hugocasaandClaude Opus 5 9320312eac feat: cap user token expiration with an instance setting (#11159)
* feat: cap user token expiration with an instance setting

Adds `max_token_expiration_days`, an instance-wide ceiling on how far ahead a
token created through `POST /users/tokens/create` may expire. With it set, that
route refuses a token with no expiration and one that expires past the window;
absent or non-positive, nothing changes.

Only the user-facing handler enforces it. Server-side mints (native trigger
webhook tokens, app embed tokens, sessions) pick a lifetime the caller never
chooses and go straight to `create_token_internal`, so they stay uncapped, as
does the superadmin `impersonate` route.

Service accounts are exempt, in the workspace the token targets or in any
workspace for a global token, so unattended automation can keep longer-lived
credentials.

The token form now surfaces the API error instead of only logging it, and offers
"Expires In" in MCP mode as well: that mode always sent no expiration, which the
cap refuses, leaving MCP URLs impossible to generate.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: shorten over-long token expirations instead of refusing them

Refusing a non-compliant request breaks the callers that cannot comply. The CLI
authorization page, `wmill user create-token` and the editor's language-server
token each pick a lifetime — usually none at all — with no way to read the
setting, so a cap made browser login hang and the editor lose its LSP root
rather than stopping the long-lived tokens the setting is aimed at.

`cap_token_expiration` now returns the expiration to store, shortening a request
that asks for too long or for none. The policy still holds absolutely, no caller
can break, and there is no clock-skew boundary where an expiration exactly at the
ceiling flips to an error. The token form needed no changes at all, so its MCP
and error-toast edits are gone with it.

Also drops the Enterprise badge on the setting, which nothing enforced, notes the
mint paths in docs/auth-surface.md, and pins that `tokens/impersonate` and the
second-workspace case stay outside the exemption.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: drop the unintended token-form change and correct the exemption docs

The token form needed no change once the ceiling shortens rather than refuses,
but the earlier revert restored from the index, which already held the staged
edit, so the MCP expiration field and the error toast stayed on the branch with
a comment justifying them by a refusal that no longer happens.

docs/auth-surface.md claimed a service-account row in any workspace exempts
outright; that only holds for a workspace-less token, which has no workspace to
match. A ceiling written as a string, which the YAML instance config and config
sync can both produce, now has a test.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat: offer only expirations within the ceiling in the token form

The server shortens a token that asks for longer than `max_token_expiration_days`
or for no expiration, which the token form could not tell anyone: a user picking
"No expiration" got the ceiling silently. The form now reads the setting and,
with one set, drops "No expiration" and every choice above it, adds the ceiling
itself as "N days (maximum)" and selects it, and says the instance limits tokens
to N days.

MCP mode hides the expiration field and always sent none, so with a ceiling the
field now shows there too and keeps its value across the toggle. Without a
ceiling the form is unchanged.

Reading it needs no superadmin: the setting joins the keys any logged-in user
can read through `GET /settings/global/{key}`. It holds a policy, not a secret.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: make the token form and the server agree on what counts as a ceiling

The form parsed `max_token_expiration_days` more loosely than
`cap_token_expiration`, so the two could disagree on whether a ceiling exists
at all. A `7.0` from the YAML instance config, or a string such as "7.0" or
"1e1", made the form hide "No expiration" and announce a 7-day limit while the
server capped nothing; a value between chrono's and JavaScript's date limits
preselected an expiration the server could not parse.

Both now read the same thing as a ceiling: a whole number of days from 1 to
1,000,000, stored as an integer, an integral float or a string of digits.
`parseMaxTokenExpirationDays` holds the frontend's copy, and the instance
settings validation uses it too, so the settings page no longer accepts a value
the server would ignore. The bound replaces the date-range guard on both sides.

Also corrects the rationale for shortening rather than refusing: the setting is
now readable by any logged-in user, so those callers do not read it rather than
cannot, and CLIs already installed never will.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: cap service-account tokens like everyone else's

The ticket exempted service accounts from `max_token_expiration_days`, but
their tokens are the long-lived ones a rotation policy is meant to bound, and
the exemption let any workspace admin get an uncapped token by impersonating
one. It also left the token form unable to agree with the server: an admin
impersonating a service account was offered only capped choices while the
server would have kept any.

`cap_token_expiration` now takes just the requested expiration, with no
per-caller lookup, and the service-account query and its cache entry are gone.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: cap superadmin impersonation tokens and pin the frontend parser

`POST /users/tokens/impersonate` wrote its own token row with whatever
expiration the superadmin sent, so it was the one route left that could mint a
token that never expires with `max_token_expiration_days` set. The ceiling only
decides the stored expiration (the auth lookup never reads the setting), so
leaving it uncapped meant exactly that. It now goes through
`cap_token_expiration` like `create_token`; nothing in Windmill calls it, so no
caller changes.

Also adds `tokenExpiration.test.ts`, pinning which stored values
`parseMaxTokenExpirationDays` reads as a ceiling against the server's reading,
and documents that tokens existing when the setting is turned on or lowered
keep their expiration.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: reject a max_token_expiration_days the token routes cannot read

The settings API and config sync stored any value for the key, and the token
routes can only read an unparseable one as no ceiling. A typo such as `7.5` or
"7.0" was accepted and silently turned the policy off.

`parse_max_token_expiration_days` in windmill-common is now the single server
reading of the setting: null or empty clears it, a whole number of days within
the bound is the ceiling, anything else is an error. The settings write hook and
`sync_global_settings_declarative` reject that error, and `cap_token_expiration`
reads through the same function, logging a value written around both.

Tests: the parser's accept/clear/reject table (the same table as the frontend
parser's), the settings API refusing 7.5, and config sync refusing "7.0".

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: reserve the CLI login token label so its expiry does not email the user

With a token expiration ceiling, the token the CLI authorization page mints now
expires, so every `wmill` login earned an "expiring soon" and an "expired and
deleted" email and critical alert. The CLI already signs in again on its own
when that token stops working, so those notifications ask the user to do
nothing.

The page now labels it `cli-login:<username>` (previously `cli-<username>`),
reserved in `is_user_token` and its SQL and Svelte mirrors: no expiry
notifications, and the label cannot be edited. A colon-terminated namespace
like `embed_app:` and `impersonation:` keeps hand-made labels clear of it. Not
in `is_server_minted_label`, since the page mints through `/users/tokens/create`.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: skip the expiring-soon warning for tokens that were short-lived from the start

A token whose whole lifetime fits in the 7-day warning window got its
"expiring soon" email (and critical alert, when enabled) minutes after it was
created, about a lifetime its creator had just picked. With an expiration
ceiling of 7 days or less that is every token created from the form or
`wmill token create`.

`register_token_expiry_notification` no longer queues a warning for such a
token. The window is now `TOKEN_EXPIRY_WARNING_DAYS`, shared with
`check_expiring_tokens`, so shortening the warning window can never leave
tokens of an intermediate lifetime with no warning at all. The "expired and
deleted" notice still goes out for every user token.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: exempt service-account tokens from the expiration ceiling again

Service accounts are the identity automation that needs a long-lived credential
runs as, so their tokens are exempt from `max_token_expiration_days` once more:
a service account in the workspace the token names, or in any workspace for a
workspace-less token. `tokens/impersonate` checks the impersonated account, so
a superadmin minting a token for a service account gets the same exemption.

The token form applies the same rule for the account it is running as, when
that account is a service account in the current workspace, which is what an
admin impersonating one sees; otherwise it would offer only capped choices
while the server keeps any.

Any workspace admin can create and impersonate a service account to hold an
uncapped token, so the ceiling bounds personal tokens; the doc comment and
docs/auth-surface.md say so.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: decide the token form's service-account exemption from the token's workspace

The form treated the account as a service account only when it was one in the
workspace the app was on, while the server checks the workspace the token is
for, or any workspace for a workspace-less token. With an email that is a
service account in one workspace and an ordinary member of another, picking the
other workspace in MCP mode offered "No expiration" and the server silently
stored the ceiling; the reverse hid the exemption.

`GET /workspaces/users` now returns each membership's `is_service_account`
(its query already joins the `usr` row), and the form applies the server's rule
to the token's own workspace. The selection becomes a derived value held within
the ceiling, so switching to a capped workspace never leaves an unoffered choice
selected.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-09-18 14:37:39 +02:00
2024-02-08 16:09:11 +01:00
2026-02-03 17:50:56 +00:00
2026-09-17 20:10:04 +02:00
2023-08-26 09:17:07 +02:00
2026-08-19 14:18:37 +00:00
2025-04-21 16:53:23 +02:00
2026-04-16 06:26:25 -07:00
2025-12-08 10:34:16 +00:00
2025-03-07 15:08:19 +01:00
2022-05-05 04:25:58 +02:00
2024-02-08 16:09:11 +01:00

windmill.dev

Open-source developer platform for internal code: APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs. Self-hostable alternative to Retool, Pipedream, Superblocks and a simplified Temporal with autogenerated UIs and custom UIs to trigger workflows and scripts as internal apps.

Scripts are turned into sharable UIs automatically, and can be composed together into flows or used into richer apps built with low-code. Supported languages: Python, TypeScript, Go, Bash, SQL, GraphQL, PowerShell, Rust, and more.

Package version Docker Image CI Package version

Commit activity Discord Shield

Try it - Website - Docs - Discord - Hub - Contributing

Windmill - Developer platform for APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs

Windmill is fully open-sourced (AGPLv3) and Windmill Labs offers dedicated instances and commercial support and licenses.

Windmill Diagram

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d80de1d9-64de-4d89-aacd-6df23fa81fc4

Main Concepts

  1. Define a minimal and generic script in Python, TypeScript, Go or Bash that solves a specific task. The code can be defined in the provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension): provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension):

Step 1

  1. Your scripts parameters are automatically parsed and generate a frontend.

Step 2

Step 3

  1. Make it flow! You can chain your scripts or scripts made by the community shared on WindmillHub.

Step 3

  1. Build complex UIs on top of your scripts and flows.

Step 4

Scripts and flows can be triggered by schedules, webhooks, HTTP routes, Kafka, WebSockets, emails, and more.

Build your entire infra on top of Windmill!

Show me some actual script code

//import any dependency  from npm
import * as wmill from "windmill-client";
import * as cowsay from "cowsay@1.5.0";

// fill the type, or use the +Resource type to get a type-safe reference to a resource
type Postgresql = {
  host: string;
  port: number;
  user: string;
  dbname: string;
  sslmode: string;
  password: string;
};

export async function main(
  a: number,
  b: "my" | "enum",
  c: Postgresql,
  d = "inferred type string from default arg",
  e = { nested: "object" }
  //f: wmill.Base64
) {
  const email = process.env["WM_EMAIL"];
  // variables are permissioned and by path
  let variable = await wmill.getVariable("f/company-folder/my_secret");
  const lastTimeRun = await wmill.getState();
  // logs are printed and always inspectable
  console.log(cowsay.say({ text: "hello " + email + " " + lastTimeRun }));
  await wmill.setState(Date.now());

  // return is serialized as JSON
  return { foo: d, variable };
}

Local Development

Windmill supports multiple ways to develop locally and sync with your instance:

Tool Description
CLI Sync scripts from local files or GitHub, run scripts/flows from the command line
VS Code Extension Edit and test scripts & flows directly from VS Code / Cursor with full IDE support
Git Sync Two-way sync between Windmill and your Git repository
Claude Code AI-assisted development with Claude for scripts, flows, and apps

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c541c326-e9ae-4602-a09a-1989aaded1e9

You can run scripts locally by passing the right environment variables for the wmill client library to fetch resources and variables from your instance. See local development docs.

Stack

  • Database: Postgres (compatible with Aurora, Cloud SQL, Neon, Azure PostgreSQL)
  • Backend: Rust - stateless API servers and workers pulling jobs from a Postgres queue
  • Frontend: Svelte 5
  • Sandboxing: nsjail and PID namespace isolation
  • Runtimes:
    • TypeScript/JavaScript: Bun (default) and Deno
    • Python: python3 with uv for dependency management
    • Go, Bash, PowerShell, PHP, Rust, C#, Java, Ansible

Fastest Self-Hostable Workflow Engine

We have compared Windmill to other self-hostable workflow engines (Airflow, Prefect & Temporal) and Windmill is the most performant solution for both benchmarks: one flow composed of 40 lightweight tasks & one flow composed of 10 long-running tasks.

All methodology & results on our Benchmarks page.

Fastest workflow engine

Security

  • Sandboxing: nsjail for filesystem/resource isolation, and PID namespace isolation (enabled by default) to prevent jobs from accessing worker process memory
  • Secrets: One encryption key per workspace for credentials stored in Windmill's K/V store. We recommend encrypting the Postgres database as well.

See Security documentation for details.

Performance

Once a job started, there is no overhead compared to running the same script on the node with its corresponding runner (Deno/Go/Python/Bash). The added latency from a job being pulled from the queue, started, and then having its result sent back to the database is ~50ms. A typical lightweight deno job will take around 100ms total.

Architecture

How to self-host

For detailed setup options, see Self-Host documentation.

Docker compose

Deploy Windmill with 3 files (docker-compose.yml, Caddyfile, .env):

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/docker-compose.yml -o docker-compose.yml
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/Caddyfile -o Caddyfile
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/.env -o .env

docker compose up -d

Go to http://localhost - default credentials: admin@windmill.dev / changeme

Using an external database: Set DATABASE_URL in .env to point to your managed Postgres (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL, Azure, Neon, etc.) and set db replicas to 0.

Kubernetes (Helm charts)

helm repo add windmill https://windmill-labs.github.io/windmill-helm-charts/
helm install windmill-chart windmill/windmill --namespace=windmill --create-namespace

See windmill-helm-charts for configuration options.

Cloud providers

Windmill works on AWS (EKS/ECS), GCP, Azure, Ubicloud, Fly.io, Render.com, Hetzner, Digital Ocean, and others. Rule of thumb: 1 worker per 1vCPU and 1-2 GB RAM.

OAuth, SSO & SMTP

Configure OAuth and SSO (Google Workspace, Microsoft/Azure, Okta) directly from the superadmin UI. See documentation.

License

The Community Edition is free to use internally. For commercial redistribution or managed services, contact sales@windmill.dev. See LICENSE and Pricing for details.

The "Community Edition" of Windmill available in the docker images hosted under ghcr.io/windmill-labs/windmill and the github binary releases contains the files under the AGPLv3 and Apache 2 sources but also includes proprietary and non-public code and features which are not open source and under the following terms: Windmill Labs, Inc. grants a right to use all the features of the "Community Edition" for free without restrictions other than the limits and quotas set in the software and a right to distribute the community edition as is but not to sell, resell, serve Windmill as a managed service, modify or wrap under any form without an explicit agreement.

The binary compilable from source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag is open-source under the LICENSE-AGPLv3 License terms and conditions.

To re-expose directly any Windmill parts to your users as a feature of your product, with the exception of iframed public Windmill "apps", or to build a feature on top of "Windmill Community Edition" that you sell commercially or embed in a distributable product or binary, you must get a commercial license. Contact us at sales@windmill.dev if you have any questions. To do the same from the binary compiled from the source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag, you must comply with the AGPLv3 license terms and conditions or get a commercial license from Windmill Labs, Inc.

To use Windmill "Community Edition" as is internally in your organization, or to use its APIs as is, you do NOT need a commercial license.

Integrations

In Windmill, integrations are referred to as resources and resource types. Each Resource has a Resource Type that defines the schema that the resource needs to implement.

On self-hosted instances, you might want to import all the approved resource types from WindmillHub. A setup script will prompt you to have it being synced automatically everyday.

Environment Variables

Environment Variable name Default Description Api Server/Worker/All
DATABASE_URL The Postgres database url. All
WORKER_GROUP default The worker group the worker belongs to and get its configuration pulled from Worker
MODE standalone The mode if the binary. Possible values: standalone, worker, server, agent All
METRICS_ADDR None (ee only) The socket addr at which to expose Prometheus metrics at the /metrics path. Set to "true" to expose it on port 8001 All
JSON_FMT false Output the logs in json format instead of logfmt All
BASE_URL http://localhost:8000 The base url that is exposed publicly to access your instance. Is overriden by the instance settings if any. Server
ZOMBIE_JOB_TIMEOUT 30 The timeout after which a job is considered to be zombie if the worker did not send pings about processing the job (every server check for zombie jobs every 30s) Server
RESTART_ZOMBIE_JOBS true If true then a zombie job is restarted (in-place with the same uuid and some logs), if false the zombie job is failed Server
NATIVE_MODE false Enable native mode: sets NUM_WORKERS=8, rejects non-native jobs (nativets, postgresql, mysql, etc.) Worker
SLEEP_QUEUE 50 The number of ms to sleep in between the last check for new jobs in the DB. It is multiplied by NUM_WORKERS such that in average, for one worker instance, there is one pull every SLEEP_QUEUE ms. Worker
KEEP_JOB_DIR false Keep the job directory after the job is done. Useful for debugging. Worker
EXIT_AFTER_N_JOBS None Exit the worker process after it has executed that many jobs, so that a supervisor restarts it and no process runs more than that many, bar the steps of a same-worker flow it has started, which it always finishes (set it to 1 for a process per job; jobs handed to a dedicated worker, and the worker's own init and periodic scripts, do not count). Not counting the init and periodic scripts means they run again on every restart: an init script's runtime is added to the latency of every batch of that many jobs, and a periodic script fires once per process start whatever its interval says. The worker's shell in the workers page also starts backed off rather than after the two minutes it otherwise takes, since a process due to be recycled cannot count on living that long: the first command of a session can wait up to 15s, later ones are immediate. For deployments that isolate executions by process lifetime rather than with nsjail; note that a container restart resets the process, not the container filesystem, so caches and /tmp survive it. The worker name is then derived from the hostname instead of being random, so the restarted worker keeps its row in the workers list (an agent worker keeps the row but restarts its job count). Use one worker per process: workers of one process share its environment, so the first to reach the limit shuts the others down too. Worker
WORKER_SUFFIX None Pins the last part of the worker name, which is otherwise random, so that a restarted worker keeps its row in the workers list. Only needed when several worker processes of the same worker group run on one host, since the name is derived from the hostname: give each of them a distinct value, as two processes sharing one must never happen. At most 64 letters, digits and underscores; anything else is refused at startup. Worker
LICENSE_KEY (EE only) None License key checked at startup for the Enterprise Edition of Windmill Worker
SLACK_SIGNING_SECRET None The signing secret of your Slack app. See Slack documentation Server
COOKIE_DOMAIN None The domain of the cookie. If not set, the cookie will be set by the browser based on the full origin Server
DENO_PATH /usr/bin/deno The path to the deno binary. Worker
PYTHON_PATH The path to the python binary if wanting to not have it managed by uv. Worker
GO_PATH /usr/bin/go The path to the go binary. Worker
GOPRIVATE The GOPRIVATE env variable to use private go modules Worker
GOPROXY The GOPROXY env variable to use Worker
NETRC The netrc content to use a private go registry Worker
PY_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS 20 Sets the maximum number of in-flight concurrent python downloads that windmill will perform at any given time. Worker
PATH None The path environment variable, usually inherited Worker
HOME None The home directory to use for Go and Bash , usually inherited Worker
DATABASE_CONNECTIONS 50 (Server)/3 (Worker) The max number of connections in the database connection pool All
SUPERADMIN_SECRET None A token that would let the caller act as a virtual superadmin superadmin@windmill.dev Server
TIMEOUT_WAIT_RESULT 20 The number of seconds to wait before timeout on the 'run_wait_result' endpoint Worker
QUEUE_LIMIT_WAIT_RESULT None The number of max jobs in the queue before rejecting immediately the request in 'run_wait_result' endpoint. Takes precedence on the query arg. If none is specified, there are no limit. Worker
DENO_AUTH_TOKENS None Custom DENO_AUTH_TOKENS to pass to worker to allow the use of private modules Worker
DISABLE_RESPONSE_LOGS false Disable response logs Server
CREATE_WORKSPACE_REQUIRE_SUPERADMIN true If true, only superadmins can create new workspaces Server
MIN_FREE_DISK_SPACE_MB 15000 Minimum amount of free space on worker. Sends critical alert if worker has less free space. Worker
RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START false If true, runs CA certificate update command at startup before other initialization All
RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_PATH /usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates Path to the CA certificate update command/script to run when RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START is true All
GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS None (ee only) Credentials file for GCP Pub/Sub triggers that authenticate as the instance rather than through a gcloud resource (workspace admins only). Application default credentials also resolve the gcloud well-known file and the GCE metadata server. Workload Identity Federation files work with the file, url and aws credential sources; the executable source is not supported. Server

Run a local dev setup

We recommend using Nix. See ./frontend/README_DEV.md for all options.

Frontend only

Uses the backend of https://app.windmill.dev with local frontend (hot-reload):

cd frontend
npm install
npm run generate-backend-client  # or generate-backend-client-mac on Mac
npm run dev

Windmill available at http://localhost/

Backend + Frontend

See the ./frontend/README_DEV.md file for all running options.

  1. Start a local Postgres database using for instance the start-dev-db.sh script which will make a database available at postgres://postgres:changeme@localhost:5432/windmill Then run the migrations using the following command:
    cargo install sqlx-cli
    env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> sqlx migrate run
    
    This will also avoid compile time issue with sqlx's query! macro.
  2. (optional, linux only) Install nsjail and have it accessible in your PATH
  3. Install bun, deno and python3 (+ any languages you want to use), have the bins at /usr/bin/bun,/usr/bin/deno, and /usr/local/bin/python3 or set the corresponding environment variables.
  4. (optional) Install the lld linker
  5. Go to frontend/:
    1. npm install, npm run generate-backend-client then REMOTE=http://localhost:8000 npm run dev
    2. You might need to set some extra heap space for the node runtime export NODE_OPTIONS="--max-old-space-size=4096"
    3. Create an empty frontend/build folder using mkdir frontend/build
  6. Go to backend/:
    1. env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> RUST_LOG=info cargo run
    2. You can specify any feature flag you want to enable, for example cargo run --features python to enable the python executor.
  7. Windmill should be available at http://localhost:3000

Contributing

At this time, we are not seeking outside contribution. Bug reports and feature requests remain very welcome, and small, trivially-verified PRs that fix a problem are still accepted. See CONTRIBUTING.md for the full policy.

Contributors

© 2023-2026 Windmill Labs, Inc.

S
Description
Open-source developer platform to power your entire infra and turn scripts into webhooks, workflows and UIs. Fastest workflow engine (13x vs Airflow). Open-source alternative to Retool and Temporal.
Readme
882 MiB
Languages
Rust 34.1%
TypeScript 25.4%
Svelte 24.1%
HTML 12.6%
JavaScript 1.4%
Other 2.2%