Ruben FiszelandClaude Opus 4.8 38ceae1a09 fix(db): grant schema usage and re-run windmill role grants (#10212)
* fix(db): grant schema usage and re-run windmill role grants

Migration 20250205131523 grants the windmill_user and windmill_admin
roles access to the schema and its tables, but its first statement is
LOCK TABLE pg_catalog.pg_roles, which requires superuser. On managed
Postgres (RDS, Cloud SQL) the migration user is not one, the lock
raises, and the block's EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS handler downgrades the
failure to a NOTICE, so every GRANT after it is skipped. Core tables end
up ungranted and queries on a user_db transaction (SET LOCAL ROLE
windmill_user/windmill_admin) fail with "permission denied for table"
or, when schema USAGE was never granted, "relation does not exist".

Add a migration that re-runs those grants without the lock and without a
catch-all handler, and add the missing GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public to
init-db-as-superuser.sql, which PostgreSQL 15+ no longer implies for
PUBLIC. The init script also now creates windmill_admin before the table
grants so role membership is in place when they run.

Fixes WIN-2208

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs(db): correct schema-privilege rationale in grant migration

PostgreSQL 15 revoked CREATE, not USAGE, from PUBLIC on the public
schema, so USAGE is still granted by default there. The explicit grant
is what a hardened database that revoked it needs, not a PG15 default.
Also correct the description of what 20250205131523's failure actually
loses: 20221105003256 grants the tables outside any locked block, so the
gap is the ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES covering later-created tables.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(db): grant only runner-owned objects to avoid aborting upgrade

GRANT ALL ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA raises a hard "permission denied for
table X" the moment the schema holds an object the migration runner does
not own (a superuser-installed extension such as PostGIS spatial_ref_sys,
or a co-located application table). With no catch-all handler that would
abort the whole upgrade -- a regression against 20250205131523, which
tolerated it only by swallowing every error.

Grant per-object over just the tables and sequences the runner owns,
which is exactly the set the GRANT can succeed on. Windmill's own tables
are all runner-owned, so coverage is unchanged; foreign objects are
skipped rather than aborted on. ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES stays (it only
governs the runner's future objects, so it cannot conflict).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(db): guard each grant so the migration can never abort an upgrade

Wrap every grant in its own BEGIN/EXCEPTION/WARNING so no single failure
can abort the migration -- the opposite of 20250205131523's one
block-wide WHEN OTHERS, whose flaw was granularity: a single early
failure there silently skipped every remaining grant. Here each grant
that cannot be applied is isolated, re-raised as a named WARNING, and the
rest still run.

This closes the last abort paths: a grant on an object dropped by another
session between the catalog scan and the GRANT, USAGE on a schema the
runner cannot grant, or a missing role, now warn and continue instead of
failing the upgrade. On a clean owned schema the guards never fire (zero
warnings, verified). The owner filter stays so foreign objects are
skipped without even a warning; the guard is the backstop.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(db): also grant runner-owned views and materialized views

pg_tables returns only ordinary and partitioned tables, so the previous
loop left owned views (flow_workspace_runnables and any materialized
views) ungranted -- a coverage regression against the GRANT ... ON ALL
TABLES form, which grants views too. Those views are read through
user_db transactions, so windmill_user/windmill_admin need access.

Enumerate pg_class over the relkinds ALL TABLES covers (r, p, v, m, f),
keeping the ownership filter so foreign objects are still skipped.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(db): grant by effective authority, not owner-name equality

Filtering relations by pg_get_userbyid(relowner) = current_user skips
objects the runner can legally grant but does not own by name: after a
migration-credential rotation, tables and sequences stay owned by the
previous runner while the new runner grants through inherited membership
(or as a superuser). Owner-name equality would leave those ungranted and
their user_db access broken.

Filter by pg_has_role(current_user, owner, 'USAGE') instead -- objects
the runner owns directly, inherits ownership of, or reaches as superuser.
Genuinely foreign objects (owner the runner is not a member of) are still
skipped, so the per-object guards remain the backstop.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(db): scope grants by explicit membership, not superuser authority

pg_has_role treats a superuser as a member of every role, so a superuser
migration runner would grant windmill_user/windmill_admin access to every
co-located relation in the schema -- another application's tables, an
extension's tables -- not just Windmill's.

Compute the runner's role set from pg_auth_members (recursive explicit
membership) and grant only relations owned by it. This still covers the
credential-rotation case owner-name equality missed (the new runner is a
real member of the previous owner) without inheriting the superuser's
implicit authority over unrelated roles.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-20 18:32:47 +02:00
2024-02-08 16:09:11 +01:00
2026-07-19 10:45:40 +02:00
2026-02-03 17:50:56 +00:00
2026-07-19 10:45:40 +02:00
2023-08-26 09:17:07 +02:00
2025-04-21 16:53:23 +02:00
2026-06-18 18:09:02 +02:00
2026-04-16 06:26:25 -07:00
2025-12-08 10:34:16 +00:00
2025-03-07 15:08:19 +01:00
2022-05-05 04:25:58 +02:00
2026-02-16 23:36:41 +00:00
2024-02-08 16:09:11 +01:00

windmill.dev

Open-source developer platform for internal code: APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs. Self-hostable alternative to Retool, Pipedream, Superblocks and a simplified Temporal with autogenerated UIs and custom UIs to trigger workflows and scripts as internal apps.

Scripts are turned into sharable UIs automatically, and can be composed together into flows or used into richer apps built with low-code. Supported languages: Python, TypeScript, Go, Bash, SQL, GraphQL, PowerShell, Rust, and more.

Package version Docker Image CI Package version

Commit activity Discord Shield

Try it - Website - Docs - Discord - Hub - Contributor's guide

Windmill - Developer platform for APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs

Windmill is fully open-sourced (AGPLv3) and Windmill Labs offers dedicated instances and commercial support and licenses.

Windmill Diagram

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d80de1d9-64de-4d89-aacd-6df23fa81fc4

Main Concepts

  1. Define a minimal and generic script in Python, TypeScript, Go or Bash that solves a specific task. The code can be defined in the provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension): provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension):

Step 1

  1. Your scripts parameters are automatically parsed and generate a frontend.

Step 2

Step 3

  1. Make it flow! You can chain your scripts or scripts made by the community shared on WindmillHub.

Step 3

  1. Build complex UIs on top of your scripts and flows.

Step 4

Scripts and flows can be triggered by schedules, webhooks, HTTP routes, Kafka, WebSockets, emails, and more.

Build your entire infra on top of Windmill!

Show me some actual script code

//import any dependency  from npm
import * as wmill from "windmill-client";
import * as cowsay from "cowsay@1.5.0";

// fill the type, or use the +Resource type to get a type-safe reference to a resource
type Postgresql = {
  host: string;
  port: number;
  user: string;
  dbname: string;
  sslmode: string;
  password: string;
};

export async function main(
  a: number,
  b: "my" | "enum",
  c: Postgresql,
  d = "inferred type string from default arg",
  e = { nested: "object" }
  //f: wmill.Base64
) {
  const email = process.env["WM_EMAIL"];
  // variables are permissioned and by path
  let variable = await wmill.getVariable("f/company-folder/my_secret");
  const lastTimeRun = await wmill.getState();
  // logs are printed and always inspectable
  console.log(cowsay.say({ text: "hello " + email + " " + lastTimeRun }));
  await wmill.setState(Date.now());

  // return is serialized as JSON
  return { foo: d, variable };
}

Local Development

Windmill supports multiple ways to develop locally and sync with your instance:

Tool Description
CLI Sync scripts from local files or GitHub, run scripts/flows from the command line
VS Code Extension Edit and test scripts & flows directly from VS Code / Cursor with full IDE support
Git Sync Two-way sync between Windmill and your Git repository
Claude Code AI-assisted development with Claude for scripts, flows, and apps

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c541c326-e9ae-4602-a09a-1989aaded1e9

You can run scripts locally by passing the right environment variables for the wmill client library to fetch resources and variables from your instance. See local development docs.

Stack

  • Database: Postgres (compatible with Aurora, Cloud SQL, Neon, Azure PostgreSQL)
  • Backend: Rust - stateless API servers and workers pulling jobs from a Postgres queue
  • Frontend: Svelte 5
  • Sandboxing: nsjail and PID namespace isolation
  • Runtimes:
    • TypeScript/JavaScript: Bun (default) and Deno
    • Python: python3 with uv for dependency management
    • Go, Bash, PowerShell, PHP, Rust, C#, Java, Ansible

Fastest Self-Hostable Workflow Engine

We have compared Windmill to other self-hostable workflow engines (Airflow, Prefect & Temporal) and Windmill is the most performant solution for both benchmarks: one flow composed of 40 lightweight tasks & one flow composed of 10 long-running tasks.

All methodology & results on our Benchmarks page.

Fastest workflow engine

Security

  • Sandboxing: nsjail for filesystem/resource isolation, and PID namespace isolation (enabled by default) to prevent jobs from accessing worker process memory
  • Secrets: One encryption key per workspace for credentials stored in Windmill's K/V store. We recommend encrypting the Postgres database as well.

See Security documentation for details.

Performance

Once a job started, there is no overhead compared to running the same script on the node with its corresponding runner (Deno/Go/Python/Bash). The added latency from a job being pulled from the queue, started, and then having its result sent back to the database is ~50ms. A typical lightweight deno job will take around 100ms total.

Architecture

How to self-host

For detailed setup options, see Self-Host documentation.

Docker compose

Deploy Windmill with 3 files (docker-compose.yml, Caddyfile, .env):

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/docker-compose.yml -o docker-compose.yml
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/Caddyfile -o Caddyfile
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/.env -o .env

docker compose up -d

Go to http://localhost - default credentials: admin@windmill.dev / changeme

Using an external database: Set DATABASE_URL in .env to point to your managed Postgres (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL, Azure, Neon, etc.) and set db replicas to 0.

Kubernetes (Helm charts)

helm repo add windmill https://windmill-labs.github.io/windmill-helm-charts/
helm install windmill-chart windmill/windmill --namespace=windmill --create-namespace

See windmill-helm-charts for configuration options.

Cloud providers

Windmill works on AWS (EKS/ECS), GCP, Azure, Ubicloud, Fly.io, Render.com, Hetzner, Digital Ocean, and others. Rule of thumb: 1 worker per 1vCPU and 1-2 GB RAM.

OAuth, SSO & SMTP

Configure OAuth and SSO (Google Workspace, Microsoft/Azure, Okta) directly from the superadmin UI. See documentation.

License

The Community Edition is free to use internally. For commercial redistribution or managed services, contact sales@windmill.dev. See LICENSE and Pricing for details.

The "Community Edition" of Windmill available in the docker images hosted under ghcr.io/windmill-labs/windmill and the github binary releases contains the files under the AGPLv3 and Apache 2 sources but also includes proprietary and non-public code and features which are not open source and under the following terms: Windmill Labs, Inc. grants a right to use all the features of the "Community Edition" for free without restrictions other than the limits and quotas set in the software and a right to distribute the community edition as is but not to sell, resell, serve Windmill as a managed service, modify or wrap under any form without an explicit agreement.

The binary compilable from source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag is open-source under the LICENSE-AGPLv3 License terms and conditions.

To re-expose directly any Windmill parts to your users as a feature of your product, with the exception of iframed public Windmill "apps", or to build a feature on top of "Windmill Community Edition" that you sell commercially or embed in a distributable product or binary, you must get a commercial license. Contact us at sales@windmill.dev if you have any questions. To do the same from the binary compiled from the source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag, you must comply with the AGPLv3 license terms and conditions or get a commercial license from Windmill Labs, Inc.

To use Windmill "Community Edition" as is internally in your organization, or to use its APIs as is, you do NOT need a commercial license.

Integrations

In Windmill, integrations are referred to as resources and resource types. Each Resource has a Resource Type that defines the schema that the resource needs to implement.

On self-hosted instances, you might want to import all the approved resource types from WindmillHub. A setup script will prompt you to have it being synced automatically everyday.

Environment Variables

Environment Variable name Default Description Api Server/Worker/All
DATABASE_URL The Postgres database url. All
WORKER_GROUP default The worker group the worker belongs to and get its configuration pulled from Worker
MODE standalone The mode if the binary. Possible values: standalone, worker, server, agent All
METRICS_ADDR None (ee only) The socket addr at which to expose Prometheus metrics at the /metrics path. Set to "true" to expose it on port 8001 All
JSON_FMT false Output the logs in json format instead of logfmt All
BASE_URL http://localhost:8000 The base url that is exposed publicly to access your instance. Is overriden by the instance settings if any. Server
ZOMBIE_JOB_TIMEOUT 30 The timeout after which a job is considered to be zombie if the worker did not send pings about processing the job (every server check for zombie jobs every 30s) Server
RESTART_ZOMBIE_JOBS true If true then a zombie job is restarted (in-place with the same uuid and some logs), if false the zombie job is failed Server
NATIVE_MODE false Enable native mode: sets NUM_WORKERS=8, rejects non-native jobs (nativets, postgresql, mysql, etc.) Worker
SLEEP_QUEUE 50 The number of ms to sleep in between the last check for new jobs in the DB. It is multiplied by NUM_WORKERS such that in average, for one worker instance, there is one pull every SLEEP_QUEUE ms. Worker
KEEP_JOB_DIR false Keep the job directory after the job is done. Useful for debugging. Worker
LICENSE_KEY (EE only) None License key checked at startup for the Enterprise Edition of Windmill Worker
SLACK_SIGNING_SECRET None The signing secret of your Slack app. See Slack documentation Server
COOKIE_DOMAIN None The domain of the cookie. If not set, the cookie will be set by the browser based on the full origin Server
DENO_PATH /usr/bin/deno The path to the deno binary. Worker
PYTHON_PATH The path to the python binary if wanting to not have it managed by uv. Worker
GO_PATH /usr/bin/go The path to the go binary. Worker
GOPRIVATE The GOPRIVATE env variable to use private go modules Worker
GOPROXY The GOPROXY env variable to use Worker
NETRC The netrc content to use a private go registry Worker
PY_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS 20 Sets the maximum number of in-flight concurrent python downloads that windmill will perform at any given time. Worker
PATH None The path environment variable, usually inherited Worker
HOME None The home directory to use for Go and Bash , usually inherited Worker
DATABASE_CONNECTIONS 50 (Server)/3 (Worker) The max number of connections in the database connection pool All
SUPERADMIN_SECRET None A token that would let the caller act as a virtual superadmin superadmin@windmill.dev Server
TIMEOUT_WAIT_RESULT 20 The number of seconds to wait before timeout on the 'run_wait_result' endpoint Worker
QUEUE_LIMIT_WAIT_RESULT None The number of max jobs in the queue before rejecting immediately the request in 'run_wait_result' endpoint. Takes precedence on the query arg. If none is specified, there are no limit. Worker
DENO_AUTH_TOKENS None Custom DENO_AUTH_TOKENS to pass to worker to allow the use of private modules Worker
DISABLE_RESPONSE_LOGS false Disable response logs Server
CREATE_WORKSPACE_REQUIRE_SUPERADMIN true If true, only superadmins can create new workspaces Server
MIN_FREE_DISK_SPACE_MB 15000 Minimum amount of free space on worker. Sends critical alert if worker has less free space. Worker
RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START false If true, runs CA certificate update command at startup before other initialization All
RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_PATH /usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates Path to the CA certificate update command/script to run when RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START is true All

Run a local dev setup

We recommend using Nix. See ./frontend/README_DEV.md for all options.

Frontend only

Uses the backend of https://app.windmill.dev with local frontend (hot-reload):

cd frontend
npm install
npm run generate-backend-client  # or generate-backend-client-mac on Mac
npm run dev

Windmill available at http://localhost/

Backend + Frontend

See the ./frontend/README_DEV.md file for all running options.

  1. Start a local Postgres database using for instance the start-dev-db.sh script which will make a database available at postgres://postgres:changeme@localhost:5432/windmill Then run the migrations using the following command:
    cargo install sqlx-cli
    env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> sqlx migrate run
    
    This will also avoid compile time issue with sqlx's query! macro.
  2. (optional, linux only) Install nsjail and have it accessible in your PATH
  3. Install bun, deno and python3 (+ any languages you want to use), have the bins at /usr/bin/bun,/usr/bin/deno, and /usr/local/bin/python3 or set the corresponding environment variables.
  4. (optional) Install the lld linker
  5. Go to frontend/:
    1. npm install, npm run generate-backend-client then REMOTE=http://localhost:8000 npm run dev
    2. You might need to set some extra heap space for the node runtime export NODE_OPTIONS="--max-old-space-size=4096"
    3. Create an empty frontend/build folder using mkdir frontend/build
  6. Go to backend/:
    1. env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> RUST_LOG=info cargo run
    2. You can specify any feature flag you want to enable, for example cargo run --features python to enable the python executor.
  7. Windmill should be available at http://localhost:3000

Contributors

© 2023-2026 Windmill Labs, Inc.

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Description
Open-source developer platform to power your entire infra and turn scripts into webhooks, workflows and UIs. Fastest workflow engine (13x vs Airflow). Open-source alternative to Retool and Temporal.
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