokens,
+        cache_write_tokens: metrics.cache_write_tokens,
+        reasoning_tokens: metrics.reasoning_tokens,
+        total_tokens: metrics.total_tokens,
+        first_token_latency_sum_ms: metrics.first_token_latency_sum,
+        first_token_latency_count: metrics.first_token_latency_count,
+        latency_sum_ms: metrics.latency_sum,
+        latency_count: metrics.latency_count,
+        min_latency_ms: metrics.min_latency_ms,
+        max_latency_ms: metrics.max_latency_ms,
+        latency_percentiles: admin_latency_percentiles(metrics.latency_percentiles)?,
+        first_token_latency_percentiles: admin_latency_percentiles(
+            metrics.first_token_latency_percentiles,
+        )?,
+        cache_eligible_request_count: metrics.cache_eligible_request_count,
+        cache_hit_request_count: metrics.cache_hit_request_count,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_latency_percentiles(
+    percentiles: LatencyPercentiles,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::LatencyPercentiles> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::LatencyPercentiles {
+        p50_ms: percentiles
+            .p50_ms
+            .map(|value| admin_observability::PercentileMilliseconds::new(value.as_f64()))
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|_| invalid_admin_percentile())?,
+        p95_ms: percentiles
+            .p95_ms
+            .map(|value| admin_observability::PercentileMilliseconds::new(value.as_f64()))
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|_| invalid_admin_percentile())?,
+        p99_ms: percentiles
+            .p99_ms
+            .map(|value| admin_observability::PercentileMilliseconds::new(value.as_f64()))
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|_| invalid_admin_percentile())?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn invalid_admin_percentile() -> gateway_admin::ports::store::AdminStoreError {
+    observability_error(StoreError::InvalidData {
+        entity: "observability latency percentile",
+        message: "latency percentile is outside the admin contract".to_owned(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_attempt_metrics(
+    metrics: AttemptMetrics,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::AttemptMetrics> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::AttemptMetrics {
+        attempt_count: metrics.attempt_count,
+        success_count: metrics.success_count,
+        failure_count: metrics.failure_count,
+        cancelled_count: metrics.cancelled_count,
+        incomplete_count: metrics.incomplete_count,
+        rate_limited_count: metrics.rate_limited_count,
+        auth_failure_count: metrics.auth_failure_count,
+        provider_5xx_count: metrics.provider_5xx_count,
+        cost_coverage: admin_cost_coverage(metrics.cost_coverage),
+        costs: admin_currency_costs(metrics.costs)?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) const fn admin_cost_coverage(
+    coverage: CostCoverage,
+) -> admin_observability::CostCoverage {
+    admin_observability::CostCoverage {
+        provider_reported_count: coverage.provider_reported_count,
+        calculated_count: coverage.calculated_count,
+        partial_count: 0,
+        unavailable_count: coverage.unavailable_count,
+        not_billable_count: 0,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_currency_costs(
+    costs: Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<admin_observability::CurrencyCost>> {
+    costs
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|cost| {
+            Ok(admin_observability::CurrencyCost {
+                currency: cost.currency,
+                amount: admin_decimal_amount(cost.amount)?,
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_decimal_amount(
+    amount: DecimalAmount,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::DecimalAmount> {
+    admin_observability::DecimalAmount::from_str(amount.as_str()).map_err(|_| {
+        observability_error(StoreError::InvalidData {
+            entity: "observability decimal amount",
+            message: "amount is outside the admin numeric contract".to_owned(),
+        })
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_optional_decimal_amount(
+    amount: Option<DecimalAmount>,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<admin_observability::DecimalAmount>> {
+    amount.map(admin_decimal_amount).transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) const fn admin_account_pool_metrics(
+    metrics: ProviderAccountMetrics,
+) -> admin_observability::AccountPoolMetrics {
+    admin_observability::AccountPoolMetrics {
+        total: metrics.total,
+        enabled: metrics.enabled,
+        unavailable: metrics.unavailable,
+        active: metrics.active,
+        rate_limited: metrics.rate_limited,
+        expired: metrics.expired,
+        invalid: metrics.invalid,
+        quota_exhausted: metrics.quota_exhausted,
+        refreshing: None,
+        disabled: metrics.disabled,
+        banned: metrics.banned,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_dashboard_account_usage(
+    usage: ProviderAccountUsageObservation,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::DashboardAccountUsage> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::DashboardAccountUsage {
+        account_id: usage.account_id,
+        provider_kind: usage.provider_kind,
+        authentication_kind: usage.authentication_kind,
+        name: usage.name,
+        email: usage.email,
+        plan_type: usage.plan_type,
+        enabled: usage.enabled,
+        availability: usage.availability,
+        request_count: usage.request_count,
+        success_count: usage.success_count,
+        input_tokens: usage.input_tokens,
+        output_tokens: usage.output_tokens,
+        cached_tokens: usage.cached_tokens,
+        cache_write_tokens: usage.cache_write_tokens,
+        reasoning_tokens: usage.reasoning_tokens,
+        image_input_tokens: usage.image_input_tokens,
+        image_output_tokens: usage.image_output_tokens,
+        image_request_count: usage.image_request_count,
+        image_request_failed_count: usage.image_request_failed_count,
+        total_tokens: usage.total_tokens,
+        cost_coverage: admin_cost_coverage(usage.cost_coverage),
+        costs: admin_currency_costs(usage.costs)?,
+        last_used_at: usage.last_used_at,
+        request_buckets: usage
+            .request_buckets
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(
+                |bucket| admin_observability::DashboardAccountRequestBucket {
+                    bucket_start: bucket.bucket_start,
+                    request_count: bucket.request_count,
+                },
+            )
+            .collect(),
+        quota_used_percent: None,
+        models: usage
+            .models
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_dashboard_account_model_usage)
+            .collect::<AdminStoreResult<_>>()?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_dashboard_account_model_usage(
+    usage: ProviderAccountModelUsageObservation,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::DashboardAccountModelUsage> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::DashboardAccountModelUsage {
+        model: usage.model,
+        request_count: usage.request_count,
+        success_count: usage.success_count,
+        input_tokens: usage.input_tokens,
+        output_tokens: usage.output_tokens,
+        cached_tokens: usage.cached_tokens,
+        cache_write_tokens: usage.cache_write_tokens,
+        reasoning_tokens: usage.reasoning_tokens,
+        image_input_tokens: usage.image_input_tokens,
+        image_output_tokens: usage.image_output_tokens,
+        image_request_count: usage.image_request_count,
+        image_request_failed_count: usage.image_request_failed_count,
+        total_tokens: usage.total_tokens,
+        cost_coverage: admin_cost_coverage(usage.cost_coverage),
+        costs: admin_currency_costs(usage.costs)?,
+        last_used_at: usage.last_used_at,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_request_metric_point(
+    point: RequestMetricPoint,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::RequestMetricPoint> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::RequestMetricPoint {
+        bucket_start: point.bucket_start,
+        granularity: admin_granularity(point.granularity),
+        metrics: admin_request_metrics(point.metrics)?,
+        cost_coverage: admin_cost_coverage(point.cost_coverage),
+        costs: admin_currency_costs(point.costs)?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_calculated_usage_billing_fact(
+    fact: CalculatedUsageBillingFact,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsageCalculatedBillingFact> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::UsageCalculatedBillingFact {
+        bucket_start: fact.bucket_start,
+        provider_kind: fact.provider_kind,
+        upstream_model_id: fact.upstream_model_id,
+        service_tier: fact.service_tier,
+        input_tokens: fact.input_tokens,
+        output_tokens: fact.output_tokens,
+        cached_tokens: fact.cached_tokens,
+        cache_write_tokens: fact.cache_write_tokens,
+        total: admin_observability::CurrencyCost {
+            currency: fact.total.currency,
+            amount: admin_decimal_amount(fact.total.amount)?,
+        },
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) const fn admin_granularity(
+    granularity: ObservationGranularity,
+) -> admin_observability::Granularity {
+    match granularity {
+        ObservationGranularity::FifteenMinutes => admin_observability::Granularity::FifteenMinutes,
+        ObservationGranularity::Hour => admin_observability::Granularity::Hour,
+        ObservationGranularity::Day => admin_observability::Granularity::Day,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_usage_page(
+    page: UsageRecordPage,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsagePage> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::UsagePage {
+        items: page
+            .items
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_usage_record)
+            .collect::<AdminStoreResult<_>>()?,
+        total: page.total,
+        next_cursor: page.next_cursor.map(admin_cursor),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_cursor(
+    cursor: ObservabilityCursor,
+) -> admin_observability::ObservabilityCursor {
+    admin_observability::ObservabilityCursor {
+        observed_at: cursor.observed_at,
+        stable_id: cursor.stable_id,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_usage_record(
+    record: UsageRecord,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsageRecord> {
+    let billing = match (&record.cost_amount, &record.cost_currency) {
+        (Some(amount), Some(currency)) => Some(admin_observability::UsageBilling::Total {
+            source: record.cost_source.clone(),
+            total: admin_observability::CurrencyCost {
+                currency: currency.clone(),
+                amount: admin_decimal_amount(amount.clone())?,
+            },
+        }),
+        (None, None) => None,
+        _ => {
+            return Err(observability_error(StoreError::InvalidData {
+                entity: "observability request billing",
+                message: "cost amount and currency must be present together".to_owned(),
+            }));
+        }
+    };
+    Ok(admin_observability::UsageRecord {
+        id: record.id,
+        client_api_key_ref: record.client_api_key_ref,
+        config_revision: record.config_revision,
+        protocol: record.protocol,
+        operation: record.operation,
+        endpoint: record.endpoint,
+        client_transport: record.client_transport,
+        requested_model_id: record.requested_model_id,
+        provider_kind: record.provider_kind,
+        provider_account_ref: record.provider_account_ref,
+        provider_account_name: record.provider_account_name,
+        provider_account_email: record.provider_account_email,
+        provider_account_authentication_kind: record.provider_account_authentication_kind,
+        upstream_model_id: record.upstream_model_id,
+        upstream_transport: record.upstream_transport,
+        http_version: record.http_version,
+        websocket_pool: record.websocket_pool,
+        service_tier: record.service_tier,
+        provider_metadata_json: record.provider_metadata_json,
+        attempt_count: record.attempt_count,
+        upstream_send_state: record.upstream_send_state,
+        downstream_committed_at: record.downstream_committed_at,
+        outcome: admin_request_outcome(&record.outcome)?,
+        client_status_code: record.client_status_code,
+        upstream_status_code: record.upstream_status_code,
+        client_response_id: record.client_response_id,
+        upstream_request_id: record.upstream_request_id,
+        upstream_response_id: record.upstream_response_id,
+        error_kind: record.error_kind,
+        provider_error_code: record.provider_error_code,
+        error_message: record.error_message,
+        retry_after_ms: record.retry_after_ms,
+        input_tokens: record.input_tokens,
+        output_tokens: record.output_tokens,
+        cached_tokens: record.cached_tokens,
+        cache_write_tokens: record.cache_write_tokens,
+        reasoning_tokens: record.reasoning_tokens,
+        image_input_tokens: record.image_input_tokens,
+        image_output_tokens: record.image_output_tokens,
+        total_tokens: record.total_tokens,
+        cost_source: record.cost_source,
+        cost_amount: admin_optional_decimal_amount(record.cost_amount)?,
+        cost_currency: record.cost_currency,
+        billing,
+        transport_decision_wait_ms: record.transport_decision_wait_ms,
+        connect_ms: record.connect_ms,
+        headers_ms: record.headers_ms,
+        first_event_ms: record.first_event_ms,
+        first_reasoning_ms: record.first_reasoning_ms,
+        first_text_ms: record.first_text_ms,
+        first_token_ms: record.first_token_ms,
+        provider_processing_ms: record.provider_processing_ms,
+        latency_ms: record.latency_ms,
+        client_ip: record.client_ip,
+        user_agent: record.user_agent,
+        reasoning_effort: record.reasoning_effort,
+        reasoning_preset: record.reasoning_preset,
+        request_kind: record.request_kind,
+        subagent_kind: record.subagent_kind,
+        compact: record.compact,
+        image_generation_requested: record.image_generation_requested,
+        image_generation_succeeded: record.image_generation_succeeded,
+        started_at: record.started_at,
+        deadline_at: record.deadline_at,
+        completed_at: record.completed_at,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_request_outcome(
+    outcome: &str,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::RequestOutcome> {
+    admin_observability::RequestOutcome::new(outcome.to_owned()).map_err(|_| {
+        observability_error(StoreError::InvalidData {
+            entity: "observability request outcome",
+            message: "invalid request outcome".to_owned(),
+        })
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_usage_detail(
+    detail: UsageRecordDetail,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsageDetail> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::UsageDetail {
+        request: admin_usage_record(detail.request)?,
+        attempts: detail
+            .attempts
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_usage_attempt)
+            .collect::<AdminStoreResult<_>>()?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_usage_attempt(
+    attempt: UsageAttemptObservation,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsageAttempt> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::UsageAttempt {
+        source: attempt.source,
+        id: attempt.id,
+        attempt_index: attempt.attempt_index,
+        component: attempt.component,
+        operation: attempt.operation,
+        provider_kind: attempt.provider_kind,
+        provider_account_ref: attempt.provider_account_ref,
+        provider_account_name: attempt.provider_account_name,
+        provider_account_email: attempt.provider_account_email,
+        provider_account_authentication_kind: attempt.provider_account_authentication_kind,
+        upstream_model_id: attempt.upstream_model_id,
+        upstream_transport: attempt.upstream_transport,
+        upstream_send_state: attempt.upstream_send_state,
+        outcome: admin_request_outcome(&attempt.outcome)?,
+        downstream_committed: attempt.downstream_committed,
+        status_code: attempt.status_code,
+        provider_error_code: attempt.provider_error_code,
+        failure_kind: attempt.failure_kind,
+        retry_after_ms: attempt.retry_after_ms,
+        upstream_request_id: attempt.upstream_request_id,
+        latency_ms: attempt.latency_ms,
+        message: attempt.message,
+        input_tokens: attempt.input_tokens,
+        output_tokens: attempt.output_tokens,
+        cached_tokens: attempt.cached_tokens,
+        cache_write_tokens: attempt.cache_write_tokens,
+        reasoning_tokens: attempt.reasoning_tokens,
+        total_tokens: attempt.total_tokens,
+        cost_source: attempt.cost_source,
+        cost_amount: admin_optional_decimal_amount(attempt.cost_amount)?,
+        cost_currency: attempt.cost_currency,
+        occurred_at: attempt.occurred_at,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_usage_overview(
+    overview: UsageOverview,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::UsageOverview> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::UsageOverview {
+        range: admin_range(overview.range),
+        requests: admin_request_metrics(overview.requests)?,
+        attempts: admin_attempt_metrics(overview.attempts)?,
+        providers: overview
+            .providers
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(admin_provider_observation)
+            .collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_provider_observation(
+    observation: ProviderObservation,
+) -> admin_observability::ProviderObservation {
+    admin_observability::ProviderObservation {
+        provider_kind: observation.provider_kind,
+        request_count: observation.request_count,
+        attempt_count: observation.attempt_count,
+        failure_count: observation.failure_count,
+        total_tokens: observation.total_tokens,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_diagnostic_observation(
+    observation: DiagnosticObservation,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::DiagnosticObservation> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::DiagnosticObservation {
+        key: observation.key,
+        name: observation.name,
+        request_count: observation.request_count,
+        success_count: observation.success_count,
+        failure_count: observation.failure_count,
+        attempt_count: observation.attempt_count,
+        total_tokens: observation.total_tokens,
+        average_latency_ms: observation.average_latency_ms,
+        latency_p95_ms: observation.latency_p95_ms,
+        cost_coverage: admin_cost_coverage(observation.cost_coverage),
+        costs: admin_currency_costs(observation.costs)?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_ops_error_page(
+    page: OpsErrorPage,
+) -> AdminStoreResult<admin_observability::OpsErrorPage> {
+    Ok(admin_observability::OpsErrorPage {
+        items: page.items.into_iter().map(admin_ops_error).collect(),
+        total: page.total,
+        next_cursor: page.next_cursor.map(admin_cursor),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admin_ops_error(error: OpsErrorRecord) -> admin_observability::OpsError {
+    admin_observability::OpsError {
+        source: error.source,
+        event_id: error.event_id,
+        request_id: error.request_id,
+        attempt_index: error.attempt_index,
+        client_api_key_ref: error.client_api_key_ref,
+        component: error.component,
+        operation: error.operation,
+        endpoint: error.endpoint,
+        provider_kind: error.provider_kind,
+        provider_account_ref: error.provider_account_ref,
+        provider_account_name: error.provider_account_name,
+        provider_account_email: error.provider_account_email,
+        provider_account_authentication_kind: error.provider_account_authentication_kind,
+        upstream_model_id: error.upstream_model_id,
+        upstream_transport: error.upstream_transport,
+        failure_kind: error.failure_kind,
+        client_status_code: error.client_status_code,
+        upstream_status_code: error.upstream_status_code,
+        provider_error_code: error.provider_error_code,
+        client_response_id: error.client_response_id,
+        upstream_request_id: error.upstream_request_id,
+        latency_ms: error.latency_ms,
+        message: error.message,
+        occurrence_count: error.occurrence_count,
+        occurred_at: error.occurred_at,
+        stable_sort_id: error.stable_sort_id,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn usage_record_from_row(row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow) -> StoreResult<UsageRecord> {
+    Ok(UsageRecord {
+        id: get(row, "id")?,
+        client_api_key_ref: get(row, "client_api_key_ref")?,
+        config_revision: unsigned(row, "config_revision")?,
+        protocol: get(row, "protocol")?,
+        operation: get(row, "operation")?,
+        endpoint: get(row, "endpoint")?,
+        client_transport: get(row, "client_transport")?,
+        requested_model_id: get(row, "requested_model_id")?,
+        provider_kind: get(row, "provider_kind")?,
+        provider_account_ref: get(row, "provider_account_ref")?,
+        provider_account_name: get(row, "provider_account_name")?,
+        provider_account_email: get(row, "provider_account_email")?,
+        provider_account_authentication_kind: get(row, "provider_account_authentication_kind")?,
+        upstream_model_id: get(row, "upstream_model_id")?,
+        upstream_transport: get(row, "upstream_transport")?,
+        http_version: get(row, "http_version")?,
+        websocket_pool: get(row, "websocket_pool")?,
+        service_tier: get(row, "service_tier")?,
+        provider_metadata_json: get::<Option<serde_json::Value>>(row, "provider_observation_json")?
+            .map(|value| serde_json::to_string(&value))
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("encode provider observation"))?,
+        attempt_count: to_u32(get(row, "attempt_count")?)?,
+        upstream_send_state: get(row, "upstream_send_state")?,
+        downstream_committed_at: get(row, "downstream_committed_at")?,
+        outcome: get(row, "outcome")?,
+        client_status_code: optional_status(row, "client_status_code")?,
+        upstream_status_code: optional_status(row, "upstream_status_code")?,
+        client_response_id: opaque_response_id(row, "client_response_id")?,
+        upstream_request_id: get(row, "upstream_request_id")?,
+        upstream_response_id: opaque_response_id(row, "upstream_response_id")?,
+        error_kind: get(row, "error_kind")?,
+        provider_error_code: get(row, "provider_error_code")?,
+        error_message: get(row, "error_message")?,
+        retry_after_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "retry_after_ms")?,
+        input_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "input_tokens")?,
+        output_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "output_tokens")?,
+        cached_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "cached_tokens")?,
+        cache_write_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "cache_write_tokens")?,
+        reasoning_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "reasoning_tokens")?,
+        image_input_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "image_input_tokens")?,
+        image_output_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "image_output_tokens")?,
+        total_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "total_tokens")?,
+        cost_source: get(row, "cost_source")?,
+        cost_amount: optional_decimal(row, "cost_amount")?,
+        cost_currency: get(row, "cost_currency")?,
+        transport_decision_wait_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "transport_decision_wait_ms")?,
+        connect_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "connect_ms")?,
+        headers_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "headers_ms")?,
+        first_event_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "first_event_ms")?,
+        first_reasoning_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "first_reasoning_ms")?,
+        first_text_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "first_text_ms")?,
+        first_token_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "first_token_ms")?,
+        provider_processing_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "provider_processing_ms")?,
+        latency_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "latency_ms")?,
+        client_ip: get(row, "client_ip")?,
+        user_agent: get(row, "user_agent")?,
+        reasoning_effort: get(row, "reasoning_effort")?,
+        reasoning_preset: get(row, "reasoning_preset")?,
+        request_kind: get(row, "request_kind")?,
+        subagent_kind: get(row, "subagent_kind")?,
+        compact: get(row, "compact")?,
+        image_generation_requested: get(row, "image_generation_requested")?,
+        image_generation_succeeded: get(row, "image_generation_succeeded")?,
+        started_at: get(row, "started_at")?,
+        deadline_at: get(row, "deadline_at")?,
+        completed_at: get(row, "completed_at")?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn ops_error_from_row(row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow) -> StoreResult<OpsErrorRecord> {
+    Ok(OpsErrorRecord {
+        source: get(row, "source")?,
+        event_id: get(row, "event_id")?,
+        request_id: get(row, "request_id")?,
+        attempt_index: get::<Option<i32>>(row, "attempt_index")?
+            .map(to_u32)
+            .transpose()?,
+        client_api_key_ref: get(row, "client_api_key_ref")?,
+        component: get(row, "component")?,
+        operation: get(row, "operation")?,
+        endpoint: get(row, "endpoint")?,
+        provider_kind: get(row, "provider_kind")?,
+        provider_account_ref: get(row, "provider_account_ref")?,
+        provider_account_name: get(row, "provider_account_name")?,
+        provider_account_email: get(row, "provider_account_email")?,
+        provider_account_authentication_kind: get(row, "provider_account_authentication_kind")?,
+        upstream_model_id: get(row, "upstream_model_id")?,
+        upstream_transport: get(row, "upstream_transport")?,
+        failure_kind: get(row, "failure_kind")?,
+        client_status_code: optional_status(row, "client_status_code")?,
+        upstream_status_code: optional_status(row, "upstream_status_code")?,
+        provider_error_code: get(row, "provider_error_code")?,
+        client_response_id: opaque_response_id(row, "client_response_id")?,
+        upstream_request_id: get(row, "upstream_request_id")?,
+        latency_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "latency_ms")?,
+        message: get(row, "message")?,
+        occurrence_count: to_u32(get(row, "occurrence_count")?)?,
+        occurred_at: get(row, "occurred_at")?,
+        stable_sort_id: get(row, "stable_sort_id")?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn cost_from_row(row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow) -> StoreResult<CurrencyCostTotal> {
+    Ok(CurrencyCostTotal {
+        currency: get(row, "cost_currency")?,
+        amount: DecimalAmount::from_str(&get::<String>(row, "amount")?)?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn calculated_usage_billing_fact_from_row(
+    row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow,
+) -> StoreResult<CalculatedUsageBillingFact> {
+    Ok(CalculatedUsageBillingFact {
+        bucket_start: get(row, "bucket_start")?,
+        provider_kind: get(row, "provider_kind")?,
+        upstream_model_id: get(row, "upstream_model_id")?,
+        service_tier: get(row, "service_tier")?,
+        input_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "input_tokens")?,
+        output_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "output_tokens")?,
+        cached_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "cached_tokens")?,
+        cache_write_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "cache_write_tokens")?,
+        total: cost_from_row(row)?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn optional_decimal(
+    row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow,
+    column: &'static str,
+) -> StoreResult<Option<DecimalAmount>> {
+    get::<Option<String>>(row, column)?
+        .map(|value| DecimalAmount::from_str(&value))
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn opaque_response_id(
+    row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow,
+    column: &'static str,
+) -> StoreResult<Option<String>> {
+    get::<Option<Vec<u8>>>(row, column)?
+        .map(String::from_utf8)
+        .transpose()
+        .map_err(|_| invalid(column))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_account_ids(account_ids: &[String]) -> StoreResult<()> {
+    let mut unique = BTreeSet::new();
+    for account_id in account_ids {
+        validate_text(account_id, MAX_FILTER_BYTES, "provider account ID")?;
+        if !unique.insert(account_id.as_str()) {
+            return Err(invalid("account usage query contains duplicate IDs"));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_optional_text(
+    value: Option<&str>,
+    max_bytes: usize,
+    field: &'static str,
+) -> StoreResult<()> {
+    value.map_or(Ok(()), |value| validate_text(value, max_bytes, field))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_text(value: &str, max_bytes: usize, field: &'static str) -> StoreResult<()> {
+    if value.trim().is_empty() || value.len() > max_bytes || value.chars().any(char::is_control) {
+        return Err(invalid(&format!("{field} is invalid")));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get<'r, T>(row: &'r sqlx::postgres::PgRow, column: &'static str) -> StoreResult<T>
+where
+    T: sqlx::Decode<'r, Postgres> + sqlx::Type<Postgres>,
+{
+    row.try_get(column).map_err(|_| invalid(column))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn unsigned(row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow, column: &'static str) -> StoreResult<u64> {
+    to_u64(get(row, column)?)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn optional_unsigned(
+    row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow,
+    column: &'static str,
+) -> StoreResult<Option<u64>> {
+    get::<Option<i64>>(row, column)?.map(to_u64).transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn optional_status(
+    row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow,
+    column: &'static str,
+) -> StoreResult<Option<u16>> {
+    get::<Option<i32>>(row, column)?
+        .map(|value| {
+            u16::try_from(value)
+                .ok()
+                .filter(|value| (100..=599).contains(value))
+                .ok_or_else(|| invalid("status code is outside its supported range"))
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn to_u64(value: i64) -> StoreResult<u64> {
+    u64::try_from(value).map_err(|_| invalid("numeric observation is negative"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn to_u32(value: i32) -> StoreResult<u32> {
+    u32::try_from(value).map_err(|_| invalid("integer observation is negative"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn invalid(message: &str) -> StoreError {
+    StoreError::InvalidData {
+        entity: "observability",
+        message: message.to_owned(),
+    }
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/observability/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//! 从 `model_requests`、`ops_events` 与账号公共投影读取观测事实。
+
+use std::{
+    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap},
+    str::FromStr,
+};
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use chrono::{DateTime, TimeDelta, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::{
+    model::observability as admin_observability,
+    ports::store::{AdminStoreResult, ObservabilityStore as AdminObservabilityStore},
+};
+use sqlx::{PgPool, Postgres, QueryBuilder, Row};
+
+use crate::{
+    DecimalAmount, StoreError, StoreResult, admin_store_error, postgres_unavailable,
+    require_nonempty,
+};
+
+mod admin_adapter;
+mod mapping;
+mod model;
+mod queries;
+
+pub use admin_adapter::*;
+pub(crate) use mapping::*;
+pub use model::*;
+pub(crate) use queries::*;

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/observability/model.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+//! 查询模型、校验与观测端口契约。
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub(crate) const MAX_PAGE_SIZE: u16 = 100;
+pub(crate) const MAX_FILTER_BYTES: usize = 256;
+pub(crate) const MAX_SEARCH_BYTES: usize = 512;
+pub(crate) const MAX_ACCOUNT_IDS: usize = 200;
+/// 概览卡只展示最近使用的四个账号；完整账号用量由账号管理页单独查询。
+pub(crate) const DASHBOARD_ACCOUNT_LIMIT: u16 = 4;
+pub(crate) const DIAGNOSTIC_LIMIT: i64 = 100;
+pub(crate) const ACCOUNT_USAGE_TIMELINE_HOURS: i64 = 24;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ObservabilityRange {
+    pub start: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub end: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+impl ObservabilityRange {
+    pub fn new(start: DateTime<Utc>, end: DateTime<Utc>) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        if end.signed_duration_since(start) <= TimeDelta::zero() {
+            return Err(invalid("time range must be positive"));
+        }
+        Ok(Self { start, end })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ObservabilityPageSize(u16);
+
+impl ObservabilityPageSize {
+    pub fn new(value: u16) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        if value == 0 || value > MAX_PAGE_SIZE {
+            return Err(invalid("page size must be between 1 and 100"));
+        }
+        Ok(Self(value))
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn get(self) -> u16 {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ObservabilityPageNumber(u32);
+
+impl ObservabilityPageNumber {
+    pub fn new(value: u32) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        if value == 0 {
+            return Err(invalid("page number must be positive"));
+        }
+        Ok(Self(value))
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn get(self) -> u32 {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ObservabilityCursor {
+    pub observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub stable_id: String,
+}
+
+impl ObservabilityCursor {
+    pub fn new(observed_at: DateTime<Utc>, stable_id: impl Into<String>) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        let stable_id = stable_id.into();
+        validate_text(&stable_id, MAX_FILTER_BYTES, "cursor ID")?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            observed_at,
+            stable_id,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UsageRecordFilter {
+    pub client_api_key_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub operation: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub outcome: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<u32>,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub search: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl UsageRecordFilter {
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> StoreResult<()> {
+        for (value, field) in [
+            (self.client_api_key_ref.as_deref(), "client API key filter"),
+            (self.request_id.as_deref(), "request ID filter"),
+            (
+                self.provider_account_ref.as_deref(),
+                "provider account filter",
+            ),
+            (self.operation.as_deref(), "operation filter"),
+            (self.provider_kind.as_deref(), "provider filter"),
+            (self.model.as_deref(), "model filter"),
+            (self.outcome.as_deref(), "outcome filter"),
+            (self.transport.as_deref(), "transport filter"),
+            (
+                self.upstream_request_id.as_deref(),
+                "upstream request ID filter",
+            ),
+        ] {
+            validate_optional_text(value, MAX_FILTER_BYTES, field)?;
+        }
+        validate_optional_text(self.search.as_deref(), MAX_SEARCH_BYTES, "search filter")?;
+        if self
+            .status_code
+            .is_some_and(|status| !(100..=599).contains(&status))
+        {
+            return Err(invalid("status code filter must be between 100 and 599"));
+        }
+        if self
+            .attempt_index
+            .is_some_and(|index| index == 0 || i32::try_from(index).is_err())
+        {
+            return Err(invalid("attempt index filter is out of range"));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UsageRecordQuery {
+    pub range: ObservabilityRange,
+    pub filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+    pub cursor: Option<ObservabilityCursor>,
+    pub page: ObservabilityPageNumber,
+    pub page_size: ObservabilityPageSize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct OpsErrorFilter {
+    pub client_api_key_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub operation: Option<String>,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<u32>,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub failure_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub search: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl OpsErrorFilter {
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> StoreResult<()> {
+        for (value, field) in [
+            (self.client_api_key_ref.as_deref(), "client API key filter"),
+            (self.request_id.as_deref(), "request ID filter"),
+            (
+                self.provider_account_ref.as_deref(),
+                "provider account filter",
+            ),
+            (self.provider_kind.as_deref(), "provider filter"),
+            (self.operation.as_deref(), "operation filter"),
+            (self.model.as_deref(), "model filter"),
+            (self.transport.as_deref(), "transport filter"),
+            (
+                self.upstream_request_id.as_deref(),
+                "upstream request ID filter",
+            ),
+            (self.failure_kind.as_deref(), "failure kind filter"),
+        ] {
+            validate_optional_text(value, MAX_FILTER_BYTES, field)?;
+        }
+        validate_optional_text(self.search.as_deref(), MAX_SEARCH_BYTES, "search filter")?;
+        if self
+            .status_code
+            .is_some_and(|status| !(100..=599).contains(&status))
+        {
+            return Err(invalid("status code filter must be between 100 and 599"));
+        }
+        if self
+            .attempt_index
+            .is_some_and(|index| index == 0 || i32::try_from(index).is_err())
+        {
+            return Err(invalid("attempt index filter is out of range"));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct OpsErrorQuery {
+    pub range: ObservabilityRange,
+    pub filter: OpsErrorFilter,
+    pub cursor: Option<ObservabilityCursor>,
+    pub page: ObservabilityPageNumber,
+    pub page_size: ObservabilityPageSize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DiagnosticDimension {
+    Provider,
+    Model,
+    Account,
+    ApiKey,
+    Transport,
+    Failure,
+    Status,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct CurrencyCostTotal {
+    pub currency: String,
+    pub amount: DecimalAmount,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct CostCoverage {
+    pub provider_reported_count: u64,
+    pub calculated_count: u64,
+    pub unavailable_count: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RequestMetrics {
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub cancelled_count: u64,
+    pub incomplete_count: u64,
+    pub caller_error_count: u64,
+    pub input_tokens: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: u64,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: u64,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+    pub first_token_latency_sum: u64,
+    pub first_token_latency_count: u64,
+    pub latency_sum: u64,
+    pub latency_count: u64,
+    pub max_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub min_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    /// 分母：`input_tokens is not null`，即上游确实报告过 input token 事实的请求。
+    pub cache_eligible_request_count: u64,
+    /// 分子：分母集合中 `cached_tokens > 0` 的请求。
+    pub cache_hit_request_count: u64,
+    pub latency_percentiles: LatencyPercentiles,
+    pub first_token_latency_percentiles: LatencyPercentiles,
+}
+
+impl RequestMetrics {
+    /// 请求级 cache hit rate；没有 input token 事实时返回 `None`。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn cache_hit_request_rate(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        (self.cache_eligible_request_count > 0)
+            .then(|| self.cache_hit_request_count as f64 / self.cache_eligible_request_count as f64)
+    }
+}
+
+/// PostgreSQL `percentile_cont` 的非负、有限毫秒值；bits 保留插值小数且可安全比较。
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct PercentileMilliseconds(u64);
+
+impl PercentileMilliseconds {
+    pub(crate) fn new(value: f64) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        if !value.is_finite() || value < 0.0 {
+            return Err(postgres_unavailable("decode latency percentile"));
+        }
+        Ok(Self(value.to_bits()))
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_f64(self) -> f64 {
+        f64::from_bits(self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for PercentileMilliseconds {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.as_f64().fmt(formatter)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct LatencyPercentiles {
+    pub p50_ms: Option<PercentileMilliseconds>,
+    pub p95_ms: Option<PercentileMilliseconds>,
+    pub p99_ms: Option<PercentileMilliseconds>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AttemptMetrics {
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub cancelled_count: u64,
+    pub incomplete_count: u64,
+    pub rate_limited_count: u64,
+    pub auth_failure_count: u64,
+    pub provider_5xx_count: u64,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverage,
+    pub costs: Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ObservationGranularity {
+    FifteenMinutes,
+    Hour,
+    Day,
+}
+
+impl ObservationGranularity {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn seconds(self) -> i64 {
+        match self {
+            Self::FifteenMinutes => 15 * 60,
+            Self::Hour => 60 * 60,
+            Self::Day => 24 * 60 * 60,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) const fn sql_interval(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::FifteenMinutes => "15 minutes",
+            Self::Hour => "1 hour",
+            Self::Day => "1 day",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RequestMetricPoint {
+    pub bucket_start: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub granularity: ObservationGranularity,
+    pub metrics: RequestMetrics,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverage,
+    pub costs: Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>,
+}
+
+/// 已完整交付且由 Provider 计算费用的请求事实。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct CalculatedUsageBillingFact {
+    pub bucket_start: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub provider_kind: String,
+    pub upstream_model_id: String,
+    pub service_tier: Option<String>,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub total: CurrencyCostTotal,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderAccountMetrics {
+    pub total: u64,
+    pub enabled: u64,
+    pub unavailable: u64,
+    pub active: u64,
+    pub rate_limited: u64,
+    pub expired: u64,
+    pub invalid: u64,
+    pub quota_exhausted: u64,
+    pub disabled: u64,
+    pub banned: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderAccountRequestBucket {
+    pub bucket_start: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderAccountUsageObservation {
+    pub account_id: String,
+    pub provider_kind: String,
+    pub authentication_kind: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub email: Option<String>,
+    pub plan_type: Option<String>,
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub availability: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_request_count: u64,
+    pub image_request_failed_count: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverage,
+    pub costs: Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>,
+    pub last_used_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub request_buckets: Vec<ProviderAccountRequestBucket>,
+    pub models: Vec<ProviderAccountModelUsageObservation>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderAccountModelUsageObservation {
+    pub model: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_request_count: u64,
+    pub image_request_failed_count: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverage,
+    pub costs: Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>,
+    pub last_used_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderAccountUsageQuery {
+    pub range: ObservabilityRange,
+    pub account_ids: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    pub limit: u16,
+    pub(crate) include_hourly_request_buckets: bool,
+}
+
+impl ProviderAccountUsageQuery {
+    pub fn for_accounts(range: ObservabilityRange, account_ids: Vec<String>) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        if account_ids.is_empty() || account_ids.len() > MAX_ACCOUNT_IDS {
+            return Err(invalid(
+                "account usage query requires between 1 and 200 IDs",
+            ));
+        }
+        validate_account_ids(&account_ids)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            range,
+            limit: u16::try_from(account_ids.len())
+                .map_err(|_| invalid("account usage query is too large"))?,
+            account_ids: Some(account_ids),
+            include_hourly_request_buckets: false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn recent(range: ObservabilityRange, limit: u16) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        if limit == 0 || usize::from(limit) > MAX_ACCOUNT_IDS {
+            return Err(invalid("account usage limit must be between 1 and 200"));
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            range,
+            account_ids: None,
+            limit,
+            include_hourly_request_buckets: false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_hourly_request_buckets(mut self) -> StoreResult<Self> {
+        if self.range.end.signed_duration_since(self.range.start)
+            > TimeDelta::hours(ACCOUNT_USAGE_TIMELINE_HOURS)
+        {
+            return Err(invalid("account request timeline cannot exceed 24 hours"));
+        }
+        self.include_hourly_request_buckets = true;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DashboardObservation {
+    pub range: ObservabilityRange,
+    pub requests: RequestMetrics,
+    pub attempts: AttemptMetrics,
+    pub provider_accounts: ProviderAccountMetrics,
+    pub trend: Vec<RequestMetricPoint>,
+    pub account_usage: Vec<ProviderAccountUsageObservation>,
+    pub recent_requests: Vec<UsageRecord>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UsageRecord {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub client_api_key_ref: String,
+    pub config_revision: u64,
+    pub protocol: String,
+    pub operation: String,
+    pub endpoint: String,
+    pub client_transport: String,
+    pub requested_model_id: String,
+    pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_model_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
+    pub http_version: Option<String>,
+    pub websocket_pool: Option<String>,
+    pub service_tier: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_metadata_json: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_count: u32,
+    pub upstream_send_state: String,
+    pub downstream_committed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub outcome: String,
+    pub client_status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub upstream_status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub client_response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub error_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub error_message: Option<String>,
+    pub retry_after_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub total_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cost_source: String,
+    pub cost_amount: Option<DecimalAmount>,
+    pub cost_currency: Option<String>,
+    pub transport_decision_wait_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub connect_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub headers_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_event_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_reasoning_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_text_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_token_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub provider_processing_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub client_ip: Option<String>,
+    pub user_agent: Option<String>,
+    pub reasoning_effort: Option<String>,
+    pub reasoning_preset: Option<String>,
+    pub request_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub subagent_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub compact: bool,
+    pub image_generation_requested: bool,
+    pub image_generation_succeeded: Option<bool>,
+    pub started_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub deadline_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UsageRecordPage {
+    pub items: Vec<UsageRecord>,
+    pub total: u64,
+    pub next_cursor: Option<ObservabilityCursor>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UsageAttemptObservation {
+    pub source: String,
+    pub id: String,
+    pub attempt_index: u32,
+    pub component: String,
+    pub operation: String,
+    pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_model_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_send_state: Option<String>,
+    pub outcome: String,
+    pub downstream_committed: bool,
+    pub status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub provider_error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub failure_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub retry_after_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub message: Option<String>,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub total_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cost_source: Option<String>,
+    pub cost_amount: Option<DecimalAmount>,
+    pub cost_currency: Option<String>,
+    pub occurred_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UsageRecordDetail {
+    pub request: UsageRecord,
+    pub attempts: Vec<UsageAttemptObservation>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderObservation {
+    pub provider_kind: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UsageOverview {
+    pub range: ObservabilityRange,
+    pub requests: RequestMetrics,
+    pub attempts: AttemptMetrics,
+    pub providers: Vec<ProviderObservation>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DiagnosticObservation {
+    pub key: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+    pub average_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverage,
+    pub costs: Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct OpsErrorRecord {
+    pub source: String,
+    pub event_id: String,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<u32>,
+    pub client_api_key_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub component: String,
+    pub operation: String,
+    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_model_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
+    pub failure_kind: String,
+    pub client_status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub upstream_status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub provider_error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub client_response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub message: String,
+    pub occurrence_count: u32,
+    pub occurred_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub stable_sort_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct OpsErrorPage {
+    pub items: Vec<OpsErrorRecord>,
+    pub total: u64,
+    pub next_cursor: Option<ObservabilityCursor>,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait ObservabilityRepository: Send + Sync {
+    async fn dashboard_summary(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+    ) -> StoreResult<DashboardObservation>;
+    async fn dashboard_trend(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>>;
+    async fn usage_trend(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+        filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>>;
+    async fn usage_calculated_billing_facts(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+        filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<CalculatedUsageBillingFact>>;
+    async fn provider_account_usage(
+        &self,
+        query: ProviderAccountUsageQuery,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<ProviderAccountUsageObservation>>;
+    async fn list_usage_records(&self, query: UsageRecordQuery) -> StoreResult<UsageRecordPage>;
+    async fn usage_record_detail(&self, request_id: &str) -> StoreResult<UsageRecordDetail>;
+    async fn usage_summary(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+        filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+    ) -> StoreResult<UsageOverview>;
+    async fn usage_diagnostics(
+        &self,
+        range: ObservabilityRange,
+        filter: UsageRecordFilter,
+        dimension: DiagnosticDimension,
+    ) -> StoreResult<Vec<DiagnosticObservation>>;
+    async fn list_ops_errors(&self, query: OpsErrorQuery) -> StoreResult<OpsErrorPage>;
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/observability/queries/accounts.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+//! 账号用量查询族。
+
+use super::super::*;
+
+pub(crate) async fn provider_account_usage(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    query: ProviderAccountUsageQuery,
+) -> StoreResult<Vec<ProviderAccountUsageObservation>> {
+    if let Some(account_ids) = &query.account_ids {
+        validate_account_ids(account_ids)?;
+    }
+    if query.limit == 0 || usize::from(query.limit) > MAX_ACCOUNT_IDS {
+        return Err(invalid("account usage limit must be between 1 and 200"));
+    }
+
+    let mut statement = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new(
+        "select pa.id, pa.provider_kind, pa.authentication_kind, pa.name, pa.email,
+                pa.plan_type, pa.enabled, pa.availability,
+                count(mr.id)::bigint as request_count,
+                count(mr.id) filter (where mr.outcome = 'succeeded')::bigint as success_count,
+                sum(mr.input_tokens)::bigint as input_tokens,
+                sum(mr.output_tokens)::bigint as output_tokens,
+                sum(mr.cached_tokens)::bigint as cached_tokens,
+                sum(mr.cache_write_tokens)::bigint as cache_write_tokens,
+                sum(mr.reasoning_tokens)::bigint as reasoning_tokens,
+                sum(mr.image_input_tokens)::bigint as image_input_tokens,
+                sum(mr.image_output_tokens)::bigint as image_output_tokens,
+                count(mr.id) filter (where mr.image_generation_succeeded is true)::bigint
+                  as image_request_count,
+                count(mr.id) filter (where mr.image_generation_succeeded is false)::bigint
+                  as image_request_failed_count,
+                sum(mr.total_tokens)::bigint as total_tokens,
+                count(mr.id) filter (where mr.cost_source = 'provider_reported')::bigint
+                  as provider_reported_count,
+                count(mr.id) filter (where mr.cost_source = 'calculated')::bigint
+                  as calculated_count,
+                count(mr.id) filter (where mr.cost_source = 'unavailable')::bigint
+                  as unavailable_count,
+                max(mr.started_at) as last_used_at
+         from provider_accounts pa
+         left join model_requests mr
+           on mr.provider_account_ref = pa.id and mr.started_at >= ",
+    );
+    statement.push_bind(query.range.start);
+    statement.push(" and mr.started_at < ");
+    statement.push_bind(query.range.end);
+    push_completed_usage_fact_filter(&mut statement, "mr");
+    if let Some(account_ids) = &query.account_ids {
+        statement.push(" where pa.id = any(");
+        statement.push_bind(account_ids.clone());
+        statement.push("::text[])");
+    }
+    statement.push(
+        " group by pa.id, pa.provider_kind, pa.authentication_kind, pa.name, pa.email,
+                   pa.plan_type, pa.enabled, pa.availability
+          order by max(mr.started_at) desc nulls last, pa.name, pa.id limit ",
+    );
+    statement.push_bind(i64::from(query.limit));
+    let rows = statement
+        .build()
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load provider account usage"))?;
+
+    let mut observations = rows
+        .iter()
+        .map(provider_account_from_row)
+        .collect::<StoreResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    if observations.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(observations);
+    }
+    let account_ids = observations
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| item.account_id.clone())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let mut request_buckets = if query.include_hourly_request_buckets {
+        provider_account_request_buckets(pool, query.range, &account_ids).await?
+    } else {
+        HashMap::new()
+    };
+    let account_costs = account_costs(pool, query.range, &account_ids).await?;
+    let model_rows = account_model_rows(pool, query.range, &account_ids).await?;
+    let model_costs = account_model_costs(pool, query.range, &account_ids).await?;
+    let account_positions = observations
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(index, item)| (item.account_id.clone(), index))
+        .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+    for observation in &mut observations {
+        observation.costs = account_costs
+            .get(&observation.account_id)
+            .cloned()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        observation.request_buckets = request_buckets
+            .remove(&observation.account_id)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+    }
+    for row in model_rows {
+        let account_id: String = get(&row, "provider_account_ref")?;
+        let Some(position) = account_positions.get(&account_id).copied() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let model: String = get(&row, "model")?;
+        observations[position]
+            .models
+            .push(ProviderAccountModelUsageObservation {
+                costs: model_costs
+                    .get(&(account_id, model.clone()))
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+                model,
+                request_count: unsigned(&row, "request_count")?,
+                success_count: unsigned(&row, "success_count")?,
+                input_tokens: optional_unsigned(&row, "input_tokens")?,
+                output_tokens: optional_unsigned(&row, "output_tokens")?,
+                cached_tokens: optional_unsigned(&row, "cached_tokens")?,
+                cache_write_tokens: optional_unsigned(&row, "cache_write_tokens")?,
+                reasoning_tokens: optional_unsigned(&row, "reasoning_tokens")?,
+                image_input_tokens: optional_unsigned(&row, "image_input_tokens")?,
+                image_output_tokens: optional_unsigned(&row, "image_output_tokens")?,
+                image_request_count: unsigned(&row, "image_request_count")?,
+                image_request_failed_count: unsigned(&row, "image_request_failed_count")?,
+                total_tokens: optional_unsigned(&row, "total_tokens")?,
+                cost_coverage: coverage_from_row(&row)?,
+                last_used_at: get(&row, "last_used_at")?,
+            });
+    }
+    Ok(observations)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn provider_account_request_buckets(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    account_ids: &[String],
+) -> StoreResult<HashMap<String, Vec<ProviderAccountRequestBucket>>> {
+    let rows = sqlx::query(
+        "select provider_account_ref,
+                floor(extract(epoch from (started_at - $1)) / 3600)::bigint as bucket_index,
+                count(*)::bigint as request_count
+         from model_requests mr
+         where mr.provider_account_ref = any($2::text[])
+           and mr.started_at >= $1 and mr.started_at < $3
+           and mr.outcome = 'succeeded'
+           and mr.downstream_committed_at is not null
+           and mr.client_status_code between 200 and 399
+         group by mr.provider_account_ref, bucket_index
+         order by mr.provider_account_ref, bucket_index",
+    )
+    .bind(range.start)
+    .bind(account_ids)
+    .bind(range.end)
+    .fetch_all(pool)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load provider account request timeline"))?;
+
+    let mut observed = HashMap::<String, BTreeMap<u64, u64>>::new();
+    for row in rows {
+        observed
+            .entry(get(&row, "provider_account_ref")?)
+            .or_default()
+            .insert(
+                unsigned(&row, "bucket_index")?,
+                unsigned(&row, "request_count")?,
+            );
+    }
+
+    let step = TimeDelta::hours(1);
+    let mut timelines = HashMap::with_capacity(account_ids.len());
+    for account_id in account_ids {
+        let mut account_observed = observed.remove(account_id).unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut bucket_start = range.start;
+        let mut bucket_index = 0_u64;
+        let mut buckets = Vec::new();
+        while bucket_start < range.end {
+            buckets.push(ProviderAccountRequestBucket {
+                bucket_start,
+                request_count: account_observed.remove(&bucket_index).unwrap_or_default(),
+            });
+            bucket_start = bucket_start
+                .checked_add_signed(step)
+                .ok_or_else(|| invalid("account request timeline exceeds supported timestamps"))?;
+            bucket_index = bucket_index
+                .checked_add(1)
+                .ok_or_else(|| invalid("account request timeline exceeds supported buckets"))?;
+        }
+        timelines.insert(account_id.clone(), buckets);
+    }
+    Ok(timelines)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn account_costs(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    account_ids: &[String],
+) -> StoreResult<HashMap<String, Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>>> {
+    let rows = sqlx::query(
+        "select mr.provider_account_ref, mr.cost_currency, sum(mr.cost_amount)::text as amount
+         from model_requests mr
+         where mr.provider_account_ref = any($1::text[])
+           and mr.started_at >= $2 and mr.started_at < $3
+           and mr.outcome = 'succeeded'
+           and mr.downstream_committed_at is not null
+           and mr.client_status_code between 200 and 399
+           and mr.cost_amount is not null and mr.cost_currency is not null
+         group by mr.provider_account_ref, mr.cost_currency
+         order by mr.provider_account_ref, mr.cost_currency",
+    )
+    .bind(account_ids)
+    .bind(range.start)
+    .bind(range.end)
+    .fetch_all(pool)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load provider account costs"))?;
+    let mut costs = HashMap::<String, Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>>::new();
+    for row in rows {
+        costs
+            .entry(get(&row, "provider_account_ref")?)
+            .or_default()
+            .push(cost_from_row(&row)?);
+    }
+    Ok(costs)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn account_model_rows(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    account_ids: &[String],
+) -> StoreResult<Vec<sqlx::postgres::PgRow>> {
+    sqlx::query(
+        "select mr.provider_account_ref,
+                coalesce(mr.upstream_model_id, mr.requested_model_id) as model,
+                count(*)::bigint as request_count,
+                count(*) filter (where mr.outcome = 'succeeded')::bigint as success_count,
+                sum(mr.input_tokens)::bigint as input_tokens,
+                sum(mr.output_tokens)::bigint as output_tokens,
+                sum(mr.cached_tokens)::bigint as cached_tokens,
+                sum(mr.cache_write_tokens)::bigint as cache_write_tokens,
+                sum(mr.reasoning_tokens)::bigint as reasoning_tokens,
+                sum(mr.image_input_tokens)::bigint as image_input_tokens,
+                sum(mr.image_output_tokens)::bigint as image_output_tokens,
+                count(*) filter (where mr.image_generation_succeeded is true)::bigint
+                  as image_request_count,
+                count(*) filter (where mr.image_generation_succeeded is false)::bigint
+                  as image_request_failed_count,
+                sum(mr.total_tokens)::bigint as total_tokens,
+                count(*) filter (where mr.cost_source = 'provider_reported')::bigint
+                  as provider_reported_count,
+                count(*) filter (where mr.cost_source = 'calculated')::bigint
+                  as calculated_count,
+                count(*) filter (where mr.cost_source = 'unavailable')::bigint
+                  as unavailable_count,
+                max(mr.started_at) as last_used_at
+         from model_requests mr
+         where mr.provider_account_ref = any($1::text[])
+           and mr.started_at >= $2 and mr.started_at < $3
+           and mr.outcome = 'succeeded'
+           and mr.downstream_committed_at is not null
+           and mr.client_status_code between 200 and 399
+         group by mr.provider_account_ref, coalesce(mr.upstream_model_id, mr.requested_model_id)
+         order by mr.provider_account_ref, request_count desc, model",
+    )
+    .bind(account_ids)
+    .bind(range.start)
+    .bind(range.end)
+    .fetch_all(pool)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load provider account model usage"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn account_model_costs(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    account_ids: &[String],
+) -> StoreResult<HashMap<(String, String), Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>>> {
+    let rows = sqlx::query(
+        "select mr.provider_account_ref,
+                coalesce(mr.upstream_model_id, mr.requested_model_id) as model,
+                mr.cost_currency, sum(mr.cost_amount)::text as amount
+         from model_requests mr
+         where mr.provider_account_ref = any($1::text[])
+           and mr.started_at >= $2 and mr.started_at < $3
+           and mr.outcome = 'succeeded'
+           and mr.downstream_committed_at is not null
+           and mr.client_status_code between 200 and 399
+           and mr.cost_amount is not null and mr.cost_currency is not null
+         group by mr.provider_account_ref, coalesce(mr.upstream_model_id, mr.requested_model_id),
+                  mr.cost_currency
+         order by mr.provider_account_ref, model, mr.cost_currency",
+    )
+    .bind(account_ids)
+    .bind(range.start)
+    .bind(range.end)
+    .fetch_all(pool)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load provider account model costs"))?;
+    let mut costs = HashMap::<(String, String), Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>>::new();
+    for row in rows {
+        costs
+            .entry((get(&row, "provider_account_ref")?, get(&row, "model")?))
+            .or_default()
+            .push(cost_from_row(&row)?);
+    }
+    Ok(costs)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn provider_account_from_row(
+    row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow,
+) -> StoreResult<ProviderAccountUsageObservation> {
+    Ok(ProviderAccountUsageObservation {
+        account_id: get(row, "id")?,
+        provider_kind: get(row, "provider_kind")?,
+        authentication_kind: get(row, "authentication_kind")?,
+        name: get(row, "name")?,
+        email: get(row, "email")?,
+        plan_type: get(row, "plan_type")?,
+        enabled: get(row, "enabled")?,
+        availability: get(row, "availability")?,
+        request_count: unsigned(row, "request_count")?,
+        success_count: unsigned(row, "success_count")?,
+        input_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "input_tokens")?,
+        output_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "output_tokens")?,
+        cached_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "cached_tokens")?,
+        cache_write_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "cache_write_tokens")?,
+        reasoning_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "reasoning_tokens")?,
+        image_input_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "image_input_tokens")?,
+        image_output_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "image_output_tokens")?,
+        image_request_count: unsigned(row, "image_request_count")?,
+        image_request_failed_count: unsigned(row, "image_request_failed_count")?,
+        total_tokens: optional_unsigned(row, "total_tokens")?,
+        cost_coverage: coverage_from_row(row)?,
+        costs: Vec::new(),
+        last_used_at: get(row, "last_used_at")?,
+        request_buckets: Vec::new(),
+        models: Vec::new(),
+    })
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/observability/queries/dashboard.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+//! Dashboard 与趋势查询族。
+
+use super::super::*;
+
+pub(crate) async fn request_metrics(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    filter: &UsageRecordFilter,
+) -> StoreResult<RequestMetrics> {
+    filter.validate()?;
+    // 结果计数覆盖范围内全部请求（成功率/失败率的分母分子）；用量、缓存、
+    // 延迟与成本聚合仅统计用量事实（已完整交付客户端的成功响应）。
+    let fact = completed_usage_fact_predicate("mr");
+    let mut query = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new(format!(
+        "select count(*)::bigint as request_count,
+                count(*) filter (where outcome = 'succeeded')::bigint as success_count,
+                count(*) filter (where outcome = 'failed')::bigint as failure_count,
+                count(*) filter (where outcome = 'cancelled')::bigint as cancelled_count,
+                count(*) filter (where outcome = 'incomplete')::bigint as incomplete_count,
+                count(*) filter (where client_status_code between 400 and 499)::bigint
+                  as caller_error_count,
+                coalesce(sum(input_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as input_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(output_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as output_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(cached_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as cached_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(cache_write_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint
+                  as cache_write_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(reasoning_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint
+                  as reasoning_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(total_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as total_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(first_token_ms) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint
+                  as first_token_latency_sum,
+                count(first_token_ms) filter (where {fact})::bigint as first_token_latency_count,
+                coalesce(sum(latency_ms) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as latency_sum,
+                count(latency_ms) filter (where {fact})::bigint as latency_count,
+                max(latency_ms) filter (where {fact})::bigint as max_latency_ms,
+                min(latency_ms) filter (where {fact})::bigint as min_latency_ms,
+                count(*) filter (where {fact} and input_tokens is not null)::bigint
+                  as cache_eligible_request_count,
+                count(*) filter (where {fact} and input_tokens is not null
+                                   and cached_tokens > 0)::bigint
+                  as cache_hit_request_count,
+                percentile_cont(0.50) within group (order by latency_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as latency_p50_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.95) within group (order by latency_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as latency_p95_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.99) within group (order by latency_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as latency_p99_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.50) within group (order by first_token_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as first_token_p50_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.95) within group (order by first_token_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as first_token_p95_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.99) within group (order by first_token_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as first_token_p99_ms
+         from model_requests mr where mr.started_at >= "
+    ));
+    query.push_bind(range.start);
+    query.push(" and mr.started_at < ");
+    query.push_bind(range.end);
+    push_usage_filter(&mut query, filter, "mr");
+    let row = query
+        .build()
+        .fetch_one(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load request metrics"))?;
+    request_metrics_from_row(&row)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn request_metric_series(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    filter: &UsageRecordFilter,
+) -> StoreResult<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>> {
+    filter.validate()?;
+    let granularity = granularity_for(range);
+    // 与 request_metrics 同一契约：结果计数覆盖全部请求，用量/延迟/成本
+    // 聚合仅统计用量事实。
+    let fact = completed_usage_fact_predicate("mr");
+    let mut query = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new("select date_bin(");
+    query.push_bind(granularity.sql_interval());
+    query.push(format!(
+        "::interval, mr.started_at, timestamptz '1970-01-01 00:00:00+00') as bucket_start,
+                count(*)::bigint as request_count,
+                count(*) filter (where outcome = 'succeeded')::bigint as success_count,
+                count(*) filter (where outcome = 'failed')::bigint as failure_count,
+                count(*) filter (where outcome = 'cancelled')::bigint as cancelled_count,
+                count(*) filter (where outcome = 'incomplete')::bigint as incomplete_count,
+                count(*) filter (where client_status_code between 400 and 499)::bigint
+                  as caller_error_count,
+                coalesce(sum(input_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as input_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(output_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as output_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(cached_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as cached_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(cache_write_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint
+                  as cache_write_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(reasoning_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint
+                  as reasoning_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(total_tokens) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as total_tokens,
+                coalesce(sum(first_token_ms) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint
+                  as first_token_latency_sum,
+                count(first_token_ms) filter (where {fact})::bigint as first_token_latency_count,
+                coalesce(sum(latency_ms) filter (where {fact}), 0)::bigint as latency_sum,
+                count(latency_ms) filter (where {fact})::bigint as latency_count,
+                max(latency_ms) filter (where {fact})::bigint as max_latency_ms,
+                min(latency_ms) filter (where {fact})::bigint as min_latency_ms,
+                count(*) filter (where {fact} and input_tokens is not null)::bigint
+                  as cache_eligible_request_count,
+                count(*) filter (where {fact} and input_tokens is not null
+                                   and cached_tokens > 0)::bigint
+                  as cache_hit_request_count,
+                percentile_cont(0.50) within group (order by latency_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as latency_p50_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.95) within group (order by latency_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as latency_p95_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.99) within group (order by latency_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as latency_p99_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.50) within group (order by first_token_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as first_token_p50_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.95) within group (order by first_token_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as first_token_p95_ms,
+                percentile_cont(0.99) within group (order by first_token_ms)
+                  filter (where {fact}) as first_token_p99_ms,
+                count(*) filter (where {fact} and cost_source = 'provider_reported')::bigint
+                  as provider_reported_count,
+                count(*) filter (where {fact} and cost_source = 'calculated')::bigint
+                  as calculated_count,
+                count(*) filter (where {fact} and cost_source = 'unavailable')::bigint
+                  as unavailable_count
+         from model_requests mr where mr.started_at >= "
+    ));
+    query.push_bind(range.start);
+    query.push(" and mr.started_at < ");
+    query.push_bind(range.end);
+    push_usage_filter(&mut query, filter, "mr");
+    query.push(" group by bucket_start order by bucket_start");
+    let rows = query
+        .build()
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load request metric series"))?;
+
+    let mut points = BTreeMap::new();
+    for row in rows {
+        let bucket_start = get(&row, "bucket_start")?;
+        points.insert(
+            bucket_start,
+            RequestMetricPoint {
+                bucket_start,
+                granularity,
+                metrics: request_metrics_from_row(&row)?,
+                cost_coverage: coverage_from_row(&row)?,
+                costs: Vec::new(),
+            },
+        );
+    }
+    let bucket_costs = request_costs_by_bucket(pool, range, filter, granularity).await?;
+    for (bucket, costs) in bucket_costs {
+        if let Some(point) = points.get_mut(&bucket) {
+            point.costs = costs;
+        }
+    }
+    fill_metric_gaps(range, granularity, points)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn calculated_usage_billing_facts(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    filter: &UsageRecordFilter,
+) -> StoreResult<Vec<CalculatedUsageBillingFact>> {
+    filter.validate()?;
+    let granularity = granularity_for(range);
+    let mut query = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new("select date_bin(");
+    query.push_bind(granularity.sql_interval());
+    query.push(
+        "::interval, mr.started_at, timestamptz '1970-01-01 00:00:00+00') as bucket_start,
+                mr.provider_kind, mr.upstream_model_id, mr.service_tier,
+                mr.input_tokens, mr.output_tokens, mr.cached_tokens, mr.cache_write_tokens,
+                mr.cost_currency, mr.cost_amount::text as amount
+         from model_requests mr where mr.started_at >= ",
+    );
+    query.push_bind(range.start);
+    query.push(" and mr.started_at < ");
+    query.push_bind(range.end);
+    query.push(
+        " and mr.cost_source = 'calculated'
+           and mr.cost_amount is not null and mr.cost_currency is not null
+           and nullif(mr.provider_kind, '') is not null
+           and nullif(mr.upstream_model_id, '') is not null",
+    );
+    push_completed_usage_fact_filter(&mut query, "mr");
+    push_usage_filter(&mut query, filter, "mr");
+    query.push(" order by bucket_start, mr.id");
+    query
+        .build()
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load calculated usage billing facts"))?
+        .iter()
+        .map(calculated_usage_billing_fact_from_row)
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn request_costs_by_bucket(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    filter: &UsageRecordFilter,
+    granularity: ObservationGranularity,
+) -> StoreResult<BTreeMap<DateTime<Utc>, Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>>> {
+    let mut query = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new("select date_bin(");
+    query.push_bind(granularity.sql_interval());
+    query.push(
+        "::interval, mr.started_at, timestamptz '1970-01-01 00:00:00+00') as bucket_start,
+                mr.cost_currency, sum(mr.cost_amount)::text as amount
+         from model_requests mr
+         where mr.started_at >= ",
+    );
+    query.push_bind(range.start);
+    query.push(" and mr.started_at < ");
+    query.push_bind(range.end);
+    query.push(" and mr.cost_amount is not null and mr.cost_currency is not null");
+    push_completed_usage_fact_filter(&mut query, "mr");
+    push_usage_filter(&mut query, filter, "mr");
+    query.push(" group by bucket_start, mr.cost_currency order by bucket_start, mr.cost_currency");
+    let rows = query
+        .build()
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load request costs by bucket"))?;
+    let mut result = BTreeMap::<DateTime<Utc>, Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>>::new();
+    for row in rows {
+        result
+            .entry(get(&row, "bucket_start")?)
+            .or_default()
+            .push(cost_from_row(&row)?);
+    }
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn attempt_metrics(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    filter: &UsageRecordFilter,
+) -> StoreResult<AttemptMetrics> {
+    filter.validate()?;
+    let mut query = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new(
+        "with selected_requests as (
+           select mr.* from model_requests mr where mr.started_at >= ",
+    );
+    query.push_bind(range.start);
+    query.push(" and mr.started_at < ");
+    query.push_bind(range.end);
+    push_usage_filter(&mut query, filter, "mr");
+    query.push(
+        "), usage_facts as (
+           select * from selected_requests
+           where outcome = 'succeeded'
+             and downstream_committed_at is not null
+             and client_status_code between 200 and 399
+         ), failures as (
+           select coalesce(oe.occurrence_count, 1)::bigint as occurrences,
+                  oe.failure_kind, oe.status_code
+           from ops_events oe
+           join selected_requests sr on sr.id = oe.model_request_id
+           union all
+           select 1::bigint, coalesce(sr.error_kind, 'failed'),
+                  coalesce(sr.upstream_status_code, sr.client_status_code)
+           from selected_requests sr
+           where sr.outcome = 'failed' and sr.attempt_count > 0
+         )
+         select coalesce((select sum(attempt_count) from selected_requests), 0)::bigint
+                  as attempt_count,
+                coalesce((select count(*) from selected_requests
+                          where outcome = 'succeeded' and attempt_count > 0), 0)::bigint
+                  as success_count,
+                coalesce((select sum(occurrences) from failures), 0)::bigint as failure_count,
+                coalesce((select count(*) from selected_requests
+                          where outcome = 'cancelled' and attempt_count > 0), 0)::bigint
+                  as cancelled_count,
+                coalesce((select count(*) from selected_requests
+                          where outcome = 'incomplete' and attempt_count > 0), 0)::bigint
+                  as incomplete_count,
+                coalesce((select sum(occurrences) from failures
+                          where failure_kind in ('rate_limited', 'quota_exhausted')
+                             or status_code = 429), 0)::bigint as rate_limited_count,
+                coalesce((select sum(occurrences) from failures
+                          where failure_kind in ('authentication', 'authorization',
+                                                 'invalid_credential')
+                             or status_code in (401, 403)), 0)::bigint as auth_failure_count,
+                coalesce((select sum(occurrences) from failures
+                          where status_code between 500 and 599), 0)::bigint
+                  as provider_5xx_count,
+                coalesce((select count(*) from usage_facts
+                          where cost_source = 'provider_reported'), 0)::bigint
+                  as provider_reported_count,
+                coalesce((select count(*) from usage_facts
+                          where cost_source = 'calculated'), 0)::bigint
+                  as calculated_count,
+                coalesce((select count(*) from usage_facts
+                          where cost_source = 'unavailable'), 0)::bigint
+                  as unavailable_count",
+    );
+    let row = query
+        .build()
+        .fetch_one(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load attempt metrics"))?;
+    Ok(AttemptMetrics {
+        attempt_count: unsigned(&row, "attempt_count")?,
+        success_count: unsigned(&row, "success_count")?,
+        failure_count: unsigned(&row, "failure_count")?,
+        cancelled_count: unsigned(&row, "cancelled_count")?,
+        incomplete_count: unsigned(&row, "incomplete_count")?,
+        rate_limited_count: unsigned(&row, "rate_limited_count")?,
+        auth_failure_count: unsigned(&row, "auth_failure_count")?,
+        provider_5xx_count: unsigned(&row, "provider_5xx_count")?,
+        cost_coverage: coverage_from_row(&row)?,
+        costs: request_costs(pool, range, filter).await?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn request_costs(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    filter: &UsageRecordFilter,
+) -> StoreResult<Vec<CurrencyCostTotal>> {
+    let mut query = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new(
+        "select mr.cost_currency, sum(mr.cost_amount)::text as amount
+         from model_requests mr where mr.started_at >= ",
+    );
+    query.push_bind(range.start);
+    query.push(" and mr.started_at < ");
+    query.push_bind(range.end);
+    query.push(" and mr.cost_amount is not null and mr.cost_currency is not null");
+    push_completed_usage_fact_filter(&mut query, "mr");
+    push_usage_filter(&mut query, filter, "mr");
+    query.push(" group by mr.cost_currency order by mr.cost_currency");
+    query
+        .build()
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load request costs"))?
+        .iter()
+        .map(cost_from_row)
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn provider_account_metrics(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+) -> StoreResult<ProviderAccountMetrics> {
+    let row = sqlx::query(
+        "with normalized as (
+           select enabled, availability, quota_limit_reached,
+                  case
+                    when not enabled then 'disabled'
+                    when availability = 'banned' then 'banned'
+                    when availability = 'quota_exhausted' then 'quota_exhausted'
+                    when availability = 'invalid' then 'invalid'
+                    when availability = 'expired'
+                      or (access_token_expires_at is not null and access_token_expires_at <= $1)
+                      then 'expired'
+                    when quota_limit_reached then 'rate_limited'
+                    when availability = 'unknown' then 'invalid'
+                    else 'active'
+                  end as status
+             from provider_accounts
+         )
+         select count(*)::bigint as total,
+                count(*) filter (where enabled)::bigint as enabled,
+                count(*) filter (where status in ('rate_limited','quota_exhausted','expired','invalid','disabled','banned'))::bigint as unavailable,
+                count(*) filter (where status = 'active')::bigint as active,
+                count(*) filter (where status = 'rate_limited')::bigint as rate_limited,
+                count(*) filter (where status = 'expired')::bigint as expired,
+                count(*) filter (where status = 'invalid')::bigint as invalid,
+                count(*) filter (where status = 'quota_exhausted')::bigint as quota_exhausted,
+                count(*) filter (where status = 'disabled')::bigint as disabled,
+                count(*) filter (where status = 'banned')::bigint as banned
+           from normalized",
+    )
+    .bind(observed_at)
+    .fetch_one(pool)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load provider account metrics"))?;
+    Ok(ProviderAccountMetrics {
+        total: unsigned(&row, "total")?,
+        enabled: unsigned(&row, "enabled")?,
+        unavailable: unsigned(&row, "unavailable")?,
+        active: unsigned(&row, "active")?,
+        rate_limited: unsigned(&row, "rate_limited")?,
+        expired: unsigned(&row, "expired")?,
+        invalid: unsigned(&row, "invalid")?,
+        quota_exhausted: unsigned(&row, "quota_exhausted")?,
+        disabled: unsigned(&row, "disabled")?,
+        banned: unsigned(&row, "banned")?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn active_provider_account_ids(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+) -> StoreResult<Vec<String>> {
+    sqlx::query(
+        "with normalized as (
+           select id,
+                  case
+                    when not enabled then 'disabled'
+                    when availability = 'banned' then 'banned'
+                    when availability = 'quota_exhausted' then 'quota_exhausted'
+                    when availability in ('expired', 'invalid')
+                      or (access_token_expires_at is not null and access_token_expires_at <= $1)
+                      then 'expired'
+                    else 'active'
+                  end as status
+             from provider_accounts
+         )
+         select id
+           from normalized
+          where status = 'active'
+          order by id",
+    )
+    .bind(observed_at)
+    .fetch_all(pool)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load active provider account IDs"))?
+    .iter()
+    .map(|row| get(row, "id"))
+    .collect()
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn provider_observations(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    filter: &UsageRecordFilter,
+) -> StoreResult<Vec<ProviderObservation>> {
+    let mut query = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new(
+        "select coalesce(mr.provider_kind, 'unrouted') as provider_kind,
+                count(*)::bigint as request_count,
+                coalesce(sum(mr.attempt_count), 0)::bigint as attempt_count,
+                count(*) filter (where mr.outcome = 'failed')::bigint as failure_count,
+                coalesce(sum(mr.total_tokens), 0)::bigint as total_tokens
+         from model_requests mr where mr.started_at >= ",
+    );
+    query.push_bind(range.start);
+    query.push(" and mr.started_at < ");
+    query.push_bind(range.end);
+    push_completed_usage_fact_filter(&mut query, "mr");
+    push_usage_filter(&mut query, filter, "mr");
+    query.push(" group by coalesce(mr.provider_kind, 'unrouted') order by request_count desc");
+    let rows = query
+        .build()
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("load provider observations"))?;
+    rows.iter()
+        .map(|row| {
+            Ok(ProviderObservation {
+                provider_kind: get(row, "provider_kind")?,
+                request_count: unsigned(row, "request_count")?,
+                attempt_count: unsigned(row, "attempt_count")?,
+                failure_count: unsigned(row, "failure_count")?,
+                total_tokens: unsigned(row, "total_tokens")?,
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn request_metrics_from_row(row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow) -> StoreResult<RequestMetrics> {
+    Ok(RequestMetrics {
+        request_count: unsigned(row, "request_count")?,
+        success_count: unsigned(row, "success_count")?,
+        failure_count: unsigned(row, "failure_count")?,
+        cancelled_count: unsigned(row, "cancelled_count")?,
+        incomplete_count: unsigned(row, "incomplete_count")?,
+        caller_error_count: unsigned(row, "caller_error_count")?,
+        input_tokens: unsigned(row, "input_tokens")?,
+        output_tokens: unsigned(row, "output_tokens")?,
+        cached_tokens: unsigned(row, "cached_tokens")?,
+        cache_write_tokens: unsigned(row, "cache_write_tokens")?,
+        reasoning_tokens: unsigned(row, "reasoning_tokens")?,
+        total_tokens: unsigned(row, "total_tokens")?,
+        first_token_latency_sum: unsigned(row, "first_token_latency_sum")?,
+        first_token_latency_count: unsigned(row, "first_token_latency_count")?,
+        latency_sum: unsigned(row, "latency_sum")?,
+        latency_count: unsigned(row, "latency_count")?,
+        max_latency_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "max_latency_ms")?,
+        min_latency_ms: optional_unsigned(row, "min_latency_ms")?,
+        cache_eligible_request_count: unsigned(row, "cache_eligible_request_count")?,
+        cache_hit_request_count: unsigned(row, "cache_hit_request_count")?,
+        latency_percentiles: LatencyPercentiles {
+            p50_ms: optional_percentile(row, "latency_p50_ms")?,
+            p95_ms: optional_percentile(row, "latency_p95_ms")?,
+            p99_ms: optional_percentile(row, "latency_p99_ms")?,
+        },
+        first_token_latency_percentiles: LatencyPercentiles {
+            p50_ms: optional_percentile(row, "first_token_p50_ms")?,
+            p95_ms: optional_percentile(row, "first_token_p95_ms")?,
+            p99_ms: optional_percentile(row, "first_token_p99_ms")?,
+        },
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn optional_percentile(
+    row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow,
+    column: &str,
+) -> StoreResult<Option<PercentileMilliseconds>> {
+    row.try_get::<Option<f64>, _>(column)
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("decode latency percentile"))?
+        .map(PercentileMilliseconds::new)
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn coverage_from_row(row: &sqlx::postgres::PgRow) -> StoreResult<CostCoverage> {
+    Ok(CostCoverage {
+        provider_reported_count: unsigned(row, "provider_reported_count")?,
+        calculated_count: unsigned(row, "calculated_count")?,
+        unavailable_count: unsigned(row, "unavailable_count")?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn granularity_for(range: ObservabilityRange) -> ObservationGranularity {
+    let seconds = range.end.signed_duration_since(range.start).num_seconds();
+    if seconds <= 2 * 24 * 60 * 60 {
+        ObservationGranularity::FifteenMinutes
+    } else if seconds <= 31 * 24 * 60 * 60 {
+        ObservationGranularity::Hour
+    } else {
+        ObservationGranularity::Day
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn fill_metric_gaps(
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    granularity: ObservationGranularity,
+    mut points: BTreeMap<DateTime<Utc>, RequestMetricPoint>,
+) -> StoreResult<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>> {
+    let seconds = granularity.seconds();
+    let start_epoch = range.start.timestamp().div_euclid(seconds) * seconds;
+    let mut bucket = DateTime::from_timestamp(start_epoch, 0)
+        .ok_or_else(|| invalid("metric range start is outside supported timestamps"))?;
+    let step = TimeDelta::seconds(seconds);
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+    while bucket < range.end {
+        result.push(points.remove(&bucket).unwrap_or(RequestMetricPoint {
+            bucket_start: bucket,
+            granularity,
+            metrics: RequestMetrics::default(),
+            cost_coverage: CostCoverage::default(),
+            costs: Vec::new(),
+        }));
+        bucket = bucket
+            .checked_add_signed(step)
+            .ok_or_else(|| invalid("metric range exceeds supported timestamps"))?;
+    }
+    Ok(result)
+}

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/observability/queries/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! 观测查询族：dashboard / usage / ops / accounts。
+
+mod accounts;
+mod dashboard;
+mod ops;
+mod usage;
+
+pub(crate) use accounts::*;
+pub(crate) use dashboard::*;
+pub(crate) use ops::*;
+pub(crate) use usage::*;

backend/crates/gateway-store/src/postgres/observability/queries/ops.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+//! Ops 错误查询族。
+
+use super::super::*;
+
+pub(crate) const OPS_ERRORS_CTE: &str = "with errors as (
+       select 'model_request'::text as source,
+              mr.id as event_id, mr.id as request_id,
+              nullif(mr.attempt_count, 0) as attempt_index,
+              mr.client_api_key_ref, 'model_request'::text as component, mr.operation,
+              mr.endpoint,
+              mr.provider_kind,
+              mr.provider_account_ref,
+              mr.provider_account_name_snapshot as provider_account_name,
+              mr.provider_account_email_snapshot as provider_account_email,
+              mr.provider_account_authentication_kind_snapshot
+                as provider_account_authentication_kind,
+              mr.upstream_model_id, mr.upstream_transport,
+              coalesce(mr.error_kind, 'failed') as failure_kind,
+              mr.client_status_code, mr.upstream_status_code,
+              mr.provider_error_code, mr.client_response_id, mr.upstream_request_id,
+              mr.latency_ms, coalesce(mr.error_message, mr.error_kind, 'request failed') as message,
+              1::integer as occurrence_count,
+              coalesce(mr.completed_at, mr.started_at) as occurred_at,
+              'model_request:' || mr.id as stable_sort_id
+       from model_requests mr where mr.outcome = 'failed'
+       union all
+       select 'ops_event'::text, oe.id, oe.model_request_id, oe.attempt_index,
+              mr.client_api_key_ref, oe.component, oe.operation,
+              null::text as endpoint,
+              oe.provider_kind, oe.provider_account_ref,
+              oe.provider_account_name_snapshot as provider_account_name,
+              oe.provider_account_email_snapshot as provider_account_email,
+              oe.provider_account_authentication_kind_snapshot
+                as provider_account_authentication_kind,
+              oe.upstream_model_id, null::text, oe.failure_kind,
+              null::integer as client_status_code, oe.status_code as upstream_status_code,
+              oe.provider_error_code, mr.client_response_id, oe.upstream_request_id,
+              oe.latency_ms, oe.message, oe.occurrence_count, oe.created_at,
+              'ops_event:' || oe.id
+       from ops_events oe left join model_requests mr on mr.id = oe.model_request_id
+     )";
+
+pub(crate) async fn list_ops_errors(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    query: OpsErrorQuery,
+) -> StoreResult<OpsErrorPage> {
+    query.filter.validate()?;
+    let total = count_ops_errors(pool, query.range, &query.filter).await?;
+    let mut statement = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new(OPS_ERRORS_CTE);
+    statement.push(
+        " select source, event_id, request_id, attempt_index, client_api_key_ref,
+                 component, operation, endpoint, provider_kind, provider_account_ref,
+                 provider_account_name, provider_account_email,
+                 provider_account_authentication_kind,
+                 upstream_model_id, upstream_transport,
+                 failure_kind, client_status_code, upstream_status_code,
+                 provider_error_code, client_response_id,
+                 upstream_request_id, latency_ms, message, occurrence_count, occurred_at,
+                 stable_sort_id
+          from errors e where e.occurred_at >= ",
+    );
+    statement.push_bind(query.range.start);
+    statement.push(" and e.occurred_at < ");
+    statement.push_bind(query.range.end);
+    push_ops_filter(&mut statement, &query.filter);
+    if let Some(cursor) = &query.cursor {
+        statement.push(" and (e.occurred_at, e.stable_sort_id) < (");
+        statement.push_bind(cursor.observed_at);
+        statement.push(", ");
+        statement.push_bind(cursor.stable_id.clone());
+        statement.push(")");
+    }
+    statement.push(" order by e.occurred_at desc, e.stable_sort_id desc limit ");
+    statement.push_bind(i64::from(query.page_size.get()) + 1);
+    if query.cursor.is_none() {
+        let offset = u64::from(query.page.get() - 1)
+            .checked_mul(u64::from(query.page_size.get()))
+            .and_then(|value| i64::try_from(value).ok())
+            .ok_or_else(|| invalid("ops error page offset is too large"))?;
+        statement.push(" offset ");
+        statement.push_bind(offset);
+    }
+    let rows = statement
+        .build()
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("list ops errors"))?;
+    let mut items = rows
+        .iter()
+        .map(ops_error_from_row)
+        .collect::<StoreResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    let has_more = items.len() > usize::from(query.page_size.get());
+    if has_more {
+        items.pop();
+    }
+    let next_cursor = if has_more {
+        items
+            .last()
+            .map(|item| ObservabilityCursor::new(item.occurred_at, item.stable_sort_id.clone()))
+            .transpose()?
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    Ok(OpsErrorPage {
+        items,
+        total,
+        next_cursor,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn count_ops_errors(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    range: ObservabilityRange,
+    filter: &OpsErrorFilter,
+) -> StoreResult<u64> {
+    let mut statement = QueryBuilder::<Postgres>::new(OPS_ERRORS_CTE);
+    statement.push(" select count(*)::bigint from errors e where e.occurred_at >= ");
+    statement.push_bind(range.start);
+    statement.push(" and e.occurred_at < ");
+    statement.push_bind(range.end);
+    push_ops_filter(&mut statement, filter);
+    let total = statement
+        .build_query_scalar::<i64>()
+        .fetch_one(pool)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| postgres_unavailable("count ops errors"))?;
+    to_u64(total)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn push_ops_filter(statement: &mut QueryBuilder<Postgres>, filter: &OpsErrorFilter) {
+    for (column, value) in [
+        ("client_api_key_ref", &filter.client_api_key_ref),
+        ("request_id", &filter.request_id),
+        ("provider_account_ref", &filter.provider_account_ref),
+        ("provider_kind", &filter.provider_kind),
+        ("operation", &filter.operation),
+        ("upstream_transport", &filter.transport),
+        ("upstream_request_id", &filter.upstream_request_id),
+        ("failure_kind", &filter.failure_kind),
+    ] {
+        if let Some(value) = value {
+            statement.push(format!(" and e.{column} = "));
+            statement.push_bind(value.clone());
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(value) = &filter.response_id {
+        statement.push(" and e.client_response_id = ");
+        statement.push_bind(value.as_bytes().to_vec());
+    }
+    if let Some(model) = &filter.model {
+        statement.push(" and e.upstream_model_id = ");
+        statement.push_bind(model.clone());
+    }
+    if let Some(index) = filter.attempt_index {
+        statement.push(" and e.attempt_index = ");
+        statement.push_bind(i32::try_from(index).unwrap_or(i32::MAX));
+    }
+    if let Some(status) = filter.status_code {
+        statement.push(" and e.upstream_status_code = ");
+        statement.push_bind(i32::from(status));
+    }
+    if let Some(search) = &filter.search {
+        statement.push(
+            " and lower(concat_ws(' ', e.event_id, e.request_id, e.client_api_key_ref,
+                    e.component, e.operation, e.provider_kind, e.provider_account_ref,
+                    e.upstream_model_id, e.failure_kind, e.provider_error_code,
+                    e.upstream_request_id, e.message)) like ",
+        );
+        statement.push_bind(format!("%{}%", search.to_lowercase()));
+    }
+}