Ruben Fiszel de2e243313 feat(queue): per-workspace fairness cap on the shared cloud worker pool (#9303)
* feat(queue): cloud-only per-workspace fairness cap on the shared worker pool

On `app.windmill.dev` the cluster runs a single default worker group, so a
single workspace flooding the queue can degrade quality of service for
everyone else. This adds an opt-in mechanism that caps any single workspace
at a configurable share of the shared worker pool when it has been
dominating cluster activity for more than a configurable window.

Detection signal counts both currently-running jobs and jobs completed in
the rolling window, so it catches workspaces hogging slots with long jobs
**and** workspaces spamming many tiny jobs (where no individual job's
started_at is old, but throughput share dominates).

Refresh is coordinated cluster-wide via a single UPDATE on
`background_task_state`: the `WHERE updated_at < now() - interval` predicate
combined with row-level locking means only one process per refresh cycle
actually runs the aggregation, regardless of fleet size. Every other
process gets the freshly written value in the same round trip via
`UNION ALL ... LIMIT 1`. Heavy aggregation rate stays at ~0.2-0.5 qps for
the whole cluster.

Pull queries are split: the existing query string and its bind shape stay
bit-identical to today, so the planner keeps using the same indexes when
fairness is off or no workspace is currently capped. A separate
`WORKER_PULL_QUERIES_FAIRNESS` adds `AND workspace_id <> ALL($2::text[])`
and is only materialized while the feature is enabled.

Hard-gated to `CLOUD_HOSTED=true` + BASE_URL host == app.windmill.dev at
three layers: frontend `cloudonly: true`, API setter rejection in
`set_global_setting_internal`, runtime check in `fairness_active`. Settings
are exposed under Jobs in the instance-settings UI; defaults are off so
the change is a no-op for self-hosted.

Two-pass pull guarantees no worker idling: if every queued job belongs to
a capped workspace, the second pass uses the unmodified pull queries.
Cap re-asserts on the next refresh.

Fixes WIN-1982

* fix(queue): address CI review findings on workspace fairness

Six fixes from the four-reviewer cross-check on #9303:

1. **Aggregation evaluation (Codex P1).** The previous `INSERT ... ON CONFLICT
   DO UPDATE WHERE updated_at < ...` had the heavy `v2_job_queue ∪
   v2_job_completed` aggregation inlined into `VALUES`, which Postgres
   evaluates for every contender to build the proposed row — losing the
   "one heavy aggregation per cycle cluster-wide" property the design
   advertises. Split into three small statements: (a) cheap claim with
   constant `VALUES`, (b) winner-only `UPDATE ... SET value = jsonb_build_object('overloaded', <agg>)`
   (Postgres only evaluates `SET` per row matching `WHERE`, so losers never
   compute the aggregation), (c) read for everyone. Heavy query now truly
   runs ~0.2-0.5 qps cluster-wide regardless of fleet size.

2. **Numeric setting wraparound (cubic P1).** `u64 as u32` and downstream
   `u32 as i32` could silently flip sign and feed `make_interval(secs => -N)`,
   making `now() - interval` a future timestamp and disabling the
   completed-jobs half of the activity signal. Clamp `duration_secs` to
   [1, 86400] and `min_total_jobs` to [0, u32::MAX] before storing.

3. **`/instance_config` bypass (cubic/Claude/Codex P2).** Bulk config endpoint
   sidestepped `set_global_setting_internal`'s gate; a self-hosted superadmin
   could persist `workspace_fairness_*` rows via the bulk path. Mirror the
   per-key check in `set_instance_config` upsert flow.

4. **DB error coerced to false (Claude P2).** `load_workspace_fairness_enabled`
   collapsed `Err(_)` to `false` and unconditionally swapped the atomic — a
   transient DB blip during notify-event propagation toggled the feature off
   cluster-wide (and triggered a `store_pull_query` rebuild precisely when load
   is highest). Now propagates the error so the atomic stays at its prior value.

5. **Refresh failure cooldown (Claude P2).** Storing `0` removed the rate
   limit entirely; every subsequent pull spawned a new refresh task. Leave
   `LAST_REFRESH_MICROS` at `now_us` (already written by the CAS) so the
   natural interval acts as the cooldown.

6. **Visibility + duplication (Pi P2).** Mark `make_pull_query_fairness` as
   `pub(crate)`. Move the duplicated `BASE_URL host == app.windmill.dev`
   parser into `windmill-common::worker::is_cloud_production_host` and share
   it between the API setter and the runtime path.

Verified locally:
- `POST /api/settings/global/workspace_fairness_enabled` → 400 (per-key gate)
- `PUT /api/settings/instance_config` with fairness key → 400 (bulk gate)
- `cargo check --workspace --features=private,enterprise,quickjs` — clean

Refs WIN-1982.

* fix(queue): second round of CI review nits on workspace fairness

Three issues raised by the Codex/Claude re-review of commit 0b38ff2:

1. Non-cloud deletes were rejected (Codex P2). The cloud gate ran before
   the Null / empty-string deletion branches in both `set_global_setting_internal`
   and the bulk `set_instance_config`. A self-hosted instance that inherited
   stale `workspace_fairness_*` rows from a cloned cloud DB couldn't clear
   them through the API — the rows stayed in `global_settings` and continued
   to show up in the YAML export. Now the gate only blocks upserts; Null /
   empty-string deletes pass through on any host.

2. Deleted numeric knobs kept stale runtime values (Codex P2). When a
   cloud admin cleared `workspace_fairness_max_percent`, `..._duration_secs`,
   or `..._min_total_jobs`, the notify-event fired but the numeric loaders
   ignored `Ok(None)` and left the previous in-memory value pinned until
   process restart. Loaders now distinguish three outcomes:
     - `Err(_)`: transient — leave atomic alone (preserves the
       previous-round fix).
     - `Ok(None)` / `Ok(Some(invalid))`: reset to the documented default.
     - `Ok(Some(valid))`: clamp and store.
   Defaults are extracted to `WORKSPACE_FAIRNESS_*_DEFAULT` constants kept
   in sync with the `AtomicU32::new(...)` initialisers in
   `windmill-common/src/worker.rs`.

3. `fairness_active` was `pub` with no cross-crate caller (Claude nit).
   Tightened to module-private.

Verified locally on this non-cloud instance:
  POST .../workspace_fairness_enabled  body=null  → 200 (delete passes)
  POST .../workspace_fairness_enabled  body=true  → 400 (set blocked)
  PUT .../instance_config              {}         → 200 (no-op passes)
  PUT .../instance_config  with fairness key      → 400 (bulk set blocked)

Skipped the partial index on `v2_job_queue WHERE running = true` that
Claude flagged as a residual nit — queue stays under 50k rows per the
operator's measurement, so the seq-scan cost (~10 ms × 0.5 qps =
~0.5% of a DB core) is well below the noise floor and the index isn't
worth the maintenance cost on job transitions.

Refs WIN-1982.
2026-05-24 23:41:18 +00:00
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windmill.dev

Open-source developer platform for internal code: APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs. Self-hostable alternative to Retool, Pipedream, Superblocks and a simplified Temporal with autogenerated UIs and custom UIs to trigger workflows and scripts as internal apps.

Scripts are turned into sharable UIs automatically, and can be composed together into flows or used into richer apps built with low-code. Supported languages: Python, TypeScript, Go, Bash, SQL, GraphQL, PowerShell, Rust, and more.

Package version Docker Image CI Package version

Commit activity Discord Shield

Try it - Website - Docs - Discord - Hub - Contributor's guide

Windmill - Developer platform for APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs

Windmill is fully open-sourced (AGPLv3) and Windmill Labs offers dedicated instances and commercial support and licenses.

Windmill Diagram

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d80de1d9-64de-4d89-aacd-6df23fa81fc4

Main Concepts

  1. Define a minimal and generic script in Python, TypeScript, Go or Bash that solves a specific task. The code can be defined in the provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension): provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension):

Step 1

  1. Your scripts parameters are automatically parsed and generate a frontend.

Step 2

Step 3

  1. Make it flow! You can chain your scripts or scripts made by the community shared on WindmillHub.

Step 3

  1. Build complex UIs on top of your scripts and flows.

Step 4

Scripts and flows can be triggered by schedules, webhooks, HTTP routes, Kafka, WebSockets, emails, and more.

Build your entire infra on top of Windmill!

Show me some actual script code

//import any dependency  from npm
import * as wmill from "windmill-client";
import * as cowsay from "cowsay@1.5.0";

// fill the type, or use the +Resource type to get a type-safe reference to a resource
type Postgresql = {
  host: string;
  port: number;
  user: string;
  dbname: string;
  sslmode: string;
  password: string;
};

export async function main(
  a: number,
  b: "my" | "enum",
  c: Postgresql,
  d = "inferred type string from default arg",
  e = { nested: "object" }
  //f: wmill.Base64
) {
  const email = process.env["WM_EMAIL"];
  // variables are permissioned and by path
  let variable = await wmill.getVariable("f/company-folder/my_secret");
  const lastTimeRun = await wmill.getState();
  // logs are printed and always inspectable
  console.log(cowsay.say({ text: "hello " + email + " " + lastTimeRun }));
  await wmill.setState(Date.now());

  // return is serialized as JSON
  return { foo: d, variable };
}

Local Development

Windmill supports multiple ways to develop locally and sync with your instance:

Tool Description
CLI Sync scripts from local files or GitHub, run scripts/flows from the command line
VS Code Extension Edit and test scripts & flows directly from VS Code / Cursor with full IDE support
Git Sync Two-way sync between Windmill and your Git repository
Claude Code AI-assisted development with Claude for scripts, flows, and apps

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c541c326-e9ae-4602-a09a-1989aaded1e9

You can run scripts locally by passing the right environment variables for the wmill client library to fetch resources and variables from your instance. See local development docs.

Stack

  • Database: Postgres (compatible with Aurora, Cloud SQL, Neon, Azure PostgreSQL)
  • Backend: Rust - stateless API servers and workers pulling jobs from a Postgres queue
  • Frontend: Svelte 5
  • Sandboxing: nsjail and PID namespace isolation
  • Runtimes:
    • TypeScript/JavaScript: Bun (default) and Deno
    • Python: python3 with uv for dependency management
    • Go, Bash, PowerShell, PHP, Rust, C#, Java, Ansible

Fastest Self-Hostable Workflow Engine

We have compared Windmill to other self-hostable workflow engines (Airflow, Prefect & Temporal) and Windmill is the most performant solution for both benchmarks: one flow composed of 40 lightweight tasks & one flow composed of 10 long-running tasks.

All methodology & results on our Benchmarks page.

Fastest workflow engine

Security

  • Sandboxing: nsjail for filesystem/resource isolation, and PID namespace isolation (enabled by default) to prevent jobs from accessing worker process memory
  • Secrets: One encryption key per workspace for credentials stored in Windmill's K/V store. We recommend encrypting the Postgres database as well.

See Security documentation for details.

Performance

Once a job started, there is no overhead compared to running the same script on the node with its corresponding runner (Deno/Go/Python/Bash). The added latency from a job being pulled from the queue, started, and then having its result sent back to the database is ~50ms. A typical lightweight deno job will take around 100ms total.

Architecture

How to self-host

For detailed setup options, see Self-Host documentation.

Docker compose

Deploy Windmill with 3 files (docker-compose.yml, Caddyfile, .env):

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/docker-compose.yml -o docker-compose.yml
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/Caddyfile -o Caddyfile
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/.env -o .env

docker compose up -d

Go to http://localhost - default credentials: admin@windmill.dev / changeme

Using an external database: Set DATABASE_URL in .env to point to your managed Postgres (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL, Azure, Neon, etc.) and set db replicas to 0.

Kubernetes (Helm charts)

helm repo add windmill https://windmill-labs.github.io/windmill-helm-charts/
helm install windmill-chart windmill/windmill --namespace=windmill --create-namespace

See windmill-helm-charts for configuration options.

Cloud providers

Windmill works on AWS (EKS/ECS), GCP, Azure, Ubicloud, Fly.io, Render.com, Hetzner, Digital Ocean, and others. Rule of thumb: 1 worker per 1vCPU and 1-2 GB RAM.

OAuth, SSO & SMTP

Configure OAuth and SSO (Google Workspace, Microsoft/Azure, Okta) directly from the superadmin UI. See documentation.

License

The Community Edition is free to use internally. For commercial redistribution or managed services, contact sales@windmill.dev. See LICENSE and Pricing for details.

The "Community Edition" of Windmill available in the docker images hosted under ghcr.io/windmill-labs/windmill and the github binary releases contains the files under the AGPLv3 and Apache 2 sources but also includes proprietary and non-public code and features which are not open source and under the following terms: Windmill Labs, Inc. grants a right to use all the features of the "Community Edition" for free without restrictions other than the limits and quotas set in the software and a right to distribute the community edition as is but not to sell, resell, serve Windmill as a managed service, modify or wrap under any form without an explicit agreement.

The binary compilable from source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag is open-source under the LICENSE-AGPLv3 License terms and conditions.

To re-expose directly any Windmill parts to your users as a feature of your product, with the exception of iframed public Windmill "apps", or to build a feature on top of "Windmill Community Edition" that you sell commercially or embed in a distributable product or binary, you must get a commercial license. Contact us at sales@windmill.dev if you have any questions. To do the same from the binary compiled from the source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag, you must comply with the AGPLv3 license terms and conditions or get a commercial license from Windmill Labs, Inc.

To use Windmill "Community Edition" as is internally in your organization, or to use its APIs as is, you do NOT need a commercial license.

Integrations

In Windmill, integrations are referred to as resources and resource types. Each Resource has a Resource Type that defines the schema that the resource needs to implement.

On self-hosted instances, you might want to import all the approved resource types from WindmillHub. A setup script will prompt you to have it being synced automatically everyday.

Environment Variables

Environment Variable name Default Description Api Server/Worker/All
DATABASE_URL The Postgres database url. All
WORKER_GROUP default The worker group the worker belongs to and get its configuration pulled from Worker
MODE standalone The mode if the binary. Possible values: standalone, worker, server, agent All
METRICS_ADDR None (ee only) The socket addr at which to expose Prometheus metrics at the /metrics path. Set to "true" to expose it on port 8001 All
JSON_FMT false Output the logs in json format instead of logfmt All
BASE_URL http://localhost:8000 The base url that is exposed publicly to access your instance. Is overriden by the instance settings if any. Server
ZOMBIE_JOB_TIMEOUT 30 The timeout after which a job is considered to be zombie if the worker did not send pings about processing the job (every server check for zombie jobs every 30s) Server
RESTART_ZOMBIE_JOBS true If true then a zombie job is restarted (in-place with the same uuid and some logs), if false the zombie job is failed Server
NATIVE_MODE false Enable native mode: sets NUM_WORKERS=8, rejects non-native jobs (nativets, postgresql, mysql, etc.) Worker
SLEEP_QUEUE 50 The number of ms to sleep in between the last check for new jobs in the DB. It is multiplied by NUM_WORKERS such that in average, for one worker instance, there is one pull every SLEEP_QUEUE ms. Worker
KEEP_JOB_DIR false Keep the job directory after the job is done. Useful for debugging. Worker
LICENSE_KEY (EE only) None License key checked at startup for the Enterprise Edition of Windmill Worker
SLACK_SIGNING_SECRET None The signing secret of your Slack app. See Slack documentation Server
COOKIE_DOMAIN None The domain of the cookie. If not set, the cookie will be set by the browser based on the full origin Server
DENO_PATH /usr/bin/deno The path to the deno binary. Worker
PYTHON_PATH The path to the python binary if wanting to not have it managed by uv. Worker
GO_PATH /usr/bin/go The path to the go binary. Worker
GOPRIVATE The GOPRIVATE env variable to use private go modules Worker
GOPROXY The GOPROXY env variable to use Worker
NETRC The netrc content to use a private go registry Worker
PY_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS 20 Sets the maximum number of in-flight concurrent python downloads that windmill will perform at any given time. Worker
PATH None The path environment variable, usually inherited Worker
HOME None The home directory to use for Go and Bash , usually inherited Worker
DATABASE_CONNECTIONS 50 (Server)/3 (Worker) The max number of connections in the database connection pool All
SUPERADMIN_SECRET None A token that would let the caller act as a virtual superadmin superadmin@windmill.dev Server
TIMEOUT_WAIT_RESULT 20 The number of seconds to wait before timeout on the 'run_wait_result' endpoint Worker
QUEUE_LIMIT_WAIT_RESULT None The number of max jobs in the queue before rejecting immediately the request in 'run_wait_result' endpoint. Takes precedence on the query arg. If none is specified, there are no limit. Worker
DENO_AUTH_TOKENS None Custom DENO_AUTH_TOKENS to pass to worker to allow the use of private modules Worker
DISABLE_RESPONSE_LOGS false Disable response logs Server
CREATE_WORKSPACE_REQUIRE_SUPERADMIN true If true, only superadmins can create new workspaces Server
MIN_FREE_DISK_SPACE_MB 15000 Minimum amount of free space on worker. Sends critical alert if worker has less free space. Worker
RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START false If true, runs CA certificate update command at startup before other initialization All
RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_PATH /usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates Path to the CA certificate update command/script to run when RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START is true All

Run a local dev setup

We recommend using Nix. See ./frontend/README_DEV.md for all options.

Frontend only

Uses the backend of https://app.windmill.dev with local frontend (hot-reload):

cd frontend
npm install
npm run generate-backend-client  # or generate-backend-client-mac on Mac
npm run dev

Windmill available at http://localhost/

Backend + Frontend

See the ./frontend/README_DEV.md file for all running options.

  1. Start a local Postgres database using for instance the start-dev-db.sh script which will make a database available at postgres://postgres:changeme@localhost:5432/windmill Then run the migrations using the following command:
    cargo install sqlx-cli
    env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> sqlx migrate run
    
    This will also avoid compile time issue with sqlx's query! macro.
  2. (optional, linux only) Install nsjail and have it accessible in your PATH
  3. Install bun, deno and python3 (+ any languages you want to use), have the bins at /usr/bin/bun,/usr/bin/deno, and /usr/local/bin/python3 or set the corresponding environment variables.
  4. (optional) Install the lld linker
  5. Go to frontend/:
    1. npm install, npm run generate-backend-client then REMOTE=http://localhost:8000 npm run dev
    2. You might need to set some extra heap space for the node runtime export NODE_OPTIONS="--max-old-space-size=4096"
    3. Create an empty frontend/build folder using mkdir frontend/build
  6. Go to backend/:
    1. env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> RUST_LOG=info cargo run
    2. You can specify any feature flag you want to enable, for example cargo run --features python to enable the python executor.
  7. Windmill should be available at http://localhost:3000

Contributors

© 2023-2026 Windmill Labs, Inc.

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Description
Open-source developer platform to power your entire infra and turn scripts into webhooks, workflows and UIs. Fastest workflow engine (13x vs Airflow). Open-source alternative to Retool and Temporal.
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