Ruben Fiszel 9d2bd27bd7 fix: pair PG arg type with actual Rust binding to keep query_typed_raw safe (#8999)
* fix: pair PG arg type with actual Rust binding to keep query_typed_raw safe

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(pg): wrap encoder errors with arg context, add fallback test

Followups on #8999 review:

- Wrap rust-postgres "error serializing parameter N" failures with the arg
  name, JSON value kind, and asserted Postgres type plus a hint about an
  explicit cast — so users see actionable context instead of an opaque
  WrongType.
- Drift-prevention meta-test: assert otyp_to_pg_type and convert_val agree
  on the Type for every recognised arg_t when the JSON value matches its
  natural Rust kind. Catches future drift if either side changes.
- Integration test for the prepare + query_raw fallback path: confirms
  unrecognised arg_t (custom enum) is routed through prepare and the
  server-resolved type appears in the failure surface — flips into a
  test failure if a regression accidentally routes unrecognised types
  through query_typed_raw.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(pg): add otyp_inferred flag + regex-based placeholder renumbering

Two follow-ups from the review of #8999:

1. **Issue #1 (Number/Bool + explicit text decl in WHERE)**

   Add `Arg::otyp_inferred: bool` to the parser. The PG SQL parser sets
   it `true` only at the "no info → fall back to text" site (bare `$N`,
   no inline cast, no `-- $N (TYPE)` decl). All other arg sources keep
   it `false`.

   In `convert_val` this flag distinguishes:
   - explicit text-like target (`-- $1 (text)` or `$1::text`) — coerce
     `Bool`/`Number` → `Box<String>` so `WHERE text_col = $1` works
     (`text = text` operator). Pre-#8988 behaviour, restored.
   - parser-default text (bare `$N`) — bind the value's natural Rust
     type so the regression case (`Value::Bool` against a real `bool`
     column via `CAST AS bool`) keeps working.

   `Arg` is in `windmill-parser`; the new field has `#[serde(default)]`
   so persisted signatures stay backward-compatible.

2. **Issue #4 ($5/$50 substring rewrite collision)**

   Replace the per-index `String::replace` chain (which turned `$50`
   into `$10` when oidx=5 was processed first) with a single regex
   pass. `\d+` is greedy, so `$5` and `$50` match as distinct units;
   indices outside the mapping are left intact.

3. Tests:
   - parser: `test_parse_pgsql_otyp_inferred_flag` covers bare/inline-
     cast/decl/mixed shapes.
   - executor unit: `convert_val_bool_against_every_arg_t` and
     `convert_val_*_number_*` split each text-like target into explicit
     vs inferred expectations.
   - executor unit: `renumber_sparse_placeholders_no_collision`.
   - integration: `test_postgresql_arg_type_combinations` adds 4 cases
     covering decl(text)+Number/Bool in WHERE, bare $1+Bool, and
     sparse positional args ($5/$50).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(pg+sdk): enum support, extended String arms, position-aware $N rewrite, SDK quality

Backend:

1. **`AnyTextValue` ToSql/FromSql wrapper**: vanilla `tokio_postgres`'s
   `ToSql for String` / `FromSql for String` reject `Kind::Enum` and
   `Kind::Domain` even though the wire format is plain UTF-8. The wrapper
   accepts those kinds in both directions. End result: explicit
   `$1::my_enum` / `CAST($1 AS my_enum)` casts now round-trip without the
   ugly `CAST($1::text AS my_enum)` workaround, AND `SELECT enum_col`
   results come back as JSON strings instead of erroring at the FromSql
   layer.

2. **#10 — Value::String → numeric/real/double/oid/bool**. Without these
   arms, a string-encoded value (`"3.14"`, `"true"`) for a non-text /
   non-temporal arg_t fell through to `Box<String> + TEXT`, which then
   failed at the server (no implicit cast text→numeric in expression
   context). Now strings are parsed into the matching native type with
   clear error messages on parse failure.

3. **Position-aware `$N` rewrite**: replaces the regex-based renumbering
   (which fixed the `$5/$50` substring collision but still walked through
   string literals and comments, mangling `'price: $5'` etc.) with a
   walk over `parse_pg_statement_arg_positions` — the same
   string/comment/dollar-quote-aware tokenizer used for index discovery.
   Adds `parse_pg_statement_arg_positions` to the parser's public API.

SDK:

4. **BigInt support**: `JSON.stringify(BigInt)` throws. The SDK now
   stringifies bigints before serialisation; the executor accepts
   numeric strings into BIGINT arg slots via the existing
   `Value::String → INT8` parsing arm. SDK-side `inferSqlType` is split
   so `BigInt` always resolves to `BIGINT` (was reaching
   `Number.isInteger(BigInt)` which returns false → wrong default).

5. **Homogeneous array auto-tag**: `${[1,2,3]}` against an `int[]` column
   now emits `$1::BIGINT[]` instead of `$1::JSON`. Detection covers
   primitive types only (number / bigint / string / boolean); mixed or
   nested arrays still fall back to JSON. Mixed int/float widens to
   `DOUBLE PRECISION[]`.

6. **`.query()` positional bug**: previously the `.query()` method
   abused the template-tag builder, which appended `$N::TYPE` after the
   user's literal SQL string instead of binding by position
   (`SELECT $1, $2` became `SELECT $1, $2$1::BIGINT`). Now `.query()`
   builds the executor-shaped content directly: a `-- $N argN (TYPE)`
   declaration block followed by the user's SQL verbatim.

Tests:

- Parser: `test_parse_pg_statement_arg_positions_skips_strings_and_comments`
  asserts string literals, comments, and dollar-quoted blocks don't
  produce positions (so renumbering doesn't mangle them).
- Executor unit: `renumber_sparse_placeholders_no_collision_no_string_mangling`
  uses the new position-aware path and includes string-literal + comment
  + `$$…$$` cases. Existing convert_val tests grow to cover new
  String→numeric/real/double/oid/bool arms.
- Integration: `test_postgresql_arg_type_combinations` adds 13 cases
  (enum round-trip both directions, string→numeric/real/double/bool/oid,
  string-literal `$N` non-mangling). The prepare-fallback test now
  asserts SUCCESS (not failure) for enum encoding via AnyTextValue.
- SDK: new `typescript-client/tests/sqlUtils.test.ts` (42 tests)
  exhaustively covering inferSqlType primitives + arrays,
  parseTypeAnnotation, datatable() template tag (with all the new
  shapes — BigInt, homogeneous arrays, RawSql, schema preamble),
  datatable().query() positional, and ducklake() shape.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(pg): replace DISCARD ALL with curated reset (preserves typeinfo cache)

Found while exhaustively probing custom-type DX: every cached-connection
reuse was running `DISCARD ALL`, whose included `DEALLOCATE ALL`
deallocates *all* prepared statements server-side — including the typeinfo
statements that tokio_postgres caches per-Client to resolve custom enum /
domain Oids. tokio_postgres still held `Statement` objects whose names
the server had forgotten, so the next custom-type query failed with
intermittent "prepared statement \"sN\" does not exist" errors. The
failure was easy to reproduce: any sequence that forced typeinfo lookup
for two different custom-type kinds on the same cached connection (e.g.
enum followed by domain) would hit it.

Replace `DISCARD ALL` with a curated reset that explicitly targets the
state we actually care about, *without* touching prepared statements:

  RESET ALL                     — GUC parameters (search_path, application
                                  _name, statement_timeout, …)
  RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION   — undoes both `SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION`
                                  and `SET ROLE` (RESET ALL does NOT —
                                  these aren't GUC parameters, so without
                                  this an elevated role from a previous
                                  job would silently leak)
  UNLISTEN *                    — drops LISTEN registrations
  CLOSE ALL                     — closes open cursors

Trade-off: temp tables, advisory locks (session-scoped), and user-created
PREPARE statements may persist across cached-connection reuse — rare in
datatable / PG-script workloads. tokio_postgres's typeinfo cache survives
intact, so custom enum / domain queries are fast on subsequent reuse.

Tests:
- `test_postgresql_custom_types_on_cached_connection` — runs 10×
  alternating enum + domain queries on a cached connection. Pre-fix this
  failed with `prepared statement "sN" does not exist` after the first
  reuse; post-fix passes.
- `test_postgresql_set_role_does_not_leak_across_cached_connection` —
  switches `SET ROLE` and `SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION` to a non-postgres
  role, then runs a follow-up job and asserts current_user/session_user
  are restored. Specifically catches the case where someone might switch
  back to `RESET ALL` alone (which doesn't cover SET ROLE / SESSION
  AUTHORIZATION) and silently introduce a permission-leak vector.
- All existing session-isolation tests
  (`test_postgresql_cached_connection_resets_session`,
   `test_postgresql_single_worker_session_isolation`,
   `test_postgresql_100_jobs_cached`) continue to pass.

Found via end-to-end probing of datatable / PG-script DX, not previously
covered: the existing isolation tests only did `SET ROLE postgres`, the
connecting user, so the leak was invisible.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(pg): address PR #8999 review (cubic + claude)

cubic (P1, real bug):
- `convert_vec_val` for `timetz` array asserted `Type::TIMETZ_ARRAY`, but
  chrono `NaiveTime` only encodes for TIME (same caveat as the scalar
  arm). Switch to `Type::TIME_ARRAY`; rely on PG's implicit `time→timetz`
  assignment cast at the column site. Add an explicit unit test.

claude (#1, silent failure → explicit error):
- `Bool` + explicit `(char)` / `(character)` decl previously silently
  bound BOOL, hoping the server would cast at the use site — but PG has
  no implicit `bool→char` and the resulting error
  ("operator does not exist: bool = char") was opaque. Now error at
  bind time with an actionable hint to use `bool` decl or pass the
  value as a "t"/"f" string.

claude (#2, asymmetry doc):
- Object/Array still coerce to text on `matches!(typ, Typ::Str(_))`
  (covers both explicit AND inferred-default text), unlike Bool/Number
  which key on `explicit_text_target`. The asymmetry is intentional
  (no implicit `jsonb → text` cast in expression context vs PG having
  implicit `bool/int → text` casts) — added a body comment so future
  maintainers don't try to "align" them.

claude (#3, perf):
- `parse_pg_statement_arg_indices` and `parse_pg_statement_arg_positions`
  walked the SQL tokenizer twice. Fold into a single pass that derives
  the index set from the position list.

claude (#4, fmt drift):
- `cargo fmt` over the parser crates I touched with perl scripts in the
  earlier commit (windmill-parser-{sql,bash,ts,go,php,java,csharp,nu,py,
  rust,graphql,yaml,r}). Net cosmetic.

claude (#5, parseTypeAnnotation):
- One-line caveat in the SDK's `parseTypeAnnotation` that the returned
  string is presence-only (e.g. `${x}::DOUBLE PRECISION` returns
  `"DOUBLE"`, `CAST(${x} AS int)` returns `"int)"` — neither matches a
  real PG type, but the only consumer just checks `!== undefined`).

While here — discovered + fixed independently while exhaustively probing
DX:

- **Replace `DISCARD ALL` with curated reset** (`RESET ALL; RESET
  SESSION AUTHORIZATION; UNLISTEN *; CLOSE ALL;`). DISCARD's
  `DEALLOCATE ALL` killed tokio_postgres' typeinfo cache, producing
  intermittent `prepared statement "sN" does not exist` errors on
  custom-type queries after cached-conn reuse. New regression tests:
  `test_postgresql_custom_types_on_cached_connection` and
  `test_postgresql_set_role_does_not_leak_across_cached_connection`
  (the latter catches the case where someone might switch back to
  `RESET ALL` alone and silently introduce a permission-leak vector —
  RESET ALL doesn't cover SET ROLE / SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION).

- **ISO-8601 timestamp results** (`pg_cell_to_json_value`). Pre-fix
  `TIMESTAMP` was rendered with a space separator ("2024-01-15 10:30:00")
  and `TIMESTAMPTZ` with " UTC" suffix ("2024-01-15 10:30:00 UTC") —
  neither parseable by `date-fns parseISO`, JavaScript `new Date()` is
  lenient enough to handle them but several frontend `App*Input.svelte`
  components use parseISO and fail silently. Switched to ISO-8601 with
  `T` separator and `+00:00` offset; arg-parsing path still accepts the
  legacy " UTC" suffix for back-compat.

Test coverage:
- 17/17 unit (`pg_executor::tests`)
- 9/9 integration (`backend/tests/worker.rs`, `test_postgresql_*`)
- 27/27 parser (`windmill-parser-sql`)
- 42/42 SDK (`typescript-client/tests/sqlUtils.test.ts`)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(pg): bounded one-shot warning on numeric precision loss + ISO-8601 + NaN handling

Found while probing PG-script DX with millions of numeric cells:

1. **Numeric precision-loss warning**: `numeric` results are still serialised
   as JSON Number (back-compat — switching to JSON String would silently
   break user code doing arithmetic on results), but we now detect
   `Decimal -> f64 -> Decimal` round-trip failure and emit a single
   job-log warning recommending a `::text` cast in the SQL. Bounded by
   `NUMERIC_PRECISION_CHECK_BUDGET = 256` cells per query (one atomic
   load + one fetch_sub on the hot path; first lossy value
   short-circuits to a single load thereafter). Worst-case overhead on
   a 1M-cell numeric-heavy query: ~25µs of checks + 5ns × N atomic
   loads (vs. ~100ms unbounded).

2. **ISO-8601 timestamps**: `pg_cell_to_json_value` previously returned
   `"2024-01-15 10:30:00"` (TIMESTAMP) and `"2024-01-15 10:30:00 UTC"`
   (TIMESTAMPTZ) — neither parseable by date-fns `parseISO`, which is
   what the apps `App*Input.svelte` components use, so timestamp values
   silently failed to round-trip into date pickers. Switch to ISO-8601
   (`T` separator + `+00:00` offset) on the result side; arg-parser
   continues to accept the legacy `" UTC"`-suffixed format for
   back-compat.

3. **Float NaN / Infinity results**: `Number::from_f64` returns None for
   NaN / ±Inf, which `pg_cell_to_json_value` was raising as
   "invalid json-float" — failing the *entire* query if any cell held
   one of these special values. Now serialise them as JSON strings
   ("NaN", "Infinity", "-Infinity") and let the rest of the row come
   through. Arg-side: `s.parse::<f64>()` already accepts the same
   strings.

Tests:
- `decimal_fits_f64_losslessly_predicate` — covers fits / doesn't-fit
  cases for the precision-loss predicate.
- `precision_check_budget_caps_per_query_overhead` — locks in the
  budget cap and the loss-flag short-circuit.
- All 9 PG integration tests + 17 unit tests pass.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(pg): add pg_advisory_unlock_all to reset; warn on missing args; honor decl defaults

While probing PG-script DX further found three more frictions:

1. **Advisory lock leak** (cubic P2): switching from `DISCARD ALL` to
   `RESET ALL; RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION; UNLISTEN *; CLOSE ALL;`
   meant session-scoped advisory locks (`pg_advisory_lock`) leaked
   across cached-connection reuse. Add `SELECT pg_advisory_unlock_all()`
   to the chain — `DISCARD ALL` covered this implicitly via
   `DISCARD PLANS / DEALLOCATE / pg_advisory_unlock_all` and we lost it
   in the switch.

2. **Missing-arg silent NULL**: an arg declared in the SQL (e.g.
   `-- $1 amount (numeric)`) but not provided in the args object was
   bound as NULL with no error / warning. Misspelling the key in the
   args object silently produced a row of NULLs — a notorious DX
   debugging trap. Now: collect the names of declared-but-missing
   args during dispatch and emit a single one-shot warning to the job
   logs at end-of-query naming each one. Bound NULL is preserved for
   back-compat.

3. **Declaration defaults ignored**: `-- $1 a (int) = 5` carries
   `arg.default = Some(Number(5))`, but the dispatch fell straight to
   NULL when the arg was missing. Now: respect the default —
   user-supplied value > declaration default > NULL. Also fixes the
   warning logic above (only warn for args that *don't* have a default).

Tests: existing 19 unit + 9 integration pass.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(pg): multi-word PG types with [] suffix lost the array-ness; array arms accept stringified values

Two more frictions found while probing SDK end-to-end against a real
datatable resource:

1. **Multi-word array types lose the [] suffix in the parser**.
   `transform_types_with_spaces` recognises aliases for "double
   precision", "character varying", "timestamp with time zone", etc.
   but its return type was `&'a str` — only the bare alias, never with
   a trailing `[]`. The `RE_CODE_PGSQL` regex's `\w+` captures stop at
   the first space, so the regex's own `(?:\[\])?` array-suffix branch
   sees only `"double"` (not `"double precision[]"`); the `[]` was
   silently lost. Result: `$1::double precision[]` (which the SDK now
   emits for homogeneous float arrays via the new auto-tag) routed
   through `Value::Array → Type::JSONB` and the server failed with
   "cannot cast type jsonb to double precision[]".

   Fix: switch `transform_types_with_spaces` to return `Cow<'a, str>`
   and re-check the trailing bytes after a multi-word match. If they
   start with `[]`, return `format!("{alias}[]")` — Owned. Single-word
   types and the no-match path keep returning Borrowed slices, so no
   allocation in the hot path.

2. **Array arms in `convert_vec_val` rejected stringified values for
   numeric / int* / bool / oid / real / double**. The scalar `convert_val`
   already parses strings into the matching native type for these arg_ts,
   but the array variant only accepted JSON-native counterparts. Sending
   `["1.5", "2.5", "3.5"]` against `$1::numeric[]` (e.g. via `unnest` for
   bulk loading, or `JSON.stringify(BigInt[])` round-trip) failed with
   "Mixed types in array". Now the array arms mirror the scalar ones —
   `as_<native>().or_else(|| as_str().and_then(parse))` — so both shapes
   round-trip cleanly.

Tests: 19 unit + 9 integration pass; existing parser tests cover the
multi-word array forms (the regex-cap behaviour didn't break for
single-word types, and Cow plumbing is transparent to all callers).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(parsers): add otyp_inferred field to Arg literals in tests + 3 missed src files

CI failures: the perl-driven sweep that added `otyp_inferred: false` to
every `Arg { ... }` literal when I introduced the field in the parser
schema covered `src/lib.rs` files but missed:

  - parsers/windmill-parser-bash/src/lib.rs       (mass-edited but a
    later format pass un-applied a few sites)
  - parsers/windmill-parser-go/src/lib.rs         (same)
  - parsers/windmill-parser-graphql/src/lib.rs    (same)
  - parsers/windmill-parser-nu/tests/tests.rs     (test file — not
    swept the first time)
  - parsers/windmill-parser-ts/tests/tests.rs     (test file — same)

Also tightened the regex to handle `oidx: None` without the trailing
comma (some test files had the field as the last initialiser line).

`cargo build --features <CI feature combo> --workspace --all-targets`
is clean.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(sdk): Date → TIMESTAMPTZ; NaN / ±Infinity → string

Two more frictions found while running the actual SDK end-to-end against
a live datatable resource:

1. **JS `Date`** fell into the typeof "object" branch and was tagged
   `::JSON`. It worked accidentally for `${date}::timestamptz` via PG's
   `json → text → timestamptz` implicit cast chain, but `${date}` against
   a `timestamptz` column without a user-supplied cast bound the value
   as a JSON string and the comparison `timestamptz = json` failed. Now:
   `inferSqlType` recognises `Date` and tags `::TIMESTAMPTZ`;
   `serializeArgValue` emits `Date.toISOString()` so the executor's
   `Value::String → TIMESTAMPTZ` arm parses it cleanly.

2. **JS `NaN` / `±Infinity`** silently became NULL. `JSON.stringify(NaN)`
   returns `"null"` per the JS spec, so the value reached the executor as
   JSON null — the SDK's `::DOUBLE PRECISION` tag then bound a NULL
   double. Fix: detect non-finite numbers in `serializeArgValue` and
   stringify them as `"NaN" / "Infinity" / "-Infinity"`. The executor's
   `Value::String → FLOAT8` arm (`f64::from_str`) accepts these literals
   directly, and the result-side already renders the values as JSON
   strings (matching round-trip).

SDK unit tests grow from 42 → 44 passing.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(pg): integration coverage for multi-word arrays + stringified array elements

Locks in the two array fixes from the previous commit
(`fix(pg): multi-word PG types with [] suffix lost the array-ness`)
with end-to-end cases in `test_postgresql_arg_type_combinations`:

- `double precision[]`, `character varying[]`, `timestamp without time
  zone[]` — verifies the parser keeps the `[]` suffix after multi-word
  alias resolution.
- `numeric[]` / `int[]` / `bool[]` from stringified primitives — verifies
  the array arms of `convert_vec_val` apply the same string-coercion
  the scalar arms do.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* style: fix indentation drift on otyp_inferred lines

cargo fmt cleanup of leftover indentation where the perl-driven sweep
that introduced the otyp_inferred field landed at the wrong column.
No behaviour change.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-05-01 21:07:21 +00:00
2024-02-08 16:09:11 +01:00
2026-04-07 21:03:06 +00:00
2026-02-03 17:50:56 +00:00
2026-05-01 21:07:20 +00:00
2023-08-26 09:17:07 +02:00
2026-04-23 16:16:10 +00:00
2025-04-21 16:53:23 +02:00
2026-02-24 07:09:49 +00:00
2026-04-16 06:26:25 -07:00
2026-04-16 06:26:25 -07:00
2025-12-08 10:34:16 +00:00
2026-03-31 07:19:38 +00:00
2026-04-07 21:03:06 +00:00
2026-02-11 16:30:19 +00:00
2025-03-07 15:08:19 +01:00
2022-05-05 04:25:58 +02:00
2026-02-16 23:36:41 +00:00
2024-02-08 16:09:11 +01:00

windmill.dev

Open-source developer platform for internal code: APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs. Self-hostable alternative to Retool, Pipedream, Superblocks and a simplified Temporal with autogenerated UIs and custom UIs to trigger workflows and scripts as internal apps.

Scripts are turned into sharable UIs automatically, and can be composed together into flows or used into richer apps built with low-code. Supported languages: Python, TypeScript, Go, Bash, SQL, GraphQL, PowerShell, Rust, and more.

Package version Docker Image CI Package version

Commit activity Discord Shield

Try it - Website - Docs - Discord - Hub - Contributor's guide

Windmill - Developer platform for APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs

Windmill is fully open-sourced (AGPLv3) and Windmill Labs offers dedicated instances and commercial support and licenses.

Windmill Diagram

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d80de1d9-64de-4d89-aacd-6df23fa81fc4

Main Concepts

  1. Define a minimal and generic script in Python, TypeScript, Go or Bash that solves a specific task. The code can be defined in the provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension): provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension):

Step 1

  1. Your scripts parameters are automatically parsed and generate a frontend.

Step 2

Step 3

  1. Make it flow! You can chain your scripts or scripts made by the community shared on WindmillHub.

Step 3

  1. Build complex UIs on top of your scripts and flows.

Step 4

Scripts and flows can be triggered by schedules, webhooks, HTTP routes, Kafka, WebSockets, emails, and more.

Build your entire infra on top of Windmill!

Show me some actual script code

//import any dependency  from npm
import * as wmill from "windmill-client";
import * as cowsay from "cowsay@1.5.0";

// fill the type, or use the +Resource type to get a type-safe reference to a resource
type Postgresql = {
  host: string;
  port: number;
  user: string;
  dbname: string;
  sslmode: string;
  password: string;
};

export async function main(
  a: number,
  b: "my" | "enum",
  c: Postgresql,
  d = "inferred type string from default arg",
  e = { nested: "object" }
  //f: wmill.Base64
) {
  const email = process.env["WM_EMAIL"];
  // variables are permissioned and by path
  let variable = await wmill.getVariable("f/company-folder/my_secret");
  const lastTimeRun = await wmill.getState();
  // logs are printed and always inspectable
  console.log(cowsay.say({ text: "hello " + email + " " + lastTimeRun }));
  await wmill.setState(Date.now());

  // return is serialized as JSON
  return { foo: d, variable };
}

Local Development

Windmill supports multiple ways to develop locally and sync with your instance:

Tool Description
CLI Sync scripts from local files or GitHub, run scripts/flows from the command line
VS Code Extension Edit and test scripts & flows directly from VS Code / Cursor with full IDE support
Git Sync Two-way sync between Windmill and your Git repository
Claude Code AI-assisted development with Claude for scripts, flows, and apps

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c541c326-e9ae-4602-a09a-1989aaded1e9

You can run scripts locally by passing the right environment variables for the wmill client library to fetch resources and variables from your instance. See local development docs.

Stack

  • Database: Postgres (compatible with Aurora, Cloud SQL, Neon, Azure PostgreSQL)
  • Backend: Rust - stateless API servers and workers pulling jobs from a Postgres queue
  • Frontend: Svelte 5
  • Sandboxing: nsjail and PID namespace isolation
  • Runtimes:
    • TypeScript/JavaScript: Bun (default) and Deno
    • Python: python3 with uv for dependency management
    • Go, Bash, PowerShell, PHP, Rust, C#, Java, Ansible

Fastest Self-Hostable Workflow Engine

We have compared Windmill to other self-hostable workflow engines (Airflow, Prefect & Temporal) and Windmill is the most performant solution for both benchmarks: one flow composed of 40 lightweight tasks & one flow composed of 10 long-running tasks.

All methodology & results on our Benchmarks page.

Fastest workflow engine

Security

  • Sandboxing: nsjail for filesystem/resource isolation, and PID namespace isolation (enabled by default) to prevent jobs from accessing worker process memory
  • Secrets: One encryption key per workspace for credentials stored in Windmill's K/V store. We recommend encrypting the Postgres database as well.

See Security documentation for details.

Performance

Once a job started, there is no overhead compared to running the same script on the node with its corresponding runner (Deno/Go/Python/Bash). The added latency from a job being pulled from the queue, started, and then having its result sent back to the database is ~50ms. A typical lightweight deno job will take around 100ms total.

Architecture

How to self-host

For detailed setup options, see Self-Host documentation.

Docker compose

Deploy Windmill with 3 files (docker-compose.yml, Caddyfile, .env):

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/docker-compose.yml -o docker-compose.yml
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/Caddyfile -o Caddyfile
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/.env -o .env

docker compose up -d

Go to http://localhost - default credentials: admin@windmill.dev / changeme

Using an external database: Set DATABASE_URL in .env to point to your managed Postgres (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL, Azure, Neon, etc.) and set db replicas to 0.

Kubernetes (Helm charts)

helm repo add windmill https://windmill-labs.github.io/windmill-helm-charts/
helm install windmill-chart windmill/windmill --namespace=windmill --create-namespace

See windmill-helm-charts for configuration options.

Cloud providers

Windmill works on AWS (EKS/ECS), GCP, Azure, Ubicloud, Fly.io, Render.com, Hetzner, Digital Ocean, and others. Rule of thumb: 1 worker per 1vCPU and 1-2 GB RAM.

OAuth, SSO & SMTP

Configure OAuth and SSO (Google Workspace, Microsoft/Azure, Okta) directly from the superadmin UI. See documentation.

License

The Community Edition is free to use internally. For commercial redistribution or managed services, contact sales@windmill.dev. See LICENSE and Pricing for details.

The "Community Edition" of Windmill available in the docker images hosted under ghcr.io/windmill-labs/windmill and the github binary releases contains the files under the AGPLv3 and Apache 2 sources but also includes proprietary and non-public code and features which are not open source and under the following terms: Windmill Labs, Inc. grants a right to use all the features of the "Community Edition" for free without restrictions other than the limits and quotas set in the software and a right to distribute the community edition as is but not to sell, resell, serve Windmill as a managed service, modify or wrap under any form without an explicit agreement.

The binary compilable from source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag is open-source under the LICENSE-AGPLv3 License terms and conditions.

To re-expose directly any Windmill parts to your users as a feature of your product, with the exception of iframed public Windmill "apps", or to build a feature on top of "Windmill Community Edition" that you sell commercially or embed in a distributable product or binary, you must get a commercial license. Contact us at sales@windmill.dev if you have any questions. To do the same from the binary compiled from the source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag, you must comply with the AGPLv3 license terms and conditions or get a commercial license from Windmill Labs, Inc.

To use Windmill "Community Edition" as is internally in your organization, or to use its APIs as is, you do NOT need a commercial license.

Integrations

In Windmill, integrations are referred to as resources and resource types. Each Resource has a Resource Type that defines the schema that the resource needs to implement.

On self-hosted instances, you might want to import all the approved resource types from WindmillHub. A setup script will prompt you to have it being synced automatically everyday.

Environment Variables

Environment Variable name Default Description Api Server/Worker/All
DATABASE_URL The Postgres database url. All
WORKER_GROUP default The worker group the worker belongs to and get its configuration pulled from Worker
MODE standalone The mode if the binary. Possible values: standalone, worker, server, agent All
METRICS_ADDR None (ee only) The socket addr at which to expose Prometheus metrics at the /metrics path. Set to "true" to expose it on port 8001 All
JSON_FMT false Output the logs in json format instead of logfmt All
BASE_URL http://localhost:8000 The base url that is exposed publicly to access your instance. Is overriden by the instance settings if any. Server
ZOMBIE_JOB_TIMEOUT 30 The timeout after which a job is considered to be zombie if the worker did not send pings about processing the job (every server check for zombie jobs every 30s) Server
RESTART_ZOMBIE_JOBS true If true then a zombie job is restarted (in-place with the same uuid and some logs), if false the zombie job is failed Server
NATIVE_MODE false Enable native mode: sets NUM_WORKERS=8, rejects non-native jobs (nativets, postgresql, mysql, etc.) Worker
SLEEP_QUEUE 50 The number of ms to sleep in between the last check for new jobs in the DB. It is multiplied by NUM_WORKERS such that in average, for one worker instance, there is one pull every SLEEP_QUEUE ms. Worker
KEEP_JOB_DIR false Keep the job directory after the job is done. Useful for debugging. Worker
LICENSE_KEY (EE only) None License key checked at startup for the Enterprise Edition of Windmill Worker
SLACK_SIGNING_SECRET None The signing secret of your Slack app. See Slack documentation Server
COOKIE_DOMAIN None The domain of the cookie. If not set, the cookie will be set by the browser based on the full origin Server
DENO_PATH /usr/bin/deno The path to the deno binary. Worker
PYTHON_PATH The path to the python binary if wanting to not have it managed by uv. Worker
GO_PATH /usr/bin/go The path to the go binary. Worker
GOPRIVATE The GOPRIVATE env variable to use private go modules Worker
GOPROXY The GOPROXY env variable to use Worker
NETRC The netrc content to use a private go registry Worker
PY_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS 20 Sets the maximum number of in-flight concurrent python downloads that windmill will perform at any given time. Worker
PATH None The path environment variable, usually inherited Worker
HOME None The home directory to use for Go and Bash , usually inherited Worker
DATABASE_CONNECTIONS 50 (Server)/3 (Worker) The max number of connections in the database connection pool All
SUPERADMIN_SECRET None A token that would let the caller act as a virtual superadmin superadmin@windmill.dev Server
TIMEOUT_WAIT_RESULT 20 The number of seconds to wait before timeout on the 'run_wait_result' endpoint Worker
QUEUE_LIMIT_WAIT_RESULT None The number of max jobs in the queue before rejecting immediately the request in 'run_wait_result' endpoint. Takes precedence on the query arg. If none is specified, there are no limit. Worker
DENO_AUTH_TOKENS None Custom DENO_AUTH_TOKENS to pass to worker to allow the use of private modules Worker
DISABLE_RESPONSE_LOGS false Disable response logs Server
CREATE_WORKSPACE_REQUIRE_SUPERADMIN true If true, only superadmins can create new workspaces Server
MIN_FREE_DISK_SPACE_MB 15000 Minimum amount of free space on worker. Sends critical alert if worker has less free space. Worker
RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START false If true, runs CA certificate update command at startup before other initialization All
RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_PATH /usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates Path to the CA certificate update command/script to run when RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START is true All

Run a local dev setup

We recommend using Nix. See ./frontend/README_DEV.md for all options.

Frontend only

Uses the backend of https://app.windmill.dev with local frontend (hot-reload):

cd frontend
npm install
npm run generate-backend-client  # or generate-backend-client-mac on Mac
npm run dev

Windmill available at http://localhost/

Backend + Frontend

See the ./frontend/README_DEV.md file for all running options.

  1. Start a local Postgres database using for instance the start-dev-db.sh script which will make a database available at postgres://postgres:changeme@localhost:5432/windmill Then run the migrations using the following command:
    cargo install sqlx-cli
    env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> sqlx migrate run
    
    This will also avoid compile time issue with sqlx's query! macro.
  2. (optional, linux only) Install nsjail and have it accessible in your PATH
  3. Install bun, deno and python3 (+ any languages you want to use), have the bins at /usr/bin/bun,/usr/bin/deno, and /usr/local/bin/python3 or set the corresponding environment variables.
  4. (optional) Install the lld linker
  5. Go to frontend/:
    1. npm install, npm run generate-backend-client then REMOTE=http://localhost:8000 npm run dev
    2. You might need to set some extra heap space for the node runtime export NODE_OPTIONS="--max-old-space-size=4096"
    3. Create an empty frontend/build folder using mkdir frontend/build
  6. Go to backend/:
    1. env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> RUST_LOG=info cargo run
    2. You can specify any feature flag you want to enable, for example cargo run --features python to enable the python executor.
  7. Windmill should be available at http://localhost:3000

Contributors

© 2023-2026 Windmill Labs, Inc.

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Description
Open-source developer platform to power your entire infra and turn scripts into webhooks, workflows and UIs. Fastest workflow engine (13x vs Airflow). Open-source alternative to Retool and Temporal.
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