* refactor: replace email with permissioned_as for triggers/schedules
Add a new `permissioned_as` column (format: `u/{username}`, `g/{group}`,
or raw email) to all trigger tables and schedule. This value is used
directly for job permission checks, removing the need for email lookups
when creating/updating triggers.
- Migration: add permissioned_as to all 9 trigger tables + schedule,
drop email from trigger tables (schedule keeps it for backwards compat)
- Backend: resolve_email() (async, DB) -> resolve_permissioned_as() (sync)
- Email cache: get_email_from_permissioned_as() with quick_cache for
places that still need email (fetch_api_authed, schedule backwards compat)
- Frontend: rename email/preserve_email -> permissioned_as/preserve_permissioned_as
in deploy data and OpenAPI schemas
- Tests updated for new field names and u/{username} format
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix sqlx/build
* update ee ref
* refactor: simplify resolve_edited_by to always use authed username
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix compile + migration
* update ref
* test: add trigger trait method tests for permissioned_as queries
Add tests that call TriggerCrud and Listener trait methods directly
to verify dynamic SQL correctly references the permissioned_as column.
Covers get_trigger_by_path, list_triggers, set_trigger_mode, and
fetch_enabled_unlistened_triggers for all trigger types.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* update sqlx
* fix: use permissioned_as directly for schedules and fix audit RLS for groups
- Schedule: permissioned_as only set on create, not on edit/set_enabled
- Schedule: stop reading email column, use get_email_from_permissioned_as
- Triggers: use fetch_api_authed_from_permissioned_as instead of edited_by
- Triggers: rename listener fields for clarity (username -> edited_by)
- Fix audit author username for group permissioned_as (g/test -> group-test)
to match session.user, preventing RLS policy violations on audit_partitioned
- OpenAPI: remove permissioned_as/preserve_permissioned_as from EditSchedule
- Add backwards-compat comments for schedule email writes
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* chore: regenerate system prompts for permissioned_as field
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix build
* refactor: generalize onBehalfOf naming, add permissioned_as to EditSchedule
- Frontend: rename onBehalfOfPermissionedAs -> onBehalfOf with comments
explaining it carries emails for flows/scripts and permissioned_as for
triggers/schedules
- Frontend: rename getOnBehalfOfEmail -> getOnBehalfOf,
getOnBehalfOfPermissionedAsForDeploy -> getOnBehalfOfForDeploy,
customOnBehalfOfEmails -> customOnBehalfOf
- Backend: add optional permissioned_as/preserve_permissioned_as to
EditSchedule with COALESCE (only updates when provided)
- Backend: add on_behalf_of audit log for schedule edit
- Backend: remove unused resolve_on_behalf_of_permissioned_as
- Tests: remove email assertions from schedule update test (email is
just backwards compat, only permissioned_as matters)
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: preserve email column when permissioned_as is preserved on schedule edit
Derive email from the preserved permissioned_as via cache lookup instead
of always writing authed.email. This keeps the email column consistent
with the old behavior for backwards compat with old workers.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: update deploy UI labels from "edited by" to "run as" for triggers
Triggers now use permissioned_as (not edited_by) for permissions, so
update the deploy UI wording to reflect this. Also update wm_deployers
group description to mention schedules and permissioned_as.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: use u/username format for custom trigger/schedule deploy selection
When picking a custom user for trigger/schedule deployment, store
u/${username} (permissioned_as format) instead of the email. Flows/scripts
continue to use email format for on_behalf_of_email.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: show u/username format for "me" option in trigger deploy selector
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* refactor: simplify OnBehalfOfSelector to return the right format per kind
OnBehalfOfSelector now handles the email vs permissioned_as format
internally based on kind:
- triggers: returns u/username, displays u/username in all options
- flows/scripts/apps: returns email, displays username
The onSelect callback now takes (choice, value?) where value is already
in the correct format. Parent components just store it directly without
needing to know about the format difference.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: always show u/username format in OnBehalfOfSelector for all kinds
Display is now consistent: all kinds show u/username in the selector.
The returned value still differs (email for flows/scripts, u/username
for triggers) since the backend APIs expect different formats.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: replace email with permissioned_as in http_trigger test insert
The email column was dropped from trigger tables in the migration.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: review fixes — migration, app policy, capture cleanup, naming
- Migration: remove DEFAULT '', use nullable → populate → SET NOT NULL
- App policy: set both on_behalf_of and on_behalf_of_email for all choices
- OnBehalfOfSelector: return OnBehalfOfDetails {email, permissionedAs} instead of ambiguous value
- Remove unused email field from Capture struct and query
- Rename getSourceEmail/getTargetEmail → getSourceOnBehalfOf/getTargetOnBehalfOf
- Rename test functions from preserve_email to preserve_permissioned_as
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: add permissioned_as to all test schedule INSERTs
Since the migration no longer uses DEFAULT '', all INSERTs must
explicitly provide permissioned_as. Updated test fixtures and
schedule_push tests.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: strip permissioned_as from exports/sync, fix OpenAPI required field
- Add permissioned_as to workspace export strip list (like edited_by)
- Add permissioned_as to CLI TriggerFile Omit list
- Fix TriggerExtraProperty.required: email → permissioned_as
- Regenerate frontend and CLI types
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: remove accidentally committed generated files
These directories are gitignored and should not be tracked.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* chore: regenerate system prompts for permissioned_as schema changes
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: remove permissioned_as from CLI TriggerFile Omit list
Already stripped in workspace export, no need to also omit from the type.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: optimize email cache key and revert TriggerFile Omit change
- Use single concatenated string for cache key instead of (String, String) tuple
- Remove permissioned_as from CLI TriggerFile Omit (already stripped in export)
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: zero-allocation email cache lookups using Equivalent trait
Use a borrowed EmailCacheKey(&str, &str) for cache lookups via
quick_cache's Equivalent support. Only allocates (String, String)
on cache miss for insert. This is called on every trigger fire
and schedule push.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: add permissioned_as to Schedule required fields in OpenAPI spec
The backend always returns permissioned_as (non-optional String),
so the schema should reflect that.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: handle group- prefix in migration UPDATE statements
edited_by can be 'group-{name}' for group-owned triggers/schedules.
The migration now correctly maps these to 'g/{name}' format instead
of incorrectly producing 'u/group-{name}'.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* Revert "fix: handle group- prefix in migration UPDATE statements"
This reverts commit 0971392b38.
* fix: use superadmin email to resolve permissioned_as in schedule migration
For users upgrading from older versions where edited_by may not reflect
the actual schedule owner, check if the email belongs to a superadmin
and look up their username. Otherwise fall back to edited_by.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: fall back to superadmin email when not in workspace usr table
If the superadmin isn't a member of the workspace, use their email
as raw permissioned_as instead of falling back to edited_by.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: always update permissioned_as and email on schedule edit
Consistent with pre-refactor behavior where email and edited_by
were always updated on every edit. permissioned_as is now always
set (to editing user or preserved value), removing the COALESCE
that previously preserved it when not provided.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* feat: add schedule permission tests and centralize group prefix constants
Tests: schedule create/update for normal user, workspace admin, and
superadmin not in workspace. Verifies schedule fields (email,
permissioned_as, edited_by) and pushed job fields (permissioned_as,
permissioned_as_email).
Constants: centralize "u/", "g/", "group-" as PERMISSIONED_AS_USER_PREFIX,
PERMISSIONED_AS_GROUP_PREFIX, USERNAME_GROUP_PREFIX.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* fix: use @unknown.windmill.dev for synthetic email fallback
Prevents privilege escalation: a user with username like
'superadmin_secret' would get superadmin via the synthetic
email matching SUPERADMIN_SECRET_EMAIL. Using a different
subdomain avoids any collision with hardcoded @windmill.dev emails.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* update ee ref
* sqlx
* chore: regenerate system prompts after main merge
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
* chore: update ee-repo-ref to bda51bc33bcb573659e7ff07d0a23ff6e23b8148
This commit updates the EE repository reference after PR #468 was merged in windmill-ee-private.
Previous ee-repo-ref: 8cf1802f8fe183f430830590b4f3172a50207843
New ee-repo-ref: bda51bc33bcb573659e7ff07d0a23ff6e23b8148
Automated by sync-ee-ref workflow.
---------
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: windmill-internal-app[bot] <windmill-internal-app[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Open-source developer platform for internal code: APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs. Self-hostable alternative to Retool, Pipedream, Superblocks and a simplified Temporal with autogenerated UIs and custom UIs to trigger workflows and scripts as internal apps.
Scripts are turned into sharable UIs automatically, and can be composed together into flows or used into richer apps built with low-code. Supported languages: Python, TypeScript, Go, Bash, SQL, GraphQL, PowerShell, Rust, and more.
Try it - Website - Docs - Discord - Hub - Contributor's guide
Windmill - Developer platform for APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs
Windmill is fully open-sourced (AGPLv3) and Windmill Labs offers dedicated instances and commercial support and licenses.
https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d80de1d9-64de-4d89-aacd-6df23fa81fc4
- Windmill - Developer platform for APIs, background jobs, workflows and UIs
Main Concepts
- Define a minimal and generic script in Python, TypeScript, Go or Bash that solves a specific task. The code can be defined in the provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension): provided Web IDE or synchronized with your own GitHub repo (e.g. through VS Code extension):
- Your scripts parameters are automatically parsed and generate a frontend.
- Make it flow! You can chain your scripts or scripts made by the community shared on WindmillHub.
- Build complex UIs on top of your scripts and flows.
Scripts and flows can be triggered by schedules, webhooks, HTTP routes, Kafka, WebSockets, emails, and more.
Build your entire infra on top of Windmill!
Show me some actual script code
//import any dependency from npm
import * as wmill from "windmill-client";
import * as cowsay from "cowsay@1.5.0";
// fill the type, or use the +Resource type to get a type-safe reference to a resource
type Postgresql = {
host: string;
port: number;
user: string;
dbname: string;
sslmode: string;
password: string;
};
export async function main(
a: number,
b: "my" | "enum",
c: Postgresql,
d = "inferred type string from default arg",
e = { nested: "object" }
//f: wmill.Base64
) {
const email = process.env["WM_EMAIL"];
// variables are permissioned and by path
let variable = await wmill.getVariable("f/company-folder/my_secret");
const lastTimeRun = await wmill.getState();
// logs are printed and always inspectable
console.log(cowsay.say({ text: "hello " + email + " " + lastTimeRun }));
await wmill.setState(Date.now());
// return is serialized as JSON
return { foo: d, variable };
}
Local Development
Windmill supports multiple ways to develop locally and sync with your instance:
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| CLI | Sync scripts from local files or GitHub, run scripts/flows from the command line |
| VS Code Extension | Edit and test scripts & flows directly from VS Code / Cursor with full IDE support |
| Git Sync | Two-way sync between Windmill and your Git repository |
| Claude Code | AI-assisted development with Claude for scripts, flows, and apps |
https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c541c326-e9ae-4602-a09a-1989aaded1e9
You can run scripts locally by passing the right environment variables for the wmill client library to fetch resources and variables from your instance. See local development docs.
Stack
- Database: Postgres (compatible with Aurora, Cloud SQL, Neon, Azure PostgreSQL)
- Backend: Rust - stateless API servers and workers pulling jobs from a Postgres queue
- Frontend: Svelte 5
- Sandboxing: nsjail and PID namespace isolation
- Runtimes:
- TypeScript/JavaScript: Bun (default) and Deno
- Python: python3 with uv for dependency management
- Go, Bash, PowerShell, PHP, Rust, C#, Java, Ansible
Fastest Self-Hostable Workflow Engine
We have compared Windmill to other self-hostable workflow engines (Airflow, Prefect & Temporal) and Windmill is the most performant solution for both benchmarks: one flow composed of 40 lightweight tasks & one flow composed of 10 long-running tasks.
All methodology & results on our Benchmarks page.
Security
- Sandboxing: nsjail for filesystem/resource isolation, and PID namespace isolation (enabled by default) to prevent jobs from accessing worker process memory
- Secrets: One encryption key per workspace for credentials stored in Windmill's K/V store. We recommend encrypting the Postgres database as well.
See Security documentation for details.
Performance
Once a job started, there is no overhead compared to running the same script on the node with its corresponding runner (Deno/Go/Python/Bash). The added latency from a job being pulled from the queue, started, and then having its result sent back to the database is ~50ms. A typical lightweight deno job will take around 100ms total.
Architecture
How to self-host
For detailed setup options, see Self-Host documentation.
Docker compose
Deploy Windmill with 3 files (docker-compose.yml, Caddyfile, .env):
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/docker-compose.yml -o docker-compose.yml
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/Caddyfile -o Caddyfile
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/windmill-labs/windmill/main/.env -o .env
docker compose up -d
Go to http://localhost - default credentials: admin@windmill.dev / changeme
Using an external database: Set DATABASE_URL in .env to point to your managed Postgres (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL, Azure, Neon, etc.) and set db replicas to 0.
Kubernetes (Helm charts)
helm repo add windmill https://windmill-labs.github.io/windmill-helm-charts/
helm install windmill-chart windmill/windmill --namespace=windmill --create-namespace
See windmill-helm-charts for configuration options.
Cloud providers
Windmill works on AWS (EKS/ECS), GCP, Azure, Ubicloud, Fly.io, Render.com, Hetzner, Digital Ocean, and others. Rule of thumb: 1 worker per 1vCPU and 1-2 GB RAM.
OAuth, SSO & SMTP
Configure OAuth and SSO (Google Workspace, Microsoft/Azure, Okta) directly from the superadmin UI. See documentation.
License
The Community Edition is free to use internally. For commercial redistribution or managed services, contact sales@windmill.dev. See LICENSE and Pricing for details.
The "Community Edition" of Windmill available in the docker images hosted under ghcr.io/windmill-labs/windmill and the github binary releases contains the files under the AGPLv3 and Apache 2 sources but also includes proprietary and non-public code and features which are not open source and under the following terms: Windmill Labs, Inc. grants a right to use all the features of the "Community Edition" for free without restrictions other than the limits and quotas set in the software and a right to distribute the community edition as is but not to sell, resell, serve Windmill as a managed service, modify or wrap under any form without an explicit agreement.
The binary compilable from source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag is open-source under the LICENSE-AGPLv3 License terms and conditions.
To re-expose directly any Windmill parts to your users as a feature of your product, with the exception of iframed public Windmill "apps", or to build a feature on top of "Windmill Community Edition" that you sell commercially or embed in a distributable product or binary, you must get a commercial license. Contact us at sales@windmill.dev if you have any questions. To do the same from the binary compiled from the source code in this repository without the "enterprise" feature flag, you must comply with the AGPLv3 license terms and conditions or get a commercial license from Windmill Labs, Inc.
To use Windmill "Community Edition" as is internally in your organization, or to use its APIs as is, you do NOT need a commercial license.
Integrations
In Windmill, integrations are referred to as resources and resource types. Each Resource has a Resource Type that defines the schema that the resource needs to implement.
On self-hosted instances, you might want to import all the approved resource types from WindmillHub. A setup script will prompt you to have it being synced automatically everyday.
Environment Variables
| Environment Variable name | Default | Description | Api Server/Worker/All |
|---|---|---|---|
| DATABASE_URL | The Postgres database url. | All | |
| WORKER_GROUP | default | The worker group the worker belongs to and get its configuration pulled from | Worker |
| MODE | standalone | The mode if the binary. Possible values: standalone, worker, server, agent | All |
| METRICS_ADDR | None | (ee only) The socket addr at which to expose Prometheus metrics at the /metrics path. Set to "true" to expose it on port 8001 | All |
| JSON_FMT | false | Output the logs in json format instead of logfmt | All |
| BASE_URL | http://localhost:8000 | The base url that is exposed publicly to access your instance. Is overriden by the instance settings if any. | Server |
| ZOMBIE_JOB_TIMEOUT | 30 | The timeout after which a job is considered to be zombie if the worker did not send pings about processing the job (every server check for zombie jobs every 30s) | Server |
| RESTART_ZOMBIE_JOBS | true | If true then a zombie job is restarted (in-place with the same uuid and some logs), if false the zombie job is failed | Server |
| NATIVE_MODE | false | Enable native mode: sets NUM_WORKERS=8, rejects non-native jobs (nativets, postgresql, mysql, etc.) | Worker |
| SLEEP_QUEUE | 50 | The number of ms to sleep in between the last check for new jobs in the DB. It is multiplied by NUM_WORKERS such that in average, for one worker instance, there is one pull every SLEEP_QUEUE ms. | Worker |
| KEEP_JOB_DIR | false | Keep the job directory after the job is done. Useful for debugging. | Worker |
| LICENSE_KEY (EE only) | None | License key checked at startup for the Enterprise Edition of Windmill | Worker |
| SLACK_SIGNING_SECRET | None | The signing secret of your Slack app. See Slack documentation | Server |
| COOKIE_DOMAIN | None | The domain of the cookie. If not set, the cookie will be set by the browser based on the full origin | Server |
| DENO_PATH | /usr/bin/deno | The path to the deno binary. | Worker |
| PYTHON_PATH | The path to the python binary if wanting to not have it managed by uv. | Worker | |
| GO_PATH | /usr/bin/go | The path to the go binary. | Worker |
| GOPRIVATE | The GOPRIVATE env variable to use private go modules | Worker | |
| GOPROXY | The GOPROXY env variable to use | Worker | |
| NETRC | The netrc content to use a private go registry | Worker | |
| PY_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS | 20 | Sets the maximum number of in-flight concurrent python downloads that windmill will perform at any given time. | Worker |
| PATH | None | The path environment variable, usually inherited | Worker |
| HOME | None | The home directory to use for Go and Bash , usually inherited | Worker |
| DATABASE_CONNECTIONS | 50 (Server)/3 (Worker) | The max number of connections in the database connection pool | All |
| SUPERADMIN_SECRET | None | A token that would let the caller act as a virtual superadmin superadmin@windmill.dev | Server |
| TIMEOUT_WAIT_RESULT | 20 | The number of seconds to wait before timeout on the 'run_wait_result' endpoint | Worker |
| QUEUE_LIMIT_WAIT_RESULT | None | The number of max jobs in the queue before rejecting immediately the request in 'run_wait_result' endpoint. Takes precedence on the query arg. If none is specified, there are no limit. | Worker |
| DENO_AUTH_TOKENS | None | Custom DENO_AUTH_TOKENS to pass to worker to allow the use of private modules | Worker |
| DISABLE_RESPONSE_LOGS | false | Disable response logs | Server |
| CREATE_WORKSPACE_REQUIRE_SUPERADMIN | true | If true, only superadmins can create new workspaces | Server |
| MIN_FREE_DISK_SPACE_MB | 15000 | Minimum amount of free space on worker. Sends critical alert if worker has less free space. | Worker |
| RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START | false | If true, runs CA certificate update command at startup before other initialization | All |
| RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_PATH | /usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates | Path to the CA certificate update command/script to run when RUN_UPDATE_CA_CERTIFICATE_AT_START is true | All |
Run a local dev setup
We recommend using Nix. See ./frontend/README_DEV.md for all options.
Frontend only
Uses the backend of https://app.windmill.dev with local frontend (hot-reload):
cd frontend
npm install
npm run generate-backend-client # or generate-backend-client-mac on Mac
npm run dev
Windmill available at http://localhost/
Backend + Frontend
See the ./frontend/README_DEV.md file for all running options.
- Start a local Postgres database using for instance the
start-dev-db.shscript which will make a database available atpostgres://postgres:changeme@localhost:5432/windmillThen run the migrations using the following command:This will also avoid compile time issue with sqlx'scargo install sqlx-cli env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> sqlx migrate runquery!macro. - (optional, linux only) Install nsjail and have it accessible in your PATH
- Install bun, deno and python3 (+ any languages you want to use), have the bins at
/usr/bin/bun,/usr/bin/deno, and/usr/local/bin/python3or set the corresponding environment variables. - (optional) Install the lld linker
- Go to
frontend/:npm install,npm run generate-backend-clientthenREMOTE=http://localhost:8000 npm run dev- You might need to set some extra heap space for the node runtime
export NODE_OPTIONS="--max-old-space-size=4096" - Create an empty
frontend/buildfolder usingmkdir frontend/build
- Go to
backend/:env DATABASE_URL=<YOUR_DATABASE_URL> RUST_LOG=info cargo run- You can specify any feature flag you want to enable, for example
cargo run --features pythonto enable the python executor.
- Windmill should be available at
http://localhost:3000
Contributors
Copyright
© 2023-2026 Windmill Labs, Inc.






