Merge pull request #9832 from neondatabase/rc/release-proxy/2024-11-21

Proxy release 2024-11-21

.github/actionlint.yml

@@ -20,3 +20,4 @@ config-variables:
   - REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_REGION
   - SLACK_UPCOMING_RELEASE_CHANNEL_ID
   - DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN
+  - BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_PROJECTID

.github/actions/allure-report-generate/action.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ inputs:
     type: boolean
     required: false
     default: false
+  aws_oicd_role_arn:
+    description: 'the OIDC role arn to (re-)acquire for allure report upload - if not set call must acquire OIDC role'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 
 outputs:
   base-url:
@@ -79,6 +83,14 @@ runs:
         ALLURE_VERSION: 2.27.0
         ALLURE_ZIP_SHA256: b071858fb2fa542c65d8f152c5c40d26267b2dfb74df1f1608a589ecca38e777
 
+    - name: (Re-)configure AWS credentials # necessary to upload reports to S3 after a long-running test
+      if: ${{ !cancelled() && (inputs.aws_oicd_role_arn != '') }}
+      uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
+      with:
+        aws-region: eu-central-1
+        role-to-assume: ${{ inputs.aws_oicd_role_arn }}
+        role-duration-seconds: 3600 # 1 hour should be more than enough to upload report
+
     # Potentially we could have several running build for the same key (for example, for the main branch), so we use improvised lock for this
     - name: Acquire lock
       shell: bash -euxo pipefail {0}
@@ -221,6 +233,8 @@ runs:
         REPORT_URL: ${{ steps.generate-report.outputs.report-url }}
         COMMIT_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
       with:
+        # Retry script for 5XX server errors: https://github.com/actions/github-script#retries
+        retries: 5
         script: |
           const { REPORT_URL, COMMIT_SHA } = process.env
 

.github/actions/allure-report-store/action.yml

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ inputs:
   unique-key:
     description: 'string to distinguish different results in the same run'
     required: true
+  aws_oicd_role_arn:
+    description: 'the OIDC role arn to (re-)acquire for allure report upload - if not set call must acquire OIDC role'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 
 runs:
   using: "composite"
@@ -31,6 +35,14 @@ runs:
       env:
         REPORT_DIR: ${{ inputs.report-dir }}
 
+    - name: (Re-)configure AWS credentials # necessary to upload reports to S3 after a long-running test
+      if: ${{ !cancelled() && (inputs.aws_oicd_role_arn != '') }}
+      uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
+      with:
+        aws-region: eu-central-1
+        role-to-assume: ${{ inputs.aws_oicd_role_arn }}
+        role-duration-seconds: 3600 # 1 hour should be more than enough to upload report
+
     - name: Upload test results
       shell: bash -euxo pipefail {0}
       run: |

.github/actions/run-python-test-set/action.yml

@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ inputs:
     description: 'benchmark durations JSON'
     required: false
     default: '{}'
+  aws_oicd_role_arn:
+    description: 'the OIDC role arn to (re-)acquire for allure report upload - if not set call must acquire OIDC role'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 
 runs:
   using: "composite"
@@ -222,6 +226,13 @@ runs:
         # (for example if we didn't run the test for non build-and-test workflow)
         skip-if-does-not-exist: true
 
+    - name: (Re-)configure AWS credentials # necessary to upload reports to S3 after a long-running test
+      if: ${{ !cancelled() && (inputs.aws_oicd_role_arn != '') }}
+      uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
+      with:
+        aws-region: eu-central-1
+        role-to-assume: ${{ inputs.aws_oicd_role_arn }}
+        role-duration-seconds: 3600 # 1 hour should be more than enough to upload report
     - name: Upload test results
       if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
       uses: ./.github/actions/allure-report-store

.github/actions/set-docker-config-dir/action.yml

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-name: "Set custom docker config directory"
-description: "Create a directory for docker config and set DOCKER_CONFIG"
-
-# Use custom DOCKER_CONFIG directory to avoid conflicts with default settings
-runs:
-  using: "composite"
-  steps:
-  - name: Show warning on GitHub-hosted runners
-    if: runner.environment == 'github-hosted'
-    shell: bash -euo pipefail {0}
-    run: |
-      # Using the following environment variables to find a path to the workflow file
-      # ${GITHUB_WORKFLOW_REF} - octocat/hello-world/.github/workflows/my-workflow.yml@refs/heads/my_branch
-      # ${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}   - octocat/hello-world
-      # ${GITHUB_REF}          - refs/heads/my_branch
-      # From https://docs.github.com/en/actions/writing-workflows/choosing-what-your-workflow-does/variables
-
-      filename_with_ref=${GITHUB_WORKFLOW_REF#"$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/"}
-      filename=${filename_with_ref%"@$GITHUB_REF"}
-
-      # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/writing-workflows/choosing-what-your-workflow-does/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#setting-a-warning-message
-      title='Unnecessary usage of `.github/actions/set-docker-config-dir`'
-      message='No need to use `.github/actions/set-docker-config-dir` action on GitHub-hosted runners'
-      echo "::warning file=${filename},title=${title}::${message}"
-
-  - uses: pyTooling/Actions/with-post-step@74afc5a42a17a046c90c68cb5cfa627e5c6c5b6b # v1.0.7
-    env:
-      DOCKER_CONFIG: .docker-custom-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
-    with:
-      main: |
-        mkdir -p "${DOCKER_CONFIG}"
-        echo DOCKER_CONFIG=${DOCKER_CONFIG} | tee -a $GITHUB_ENV
-      post: |
-        if [ -d "${DOCKER_CONFIG}" ]; then
-          rm -r "${DOCKER_CONFIG}"
-        fi

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -1,14 +1,3 @@
 ## Problem
 
 ## Summary of changes
-
-## Checklist before requesting a review
-
-- [ ] I have performed a self-review of my code.
-- [ ] If it is a core feature, I have added thorough tests.
-- [ ] Do we need to implement analytics? if so did you add the relevant metrics to the dashboard?
-- [ ] If this PR requires public announcement, mark it with /release-notes label and add several sentences in this section.
-
-## Checklist before merging
-
-- [ ] Do not forget to reformat commit message to not include the above checklist

.github/workflows/_check-codestyle-python.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: Check Codestyle Python
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      build-tools-image:
+        description: 'build-tools image'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash -euxo pipefail {0}
+
+jobs:
+  check-codestyle-python:
+    runs-on: [ self-hosted, small ]
+    container:
+      image: ${{ inputs.build-tools-image }}
+      credentials:
+        username: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+        password: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+      options: --init
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cache/pypoetry/virtualenvs
+          key: v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-python-deps-bookworm-${{ hashFiles('poetry.lock') }}
+
+      - run: ./scripts/pysync
+
+      - run: poetry run ruff check .
+      - run: poetry run ruff format --check .
+      - run: poetry run mypy .

.github/workflows/_create-release-pr.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+name: Create Release PR
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      component-name:
+        description: 'Component name'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      release-branch:
+        description: 'Release branch'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+    secrets:
+      ci-access-token:
+        description: 'CI access token'
+        required: true
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash -euo pipefail {0}
+
+jobs:
+  create-storage-release-branch:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: write # for `git push`
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        ref: main
+
+    - name: Set variables
+      id: vars
+      env:
+        COMPONENT_NAME: ${{ inputs.component-name }}
+        RELEASE_BRANCH: ${{ inputs.release-branch }}
+      run: |
+        today=$(date +'%Y-%m-%d')
+        echo "title=${COMPONENT_NAME} release ${today}" | tee -a ${GITHUB_OUTPUT}
+        echo "rc-branch=rc/${RELEASE_BRANCH}/${today}"  | tee -a ${GITHUB_OUTPUT}
+
+    - name: Configure git
+      run: |
+        git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
+        git config user.email "41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+
+    - name: Create RC branch
+      env:
+        RC_BRANCH: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.rc-branch }}
+        TITLE: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.title }}
+      run: |
+        git checkout -b "${RC_BRANCH}"
+
+        # create an empty commit to distinguish workflow runs
+        # from other possible releases from the same commit
+        git commit --allow-empty -m "${TITLE}"
+
+        git push origin "${RC_BRANCH}"
+
+    - name: Create a PR into ${{ inputs.release-branch }}
+      env:
+        GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ci-access-token }}
+        RC_BRANCH: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.rc-branch }}
+        RELEASE_BRANCH: ${{ inputs.release-branch }}
+        TITLE: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.title }}
+      run: |
+        cat << EOF > body.md
+          ## ${TITLE}
+
+          **Please merge this Pull Request using 'Create a merge commit' button**
+        EOF
+
+        gh pr create --title "${TITLE}" \
+                     --body-file "body.md" \
+                     --head "${RC_BRANCH}" \
+                     --base "${RELEASE_BRANCH}"

.github/workflows/benchmarking.yml

@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ jobs:
         run_in_parallel: false
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
         # Set --sparse-ordering option of pytest-order plugin
         # to ensure tests are running in order of appears in the file.
         # It's important for test_perf_pgbench.py::test_pgbench_remote_* tests
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ jobs:
           --ignore test_runner/performance/test_perf_pgvector_queries.py
           --ignore test_runner/performance/test_logical_replication.py
           --ignore test_runner/performance/test_physical_replication.py
+          --ignore test_runner/performance/test_perf_ingest_using_pgcopydb.py
       env:
         BENCHMARK_CONNSTR: ${{ steps.create-neon-project.outputs.dsn }}
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
@@ -149,12 +151,14 @@ jobs:
       id: create-allure-report
       if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
       uses: ./.github/actions/allure-report-generate
+      with:
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
 
     - name: Post to a Slack channel
       if: ${{ github.event.schedule && failure() }}
       uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
       with:
-        channel-id: "C033QLM5P7D" # dev-staging-stream
+        channel-id: "C06KHQVQ7U3" # on-call-qa-staging-stream
         slack-message: |
           Periodic perf testing: ${{ job.status }}
           <${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|GitHub Run>
@@ -210,6 +214,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 5400
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
         PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: "${{ secrets.PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR }}"
@@ -226,6 +231,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 5400
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
         PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: "${{ secrets.PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR }}"
@@ -237,11 +243,13 @@ jobs:
       uses: ./.github/actions/allure-report-generate
       with:
         store-test-results-into-db: true
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         REGRESS_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR_NEW: ${{ secrets.REGRESS_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR_NEW }}
 
+    # Post both success and failure to the Slack channel
     - name: Post to a Slack channel
-      if: ${{ github.event.schedule && failure() }}
+      if: ${{ github.event.schedule }}
       uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
       with:
         channel-id: "C06T9AMNDQQ" # on-call-compute-staging-stream
@@ -444,6 +452,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 21600 -k test_pgbench_remote_init
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         BENCHMARK_CONNSTR: ${{ steps.set-up-connstr.outputs.connstr }}
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
@@ -458,6 +467,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 21600 -k test_pgbench_remote_simple_update
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         BENCHMARK_CONNSTR: ${{ steps.set-up-connstr.outputs.connstr }}
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
@@ -472,6 +482,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 21600 -k test_pgbench_remote_select_only
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         BENCHMARK_CONNSTR: ${{ steps.set-up-connstr.outputs.connstr }}
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
@@ -488,12 +499,14 @@ jobs:
       id: create-allure-report
       if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
       uses: ./.github/actions/allure-report-generate
+      with:
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
 
     - name: Post to a Slack channel
       if: ${{ github.event.schedule && failure() }}
       uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
       with:
-        channel-id: "C033QLM5P7D" # dev-staging-stream
+        channel-id: "C06KHQVQ7U3" # on-call-qa-staging-stream
         slack-message: |
           Periodic perf testing on ${{ matrix.platform }}: ${{ job.status }}
           <${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|GitHub Run>
@@ -545,12 +558,12 @@ jobs:
         arch=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_64/amd64/g' | sed 's/aarch64/arm64/g')
 
         cd /home/nonroot
-        wget -q "https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/pool/main/p/postgresql-17/libpq5_17.0-1.pgdg110+1_${arch}.deb"
-        wget -q "https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/pool/main/p/postgresql-16/postgresql-client-16_16.4-1.pgdg110+2_${arch}.deb"
-        wget -q "https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/pool/main/p/postgresql-16/postgresql-16_16.4-1.pgdg110+2_${arch}.deb"
-        dpkg -x libpq5_17.0-1.pgdg110+1_${arch}.deb pg
-        dpkg -x postgresql-16_16.4-1.pgdg110+2_${arch}.deb pg
-        dpkg -x postgresql-client-16_16.4-1.pgdg110+2_${arch}.deb pg
+        wget -q "https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/pool/main/p/postgresql-17/libpq5_17.1-1.pgdg110+1_${arch}.deb"
+        wget -q "https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/pool/main/p/postgresql-16/postgresql-client-16_16.5-1.pgdg110+1_${arch}.deb"
+        wget -q "https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/pool/main/p/postgresql-16/postgresql-16_16.5-1.pgdg110+1_${arch}.deb"
+        dpkg -x libpq5_17.1-1.pgdg110+1_${arch}.deb pg
+        dpkg -x postgresql-16_16.5-1.pgdg110+1_${arch}.deb pg
+        dpkg -x postgresql-client-16_16.5-1.pgdg110+1_${arch}.deb pg
 
         mkdir -p /tmp/neon/pg_install/v16/bin
         ln -s /home/nonroot/pg/usr/lib/postgresql/16/bin/pgbench /tmp/neon/pg_install/v16/bin/pgbench
@@ -598,6 +611,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 21600 -k test_pgvector_indexing
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
         PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: "${{ secrets.PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR }}"
@@ -612,6 +626,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 21600
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         BENCHMARK_CONNSTR: ${{ steps.set-up-connstr.outputs.connstr }}
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
@@ -621,12 +636,14 @@ jobs:
       id: create-allure-report
       if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
       uses: ./.github/actions/allure-report-generate
+      with:
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
 
     - name: Post to a Slack channel
       if: ${{ github.event.schedule && failure() }}
       uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
       with:
-        channel-id: "C033QLM5P7D" # dev-staging-stream
+        channel-id: "C06KHQVQ7U3" # on-call-qa-staging-stream
         slack-message: |
           Periodic perf testing on ${{ env.PLATFORM }}: ${{ job.status }}
           <${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|GitHub Run>
@@ -671,6 +688,10 @@ jobs:
         password: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
       options: --init
 
+    # Increase timeout to 12h, default timeout is 6h
+    # we have regression in clickbench causing it to run 2-3x longer
+    timeout-minutes: 720
+
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
@@ -716,8 +737,9 @@ jobs:
         test_selection: performance/test_perf_olap.py
         run_in_parallel: false
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
-        extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 21600 -k test_clickbench
+        extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 43200 -k test_clickbench
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
         PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: "${{ secrets.PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR }}"
@@ -730,12 +752,14 @@ jobs:
       id: create-allure-report
       if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
       uses: ./.github/actions/allure-report-generate
+      with:
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
 
     - name: Post to a Slack channel
       if: ${{ github.event.schedule && failure() }}
       uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
       with:
-        channel-id: "C033QLM5P7D" # dev-staging-stream
+        channel-id: "C06KHQVQ7U3" # on-call-qa-staging-stream
         slack-message: |
           Periodic OLAP perf testing on ${{ matrix.platform }}: ${{ job.status }}
           <${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|GitHub Run>
@@ -832,6 +856,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 21600 -k test_tpch
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
         PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: "${{ secrets.PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR }}"
@@ -842,12 +867,14 @@ jobs:
       id: create-allure-report
       if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
       uses: ./.github/actions/allure-report-generate
+      with:
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
 
     - name: Post to a Slack channel
       if: ${{ github.event.schedule && failure() }}
       uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
       with:
-        channel-id: "C033QLM5P7D" # dev-staging-stream
+        channel-id: "C06KHQVQ7U3" # on-call-qa-staging-stream
         slack-message: |
           Periodic TPC-H perf testing on ${{ matrix.platform }}: ${{ job.status }}
           <${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|GitHub Run>
@@ -930,6 +957,7 @@ jobs:
         save_perf_report: ${{ env.SAVE_PERF_REPORT }}
         extra_params: -m remote_cluster --timeout 21600 -k test_user_examples
         pg_version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PG_VERSION }}
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
       env:
         VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN: "${{ secrets.VIP_VAP_ACCESS_TOKEN }}"
         PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: "${{ secrets.PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR }}"
@@ -939,12 +967,14 @@ jobs:
       id: create-allure-report
       if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
       uses: ./.github/actions/allure-report-generate
+      with:
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
 
     - name: Post to a Slack channel
       if: ${{ github.event.schedule && failure() }}
       uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
       with:
-        channel-id: "C033QLM5P7D" # dev-staging-stream
+        channel-id: "C06KHQVQ7U3" # on-call-qa-staging-stream
         slack-message: |
           Periodic TPC-H perf testing on ${{ matrix.platform }}: ${{ job.status }}
           <${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|GitHub Run>

.github/workflows/build-build-tools-image.yml

@@ -2,18 +2,13 @@ name: Build build-tools image
 
 on:
   workflow_call:
-    inputs:
-      image-tag:
-        description: "build-tools image tag"
-        required: true
-        type: string
     outputs:
       image-tag:
         description: "build-tools tag"
-        value: ${{ inputs.image-tag }}
+        value: ${{ jobs.check-image.outputs.tag }}
       image:
         description: "build-tools image"
-        value: neondatabase/build-tools:${{ inputs.image-tag }}
+        value: neondatabase/build-tools:${{ jobs.check-image.outputs.tag }}
 
 defaults:
   run:
@@ -35,7 +30,36 @@ permissions: {}
 
 jobs:
   check-image:
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/check-build-tools-image.yml
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    outputs:
+      tag: ${{ steps.get-build-tools-tag.outputs.image-tag }}
+      found: ${{ steps.check-image.outputs.found }}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Get build-tools image tag for the current commit
+        id: get-build-tools-tag
+        env:
+          IMAGE_TAG: |
+            ${{ hashFiles('build-tools.Dockerfile',
+                          '.github/workflows/build-build-tools-image.yml') }}
+        run: |
+          echo "image-tag=${IMAGE_TAG}" | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+      - name: Check if such tag found in the registry
+        id: check-image
+        env:
+          IMAGE_TAG: ${{ steps.get-build-tools-tag.outputs.image-tag }}
+        run: |
+          if docker manifest inspect neondatabase/build-tools:${IMAGE_TAG}; then
+            found=true
+          else
+            found=false
+          fi
+
+          echo "found=${found}" | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
 
   build-image:
     needs: [ check-image ]
@@ -48,23 +72,10 @@ jobs:
 
     runs-on: ${{ fromJson(format('["self-hosted", "{0}"]', matrix.arch == 'arm64' && 'large-arm64' || 'large')) }}
 
-    env:
-      IMAGE_TAG: ${{ inputs.image-tag }}
-
     steps:
-      - name: Check `input.tag` is correct
-        env:
-          INPUTS_IMAGE_TAG: ${{ inputs.image-tag }}
-          CHECK_IMAGE_TAG : ${{ needs.check-image.outputs.image-tag }}
-        run: |
-          if [ "${INPUTS_IMAGE_TAG}" != "${CHECK_IMAGE_TAG}" ]; then
-            echo "'inputs.image-tag' (${INPUTS_IMAGE_TAG}) does not match the tag of the latest build-tools image 'inputs.image-tag' (${CHECK_IMAGE_TAG})"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/set-docker-config-dir
+      - uses: neondatabase/dev-actions/set-docker-config-dir@6094485bf440001c94a94a3f9e221e81ff6b6193
       - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           cache-binary: false
@@ -92,10 +103,10 @@ jobs:
           cache-from: type=registry,ref=cache.neon.build/build-tools:cache-${{ matrix.debian-version }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
           cache-to: ${{ github.ref_name == 'main' && format('type=registry,ref=cache.neon.build/build-tools:cache-{0}-{1},mode=max', matrix.debian-version, matrix.arch) || '' }}
           tags: |
-            neondatabase/build-tools:${{ inputs.image-tag }}-${{ matrix.debian-version }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+            neondatabase/build-tools:${{ needs.check-image.outputs.tag }}-${{ matrix.debian-version }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
 
   merge-images:
-    needs: [ build-image ]
+    needs: [ check-image, build-image ]
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     steps:
@@ -107,7 +118,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Create multi-arch image
         env:
           DEFAULT_DEBIAN_VERSION: bullseye
-          IMAGE_TAG: ${{ inputs.image-tag }}
+          IMAGE_TAG: ${{ needs.check-image.outputs.tag }}
         run: |
           for debian_version in bullseye bookworm; do
             tags=("-t" "neondatabase/build-tools:${IMAGE_TAG}-${debian_version}")

.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml

@@ -77,48 +77,17 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash
         id: build-tag
 
-  check-build-tools-image:
-    needs: [ check-permissions ]
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/check-build-tools-image.yml
-
   build-build-tools-image:
-    needs: [ check-build-tools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions ]
     uses: ./.github/workflows/build-build-tools-image.yml
-    with:
-      image-tag: ${{ needs.check-build-tools-image.outputs.image-tag }}
     secrets: inherit
 
   check-codestyle-python:
     needs: [ check-permissions, build-build-tools-image ]
-    runs-on: [ self-hosted, small ]
-    container:
-      image: ${{ needs.build-build-tools-image.outputs.image }}-bookworm
-      credentials:
-        username: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
-        password: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
-      options: --init
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Cache poetry deps
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: ~/.cache/pypoetry/virtualenvs
-          key: v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-python-deps-bookworm-${{ hashFiles('poetry.lock') }}
-
-      - name: Install Python deps
-        run: ./scripts/pysync
-
-      - name: Run `ruff check` to ensure code format
-        run: poetry run ruff check .
-
-      - name: Run `ruff format` to ensure code format
-        run: poetry run ruff format --check .
-
-      - name: Run mypy to check types
-        run: poetry run mypy .
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_check-codestyle-python.yml
+    with:
+      build-tools-image: ${{ needs.build-build-tools-image.outputs.image }}-bookworm
+    secrets: inherit
 
   check-codestyle-jsonnet:
     needs: [ check-permissions, build-build-tools-image ]
@@ -141,6 +110,7 @@ jobs:
   # Check that the vendor/postgres-* submodules point to the
   # corresponding REL_*_STABLE_neon branches.
   check-submodules:
+    needs: [ check-permissions ]
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
@@ -521,6 +491,8 @@ jobs:
           REPORT_URL_NEW: ${{ steps.upload-coverage-report-new.outputs.report-url }}
           COMMIT_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
         with:
+          # Retry script for 5XX server errors: https://github.com/actions/github-script#retries
+          retries: 5
           script: |
             const { REPORT_URL_NEW, COMMIT_SHA } = process.env
 
@@ -552,7 +524,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           submodules: true
 
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/set-docker-config-dir
+      - uses: neondatabase/dev-actions/set-docker-config-dir@6094485bf440001c94a94a3f9e221e81ff6b6193
       - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           cache-binary: false
@@ -643,7 +615,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           submodules: true
 
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/set-docker-config-dir
+      - uses: neondatabase/dev-actions/set-docker-config-dir@6094485bf440001c94a94a3f9e221e81ff6b6193
       - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           cache-binary: false
@@ -824,7 +796,7 @@ jobs:
           curl -fL https://github.com/neondatabase/autoscaling/releases/download/$VM_BUILDER_VERSION/vm-builder -o vm-builder
           chmod +x vm-builder
 
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/set-docker-config-dir
+      - uses: neondatabase/dev-actions/set-docker-config-dir@6094485bf440001c94a94a3f9e221e81ff6b6193
       - uses: docker/login-action@v3
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
@@ -839,6 +811,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build vm image
         run: |
           ./vm-builder \
+            -size=2G \
             -spec=compute/vm-image-spec-${{ matrix.version.debian }}.yaml \
             -src=neondatabase/compute-node-${{ matrix.version.pg }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }} \
             -dst=neondatabase/vm-compute-node-${{ matrix.version.pg }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
@@ -859,7 +832,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/set-docker-config-dir
+      - uses: neondatabase/dev-actions/set-docker-config-dir@6094485bf440001c94a94a3f9e221e81ff6b6193
       - uses: docker/login-action@v3
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
@@ -1118,7 +1091,6 @@ jobs:
               -f deployPgSniRouter=true \
               -f deployProxyLink=true \
               -f deployPrivatelinkProxy=true \
-              -f deployLegacyProxyScram=true \
               -f deployProxyScram=true \
               -f deployProxyAuthBroker=true \
               -f branch=main \

.github/workflows/check-build-tools-image.yml

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-name: Check build-tools image
-
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-    outputs:
-      image-tag:
-        description: "build-tools image tag"
-        value: ${{ jobs.check-image.outputs.tag }}
-      found:
-        description: "Whether the image is found in the registry"
-        value: ${{ jobs.check-image.outputs.found }}
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash -euo pipefail {0}
-
-# No permission for GITHUB_TOKEN by default; the **minimal required** set of permissions should be granted in each job.
-permissions: {}
-
-jobs:
-  check-image:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    outputs:
-      tag: ${{ steps.get-build-tools-tag.outputs.image-tag }}
-      found: ${{ steps.check-image.outputs.found }}
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Get build-tools image tag for the current commit
-        id: get-build-tools-tag
-        env:
-          IMAGE_TAG: |
-            ${{ hashFiles('build-tools.Dockerfile',
-                          '.github/workflows/check-build-tools-image.yml',
-                          '.github/workflows/build-build-tools-image.yml') }}
-        run: |
-          echo "image-tag=${IMAGE_TAG}" | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Check if such tag found in the registry
-        id: check-image
-        env:
-          IMAGE_TAG: ${{ steps.get-build-tools-tag.outputs.image-tag }}
-        run: |
-          if docker manifest inspect neondatabase/build-tools:${IMAGE_TAG}; then
-            found=true
-          else
-            found=false
-          fi
-
-          echo "found=${found}" | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT

.github/workflows/ingest_benchmark.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+name: benchmarking ingest
+
+on:
+  # uncomment to run on push for debugging your PR
+  # push:
+  #   branches: [ your branch ]
+  schedule:
+    # * is a special character in YAML so you have to quote this string
+    #          ┌───────────── minute (0 - 59)
+    #          │ ┌───────────── hour (0 - 23)
+    #          │ │ ┌───────────── day of the month (1 - 31)
+    #          │ │ │ ┌───────────── month (1 - 12 or JAN-DEC)
+    #          │ │ │ │ ┌───────────── day of the week (0 - 6 or SUN-SAT)
+    - cron:   '0 9 * * *' # run once a day, timezone is utc
+  workflow_dispatch: # adds ability to run this manually
+    
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash -euxo pipefail {0}
+
+concurrency:
+  # Allow only one workflow globally because we need dedicated resources which only exist once
+  group: ingest-bench-workflow
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  ingest:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        target_project: [new_empty_project, large_existing_project]  
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+      statuses: write
+      id-token: write # aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials
+    env:
+      PG_CONFIG: /tmp/neon/pg_install/v16/bin/pg_config
+      PSQL: /tmp/neon/pg_install/v16/bin/psql
+      PG_16_LIB_PATH: /tmp/neon/pg_install/v16/lib
+      PGCOPYDB: /pgcopydb/bin/pgcopydb
+      PGCOPYDB_LIB_PATH: /pgcopydb/lib
+    runs-on: [ self-hosted, us-east-2, x64 ]
+    container:
+      image: neondatabase/build-tools:pinned-bookworm
+      credentials:
+        username: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+        password: ${{ secrets.NEON_DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+      options: --init
+    timeout-minutes: 1440
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Configure AWS credentials # necessary to download artefacts
+      uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
+      with:
+        aws-region: eu-central-1
+        role-to-assume: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
+        role-duration-seconds: 18000 # 5 hours is currently max associated with IAM role 
+
+    - name: Download Neon artifact
+      uses: ./.github/actions/download
+      with:
+        name: neon-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-release-artifact
+        path: /tmp/neon/
+        prefix: latest
+
+    - name: Create Neon Project
+      if: ${{ matrix.target_project == 'new_empty_project' }}
+      id: create-neon-project-ingest-target
+      uses: ./.github/actions/neon-project-create
+      with:
+        region_id: aws-us-east-2
+        postgres_version: 16
+        compute_units: '[7, 7]' # we want to test large compute here to avoid compute-side bottleneck
+        api_key: ${{ secrets.NEON_STAGING_API_KEY }}
+
+    - name: Initialize Neon project
+      if: ${{ matrix.target_project == 'new_empty_project' }}
+      env:
+          BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR: ${{ steps.create-neon-project-ingest-target.outputs.dsn }}
+          NEW_PROJECT_ID: ${{ steps.create-neon-project-ingest-target.outputs.project_id }}
+      run: |
+        echo "Initializing Neon project with project_id: ${NEW_PROJECT_ID}"
+        export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${PG_16_LIB_PATH}
+        ${PSQL} "${BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR}" -c "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS neon; CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS neon_utils;"
+        echo "BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR=${BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+    - name: Create Neon Branch for large tenant
+      if: ${{ matrix.target_project == 'large_existing_project' }}
+      id: create-neon-branch-ingest-target
+      uses: ./.github/actions/neon-branch-create
+      with:
+        project_id: ${{ vars.BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_PROJECTID }}
+        api_key: ${{ secrets.NEON_STAGING_API_KEY }}
+
+    - name: Initialize Neon project 
+      if: ${{ matrix.target_project == 'large_existing_project' }}
+      env:
+          BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR: ${{ steps.create-neon-branch-ingest-target.outputs.dsn }}
+          NEW_BRANCH_ID: ${{ steps.create-neon-branch-ingest-target.outputs.branch_id }}
+      run: |
+        echo "Initializing Neon branch with branch_id: ${NEW_BRANCH_ID}"
+        export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${PG_16_LIB_PATH}
+        # Extract the part before the database name
+        base_connstr="${BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR%/*}"
+        # Extract the query parameters (if any) after the database name
+        query_params="${BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR#*\?}"
+        # Reconstruct the new connection string
+        if [ "$query_params" != "$BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR" ]; then
+          new_connstr="${base_connstr}/neondb?${query_params}"
+        else
+          new_connstr="${base_connstr}/neondb"
+        fi
+        ${PSQL} "${new_connstr}" -c "drop database ludicrous;"
+        ${PSQL} "${new_connstr}" -c "CREATE DATABASE ludicrous;"
+        if [ "$query_params" != "$BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR" ]; then
+          BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR="${base_connstr}/ludicrous?${query_params}"
+        else
+          BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR="${base_connstr}/ludicrous"
+        fi
+        ${PSQL} "${BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR}" -c "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS neon; CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS neon_utils;"
+        echo "BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR=${BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+    - name: Invoke pgcopydb  
+      uses: ./.github/actions/run-python-test-set
+      with:
+        build_type: remote
+        test_selection: performance/test_perf_ingest_using_pgcopydb.py
+        run_in_parallel: false
+        extra_params: -s -m remote_cluster --timeout 86400 -k test_ingest_performance_using_pgcopydb
+        pg_version: v16
+        save_perf_report: true
+        aws_oicd_role_arn: ${{ vars.DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_ARN }}
+      env:
+        BENCHMARK_INGEST_SOURCE_CONNSTR: ${{ secrets.BENCHMARK_INGEST_SOURCE_CONNSTR }}
+        TARGET_PROJECT_TYPE: ${{ matrix.target_project }}
+        # we report PLATFORM in zenbenchmark NeonBenchmarker perf database and want to distinguish between new project and large tenant
+        PLATFORM: "${{ matrix.target_project }}-us-east-2-staging"
+        PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR: "${{ secrets.PERF_TEST_RESULT_CONNSTR }}"
+
+    - name: show tables sizes after ingest
+      run: |
+        export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${PG_16_LIB_PATH}
+        ${PSQL} "${BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_CONNSTR}" -c "\dt+"
+      
+    - name: Delete Neon Project
+      if: ${{ always() && matrix.target_project == 'new_empty_project' }}
+      uses: ./.github/actions/neon-project-delete
+      with:
+        project_id: ${{ steps.create-neon-project-ingest-target.outputs.project_id }}
+        api_key: ${{ secrets.NEON_STAGING_API_KEY }}
+
+    - name: Delete Neon Branch for large tenant
+      if: ${{ always() && matrix.target_project == 'large_existing_project' }}
+      uses: ./.github/actions/neon-branch-delete
+      with:
+        project_id: ${{ vars.BENCHMARK_INGEST_TARGET_PROJECTID }}
+        branch_id: ${{ steps.create-neon-branch-ingest-target.outputs.branch_id }}
+        api_key: ${{ secrets.NEON_STAGING_API_KEY }}

.github/workflows/neon_extra_builds.yml

@@ -26,15 +26,9 @@ jobs:
     with:
       github-event-name: ${{ github.event_name}}
 
-  check-build-tools-image:
-    needs: [ check-permissions ]
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/check-build-tools-image.yml
-
   build-build-tools-image:
-    needs: [ check-build-tools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions ]
     uses: ./.github/workflows/build-build-tools-image.yml
-    with:
-      image-tag: ${{ needs.check-build-tools-image.outputs.image-tag }}
     secrets: inherit
 
   check-macos-build:
@@ -44,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
       contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-extra-build-*') ||
       github.ref_name == 'main'
     timeout-minutes: 90
-    runs-on: macos-14
+    runs-on: macos-15
 
     env:
       # Use release build only, to have less debug info around
@@ -58,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
           submodules: true
 
       - name: Install macOS postgres dependencies
-        run: brew install flex bison openssl protobuf icu4c pkg-config
+        run: brew install flex bison openssl protobuf icu4c
 
       - name: Set pg 14 revision for caching
         id: pg_v14_rev
@@ -201,6 +195,8 @@ jobs:
           REPORT_URL: ${{ steps.upload-stats.outputs.report-url }}
           SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
         with:
+          # Retry script for 5XX server errors: https://github.com/actions/github-script#retries
+          retries: 5
           script: |
             const { REPORT_URL, SHA } = process.env
 

.github/workflows/periodic_pagebench.yml

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "COMMIT_HASH=$INPUT_COMMIT_HASH" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         fi
 
-    - name: Start Bench with run_id   
+    - name: Start Bench with run_id
       run: |
         curl -k -X 'POST' \
         "${EC2_MACHINE_URL_US}/start_test/${GITHUB_RUN_ID}" \
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ jobs:
         -H 'accept: application/gzip' \
         -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
         --output "test_log_${GITHUB_RUN_ID}.gz"
-    
+
     - name: Unzip Test Log and Print it into this job's log
       if: always() && steps.poll_step.outputs.too_many_runs != 'true'
       run: |
@@ -134,13 +134,13 @@ jobs:
       if: ${{ github.event.schedule && failure() }}
       uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
       with:
-        channel-id: "C033QLM5P7D" # dev-staging-stream
+        channel-id: "C06KHQVQ7U3" # on-call-qa-staging-stream
         slack-message: "Periodic pagebench testing on dedicated hardware: ${{ job.status }}\n${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}"
       env:
         SLACK_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BOT_TOKEN }}
 
     - name: Cleanup Test Resources
-      if: always() 
+      if: always()
       run: |
         curl -k -X 'POST' \
         "${EC2_MACHINE_URL_US}/cleanup_test/${GITHUB_RUN_ID}" \

.github/workflows/pg-clients.yml

@@ -39,15 +39,9 @@ jobs:
     with:
       github-event-name: ${{ github.event_name }}
 
-  check-build-tools-image:
-    needs: [ check-permissions ]
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/check-build-tools-image.yml
-
   build-build-tools-image:
-    needs: [ check-build-tools-image ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions ]
     uses: ./.github/workflows/build-build-tools-image.yml
-    with:
-      image-tag: ${{ needs.check-build-tools-image.outputs.image-tag }}
     secrets: inherit
 
   test-logical-replication:

.github/workflows/pre-merge-checks.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+name: Pre-merge checks
+
+on:
+  merge_group:
+    branches:
+      - main
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash -euxo pipefail {0}
+
+# No permission for GITHUB_TOKEN by default; the **minimal required** set of permissions should be granted in each job.
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  get-changed-files:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    outputs:
+      python-changed: ${{ steps.python-src.outputs.any_changed }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: tj-actions/changed-files@4edd678ac3f81e2dc578756871e4d00c19191daf # v45.0.4
+        id: python-src
+        with:
+          files: |
+            .github/workflows/pre-merge-checks.yml
+            **/**.py
+            poetry.lock
+            pyproject.toml
+
+      - name: PRINT ALL CHANGED FILES FOR DEBUG PURPOSES
+        env:
+          PYTHON_CHANGED_FILES: ${{ steps.python-src.outputs.all_changed_files }}
+        run: |
+          echo "${PYTHON_CHANGED_FILES}"
+
+  build-build-tools-image:
+    if: needs.get-changed-files.outputs.python-changed == 'true'
+    needs: [ get-changed-files ]
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/build-build-tools-image.yml
+    secrets: inherit
+
+  check-codestyle-python:
+    if: needs.get-changed-files.outputs.python-changed == 'true'
+    needs: [ get-changed-files, build-build-tools-image ]
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_check-codestyle-python.yml
+    with:
+      build-tools-image: ${{ needs.build-build-tools-image.outputs.image }}-bookworm
+    secrets: inherit
+
+  # To get items from the merge queue merged into main we need to satisfy "Status checks that are required".
+  # Currently we require 2 jobs (checks with exact name):
+  # - conclusion
+  # - neon-cloud-e2e
+  conclusion:
+    if: always()
+    permissions:
+      statuses: write # for `github.repos.createCommitStatus(...)`
+    needs:
+      - get-changed-files
+      - check-codestyle-python
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Create fake `neon-cloud-e2e` check
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        with:
+          # Retry script for 5XX server errors: https://github.com/actions/github-script#retries
+          retries: 5
+          script: |
+            const { repo, owner } = context.repo;
+            const targetUrl = `${context.serverUrl}/${owner}/${repo}/actions/runs/${context.runId}`;
+
+            await github.rest.repos.createCommitStatus({
+              owner: owner,
+              repo: repo,
+              sha: context.sha,
+              context: `neon-cloud-e2e`,
+              state: `success`,
+              target_url: targetUrl,
+              description: `fake check for merge queue`,
+            });
+
+      - name: Fail the job if any of the dependencies do not succeed or skipped
+        run: exit 1
+        if: |
+          (contains(needs.check-codestyle-python.result, 'skipped') && needs.get-changed-files.outputs.python-changed == 'true')
+          || contains(needs.*.result, 'failure')
+          || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled')

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -26,82 +26,26 @@ defaults:
 jobs:
   create-storage-release-branch:
     if: ${{ github.event.schedule == '0 6 * * MON' || format('{0}', inputs.create-storage-release-branch) == 'true' }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     permissions:
-      contents: write # for `git push`
+      contents: write
 
-    steps:
-    - name: Check out code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      with:
-        ref: main
-
-    - name: Set environment variables
-      run: |
-        echo "RELEASE_DATE=$(date +'%Y-%m-%d')" | tee -a $GITHUB_ENV
-        echo "RELEASE_BRANCH=rc/$(date +'%Y-%m-%d')" | tee -a $GITHUB_ENV
-
-    - name: Create release branch
-      run: git checkout -b $RELEASE_BRANCH
-
-    - name: Push new branch
-      run: git push origin $RELEASE_BRANCH
-
-    - name: Create pull request into release
-      env:
-        GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CI_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
-      run: |
-        TITLE="Storage & Compute release ${RELEASE_DATE}"
-
-        cat << EOF > body.md
-          ## ${TITLE}
-
-          **Please merge this Pull Request using 'Create a merge commit' button**
-        EOF
-
-        gh pr create --title "${TITLE}" \
-                     --body-file "body.md" \
-                     --head "${RELEASE_BRANCH}" \
-                     --base "release"
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_create-release-pr.yml
+    with:
+      component-name: 'Storage & Compute'
+      release-branch: 'release'
+    secrets:
+      ci-access-token: ${{ secrets.CI_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
   create-proxy-release-branch:
     if: ${{ github.event.schedule == '0 6 * * THU' || format('{0}', inputs.create-proxy-release-branch) == 'true' }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     permissions:
-      contents: write # for `git push`
+      contents: write
 
-    steps:
-    - name: Check out code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      with:
-        ref: main
-
-    - name: Set environment variables
-      run: |
-        echo "RELEASE_DATE=$(date +'%Y-%m-%d')" | tee -a $GITHUB_ENV
-        echo "RELEASE_BRANCH=rc/proxy/$(date +'%Y-%m-%d')" | tee -a $GITHUB_ENV
-
-    - name: Create release branch
-      run: git checkout -b $RELEASE_BRANCH
-
-    - name: Push new branch
-      run: git push origin $RELEASE_BRANCH
-
-    - name: Create pull request into release
-      env:
-        GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CI_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
-      run: |
-        TITLE="Proxy release ${RELEASE_DATE}"
-
-        cat << EOF > body.md
-          ## ${TITLE}
-
-          **Please merge this Pull Request using 'Create a merge commit' button**
-        EOF
-
-        gh pr create --title "${TITLE}" \
-                     --body-file "body.md" \
-                     --head "${RELEASE_BRANCH}" \
-                     --base "release-proxy"
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_create-release-pr.yml
+    with:
+      component-name: 'Proxy'
+      release-branch: 'release-proxy'
+    secrets:
+      ci-access-token: ${{ secrets.CI_ACCESS_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/report-workflow-stats-batch.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+name: Report Workflow Stats Batch
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '*/15 * * * *'
+    - cron: '25 0 * * *'
+
+jobs:
+  gh-workflow-stats-batch:
+    name: GitHub Workflow Stats Batch
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+    steps:
+    - name: Export Workflow Run for the past 2 hours
+      uses: neondatabase/gh-workflow-stats-action@v0.2.1
+      with:
+        db_uri: ${{ secrets.GH_REPORT_STATS_DB_RW_CONNSTR }}
+        db_table: "gh_workflow_stats_batch_neon"
+        gh_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        duration: '2h'
+    - name: Export Workflow Run for the past 24 hours
+      if: github.event.schedule == '25 0 * * *'
+      uses: neondatabase/gh-workflow-stats-action@v0.2.1
+      with:
+        db_uri: ${{ secrets.GH_REPORT_STATS_DB_RW_CONNSTR }}
+        db_table: "gh_workflow_stats_batch_neon"
+        gh_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        duration: '24h'

.github/workflows/report-workflow-stats.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ on:
     - Build and Test Locally
     - Build build-tools image
     - Check Permissions
-    - Check build-tools image
     - Check neon with extra platform builds
     - Cloud Regression Test
     - Create Release Branch
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@ on:
     - Test Postgres client libraries
     - Trigger E2E Tests
     - cleanup caches by a branch
+    - Pre-merge checks
     types: [completed]
 
 jobs:

CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
+/.github/ @neondatabase/developer-productivity
 /compute_tools/ @neondatabase/control-plane @neondatabase/compute
-/storage_controller @neondatabase/storage
-/storage_scrubber @neondatabase/storage
 /libs/pageserver_api/ @neondatabase/storage
 /libs/postgres_ffi/ @neondatabase/compute @neondatabase/storage
 /libs/remote_storage/ @neondatabase/storage
@@ -11,4 +10,6 @@
 /pgxn/neon/ @neondatabase/compute @neondatabase/storage
 /proxy/ @neondatabase/proxy
 /safekeeper/ @neondatabase/storage
+/storage_controller @neondatabase/storage
+/storage_scrubber @neondatabase/storage
 /vendor/ @neondatabase/compute

Cargo.lock

@@ -310,33 +310,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "aws-lc-rs"
-version = "1.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2f95446d919226d587817a7d21379e6eb099b97b45110a7f272a444ca5c54070"
-dependencies = [
- "aws-lc-sys",
- "mirai-annotations",
- "paste",
- "zeroize",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "aws-lc-sys"
-version = "0.21.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b3ddc4a5b231dd6958b140ff3151b6412b3f4321fab354f399eec8f14b06df62"
-dependencies = [
- "bindgen 0.69.5",
- "cc",
- "cmake",
- "dunce",
- "fs_extra",
- "libc",
- "paste",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "aws-runtime"
 version = "1.4.3"
@@ -942,29 +915,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bindgen"
-version = "0.69.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "271383c67ccabffb7381723dea0672a673f292304fcb45c01cc648c7a8d58088"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.1",
- "cexpr",
- "clang-sys",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
- "lazy_static",
- "lazycell",
- "log",
- "prettyplease",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "regex",
- "rustc-hash",
- "shlex",
- "syn 2.0.52",
- "which",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bindgen"
 version = "0.70.1"
@@ -974,7 +924,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.4.1",
  "cexpr",
  "clang-sys",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "log",
  "prettyplease",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -1220,15 +1170,6 @@ version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2da6da31387c7e4ef160ffab6d5e7f00c42626fe39aea70a7b0f1773f7dd6c1b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cmake"
-version = "0.1.51"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fb1e43aa7fd152b1f968787f7dbcdeb306d1867ff373c69955211876c053f91a"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -1288,12 +1229,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "futures",
  "hyper 0.14.30",
+ "metrics",
  "nix 0.27.1",
  "notify",
  "num_cpus",
+ "once_cell",
  "opentelemetry",
  "opentelemetry_sdk",
  "postgres",
+ "prometheus",
  "regex",
  "remote_storage",
  "reqwest 0.12.4",
@@ -1329,9 +1273,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "const-oid"
-version = "0.9.5"
+version = "0.9.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28c122c3980598d243d63d9a704629a2d748d101f278052ff068be5a4423ab6f"
+checksum = "c2459377285ad874054d797f3ccebf984978aa39129f6eafde5cdc8315b612f8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "const-random"
@@ -1815,12 +1759,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.52",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "dunce"
-version = "1.0.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "92773504d58c093f6de2459af4af33faa518c13451eb8f2b5698ed3d36e7c813"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "dyn-clone"
 version = "1.0.14"
@@ -2125,12 +2063,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio-util",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fs_extra"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42703706b716c37f96a77aea830392ad231f44c9e9a67872fa5548707e11b11c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fsevent-sys"
 version = "4.1.0"
@@ -2484,15 +2416,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hostname"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -2988,12 +2911,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "spin",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lazycell"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "830d08ce1d1d941e6b30645f1a0eb5643013d835ce3779a5fc208261dbe10f55"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
 version = "0.2.150"
@@ -3224,12 +3141,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "mirai-annotations"
-version = "1.12.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c9be0862c1b3f26a88803c4a49de6889c10e608b3ee9344e6ef5b45fb37ad3d1"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "multimap"
 version = "0.8.3"
@@ -3667,7 +3578,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-util",
- "toml_edit",
  "utils",
  "workspace_hack",
 ]
@@ -3731,6 +3641,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "serde_path_to_error",
  "serde_with",
+ "smallvec",
  "storage_broker",
  "strum",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3749,6 +3660,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing",
  "url",
  "utils",
+ "wal_decoder",
  "walkdir",
  "workspace_hack",
 ]
@@ -4097,7 +4009,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "postgres"
 version = "0.19.4"
-source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git?rev=20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2#20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2"
+source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git?branch=neon#a130197713830a0ea0004b539b1f51a66b4c3e18"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "fallible-iterator",
@@ -4110,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "postgres-protocol"
 version = "0.6.4"
-source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git?rev=20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2#20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2"
+source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git?branch=neon#a130197713830a0ea0004b539b1f51a66b4c3e18"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.20.0",
  "byteorder",
@@ -4129,7 +4041,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "postgres-types"
 version = "0.2.4"
-source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git?rev=20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2#20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2"
+source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git?branch=neon#a130197713830a0ea0004b539b1f51a66b4c3e18"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "fallible-iterator",
@@ -4146,7 +4058,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "once_cell",
  "pq_proto",
- "rustls 0.23.7",
+ "rustls 0.23.16",
  "rustls-pemfile 2.1.1",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
@@ -4175,7 +4087,7 @@ name = "postgres_ffi"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bindgen 0.70.1",
+ "bindgen",
  "bytes",
  "crc32c",
  "env_logger",
@@ -4186,6 +4098,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
+ "tracing",
  "utils",
 ]
 
@@ -4312,7 +4225,7 @@ checksum = "0c1318b19085f08681016926435853bbf7858f9c082d0999b80550ff5d9abe15"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "heck 0.5.0",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "log",
  "multimap",
  "once_cell",
@@ -4332,7 +4245,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e9552f850d5f0964a4e4d0bf306459ac29323ddfbae05e35a7c0d35cb0803cc5"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.52",
@@ -4420,7 +4333,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rsa",
  "rstest",
  "rustc-hash",
- "rustls 0.23.7",
+ "rustls 0.23.16",
  "rustls-native-certs 0.8.0",
  "rustls-pemfile 2.1.1",
  "scopeguard",
@@ -4431,6 +4344,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
  "smol_str",
  "socket2",
+ "strum",
+ "strum_macros",
  "subtle",
  "thiserror",
  "tikv-jemalloc-ctl",
@@ -4453,6 +4368,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "walkdir",
  "workspace_hack",
  "x509-parser",
+ "zerocopy",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4830,6 +4746,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "rustls 0.22.4",
+ "rustls-native-certs 0.7.0",
  "rustls-pemfile 2.1.1",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "serde",
@@ -5104,23 +5021,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
- "rustls-webpki 0.102.2",
+ "rustls-webpki 0.102.8",
  "subtle",
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls"
-version = "0.23.7"
+version = "0.23.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ebbbdb961df0ad3f2652da8f3fdc4b36122f568f968f45ad3316f26c025c677b"
+checksum = "eee87ff5d9b36712a58574e12e9f0ea80f915a5b0ac518d322b24a465617925e"
 dependencies = [
- "aws-lc-rs",
  "log",
  "once_cell",
  "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
- "rustls-webpki 0.102.2",
+ "rustls-webpki 0.102.8",
  "subtle",
  "zeroize",
 ]
@@ -5200,11 +5116,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-webpki"
-version = "0.102.2"
+version = "0.102.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "faaa0a62740bedb9b2ef5afa303da42764c012f743917351dc9a237ea1663610"
+checksum = "64ca1bc8749bd4cf37b5ce386cc146580777b4e8572c7b97baf22c83f444bee9"
 dependencies = [
- "aws-lc-rs",
  "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "untrusted",
@@ -5235,6 +5150,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "clap",
  "crc32c",
+ "criterion",
  "desim",
  "fail",
  "futures",
@@ -5242,6 +5158,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "http 1.1.0",
  "humantime",
  "hyper 0.14.30",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
  "metrics",
  "once_cell",
  "parking_lot 0.12.1",
@@ -5746,9 +5663,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.13.1"
+version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e6ecd384b10a64542d77071bd64bd7b231f4ed5940fba55e98c3de13824cf3d7"
+checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smol_str"
@@ -5821,6 +5738,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "parking_lot 0.12.1",
  "prost",
+ "rustls 0.23.16",
  "tokio",
  "tonic",
  "tonic-build",
@@ -5903,7 +5821,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "postgres_ffi",
  "remote_storage",
  "reqwest 0.12.4",
- "rustls 0.23.7",
+ "rustls 0.23.16",
  "rustls-native-certs 0.8.0",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -6156,9 +6074,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tikv-jemalloc-ctl"
-version = "0.5.4"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "619bfed27d807b54f7f776b9430d4f8060e66ee138a28632ca898584d462c31c"
+checksum = "f21f216790c8df74ce3ab25b534e0718da5a1916719771d3fec23315c99e468b"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "paste",
@@ -6167,9 +6085,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tikv-jemalloc-sys"
-version = "0.5.4+5.3.0-patched"
+version = "0.6.0+5.3.0-1-ge13ca993e8ccb9ba9847cc330696e02839f328f7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9402443cb8fd499b6f327e40565234ff34dbda27460c5b47db0db77443dd85d1"
+checksum = "cd3c60906412afa9c2b5b5a48ca6a5abe5736aec9eb48ad05037a677e52e4e2d"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
@@ -6177,9 +6095,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tikv-jemallocator"
-version = "0.5.4"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "965fe0c26be5c56c94e38ba547249074803efd52adfb66de62107d95aab3eaca"
+checksum = "4cec5ff18518d81584f477e9bfdf957f5bb0979b0bac3af4ca30b5b3ae2d2865"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "tikv-jemalloc-sys",
@@ -6272,7 +6190,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-epoll-uring"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/tokio-epoll-uring.git?branch=main#cb2dcea2058034bc209e7917b01c5097712a3168"
+source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/tokio-epoll-uring.git?branch=main#33e00106a268644d02ba0461bbd64476073b0ee1"
 dependencies = [
  "futures",
  "nix 0.26.4",
@@ -6309,7 +6227,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-postgres"
 version = "0.7.7"
-source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git?rev=20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2#20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2"
+source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git?branch=neon#a130197713830a0ea0004b539b1f51a66b4c3e18"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "byteorder",
@@ -6336,7 +6254,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "04fb792ccd6bbcd4bba408eb8a292f70fc4a3589e5d793626f45190e6454b6ab"
 dependencies = [
  "ring",
- "rustls 0.23.7",
+ "rustls 0.23.16",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-postgres",
  "tokio-rustls 0.26.0",
@@ -6370,7 +6288,7 @@ version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0c7bc40d0e5a97695bb96e27995cd3a08538541b0a846f65bba7a359f36700d4"
 dependencies = [
- "rustls 0.23.7",
+ "rustls 0.23.16",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "tokio",
 ]
@@ -6779,7 +6697,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "log",
  "once_cell",
- "rustls 0.23.7",
+ "rustls 0.23.16",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "url",
  "webpki-roots 0.26.1",
@@ -6788,7 +6706,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "uring-common"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/tokio-epoll-uring.git?branch=main#cb2dcea2058034bc209e7917b01c5097712a3168"
+source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/tokio-epoll-uring.git?branch=main#33e00106a268644d02ba0461bbd64476073b0ee1"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "io-uring",
@@ -6954,6 +6872,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "utils",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wal_decoder"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "bytes",
+ "pageserver_api",
+ "postgres_ffi",
+ "serde",
+ "tracing",
+ "utils",
+ "workspace_hack",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "walkdir"
 version = "2.3.3"
@@ -6969,7 +6901,7 @@ name = "walproposer"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bindgen 0.70.1",
+ "bindgen",
  "postgres_ffi",
  "utils",
 ]
@@ -7144,18 +7076,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "whoami"
 version = "1.5.1"
@@ -7415,7 +7335,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hyper-util",
  "indexmap 1.9.3",
  "indexmap 2.0.1",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "log",
@@ -7436,8 +7356,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex-automata 0.4.3",
  "regex-syntax 0.8.2",
  "reqwest 0.12.4",
- "rustls 0.23.7",
- "rustls-webpki 0.102.2",
+ "rustls 0.23.16",
  "scopeguard",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -7462,6 +7381,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing",
  "tracing-core",
  "url",
+ "zerocopy",
  "zeroize",
  "zstd",
  "zstd-safe",
@@ -7534,6 +7454,7 @@ version = "0.7.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1c4061bedbb353041c12f413700357bec76df2c7e2ca8e4df8bac24c6bf68e3d"
 dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
  "zerocopy-derive",
 ]
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ members = [
     "libs/postgres_ffi/wal_craft",
     "libs/vm_monitor",
     "libs/walproposer",
+    "libs/wal_decoder",
 ]
 
 [workspace.package]
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ reqwest-retry = "0.5"
 routerify = "3"
 rpds = "0.13"
 rustc-hash = "1.1.0"
-rustls = "0.23"
+rustls = { version = "0.23.16", default-features = false }
 rustls-pemfile = "2"
 scopeguard = "1.1"
 sysinfo = "0.29.2"
@@ -167,13 +168,13 @@ sync_wrapper = "0.1.2"
 tar = "0.4"
 test-context = "0.3"
 thiserror = "1.0"
-tikv-jemallocator = "0.5"
-tikv-jemalloc-ctl = "0.5"
+tikv-jemallocator = { version = "0.6", features = ["stats"] }
+tikv-jemalloc-ctl = { version = "0.6", features = ["stats"] }
 tokio = { version = "1.17", features = ["macros"] }
 tokio-epoll-uring = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/tokio-epoll-uring.git" , branch = "main" }
 tokio-io-timeout = "1.2.0"
 tokio-postgres-rustls = "0.12.0"
-tokio-rustls = "0.26"
+tokio-rustls = { version = "0.26.0", default-features = false, features = ["tls12", "ring"]}
 tokio-stream = "0.1"
 tokio-tar = "0.3"
 tokio-util = { version = "0.7.10", features = ["io", "rt"] }
@@ -195,27 +196,17 @@ walkdir = "2.3.2"
 rustls-native-certs = "0.8"
 x509-parser = "0.16"
 whoami = "1.5.1"
+zerocopy = { version = "0.7", features = ["derive"] }
 
 ## TODO replace this with tracing
 env_logger = "0.10"
 log = "0.4"
 
 ## Libraries from neondatabase/ git forks, ideally with changes to be upstreamed
-
-# We want to use the 'neon' branch for these, but there's currently one
-# incompatible change on the branch. See:
-#
-# - PR #8076 which contained changes that depended on the new changes in
-#   the rust-postgres crate, and
-# - PR #8654 which reverted those changes and made the code in proxy incompatible
-#   with the tip of the 'neon' branch again.
-#
-# When those proxy changes are re-applied (see PR #8747), we can switch using
-# the tip of the 'neon' branch again.
-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev = "20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2" }
-postgres-protocol = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev = "20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2" }
-postgres-types = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev = "20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2" }
-tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev = "20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2" }
+postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch = "neon" }
+postgres-protocol = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch = "neon" }
+postgres-types = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch = "neon" }
+tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch = "neon" }
 
 ## Local libraries
 compute_api = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/compute_api/" }
@@ -238,6 +229,7 @@ tracing-utils = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/tracing-utils/" }
 utils = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/utils/" }
 vm_monitor = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/vm_monitor/" }
 walproposer = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/walproposer/" }
+wal_decoder = { version = "0.1", path = "./libs/wal_decoder" }
 
 ## Common library dependency
 workspace_hack = { version = "0.1", path = "./workspace_hack/" }
@@ -252,7 +244,7 @@ tonic-build = "0.12"
 [patch.crates-io]
 
 # Needed to get `tokio-postgres-rustls` to depend on our fork.
-tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", rev = "20031d7a9ee1addeae6e0968e3899ae6bf01cee2" }
+tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch = "neon" }
 
 ################# Binary contents sections
 

build-tools.Dockerfile

@@ -1,12 +1,66 @@
 ARG DEBIAN_VERSION=bullseye
 
-FROM debian:${DEBIAN_VERSION}-slim
+FROM debian:bookworm-slim AS pgcopydb_builder
+ARG DEBIAN_VERSION
+
+RUN if [ "${DEBIAN_VERSION}" = "bookworm" ]; then \
+        set -e && \
+        apt update && \
+        apt install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        ca-certificates wget gpg && \
+        wget -qO - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/postgresql-keyring.gpg && \
+        echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/postgresql-keyring.gpg] http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt bookworm-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list && \
+        apt-get update && \
+        apt install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        build-essential \
+        autotools-dev \
+        libedit-dev \
+        libgc-dev \
+        libpam0g-dev \
+        libreadline-dev \
+        libselinux1-dev \
+        libxslt1-dev \
+        libssl-dev \
+        libkrb5-dev \
+        zlib1g-dev \
+        liblz4-dev \
+        libpq5 \
+        libpq-dev \
+        libzstd-dev \
+        postgresql-16 \
+        postgresql-server-dev-16 \
+        postgresql-common  \
+        python3-sphinx && \
+        wget -O /tmp/pgcopydb.tar.gz https://github.com/dimitri/pgcopydb/archive/refs/tags/v0.17.tar.gz && \
+        mkdir /tmp/pgcopydb && \
+        tar -xzf /tmp/pgcopydb.tar.gz -C /tmp/pgcopydb --strip-components=1 && \
+        cd /tmp/pgcopydb && \
+        make -s clean && \
+        make -s -j12 install && \
+        libpq_path=$(find /lib /usr/lib -name "libpq.so.5" | head -n 1) && \
+        mkdir -p /pgcopydb/lib && \
+        cp "$libpq_path" /pgcopydb/lib/; \
+    else \
+        # copy command below will fail if we don't have dummy files, so we create them for other debian versions
+        mkdir -p /usr/lib/postgresql/16/bin && touch /usr/lib/postgresql/16/bin/pgcopydb && \
+        mkdir -p mkdir -p /pgcopydb/lib && touch /pgcopydb/lib/libpq.so.5; \
+    fi
+
+FROM debian:${DEBIAN_VERSION}-slim AS build_tools
 ARG DEBIAN_VERSION
 
 # Add nonroot user
 RUN useradd -ms /bin/bash nonroot -b /home
 SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
 
+RUN mkdir -p /pgcopydb/bin && \
+    mkdir -p /pgcopydb/lib && \
+    chmod -R 755 /pgcopydb && \
+    chown -R nonroot:nonroot /pgcopydb
+        
+COPY --from=pgcopydb_builder /usr/lib/postgresql/16/bin/pgcopydb /pgcopydb/bin/pgcopydb 
+COPY --from=pgcopydb_builder /pgcopydb/lib/libpq.so.5 /pgcopydb/lib/libpq.so.5 
+
 # System deps
 #
 # 'gdb' is included so that we get backtraces of core dumps produced in
@@ -38,7 +92,7 @@ RUN set -e \
         libseccomp-dev \
         libsqlite3-dev \
         libssl-dev \
-        $([[ "${DEBIAN_VERSION}" = "bullseye" ]] && libstdc++-10-dev || libstdc++-11-dev) \
+        $([[ "${DEBIAN_VERSION}" = "bullseye" ]] && echo libstdc++-10-dev || echo libstdc++-11-dev) \
         libtool \
         libxml2-dev \
         libxmlsec1-dev \
@@ -57,6 +111,18 @@ RUN set -e \
         zstd \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*
 
+# sql_exporter
+
+# Keep the version the same as in compute/compute-node.Dockerfile and
+# test_runner/regress/test_compute_metrics.py.
+ENV SQL_EXPORTER_VERSION=0.13.1
+RUN curl -fsSL \
+    "https://github.com/burningalchemist/sql_exporter/releases/download/${SQL_EXPORTER_VERSION}/sql_exporter-${SQL_EXPORTER_VERSION}.linux-$(case "$(uname -m)" in x86_64) echo amd64;; aarch64) echo arm64;; esac).tar.gz" \
+    --output sql_exporter.tar.gz \
+    && mkdir /tmp/sql_exporter \
+    && tar xzvf sql_exporter.tar.gz -C /tmp/sql_exporter --strip-components=1 \
+    && mv /tmp/sql_exporter/sql_exporter /usr/local/bin/sql_exporter
+
 # protobuf-compiler (protoc)
 ENV PROTOC_VERSION=25.1
 RUN curl -fsSL "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v${PROTOC_VERSION}/protoc-${PROTOC_VERSION}-linux-$(uname -m | sed 's/aarch64/aarch_64/g').zip" -o "protoc.zip" \
@@ -223,7 +289,13 @@ RUN whoami \
     && cargo --version --verbose \
     && rustup --version --verbose \
     && rustc --version --verbose \
-    && clang --version
+    && clang --version 
+
+RUN if [ "${DEBIAN_VERSION}" = "bookworm" ]; then \
+    LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/pgcopydb/lib /pgcopydb/bin/pgcopydb --version; \
+else \
+    echo "pgcopydb is not available for ${DEBIAN_VERSION}"; \
+fi
 
 # Set following flag to check in Makefile if its running in Docker
 RUN touch /home/nonroot/.docker_build

compute/Makefile

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ sql_exporter.yml: $(jsonnet_files)
 		--output-file etc/$@ \
 		--tla-str collector_name=neon_collector \
 		--tla-str collector_file=neon_collector.yml \
+		--tla-str 'connection_string=postgresql://cloud_admin@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres?sslmode=disable&application_name=sql_exporter' \
 		etc/sql_exporter.jsonnet
 
 sql_exporter_autoscaling.yml: $(jsonnet_files)
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ sql_exporter_autoscaling.yml: $(jsonnet_files)
 		--output-file etc/$@ \
 		--tla-str collector_name=neon_collector_autoscaling \
 		--tla-str collector_file=neon_collector_autoscaling.yml \
-		--tla-str application_name=sql_exporter_autoscaling \
+		--tla-str 'connection_string=postgresql://cloud_admin@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres?sslmode=disable&application_name=sql_exporter_autoscaling' \
 		etc/sql_exporter.jsonnet
 
 .PHONY: clean

compute/compute-node.Dockerfile

@@ -431,14 +431,11 @@ COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 
 COPY compute/patches/rum.patch /rum.patch
 
-# maybe version-specific
-# support for v17 is unknown
-# last release 1.3.13 - Sep 19, 2022
-RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
-    echo "v17 extensions are not supported yet. Quit" && exit 0;; \
-    esac && \
-    wget https://github.com/postgrespro/rum/archive/refs/tags/1.3.13.tar.gz -O rum.tar.gz && \
-    echo "6ab370532c965568df6210bd844ac6ba649f53055e48243525b0b7e5c4d69a7d rum.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+# supports v17 since https://github.com/postgrespro/rum/commit/cb1edffc57736cd2a4455f8d0feab0d69928da25
+# doesn't use releases since 1.3.13 - Sep 19, 2022
+# use latest commit from the master branch
+RUN wget https://github.com/postgrespro/rum/archive/cb1edffc57736cd2a4455f8d0feab0d69928da25.tar.gz -O rum.tar.gz && \
+    echo "65e0a752e99f4c3226400c9b899f997049e93503db8bf5c8072efa136d32fd83 rum.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
     mkdir rum-src && cd rum-src && tar xzf ../rum.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
     patch -p1 < /rum.patch && \
     make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
@@ -562,8 +559,8 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
         export TIMESCALEDB_CHECKSUM=584a351c7775f0e067eaa0e7277ea88cab9077cc4c455cbbf09a5d9723dce95d \
         ;; \
       "v17") \
-        export TIMESCALEDB_VERSION=2.17.0 \
-        export TIMESCALEDB_CHECKSUM=155bf64391d3558c42f31ca0e523cfc6252921974f75298c9039ccad1c89811a \
+        export TIMESCALEDB_VERSION=2.17.1 \
+        export TIMESCALEDB_CHECKSUM=6277cf43f5695e23dae1c5cfeba00474d730b66ed53665a84b787a6bb1a57e28 \
         ;; \
     esac && \
     wget https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb/archive/refs/tags/${TIMESCALEDB_VERSION}.tar.gz -O timescaledb.tar.gz && \
@@ -627,16 +624,12 @@ FROM build-deps AS pg-cron-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
 COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 
-# 1.6.4 available, supports v17
 # This is an experimental extension that we do not support on prod yet.
 # !Do not remove!
 # We set it in shared_preload_libraries and computes will fail to start if library is not found.
 ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
-RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
-    echo "v17 extensions are not supported yet. Quit" && exit 0;; \
-    esac && \
-    wget https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron/archive/refs/tags/v1.6.0.tar.gz -O pg_cron.tar.gz && \
-    echo "383a627867d730222c272bfd25cd5e151c578d73f696d32910c7db8c665cc7db pg_cron.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+RUN wget https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron/archive/refs/tags/v1.6.4.tar.gz -O pg_cron.tar.gz && \
+    echo "52d1850ee7beb85a4cb7185731ef4e5a90d1de216709d8988324b0d02e76af61 pg_cron.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
     mkdir pg_cron-src && cd pg_cron-src && tar xzf ../pg_cron.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
     make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
     make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
@@ -666,7 +659,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
 #
 # Use new version only for v17
 # because Release_2024_09_1 has some backward incompatible changes
-# https://github.com/rdkit/rdkit/releases/tag/Release_2024_09_1 
+# https://github.com/rdkit/rdkit/releases/tag/Release_2024_09_1
 ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:/usr/local/pgsql/:$PATH"
 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
     "v17") \
@@ -860,18 +853,98 @@ ENV PATH="/home/nonroot/.cargo/bin:/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 USER nonroot
 WORKDIR /home/nonroot
 
-RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
-    echo "v17 is not supported yet by pgrx. Quit" && exit 0;; \
-    esac && \
-    curl -sSO https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/dist/$(uname -m)-unknown-linux-gnu/rustup-init && \
+RUN curl -sSO https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/dist/$(uname -m)-unknown-linux-gnu/rustup-init && \
     chmod +x rustup-init && \
     ./rustup-init -y --no-modify-path --profile minimal --default-toolchain stable && \
     rm rustup-init && \
+    case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
+        'v17') \
+            echo 'v17 is not supported yet by pgrx. Quit' && exit 0;; \
+    esac && \
     cargo install --locked --version 0.11.3 cargo-pgrx && \
     /bin/bash -c 'cargo pgrx init --pg${PG_VERSION:1}=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config'
 
 USER root
 
+#########################################################################################
+#
+# Layer "rust extensions pgrx12"
+#
+# pgrx started to support Postgres 17 since version 12,
+# but some older extension aren't compatible with it.
+# This layer should be used as a base for new pgrx extensions,
+# and eventually get merged with `rust-extensions-build`
+#
+#########################################################################################
+FROM build-deps AS rust-extensions-build-pgrx12
+ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y curl libclang-dev && \
+    useradd -ms /bin/bash nonroot -b /home
+
+ENV HOME=/home/nonroot
+ENV PATH="/home/nonroot/.cargo/bin:/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
+USER nonroot
+WORKDIR /home/nonroot
+
+RUN curl -sSO https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/dist/$(uname -m)-unknown-linux-gnu/rustup-init && \
+    chmod +x rustup-init && \
+    ./rustup-init -y --no-modify-path --profile minimal --default-toolchain stable && \
+    rm rustup-init && \
+    cargo install --locked --version 0.12.6 cargo-pgrx && \
+    /bin/bash -c 'cargo pgrx init --pg${PG_VERSION:1}=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config'
+
+USER root
+
+#########################################################################################
+#
+# Layers "pg-onnx-build" and "pgrag-pg-build"
+# Compile "pgrag" extensions
+#
+#########################################################################################
+
+FROM rust-extensions-build-pgrx12 AS pg-onnx-build
+
+# cmake 3.26 or higher is required, so installing it using pip (bullseye-backports has cmake 3.25).
+# Install it using virtual environment, because Python 3.11 (the default version on Debian 12 (Bookworm)) complains otherwise
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y python3 python3-pip python3-venv && \
+    python3 -m venv venv && \
+    . venv/bin/activate && \
+    python3 -m pip install cmake==3.30.5 && \
+    wget https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/archive/refs/tags/v1.18.1.tar.gz -O onnxruntime.tar.gz && \
+    mkdir onnxruntime-src && cd onnxruntime-src && tar xzf ../onnxruntime.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
+    ./build.sh --config Release --parallel --skip_submodule_sync --skip_tests --allow_running_as_root
+
+
+FROM pg-onnx-build AS pgrag-pg-build
+
+RUN apt-get install -y protobuf-compiler && \
+    wget https://github.com/neondatabase-labs/pgrag/archive/refs/tags/v0.0.0.tar.gz -O pgrag.tar.gz &&  \
+    echo "2cbe394c1e74fc8bcad9b52d5fbbfb783aef834ca3ce44626cfd770573700bb4 pgrag.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+    mkdir pgrag-src && cd pgrag-src && tar xzf ../pgrag.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
+    \
+    cd exts/rag && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    cargo pgrx install --release && \
+    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/rag.control && \
+    \
+    cd ../rag_bge_small_en_v15 && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    ORT_LIB_LOCATION=/home/nonroot/onnxruntime-src/build/Linux \
+        REMOTE_ONNX_URL=http://pg-ext-s3-gateway/pgrag-data/bge_small_en_v15.onnx \
+        cargo pgrx install --release --features remote_onnx && \
+    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/rag_bge_small_en_v15.control && \
+    \
+    cd ../rag_jina_reranker_v1_tiny_en && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    ORT_LIB_LOCATION=/home/nonroot/onnxruntime-src/build/Linux \
+        REMOTE_ONNX_URL=http://pg-ext-s3-gateway/pgrag-data/jina_reranker_v1_tiny_en.onnx \
+        cargo pgrx install --release --features remote_onnx && \
+    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/rag_jina_reranker_v1_tiny_en.control
+
+
 #########################################################################################
 #
 # Layer "pg-jsonschema-pg-build"
@@ -879,21 +952,31 @@ USER root
 #
 #########################################################################################
 
-FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-jsonschema-pg-build
+FROM rust-extensions-build-pgrx12 AS pg-jsonschema-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
-
-RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
-    echo "pg_jsonschema does not yet have a release that supports pg17" && exit 0;; \
+# version 0.3.3 supports v17
+# last release v0.3.3 - Oct 16, 2024
+#
+# there were no breaking changes
+# so we can use the same version for all postgres versions
+RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
+    "v14" | "v15" | "v16" | "v17") \
+        export PG_JSONSCHEMA_VERSION=0.3.3 \
+        export PG_JSONSCHEMA_CHECKSUM=40c2cffab4187e0233cb8c3bde013be92218c282f95f4469c5282f6b30d64eac \
+    ;; \
+    *) \
+        echo "unexpected PostgreSQL version" && exit 1 \
+    ;; \
     esac && \
-    wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_jsonschema/archive/refs/tags/v0.3.1.tar.gz -O pg_jsonschema.tar.gz && \
-    echo "61df3db1ed83cf24f6aa39c826f8818bfa4f0bd33b587fd6b2b1747985642297 pg_jsonschema.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+    wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_jsonschema/archive/refs/tags/v${PG_JSONSCHEMA_VERSION}.tar.gz -O pg_jsonschema.tar.gz && \
+    echo "${PG_JSONSCHEMA_CHECKSUM} pg_jsonschema.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
     mkdir pg_jsonschema-src && cd pg_jsonschema-src && tar xzf ../pg_jsonschema.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
     # see commit 252b3685a27a0f4c31a0f91e983c6314838e89e8
     # `unsafe-postgres` feature allows to build pgx extensions
     # against postgres forks that decided to change their ABI name (like us).
     # With that we can build extensions without forking them and using stock
     # pgx. As this feature is new few manual version bumps were required.
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.11.3"/pgrx = { version = "0.11.3", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
     cargo pgrx install --release && \
     echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_jsonschema.control
 
@@ -904,16 +987,27 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
 #
 #########################################################################################
 
-FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-graphql-pg-build
+FROM rust-extensions-build-pgrx12 AS pg-graphql-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
 
-RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
-    echo "pg_graphql does not yet have a release that supports pg17 as of now" && exit 0;; \
+# version 1.5.9 supports v17
+# last release v1.5.9 - Oct 16, 2024
+#
+# there were no breaking changes
+# so we can use the same version for all postgres versions
+RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
+    "v14" | "v15" | "v16" | "v17") \
+        export PG_GRAPHQL_VERSION=1.5.9 \
+        export PG_GRAPHQL_CHECKSUM=cf768385a41278be1333472204fc0328118644ae443182cf52f7b9b23277e497 \
+    ;; \
+    *) \
+        echo "unexpected PostgreSQL version" && exit 1 \
+    ;; \
     esac && \
-    wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_graphql/archive/refs/tags/v1.5.7.tar.gz -O pg_graphql.tar.gz && \
-    echo "2b3e567a5b31019cb97ae0e33263c1bcc28580be5a444ac4c8ece5c4be2aea41 pg_graphql.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+    wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_graphql/archive/refs/tags/v${PG_GRAPHQL_VERSION}.tar.gz -O pg_graphql.tar.gz && \
+    echo "${PG_GRAPHQL_CHECKSUM} pg_graphql.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
     mkdir pg_graphql-src && cd pg_graphql-src && tar xzf ../pg_graphql.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "=0.11.3"/pgrx = { version = "0.11.3", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "=0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
     cargo pgrx install --release && \
     # it's needed to enable extension because it uses untrusted C language
     sed -i 's/superuser = false/superuser = true/g' /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_graphql.control && \
@@ -926,15 +1020,13 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
 #
 #########################################################################################
 
-FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-tiktoken-pg-build
+FROM rust-extensions-build-pgrx12 AS pg-tiktoken-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
 
-# 26806147b17b60763039c6a6878884c41a262318 made on 26/09/2023
-RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
-    echo "pg_tiktoken does not have versions, nor support for pg17" && exit 0;; \
-    esac && \
-    wget https://github.com/kelvich/pg_tiktoken/archive/26806147b17b60763039c6a6878884c41a262318.tar.gz -O pg_tiktoken.tar.gz && \
-    echo "e64e55aaa38c259512d3e27c572da22c4637418cf124caba904cd50944e5004e pg_tiktoken.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+# doesn't use releases
+# 9118dd4549b7d8c0bbc98e04322499f7bf2fa6f7 - on Oct 29, 2024
+RUN wget https://github.com/kelvich/pg_tiktoken/archive/9118dd4549b7d8c0bbc98e04322499f7bf2fa6f7.tar.gz -O pg_tiktoken.tar.gz && \
+    echo "a5bc447e7920ee149d3c064b8b9f0086c0e83939499753178f7d35788416f628 pg_tiktoken.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
     mkdir pg_tiktoken-src && cd pg_tiktoken-src && tar xzf ../pg_tiktoken.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
     # TODO update pgrx version in the pg_tiktoken repo and remove this line
     sed -i 's/pgrx = { version = "=0.10.2",/pgrx = { version = "0.11.3",/g' Cargo.toml && \
@@ -952,6 +1044,8 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
 FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-pgx-ulid-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
 
+# doesn't support v17 yet
+# https://github.com/pksunkara/pgx_ulid/pull/52
 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
     echo "pgx_ulid does not support pg17 as of the latest version (0.1.5)" && exit 0;; \
     esac && \
@@ -969,16 +1063,16 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
 #
 #########################################################################################
 
-FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-session-jwt-build
+FROM rust-extensions-build-pgrx12 AS pg-session-jwt-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
 
-RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
-    echo "pg_session_jwt does not yet have a release that supports pg17" && exit 0;; \
-    esac && \
-    wget https://github.com/neondatabase/pg_session_jwt/archive/e1310b08ba51377a19e0559e4d1194883b9b2ba2.tar.gz -O pg_session_jwt.tar.gz && \
-    echo "837932a077888d5545fd54b0abcc79e5f8e37017c2769a930afc2f5c94df6f4e pg_session_jwt.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+# NOTE: local_proxy depends on the version of pg_session_jwt
+# Do not update without approve from proxy team
+# Make sure the version is reflected in proxy/src/serverless/local_conn_pool.rs
+RUN wget https://github.com/neondatabase/pg_session_jwt/archive/refs/tags/v0.1.2-v17.tar.gz -O pg_session_jwt.tar.gz && \
+    echo "c8ecbed9cb8c6441bce5134a176002b043018adf9d05a08e457dda233090a86e pg_session_jwt.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
     mkdir pg_session_jwt-src && cd pg_session_jwt-src && tar xzf ../pg_session_jwt.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "=0.11.3"/pgrx = { version = "=0.11.3", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "=0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
     cargo pgrx install --release
 
 #########################################################################################
@@ -1041,6 +1135,34 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman/archive/refs/tags/v5.1.0.tar.gz
     make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
     echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_partman.control
 
+#########################################################################################
+#
+# Layer "pg_mooncake"
+# compile pg_mooncake extension
+#
+#########################################################################################
+FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-mooncake-build
+ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
+
+# The topmost commit in the `neon` branch at the time of writing this
+# https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake/commits/neon/
+# https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake/commit/077c92c452bb6896a7b7776ee95f039984f076af
+ENV PG_MOONCAKE_VERSION=077c92c452bb6896a7b7776ee95f039984f076af
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
+
+RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
+        'v14') \
+            echo "pg_mooncake is not supported on Postgres ${PG_VERSION}" && exit 0;; \
+    esac && \
+    git clone --depth 1 --branch neon https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake.git pg_mooncake-src && \
+    cd pg_mooncake-src && \
+    git checkout "${PG_MOONCAKE_VERSION}" && \
+    git submodule update --init --depth 1 --recursive && \
+    make BUILD_TYPE=release -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
+    make BUILD_TYPE=release -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
+    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_mooncake.control
+
 #########################################################################################
 #
 # Layer "neon-pg-ext-build"
@@ -1059,6 +1181,7 @@ COPY --from=h3-pg-build /h3/usr /
 COPY --from=unit-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=vector-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pgjwt-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
+COPY --from=pgrag-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-jsonschema-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-graphql-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-tiktoken-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
@@ -1084,6 +1207,7 @@ COPY --from=wal2json-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql
 COPY --from=pg-anon-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-ivm-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY --from=pg-partman-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
+COPY --from=pg-mooncake-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 COPY pgxn/ pgxn/
 
 RUN make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) \
@@ -1191,7 +1315,10 @@ RUN mold -run cargo build --locked --profile release-line-debug-size-lto --bin l
 #########################################################################################
 
 FROM quay.io/prometheuscommunity/postgres-exporter:v0.12.1 AS postgres-exporter
-FROM burningalchemist/sql_exporter:0.13 AS sql-exporter
+
+# Keep the version the same as in build-tools.Dockerfile and
+# test_runner/regress/test_compute_metrics.py.
+FROM burningalchemist/sql_exporter:0.13.1 AS sql-exporter
 
 #########################################################################################
 #
@@ -1247,6 +1374,7 @@ COPY --from=unit-pg-build /postgresql-unit.tar.gz /ext-src/
 COPY --from=vector-pg-build /pgvector.tar.gz /ext-src/
 COPY --from=vector-pg-build /pgvector.patch /ext-src/
 COPY --from=pgjwt-pg-build /pgjwt.tar.gz /ext-src
+#COPY --from=pgrag-pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 #COPY --from=pg-jsonschema-pg-build /home/nonroot/pg_jsonschema.tar.gz /ext-src
 #COPY --from=pg-graphql-pg-build /home/nonroot/pg_graphql.tar.gz /ext-src
 #COPY --from=pg-tiktoken-pg-build /home/nonroot/pg_tiktoken.tar.gz /ext-src
@@ -1343,6 +1471,8 @@ RUN mkdir -p /etc/local_proxy && chown postgres:postgres /etc/local_proxy
 COPY --from=postgres-exporter /bin/postgres_exporter /bin/postgres_exporter
 COPY --from=sql-exporter      /bin/sql_exporter      /bin/sql_exporter
 
+COPY --chown=postgres compute/etc/postgres_exporter.yml /etc/postgres_exporter.yml
+
 COPY --from=sql_exporter_preprocessor --chmod=0644 /home/nonroot/compute/etc/sql_exporter.yml               /etc/sql_exporter.yml
 COPY --from=sql_exporter_preprocessor --chmod=0644 /home/nonroot/compute/etc/neon_collector.yml             /etc/neon_collector.yml
 COPY --from=sql_exporter_preprocessor --chmod=0644 /home/nonroot/compute/etc/sql_exporter_autoscaling.yml   /etc/sql_exporter_autoscaling.yml

compute/etc/neon_collector.jsonnet

@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
   metrics: [
     import 'sql_exporter/checkpoints_req.libsonnet',
     import 'sql_exporter/checkpoints_timed.libsonnet',
+    import 'sql_exporter/compute_backpressure_throttling_seconds.libsonnet',
     import 'sql_exporter/compute_current_lsn.libsonnet',
     import 'sql_exporter/compute_logical_snapshot_files.libsonnet',
+    import 'sql_exporter/compute_max_connections.libsonnet',
     import 'sql_exporter/compute_receive_lsn.libsonnet',
     import 'sql_exporter/compute_subscriptions_count.libsonnet',
     import 'sql_exporter/connection_counts.libsonnet',

compute/etc/sql_exporter.jsonnet

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-function(collector_name, collector_file, application_name='sql_exporter') {
+function(collector_name, collector_file, connection_string) {
   // Configuration for sql_exporter for autoscaling-agent
   // Global defaults.
   global: {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ function(collector_name, collector_file, application_name='sql_exporter') {
   target: {
     // Data source name always has a URI schema that matches the driver name. In some cases (e.g. MySQL)
     // the schema gets dropped or replaced to match the driver expected DSN format.
-    data_source_name: std.format('postgresql://cloud_admin@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres?sslmode=disable&application_name=%s', [application_name]),
+    data_source_name: connection_string,
 
     // Collectors (referenced by name) to execute on the target.
     // Glob patterns are supported (see <https://pkg.go.dev/path/filepath#Match> for syntax).

compute/etc/sql_exporter/compute_backpressure_throttling_seconds.libsonnet

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  metric_name: 'compute_backpressure_throttling_seconds',
+  type: 'gauge',
+  help: 'Time compute has spent throttled',
+  key_labels: null,
+  values: [
+    'throttled',
+  ],
+  query: importstr 'sql_exporter/compute_backpressure_throttling_seconds.sql',
+}

compute/etc/sql_exporter/compute_backpressure_throttling_seconds.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+SELECT (neon.backpressure_throttling_time()::float8 / 1000000) AS throttled;

compute/etc/sql_exporter/compute_max_connections.libsonnet

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  metric_name: 'compute_max_connections',
+  type: 'gauge',
+  help: 'Max connections allowed for Postgres',
+  key_labels: null,
+  values: [
+    'max_connections',
+  ],
+  query: importstr 'sql_exporter/compute_max_connections.sql',
+}

compute/etc/sql_exporter/compute_max_connections.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+SELECT current_setting('max_connections') as max_connections;

compute/patches/cloud_regress_pg16.patch

@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ index 542c2e098c..0062d3024f 100644
  ALTER TABLE ptnowner1 OWNER TO regress_ptnowner;
  ALTER TABLE ptnowner OWNER TO regress_ptnowner;
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out b/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
-index 97bbe53b64..eac3d42a79 100644
+index 3f9a8f539c..0a51b52940 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
 @@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@ select * from collate_test1 where b ilike 'ABC';
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ index b48365ec98..a6ef910055 100644
  -- the wrong partition. This test is *not* guaranteed to trigger that bug, but
  -- does so when shared_buffers is small enough.  To test if we encountered the
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/copy2.out b/src/test/regress/expected/copy2.out
-index faf1a4d1b0..a44c97db52 100644
+index 9a74820ee8..22400a5551 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/copy2.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/copy2.out
 @@ -553,8 +553,8 @@ select * from check_con_tbl;
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ index 93302a07ef..1a73f083ac 100644
  -- that does not match with what's expected.
  -- This checks all the object types that include schema qualifications.
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/create_view.out b/src/test/regress/expected/create_view.out
-index f3f8c7b5a2..3e3e54ff4c 100644
+index f551624afb..57f1e432d4 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/create_view.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/create_view.out
 @@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ CREATE TABLE real_city (
@@ -700,12 +700,12 @@ index 6ed50fdcfa..caa00a345d 100644
  COMMENT ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER dummy IS 'useless';
  CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgresql VALIDATOR postgresql_fdw_validator;
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/foreign_key.out b/src/test/regress/expected/foreign_key.out
-index 12e523c737..8872e23935 100644
+index 6b8c2f2414..8e13b7fa46 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/foreign_key.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/foreign_key.out
-@@ -1968,7 +1968,7 @@ ALTER TABLE fk_partitioned_fk ATTACH PARTITION fk_partitioned_fk_2
-   FOR VALUES IN (1600);
- -- leave these tables around intentionally
+@@ -1985,7 +1985,7 @@ ALTER TABLE fk_partitioned_fk_6 ATTACH PARTITION fk_partitioned_pk_6 FOR VALUES
+ ERROR:  cannot ALTER TABLE "fk_partitioned_pk_61" because it is being used by active queries in this session
+ DROP TABLE fk_partitioned_pk_6, fk_partitioned_fk_6;
  -- test the case when the referenced table is owned by a different user
 -create role regress_other_partitioned_fk_owner;
 +create role regress_other_partitioned_fk_owner PASSWORD NEON_PASSWORD_PLACEHOLDER;
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ index 12e523c737..8872e23935 100644
  set role regress_other_partitioned_fk_owner;
  create table other_partitioned_fk(a int, b int) partition by list (a);
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/generated.out b/src/test/regress/expected/generated.out
-index 0f623f7119..b48588a54e 100644
+index 5881420388..4ae21aa43c 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/generated.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/generated.out
 @@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ CREATE TABLE gtest10a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STOR
@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ index a2036a1597..805d73b9d2 100644
  -- fields, leading to long bucket chains and lots of table expansion.
  -- this is therefore a stress test of the bucket overflow code (unlike
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/identity.out b/src/test/regress/expected/identity.out
-index cc7772349f..98a08eb48d 100644
+index 1b74958de9..078187b542 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/identity.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/identity.out
 @@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ ALTER TABLE itest7 ALTER COLUMN a SET GENERATED BY DEFAULT;
@@ -775,10 +775,10 @@ index cc7772349f..98a08eb48d 100644
  GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON itest8 TO regress_identity_user1;
  SET ROLE regress_identity_user1;
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/inherit.out b/src/test/regress/expected/inherit.out
-index 4943429e9b..0257f22b15 100644
+index 8f831c95c3..ec681b52af 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/inherit.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/inherit.out
-@@ -2606,7 +2606,7 @@ create index on permtest_parent (left(c, 3));
+@@ -2636,7 +2636,7 @@ create index on permtest_parent (left(c, 3));
  insert into permtest_parent
    select 1, 'a', left(fipshash(i::text), 5) from generate_series(0, 100) i;
  analyze permtest_parent;
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ index 8475231735..1afae5395f 100644
  SELECT rolname, rolpassword
      FROM pg_authid
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/privileges.out b/src/test/regress/expected/privileges.out
-index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
+index 5b9dba7b32..cc408dad42 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/privileges.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/privileges.out
 @@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ SELECT lo_unlink(oid) FROM pg_largeobject_metadata WHERE oid >= 1000 AND oid < 3
@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@ index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
  GRANT pg_read_all_data TO regress_priv_user6;
  GRANT pg_write_all_data TO regress_priv_user7;
  GRANT pg_read_all_settings TO regress_priv_user8 WITH ADMIN OPTION;
-@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ REVOKE pg_read_all_settings FROM regress_priv_user8;
+@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ REVOKE pg_read_all_settings FROM regress_priv_user8;
  DROP USER regress_priv_user10;
  DROP USER regress_priv_user9;
  DROP USER regress_priv_user8;
@@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
  ALTER GROUP regress_priv_group1 ADD USER regress_priv_user4;
  GRANT regress_priv_group2 TO regress_priv_user2 GRANTED BY regress_priv_user1;
  SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_priv_user1;
-@@ -172,12 +172,16 @@ GRANT regress_priv_role TO regress_priv_user1 WITH ADMIN OPTION GRANTED BY regre
+@@ -239,12 +239,16 @@ GRANT regress_priv_role TO regress_priv_user1 WITH ADMIN OPTION GRANTED BY regre
  ERROR:  permission denied to grant privileges as role "regress_priv_role"
  DETAIL:  The grantor must have the ADMIN option on role "regress_priv_role".
  GRANT regress_priv_role TO regress_priv_user1 WITH ADMIN OPTION GRANTED BY CURRENT_ROLE;
@@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@ index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
  DROP ROLE regress_priv_role;
  SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_priv_user1;
  SELECT session_user, current_user;
-@@ -1709,7 +1713,7 @@ SELECT has_table_privilege('regress_priv_user1', 'atest4', 'SELECT WITH GRANT OP
+@@ -1776,7 +1780,7 @@ SELECT has_table_privilege('regress_priv_user1', 'atest4', 'SELECT WITH GRANT OP
  
  -- security-restricted operations
  \c -
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
  -- Check that index expressions and predicates are run as the table's owner
  -- A dummy index function checking current_user
  CREATE FUNCTION sro_ifun(int) RETURNS int AS $$
-@@ -2601,8 +2605,8 @@ drop cascades to function testns.priv_testagg(integer)
+@@ -2668,8 +2672,8 @@ drop cascades to function testns.priv_testagg(integer)
  drop cascades to function testns.priv_testproc(integer)
  -- Change owner of the schema & and rename of new schema owner
  \c -
@@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
  SET SESSION ROLE regress_schemauser1;
  CREATE SCHEMA testns;
  SELECT nspname, rolname FROM pg_namespace, pg_roles WHERE pg_namespace.nspname = 'testns' AND pg_namespace.nspowner = pg_roles.oid;
-@@ -2725,7 +2729,7 @@ DROP USER regress_priv_user7;
+@@ -2792,7 +2796,7 @@ DROP USER regress_priv_user7;
  DROP USER regress_priv_user8; -- does not exist
  ERROR:  role "regress_priv_user8" does not exist
  -- permissions with LOCK TABLE
@@ -1242,7 +1242,7 @@ index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
  CREATE TABLE lock_table (a int);
  -- LOCK TABLE and SELECT permission
  GRANT SELECT ON lock_table TO regress_locktable_user;
-@@ -2807,7 +2811,7 @@ DROP USER regress_locktable_user;
+@@ -2874,7 +2878,7 @@ DROP USER regress_locktable_user;
  -- pg_backend_memory_contexts.
  -- switch to superuser
  \c -
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
  SELECT has_table_privilege('regress_readallstats','pg_backend_memory_contexts','SELECT'); -- no
   has_table_privilege 
  ---------------------
-@@ -2851,10 +2855,10 @@ RESET ROLE;
+@@ -2918,10 +2922,10 @@ RESET ROLE;
  -- clean up
  DROP ROLE regress_readallstats;
  -- test role grantor machinery
@@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ index fbb0489a4f..2905194e2c 100644
  GRANT regress_group TO regress_group_direct_manager WITH INHERIT FALSE, ADMIN TRUE;
  GRANT regress_group_direct_manager TO regress_group_indirect_manager;
  SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_group_direct_manager;
-@@ -2883,9 +2887,9 @@ DROP ROLE regress_group_direct_manager;
+@@ -2950,9 +2954,9 @@ DROP ROLE regress_group_direct_manager;
  DROP ROLE regress_group_indirect_manager;
  DROP ROLE regress_group_member;
  -- test SET and INHERIT options with object ownership changes
@@ -1813,7 +1813,7 @@ index 5e6969b173..2c4d52237f 100644
  
  -- clean up roles
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/rowsecurity.out b/src/test/regress/expected/rowsecurity.out
-index 97ca9bf72c..b2a7a6f710 100644
+index 218c0c2863..f7af0cfb12 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/rowsecurity.out
 +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/rowsecurity.out
 @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ DROP ROLE IF EXISTS regress_rls_group2;
@@ -1917,6 +1917,19 @@ index b79fe9a1c0..e29fab88ab 100644
  ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE regress_selinto_user
  	  REVOKE INSERT ON TABLES FROM regress_selinto_user;
  GRANT ALL ON SCHEMA selinto_schema TO public;
+diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/select_parallel.out b/src/test/regress/expected/select_parallel.out
+index afc6ab08c2..dfcd891af3 100644
+--- a/src/test/regress/expected/select_parallel.out
++++ b/src/test/regress/expected/select_parallel.out
+@@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ SELECT 1 FROM tenk1_vw_sec
+ 
+ rollback;
+ -- test that function option SET ROLE works in parallel workers.
+-create role regress_parallel_worker;
++create role regress_parallel_worker PASSWORD NEON_PASSWORD_PLACEHOLDER;
+ create function set_and_report_role() returns text as
+   $$ select current_setting('role') $$ language sql parallel safe
+   set role = regress_parallel_worker;
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/select_views.out b/src/test/regress/expected/select_views.out
 index 1aeed8452b..7d9427d070 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/expected/select_views.out
@@ -2369,7 +2382,7 @@ index 6cb9c926c0..5e689e4062 100644
  ALTER TABLE ptnowner1 OWNER TO regress_ptnowner;
  ALTER TABLE ptnowner OWNER TO regress_ptnowner;
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql
-index 3db9e25913..c66d5aa2c2 100644
+index 8aa902d5ab..24bb823b86 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql
 +++ b/src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql
 @@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ reset enable_seqscan;
@@ -2532,7 +2545,7 @@ index 43d2e906dd..6c993d70f0 100644
  -- An earlier bug (see commit b1ecb9b3fcf) could end up using a buffer from
  -- the wrong partition. This test is *not* guaranteed to trigger that bug, but
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/copy2.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/copy2.sql
-index d759635068..d58e50dcc5 100644
+index cf3828c16e..cf3ca38175 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/copy2.sql
 +++ b/src/test/regress/sql/copy2.sql
 @@ -365,8 +365,8 @@ copy check_con_tbl from stdin;
@@ -2774,7 +2787,7 @@ index 1b7064247a..be5b662ce1 100644
  -- Cases where schema creation fails as objects are qualified with a schema
  -- that does not match with what's expected.
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/create_view.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/create_view.sql
-index 3a78be1b0c..617d2dc8d6 100644
+index ae6841308b..47bc792e30 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/create_view.sql
 +++ b/src/test/regress/sql/create_view.sql
 @@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ CREATE TABLE real_city (
@@ -2901,11 +2914,11 @@ index aa147b14a9..370e0dd570 100644
  CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER dummy;
  COMMENT ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER dummy IS 'useless';
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/foreign_key.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/foreign_key.sql
-index 22e177f89b..7138d5e1d4 100644
+index 45c7a534cb..32dd26b8cd 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/foreign_key.sql
 +++ b/src/test/regress/sql/foreign_key.sql
-@@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@ ALTER TABLE fk_partitioned_fk ATTACH PARTITION fk_partitioned_fk_2
- -- leave these tables around intentionally
+@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ ALTER TABLE fk_partitioned_fk_6 ATTACH PARTITION fk_partitioned_pk_6 FOR VALUES
+ DROP TABLE fk_partitioned_pk_6, fk_partitioned_fk_6;
  
  -- test the case when the referenced table is owned by a different user
 -create role regress_other_partitioned_fk_owner;
@@ -2963,7 +2976,7 @@ index 527024f710..de49c0b85f 100644
  -- the data in this file has a lot of duplicates in the index key
  -- fields, leading to long bucket chains and lots of table expansion.
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/identity.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/identity.sql
-index 91d2e443b4..241c93f373 100644
+index 7537258a75..9041e35e34 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/identity.sql
 +++ b/src/test/regress/sql/identity.sql
 @@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ ALTER TABLE itest7 ALTER COLUMN a RESTART;
@@ -2976,10 +2989,10 @@ index 91d2e443b4..241c93f373 100644
  GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON itest8 TO regress_identity_user1;
  SET ROLE regress_identity_user1;
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/inherit.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/inherit.sql
-index fe699c54d5..bdd5993f45 100644
+index b5b554a125..109889ad24 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/inherit.sql
 +++ b/src/test/regress/sql/inherit.sql
-@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ create index on permtest_parent (left(c, 3));
+@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ create index on permtest_parent (left(c, 3));
  insert into permtest_parent
    select 1, 'a', left(fipshash(i::text), 5) from generate_series(0, 100) i;
  analyze permtest_parent;
@@ -3218,7 +3231,7 @@ index 53e86b0b6c..f07cf1ec54 100644
  CREATE ROLE regress_passwd5 PASSWORD 'md5e73a4b11df52a6068f8b39f90be36023';
  
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/privileges.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/privileges.sql
-index 3f68cafcd1..004b26831d 100644
+index 249df17a58..b258e7f26a 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/privileges.sql
 +++ b/src/test/regress/sql/privileges.sql
 @@ -24,18 +24,18 @@ RESET client_min_messages;
@@ -3269,7 +3282,7 @@ index 3f68cafcd1..004b26831d 100644
  
  GRANT pg_read_all_data TO regress_priv_user6;
  GRANT pg_write_all_data TO regress_priv_user7;
-@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ DROP USER regress_priv_user10;
+@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ DROP USER regress_priv_user10;
  DROP USER regress_priv_user9;
  DROP USER regress_priv_user8;
  
@@ -3280,7 +3293,7 @@ index 3f68cafcd1..004b26831d 100644
  
  ALTER GROUP regress_priv_group1 ADD USER regress_priv_user4;
  
-@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ SELECT has_table_privilege('regress_priv_user1', 'atest4', 'SELECT WITH GRANT OP
+@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ SELECT has_table_privilege('regress_priv_user1', 'atest4', 'SELECT WITH GRANT OP
  
  -- security-restricted operations
  \c -
@@ -3289,7 +3302,7 @@ index 3f68cafcd1..004b26831d 100644
  
  -- Check that index expressions and predicates are run as the table's owner
  
-@@ -1620,8 +1620,8 @@ DROP SCHEMA testns CASCADE;
+@@ -1653,8 +1653,8 @@ DROP SCHEMA testns CASCADE;
  -- Change owner of the schema & and rename of new schema owner
  \c -
  
@@ -3300,7 +3313,7 @@ index 3f68cafcd1..004b26831d 100644
  
  SET SESSION ROLE regress_schemauser1;
  CREATE SCHEMA testns;
-@@ -1715,7 +1715,7 @@ DROP USER regress_priv_user8; -- does not exist
+@@ -1748,7 +1748,7 @@ DROP USER regress_priv_user8; -- does not exist
  
  
  -- permissions with LOCK TABLE
@@ -3309,7 +3322,7 @@ index 3f68cafcd1..004b26831d 100644
  CREATE TABLE lock_table (a int);
  
  -- LOCK TABLE and SELECT permission
-@@ -1803,7 +1803,7 @@ DROP USER regress_locktable_user;
+@@ -1836,7 +1836,7 @@ DROP USER regress_locktable_user;
  -- switch to superuser
  \c -
  
@@ -3318,7 +3331,7 @@ index 3f68cafcd1..004b26831d 100644
  
  SELECT has_table_privilege('regress_readallstats','pg_backend_memory_contexts','SELECT'); -- no
  SELECT has_table_privilege('regress_readallstats','pg_shmem_allocations','SELECT'); -- no
-@@ -1823,10 +1823,10 @@ RESET ROLE;
+@@ -1856,10 +1856,10 @@ RESET ROLE;
  DROP ROLE regress_readallstats;
  
  -- test role grantor machinery
@@ -3333,7 +3346,7 @@ index 3f68cafcd1..004b26831d 100644
  
  GRANT regress_group TO regress_group_direct_manager WITH INHERIT FALSE, ADMIN TRUE;
  GRANT regress_group_direct_manager TO regress_group_indirect_manager;
-@@ -1848,9 +1848,9 @@ DROP ROLE regress_group_indirect_manager;
+@@ -1881,9 +1881,9 @@ DROP ROLE regress_group_indirect_manager;
  DROP ROLE regress_group_member;
  
  -- test SET and INHERIT options with object ownership changes
@@ -3625,7 +3638,7 @@ index c961b2d730..0859b89c4f 100644
  -- clean up roles
  DROP ROLE regress_test_def_superuser;
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/rowsecurity.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/rowsecurity.sql
-index dec7340538..cdbc03a5cc 100644
+index d3bfd53e23..919ce1d0c6 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/rowsecurity.sql
 +++ b/src/test/regress/sql/rowsecurity.sql
 @@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS regress_rls_schema CASCADE;
@@ -3701,6 +3714,19 @@ index 689c448cc2..223ceb1d75 100644
  ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE regress_selinto_user
  	  REVOKE INSERT ON TABLES FROM regress_selinto_user;
  GRANT ALL ON SCHEMA selinto_schema TO public;
+diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/select_parallel.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/select_parallel.sql
+index 33d78e16dc..cb193c9b27 100644
+--- a/src/test/regress/sql/select_parallel.sql
++++ b/src/test/regress/sql/select_parallel.sql
+@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ SELECT 1 FROM tenk1_vw_sec
+ rollback;
+ 
+ -- test that function option SET ROLE works in parallel workers.
+-create role regress_parallel_worker;
++create role regress_parallel_worker PASSWORD NEON_PASSWORD_PLACEHOLDER;
+ 
+ create function set_and_report_role() returns text as
+   $$ select current_setting('role') $$ language sql parallel safe
 diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/select_views.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/select_views.sql
 index e742f13699..7bd0255df8 100644
 --- a/src/test/regress/sql/select_views.sql

compute/patches/pg_anon.patch

@@ -1,3 +1,45 @@
+commit 00aa659afc9c7336ab81036edec3017168aabf40
+Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki@neon.tech>
+Date:   Tue Nov 12 16:59:19 2024 +0200
+
+    Temporarily disable test that depends on timezone
+
+diff --git a/tests/expected/generalization.out b/tests/expected/generalization.out
+index 23ef5fa..9e60deb 100644
+--- a/ext-src/pg_anon-src/tests/expected/generalization.out
++++ b/ext-src/pg_anon-src/tests/expected/generalization.out
+@@ -284,12 +284,9 @@ SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','century');
+  ["Tue Jan 01 00:00:00 1901 PST","Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 2001 PST")
+ (1 row)
+ 
+-SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','millennium');
+-                      generalize_tstzrange                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+- ["Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1001 PST","Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 2001 PST")
+-(1 row)
+-
++-- temporarily disabled, see:
++-- https://gitlab.com/dalibo/postgresql_anonymizer/-/commit/199f0a392b37c59d92ae441fb8f037e094a11a52#note_2148017485
++--SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','millennium');
+ -- generalize_daterange
+ SELECT anon.generalize_daterange('19041107');
+   generalize_daterange   
+diff --git a/tests/sql/generalization.sql b/tests/sql/generalization.sql
+index b868344..b4fc977 100644
+--- a/ext-src/pg_anon-src/tests/sql/generalization.sql
++++ b/ext-src/pg_anon-src/tests/sql/generalization.sql
+@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','month');
+ SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','year');
+ SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','decade');
+ SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','century');
+-SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','millennium');
++-- temporarily disabled, see:
++-- https://gitlab.com/dalibo/postgresql_anonymizer/-/commit/199f0a392b37c59d92ae441fb8f037e094a11a52#note_2148017485
++--SELECT anon.generalize_tstzrange('19041107','millennium');
+ 
+ -- generalize_daterange
+ SELECT anon.generalize_daterange('19041107');
+
 commit 7dd414ee75f2875cffb1d6ba474df1f135a6fc6f
 Author: Alexey Masterov <alexeymasterov@neon.tech>
 Date:   Fri May 31 06:34:26 2024 +0000

compute/vm-image-spec-bookworm.yaml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ commands:
   - name: postgres-exporter
     user: nobody
     sysvInitAction: respawn
-    shell: 'DATA_SOURCE_NAME="user=cloud_admin sslmode=disable dbname=postgres application_name=postgres-exporter" /bin/postgres_exporter'
+    shell: 'DATA_SOURCE_NAME="user=cloud_admin sslmode=disable dbname=postgres application_name=postgres-exporter" /bin/postgres_exporter --config.file=/etc/postgres_exporter.yml'
   - name: sql-exporter
     user: nobody
     sysvInitAction: respawn

compute/vm-image-spec-bullseye.yaml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ commands:
   - name: postgres-exporter
     user: nobody
     sysvInitAction: respawn
-    shell: 'DATA_SOURCE_NAME="user=cloud_admin sslmode=disable dbname=postgres application_name=postgres-exporter" /bin/postgres_exporter'
+    shell: 'DATA_SOURCE_NAME="user=cloud_admin sslmode=disable dbname=postgres application_name=postgres-exporter" /bin/postgres_exporter --config.file=/etc/postgres_exporter.yml'
   - name: sql-exporter
     user: nobody
     sysvInitAction: respawn

compute_tools/Cargo.toml

@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@ clap.workspace = true
 flate2.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 hyper0 = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+metrics.workspace = true
 nix.workspace = true
 notify.workspace = true
 num_cpus.workspace = true
+once_cell.workspace = true
 opentelemetry.workspace = true
 opentelemetry_sdk.workspace = true
 postgres.workspace = true
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
 tracing-utils.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 url.workspace = true
+prometheus.workspace = true
 
 compute_api.workspace = true
 utils.workspace = true

compute_tools/src/bin/compute_ctl.rs

@@ -105,6 +105,11 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
 fn init() -> Result<(String, clap::ArgMatches)> {
     init_tracing_and_logging(DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL)?;
 
+    opentelemetry::global::set_error_handler(|err| {
+        tracing::info!("OpenTelemetry error: {err}");
+    })
+    .expect("global error handler lock poisoned");
+
     let mut signals = Signals::new([SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT])?;
     thread::spawn(move || {
         for sig in signals.forever() {

compute_tools/src/catalog.rs

@@ -1,38 +1,40 @@
-use compute_api::{
-    responses::CatalogObjects,
-    spec::{Database, Role},
-};
+use compute_api::responses::CatalogObjects;
 use futures::Stream;
-use postgres::{Client, NoTls};
+use postgres::NoTls;
 use std::{path::Path, process::Stdio, result::Result, sync::Arc};
 use tokio::{
     io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader},
     process::Command,
-    task,
+    spawn,
 };
+use tokio_postgres::connect;
 use tokio_stream::{self as stream, StreamExt};
 use tokio_util::codec::{BytesCodec, FramedRead};
 use tracing::warn;
 
-use crate::{
-    compute::ComputeNode,
-    pg_helpers::{get_existing_dbs, get_existing_roles},
-};
+use crate::compute::ComputeNode;
+use crate::pg_helpers::{get_existing_dbs_async, get_existing_roles_async};
 
 pub async fn get_dbs_and_roles(compute: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> anyhow::Result<CatalogObjects> {
     let connstr = compute.connstr.clone();
-    task::spawn_blocking(move || {
-        let mut client = Client::connect(connstr.as_str(), NoTls)?;
-        let roles: Vec<Role>;
-        {
-            let mut xact = client.transaction()?;
-            roles = get_existing_roles(&mut xact)?;
-        }
-        let databases: Vec<Database> = get_existing_dbs(&mut client)?.values().cloned().collect();
 
-        Ok(CatalogObjects { roles, databases })
-    })
-    .await?
+    let (client, connection): (tokio_postgres::Client, _) =
+        connect(connstr.as_str(), NoTls).await?;
+
+    spawn(async move {
+        if let Err(e) = connection.await {
+            eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
+        }
+    });
+
+    let roles = get_existing_roles_async(&client).await?;
+
+    let databases = get_existing_dbs_async(&client)
+        .await?
+        .into_values()
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(CatalogObjects { roles, databases })
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]

compute_tools/src/checker.rs

@@ -1,37 +1,9 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Ok, Result};
-use postgres::Client;
 use tokio_postgres::NoTls;
 use tracing::{error, instrument, warn};
 
 use crate::compute::ComputeNode;
 
-/// Create a special service table for availability checks
-/// only if it does not exist already.
-pub fn create_availability_check_data(client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    let query = "
-        DO $$
-        BEGIN
-            IF NOT EXISTS(
-                SELECT 1
-                FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables
-                WHERE tablename = 'health_check'
-            )
-            THEN
-            CREATE TABLE health_check (
-                id serial primary key,
-                updated_at timestamptz default now()
-            );
-            INSERT INTO health_check VALUES (1, now())
-                ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE
-                 SET updated_at = now();
-            END IF;
-        END
-        $$;";
-    client.execute(query, &[])?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 /// Update timestamp in a row in a special service table to check
 /// that we can actually write some data in this particular timeline.
 #[instrument(skip_all)]

compute_tools/src/compute.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::env;
 use std::fs;
-use std::io::BufRead;
+use std::iter::once;
 use std::os::unix::fs::{symlink, PermissionsExt};
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-use std::sync::{Condvar, Mutex, RwLock};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Condvar, Mutex, RwLock};
 use std::thread;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::time::Instant;
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
-use compute_api::spec::PgIdent;
+use compute_api::spec::{PgIdent, Role};
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use futures::StreamExt;
@@ -32,15 +32,23 @@ use compute_api::spec::{ComputeFeature, ComputeMode, ComputeSpec, ExtVersion};
 use utils::measured_stream::MeasuredReader;
 
 use nix::sys::signal::{kill, Signal};
-
 use remote_storage::{DownloadError, RemotePath};
+use tokio::spawn;
+use url::Url;
 
-use crate::checker::create_availability_check_data;
 use crate::installed_extensions::get_installed_extensions_sync;
 use crate::local_proxy;
-use crate::logger::inlinify;
 use crate::pg_helpers::*;
 use crate::spec::*;
+use crate::spec_apply::ApplySpecPhase::{
+    CreateAndAlterDatabases, CreateAndAlterRoles, CreateAvailabilityCheck, CreateSuperUser,
+    DropInvalidDatabases, DropRoles, HandleNeonExtension, HandleOtherExtensions,
+    RenameAndDeleteDatabases, RenameRoles, RunInEachDatabase,
+};
+use crate::spec_apply::PerDatabasePhase::{
+    ChangeSchemaPerms, DeleteDBRoleReferences, HandleAnonExtension,
+};
+use crate::spec_apply::{apply_operations, MutableApplyContext, DB};
 use crate::sync_sk::{check_if_synced, ping_safekeeper};
 use crate::{config, extension_server};
 
@@ -225,10 +233,7 @@ fn maybe_cgexec(cmd: &str) -> Command {
     }
 }
 
-/// Create special neon_superuser role, that's a slightly nerfed version of a real superuser
-/// that we give to customers
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-fn create_neon_superuser(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
+pub(crate) fn construct_superuser_query(spec: &ComputeSpec) -> String {
     let roles = spec
         .cluster
         .roles
@@ -297,11 +302,8 @@ fn create_neon_superuser(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()>
             $$;"#,
         roles_decl, database_decl,
     );
-    info!("Neon superuser created: {}", inlinify(&query));
-    client
-        .simple_query(&query)
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!(e).context(query))?;
-    Ok(())
+
+    query
 }
 
 impl ComputeNode {
@@ -365,48 +367,43 @@ impl ComputeNode {
         let pageserver_connect_micros = start_time.elapsed().as_micros() as u64;
 
         let basebackup_cmd = match lsn {
-            // HACK We don't use compression on first start (Lsn(0)) because there's no API for it
-            Lsn(0) => format!("basebackup {} {}", spec.tenant_id, spec.timeline_id),
-            _ => format!(
-                "basebackup {} {} {} --gzip",
-                spec.tenant_id, spec.timeline_id, lsn
-            ),
+            Lsn(0) => {
+                if spec.spec.mode != ComputeMode::Primary {
+                    format!(
+                        "basebackup {} {} --gzip --replica",
+                        spec.tenant_id, spec.timeline_id
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    format!("basebackup {} {} --gzip", spec.tenant_id, spec.timeline_id)
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                if spec.spec.mode != ComputeMode::Primary {
+                    format!(
+                        "basebackup {} {} {} --gzip --replica",
+                        spec.tenant_id, spec.timeline_id, lsn
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    format!(
+                        "basebackup {} {} {} --gzip",
+                        spec.tenant_id, spec.timeline_id, lsn
+                    )
+                }
+            }
         };
 
         let copyreader = client.copy_out(basebackup_cmd.as_str())?;
         let mut measured_reader = MeasuredReader::new(copyreader);
-
-        // Check the magic number to see if it's a gzip or not. Even though
-        // we might explicitly ask for gzip, an old pageserver with no implementation
-        // of gzip compression might send us uncompressed data. After some time
-        // passes we can assume all pageservers know how to compress and we can
-        // delete this check.
-        //
-        // If the data is not gzip, it will be tar. It will not be mistakenly
-        // recognized as gzip because tar starts with an ascii encoding of a filename,
-        // and 0x1f and 0x8b are unlikely first characters for any filename. Moreover,
-        // we send the "global" directory first from the pageserver, so it definitely
-        // won't be recognized as gzip.
         let mut bufreader = std::io::BufReader::new(&mut measured_reader);
-        let gzip = {
-            let peek = bufreader.fill_buf().unwrap();
-            peek[0] == 0x1f && peek[1] == 0x8b
-        };
 
         // Read the archive directly from the `CopyOutReader`
         //
         // Set `ignore_zeros` so that unpack() reads all the Copy data and
         // doesn't stop at the end-of-archive marker. Otherwise, if the server
         // sends an Error after finishing the tarball, we will not notice it.
-        if gzip {
-            let mut ar = tar::Archive::new(flate2::read::GzDecoder::new(&mut bufreader));
-            ar.set_ignore_zeros(true);
-            ar.unpack(&self.pgdata)?;
-        } else {
-            let mut ar = tar::Archive::new(&mut bufreader);
-            ar.set_ignore_zeros(true);
-            ar.unpack(&self.pgdata)?;
-        };
+        let mut ar = tar::Archive::new(flate2::read::GzDecoder::new(&mut bufreader));
+        ar.set_ignore_zeros(true);
+        ar.unpack(&self.pgdata)?;
 
         // Report metrics
         let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
@@ -819,21 +816,14 @@ impl ComputeNode {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Do initial configuration of the already started Postgres.
-    #[instrument(skip_all)]
-    pub fn apply_config(&self, compute_state: &ComputeState) -> Result<()> {
-        // If connection fails,
-        // it may be the old node with `zenith_admin` superuser.
-        //
-        // In this case we need to connect with old `zenith_admin` name
-        // and create new user. We cannot simply rename connected user,
-        // but we can create a new one and grant it all privileges.
-        let mut connstr = self.connstr.clone();
+    async fn get_maintenance_client(url: &Url) -> Result<tokio_postgres::Client> {
+        let mut connstr = url.clone();
+
         connstr
             .query_pairs_mut()
             .append_pair("application_name", "apply_config");
 
-        let mut client = match Client::connect(connstr.as_str(), NoTls) {
+        let (client, conn) = match tokio_postgres::connect(connstr.as_str(), NoTls).await {
             Err(e) => match e.code() {
                 Some(&SqlState::INVALID_PASSWORD)
                 | Some(&SqlState::INVALID_AUTHORIZATION_SPECIFICATION) => {
@@ -851,8 +841,8 @@ impl ComputeNode {
                     let mut client =
                         Client::connect(zenith_admin_connstr.as_str(), NoTls)
                             .context("broken cloud_admin credential: tried connecting with cloud_admin but could not authenticate, and zenith_admin does not work either")?;
-                    // Disable forwarding so that users don't get a cloud_admin role
 
+                    // Disable forwarding so that users don't get a cloud_admin role
                     let mut func = || {
                         client.simple_query("SET neon.forward_ddl = false")?;
                         client.simple_query("CREATE USER cloud_admin WITH SUPERUSER")?;
@@ -864,49 +854,309 @@ impl ComputeNode {
                     drop(client);
 
                     // reconnect with connstring with expected name
-                    Client::connect(connstr.as_str(), NoTls)?
+                    tokio_postgres::connect(connstr.as_str(), NoTls).await?
                 }
                 _ => return Err(e.into()),
             },
-            Ok(client) => client,
+            Ok((client, conn)) => (client, conn),
         };
 
-        // Disable DDL forwarding because control plane already knows about these roles/databases.
+        spawn(async move {
+            if let Err(e) = conn.await {
+                error!("maintenance client connection error: {}", e);
+            }
+        });
+
+        // Disable DDL forwarding because control plane already knows about the roles/databases
+        // we're about to modify.
         client
             .simple_query("SET neon.forward_ddl = false")
+            .await
             .context("apply_config SET neon.forward_ddl = false")?;
 
-        // Proceed with post-startup configuration. Note, that order of operations is important.
-        let spec = &compute_state.pspec.as_ref().expect("spec must be set").spec;
-        create_neon_superuser(spec, &mut client).context("apply_config create_neon_superuser")?;
-        cleanup_instance(&mut client).context("apply_config cleanup_instance")?;
-        handle_roles(spec, &mut client).context("apply_config handle_roles")?;
-        handle_databases(spec, &mut client).context("apply_config handle_databases")?;
-        handle_role_deletions(spec, connstr.as_str(), &mut client)
-            .context("apply_config handle_role_deletions")?;
-        handle_grants(
-            spec,
-            &mut client,
-            connstr.as_str(),
-            self.has_feature(ComputeFeature::AnonExtension),
-        )
-        .context("apply_config handle_grants")?;
-        handle_extensions(spec, &mut client).context("apply_config handle_extensions")?;
-        handle_extension_neon(&mut client).context("apply_config handle_extension_neon")?;
-        create_availability_check_data(&mut client)
-            .context("apply_config create_availability_check_data")?;
+        Ok(client)
+    }
 
-        // 'Close' connection
-        drop(client);
+    /// Apply the spec to the running PostgreSQL instance.
+    /// The caller can decide to run with multiple clients in parallel, or
+    /// single mode.  Either way, the commands executed will be the same, and
+    /// only commands run in different databases are parallelized.
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
+    pub fn apply_spec_sql(
+        &self,
+        spec: Arc<ComputeSpec>,
+        url: Arc<Url>,
+        concurrency: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
+            .enable_all()
+            .build()?;
 
-        if let Some(ref local_proxy) = spec.local_proxy_config {
+        info!("Applying config with max {} concurrency", concurrency);
+        debug!("Config: {:?}", spec);
+
+        rt.block_on(async {
+            // Proceed with post-startup configuration. Note, that order of operations is important.
+            let client = Self::get_maintenance_client(&url).await?;
+            let spec = spec.clone();
+
+            let databases = get_existing_dbs_async(&client).await?;
+            let roles = get_existing_roles_async(&client)
+                .await?
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|role| (role.name.clone(), role))
+                .collect::<HashMap<String, Role>>();
+
+            let jwks_roles = Arc::new(
+                spec.as_ref()
+                    .local_proxy_config
+                    .iter()
+                    .flat_map(|it| &it.jwks)
+                    .flatten()
+                    .flat_map(|setting| &setting.role_names)
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect::<HashSet<_>>(),
+            );
+
+            let ctx = Arc::new(tokio::sync::RwLock::new(MutableApplyContext {
+                roles,
+                dbs: databases,
+            }));
+
+            for phase in [
+                CreateSuperUser,
+                DropInvalidDatabases,
+                RenameRoles,
+                CreateAndAlterRoles,
+                RenameAndDeleteDatabases,
+                CreateAndAlterDatabases,
+            ] {
+                debug!("Applying phase {:?}", &phase);
+                apply_operations(
+                    spec.clone(),
+                    ctx.clone(),
+                    jwks_roles.clone(),
+                    phase,
+                    || async { Ok(&client) },
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+
+            let concurrency_token = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Semaphore::new(concurrency));
+
+            let db_processes = spec
+                .cluster
+                .databases
+                .iter()
+                .map(|db| DB::new(db.clone()))
+                // include
+                .chain(once(DB::SystemDB))
+                .map(|db| {
+                    let spec = spec.clone();
+                    let ctx = ctx.clone();
+                    let jwks_roles = jwks_roles.clone();
+                    let mut url = url.as_ref().clone();
+                    let concurrency_token = concurrency_token.clone();
+                    let db = db.clone();
+
+                    debug!("Applying per-database phases for Database {:?}", &db);
+
+                    match &db {
+                        DB::SystemDB => {}
+                        DB::UserDB(db) => {
+                            url.set_path(db.name.as_str());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let url = Arc::new(url);
+                    let fut = Self::apply_spec_sql_db(
+                        spec.clone(),
+                        url,
+                        ctx.clone(),
+                        jwks_roles.clone(),
+                        concurrency_token.clone(),
+                        db,
+                    );
+
+                    Ok(spawn(fut))
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<Result<_, anyhow::Error>>>();
+
+            for process in db_processes.into_iter() {
+                let handle = process?;
+                handle.await??;
+            }
+
+            for phase in vec![
+                HandleOtherExtensions,
+                HandleNeonExtension,
+                CreateAvailabilityCheck,
+                DropRoles,
+            ] {
+                debug!("Applying phase {:?}", &phase);
+                apply_operations(
+                    spec.clone(),
+                    ctx.clone(),
+                    jwks_roles.clone(),
+                    phase,
+                    || async { Ok(&client) },
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+
+            Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Apply SQL migrations of the RunInEachDatabase phase.
+    ///
+    /// May opt to not connect to databases that don't have any scheduled
+    /// operations.  The function is concurrency-controlled with the provided
+    /// semaphore.  The caller has to make sure the semaphore isn't exhausted.
+    async fn apply_spec_sql_db(
+        spec: Arc<ComputeSpec>,
+        url: Arc<Url>,
+        ctx: Arc<tokio::sync::RwLock<MutableApplyContext>>,
+        jwks_roles: Arc<HashSet<String>>,
+        concurrency_token: Arc<tokio::sync::Semaphore>,
+        db: DB,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let _permit = concurrency_token.acquire().await?;
+
+        let mut client_conn = None;
+
+        for subphase in [
+            DeleteDBRoleReferences,
+            ChangeSchemaPerms,
+            HandleAnonExtension,
+        ] {
+            apply_operations(
+                spec.clone(),
+                ctx.clone(),
+                jwks_roles.clone(),
+                RunInEachDatabase {
+                    db: db.clone(),
+                    subphase,
+                },
+                // Only connect if apply_operation actually wants a connection.
+                // It's quite possible this database doesn't need any queries,
+                // so by not connecting we save time and effort connecting to
+                // that database.
+                || async {
+                    if client_conn.is_none() {
+                        let db_client = Self::get_maintenance_client(&url).await?;
+                        client_conn.replace(db_client);
+                    }
+                    let client = client_conn.as_ref().unwrap();
+                    Ok(client)
+                },
+            )
+            .await?;
+        }
+
+        drop(client_conn);
+
+        Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
+    }
+
+    /// Do initial configuration of the already started Postgres.
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
+    pub fn apply_config(&self, compute_state: &ComputeState) -> Result<()> {
+        // If connection fails,
+        // it may be the old node with `zenith_admin` superuser.
+        //
+        // In this case we need to connect with old `zenith_admin` name
+        // and create new user. We cannot simply rename connected user,
+        // but we can create a new one and grant it all privileges.
+        let mut url = self.connstr.clone();
+        url.query_pairs_mut()
+            .append_pair("application_name", "apply_config");
+
+        let url = Arc::new(url);
+        let spec = Arc::new(
+            compute_state
+                .pspec
+                .as_ref()
+                .expect("spec must be set")
+                .spec
+                .clone(),
+        );
+
+        // Choose how many concurrent connections to use for applying the spec changes.
+        // If the cluster is not currently Running we don't have to deal with user connections,
+        // and can thus use all `max_connections` connection slots. However, that's generally not
+        // very efficient, so we generally still limit it to a smaller number.
+        let max_concurrent_connections = if compute_state.status != ComputeStatus::Running {
+            // If the settings contain 'max_connections', use that as template
+            if let Some(config) = spec.cluster.settings.find("max_connections") {
+                config.parse::<usize>().ok()
+            } else {
+                // Otherwise, try to find the setting in the postgresql_conf string
+                spec.cluster
+                    .postgresql_conf
+                    .iter()
+                    .flat_map(|conf| conf.split("\n"))
+                    .filter_map(|line| {
+                        if !line.contains("max_connections") {
+                            return None;
+                        }
+
+                        let (key, value) = line.split_once("=")?;
+                        let key = key
+                            .trim_start_matches(char::is_whitespace)
+                            .trim_end_matches(char::is_whitespace);
+
+                        let value = value
+                            .trim_start_matches(char::is_whitespace)
+                            .trim_end_matches(char::is_whitespace);
+
+                        if key != "max_connections" {
+                            return None;
+                        }
+
+                        value.parse::<usize>().ok()
+                    })
+                    .next()
+            }
+            // If max_connections is present, use at most 1/3rd of that.
+            // When max_connections is lower than 30, try to use at least 10 connections, but
+            // never more than max_connections.
+            .map(|limit| match limit {
+                0..10 => limit,
+                10..30 => 10,
+                30.. => limit / 3,
+            })
+            // If we didn't find max_connections, default to 10 concurrent connections.
+            .unwrap_or(10)
+        } else {
+            // state == Running
+            // Because the cluster is already in the Running state, we should assume users are
+            // already connected to the cluster, and high concurrency could negatively
+            // impact user connectivity. Therefore, we can limit concurrency to the number of
+            // reserved superuser connections, which users wouldn't be able to use anyway.
+            spec.cluster
+                .settings
+                .find("superuser_reserved_connections")
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|val| val.parse::<usize>().ok())
+                .map(|val| if val > 1 { val - 1 } else { 1 })
+                .last()
+                .unwrap_or(3)
+        };
+
+        // Merge-apply spec & changes to PostgreSQL state.
+        self.apply_spec_sql(spec.clone(), url.clone(), max_concurrent_connections)?;
+
+        if let Some(ref local_proxy) = &spec.clone().local_proxy_config {
             info!("configuring local_proxy");
             local_proxy::configure(local_proxy).context("apply_config local_proxy")?;
         }
 
         // Run migrations separately to not hold up cold starts
         thread::spawn(move || {
-            let mut connstr = connstr.clone();
+            let mut connstr = url.as_ref().clone();
             connstr
                 .query_pairs_mut()
                 .append_pair("application_name", "migrations");
@@ -914,7 +1164,8 @@ impl ComputeNode {
             let mut client = Client::connect(connstr.as_str(), NoTls)?;
             handle_migrations(&mut client).context("apply_config handle_migrations")
         });
-        Ok(())
+
+        Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
     }
 
     // Wrapped this around `pg_ctl reload`, but right now we don't use
@@ -977,32 +1228,16 @@ impl ComputeNode {
         config::with_compute_ctl_tmp_override(pgdata_path, "neon.max_cluster_size=-1", || {
             self.pg_reload_conf()?;
 
-            let mut client = Client::connect(self.connstr.as_str(), NoTls)?;
-
-            // Proceed with post-startup configuration. Note, that order of operations is important.
-            // Disable DDL forwarding because control plane already knows about these roles/databases.
             if spec.mode == ComputeMode::Primary {
-                client.simple_query("SET neon.forward_ddl = false")?;
-                cleanup_instance(&mut client)?;
-                handle_roles(&spec, &mut client)?;
-                handle_databases(&spec, &mut client)?;
-                handle_role_deletions(&spec, self.connstr.as_str(), &mut client)?;
-                handle_grants(
-                    &spec,
-                    &mut client,
-                    self.connstr.as_str(),
-                    self.has_feature(ComputeFeature::AnonExtension),
-                )?;
-                handle_extensions(&spec, &mut client)?;
-                handle_extension_neon(&mut client)?;
-                // We can skip handle_migrations here because a new migration can only appear
-                // if we have a new version of the compute_ctl binary, which can only happen
-                // if compute got restarted, in which case we'll end up inside of apply_config
-                // instead of reconfigure.
-            }
+                let mut url = self.connstr.clone();
+                url.query_pairs_mut()
+                    .append_pair("application_name", "apply_config");
+                let url = Arc::new(url);
 
-            // 'Close' connection
-            drop(client);
+                let spec = Arc::new(spec.clone());
+
+                self.apply_spec_sql(spec, url, 1)?;
+            }
 
             Ok(())
         })?;

compute_tools/src/config.rs

@@ -73,6 +73,19 @@ pub fn write_postgres_conf(
         )?;
     }
 
+    // Locales
+    if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+        writeln!(file, "lc_messages='C'")?;
+        writeln!(file, "lc_monetary='C'")?;
+        writeln!(file, "lc_time='C'")?;
+        writeln!(file, "lc_numeric='C'")?;
+    } else {
+        writeln!(file, "lc_messages='C.UTF-8'")?;
+        writeln!(file, "lc_monetary='C.UTF-8'")?;
+        writeln!(file, "lc_time='C.UTF-8'")?;
+        writeln!(file, "lc_numeric='C.UTF-8'")?;
+    }
+
     match spec.mode {
         ComputeMode::Primary => {}
         ComputeMode::Static(lsn) => {

compute_tools/src/http/api.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::catalog::SchemaDumpError;
 use crate::catalog::{get_database_schema, get_dbs_and_roles};
 use crate::compute::forward_termination_signal;
 use crate::compute::{ComputeNode, ComputeState, ParsedSpec};
+use crate::installed_extensions;
 use compute_api::requests::{ConfigurationRequest, ExtensionInstallRequest, SetRoleGrantsRequest};
 use compute_api::responses::{
     ComputeStatus, ComputeStatusResponse, ExtensionInstallResult, GenericAPIError,
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 use hyper::header::CONTENT_TYPE;
 use hyper::service::{make_service_fn, service_fn};
 use hyper::{Body, Method, Request, Response, Server, StatusCode};
+use metrics::Encoder;
+use metrics::TextEncoder;
 use tokio::task;
 use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
 use tracing_utils::http::OtelName;
@@ -65,6 +68,28 @@ async fn routes(req: Request<Body>, compute: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> Response<Body
             Response::new(Body::from(serde_json::to_string(&metrics).unwrap()))
         }
 
+        // Prometheus metrics
+        (&Method::GET, "/metrics") => {
+            debug!("serving /metrics GET request");
+
+            let mut buffer = vec![];
+            let metrics = installed_extensions::collect();
+            let encoder = TextEncoder::new();
+            encoder.encode(&metrics, &mut buffer).unwrap();
+
+            match Response::builder()
+                .status(StatusCode::OK)
+                .header(CONTENT_TYPE, encoder.format_type())
+                .body(Body::from(buffer))
+            {
+                Ok(response) => response,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    let msg = format!("error handling /metrics request: {err}");
+                    error!(msg);
+                    render_json_error(&msg, StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
+                }
+            }
+        }
         // Collect Postgres current usage insights
         (&Method::GET, "/insights") => {
             info!("serving /insights GET request");

compute_tools/src/http/openapi_spec.yaml

@@ -37,6 +37,21 @@ paths:
               schema:
                 $ref: "#/components/schemas/ComputeMetrics"
 
+  /metrics
+    get:
+      tags:
+      - Info
+      summary: Get compute node metrics in text format.
+      description: ""
+      operationId: getComputeMetrics
+      responses:
+        200:
+          description: ComputeMetrics
+          content:
+            text/plain:
+              schema:
+                type: string
+                description: Metrics in text format.
   /insights:
     get:
       tags:

compute_tools/src/installed_extensions.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use compute_api::responses::{InstalledExtension, InstalledExtensions};
+use metrics::proto::MetricFamily;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use tracing::info;
@@ -8,6 +9,10 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 use postgres::{Client, NoTls};
 use tokio::task;
 
+use metrics::core::Collector;
+use metrics::{register_uint_gauge_vec, UIntGaugeVec};
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+
 /// We don't reuse get_existing_dbs() just for code clarity
 /// and to make database listing query here more explicit.
 ///
@@ -59,6 +64,12 @@ pub async fn get_installed_extensions(connstr: Url) -> Result<InstalledExtension
 
             for (extname, v) in extensions.iter() {
                 let version = v.to_string();
+
+                // increment the number of databases where the version of extension is installed
+                INSTALLED_EXTENSIONS
+                    .with_label_values(&[extname, &version])
+                    .inc();
+
                 extensions_map
                     .entry(extname.to_string())
                     .and_modify(|e| {
@@ -74,9 +85,11 @@ pub async fn get_installed_extensions(connstr: Url) -> Result<InstalledExtension
             }
         }
 
-        Ok(InstalledExtensions {
+        let res = InstalledExtensions {
             extensions: extensions_map.values().cloned().collect(),
-        })
+        };
+
+        Ok(res)
     })
     .await?
 }
@@ -97,6 +110,18 @@ pub fn get_installed_extensions_sync(connstr: Url) -> Result<()> {
         "[NEON_EXT_STAT] {}",
         serde_json::to_string(&result).expect("failed to serialize extensions list")
     );
-
     Ok(())
 }
+
+static INSTALLED_EXTENSIONS: Lazy<UIntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    register_uint_gauge_vec!(
+        "installed_extensions",
+        "Number of databases where the version of extension is installed",
+        &["extension_name", "version"]
+    )
+    .expect("failed to define a metric")
+});
+
+pub fn collect() -> Vec<MetricFamily> {
+    INSTALLED_EXTENSIONS.collect()
+}

compute_tools/src/lib.rs

@@ -23,5 +23,6 @@ pub mod monitor;
 pub mod params;
 pub mod pg_helpers;
 pub mod spec;
+mod spec_apply;
 pub mod swap;
 pub mod sync_sk;

compute_tools/src/pg_helpers.rs

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use std::thread::JoinHandle;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use futures::StreamExt;
 use ini::Ini;
 use notify::{RecursiveMode, Watcher};
-use postgres::{Client, Transaction};
 use tokio::io::AsyncBufReadExt;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use tokio_postgres::NoTls;
@@ -197,27 +197,34 @@ impl Escaping for PgIdent {
 }
 
 /// Build a list of existing Postgres roles
-pub fn get_existing_roles(xact: &mut Transaction<'_>) -> Result<Vec<Role>> {
-    let postgres_roles = xact
-        .query("SELECT rolname, rolpassword FROM pg_catalog.pg_authid", &[])?
-        .iter()
+pub async fn get_existing_roles_async(client: &tokio_postgres::Client) -> Result<Vec<Role>> {
+    let postgres_roles = client
+        .query_raw::<str, &String, &[String; 0]>(
+            "SELECT rolname, rolpassword FROM pg_catalog.pg_authid",
+            &[],
+        )
+        .await?
+        .filter_map(|row| async { row.ok() })
         .map(|row| Role {
             name: row.get("rolname"),
             encrypted_password: row.get("rolpassword"),
             options: None,
         })
-        .collect();
+        .collect()
+        .await;
 
     Ok(postgres_roles)
 }
 
 /// Build a list of existing Postgres databases
-pub fn get_existing_dbs(client: &mut Client) -> Result<HashMap<String, Database>> {
+pub async fn get_existing_dbs_async(
+    client: &tokio_postgres::Client,
+) -> Result<HashMap<String, Database>> {
     // `pg_database.datconnlimit = -2` means that the database is in the
     // invalid state. See:
     //   https://github.com/postgres/postgres/commit/a4b4cc1d60f7e8ccfcc8ff8cb80c28ee411ad9a9
-    let postgres_dbs: Vec<Database> = client
-        .query(
+    let rowstream = client
+        .query_raw::<str, &String, &[String; 0]>(
             "SELECT
                 datname AS name,
                 datdba::regrole::text AS owner,
@@ -226,8 +233,11 @@ pub fn get_existing_dbs(client: &mut Client) -> Result<HashMap<String, Database>
             FROM
                 pg_catalog.pg_database;",
             &[],
-        )?
-        .iter()
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+    let dbs_map = rowstream
+        .filter_map(|r| async { r.ok() })
         .map(|row| Database {
             name: row.get("name"),
             owner: row.get("owner"),
@@ -235,12 +245,9 @@ pub fn get_existing_dbs(client: &mut Client) -> Result<HashMap<String, Database>
             invalid: row.get("invalid"),
             options: None,
         })
-        .collect();
-
-    let dbs_map = postgres_dbs
-        .iter()
         .map(|db| (db.name.clone(), db.clone()))
-        .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+        .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>()
+        .await;
 
     Ok(dbs_map)
 }

compute_tools/src/spec.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
-use std::collections::HashSet;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Result};
+use postgres::Client;
+use reqwest::StatusCode;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
-use postgres::config::Config;
-use postgres::{Client, NoTls};
-use reqwest::StatusCode;
-use tracing::{error, info, info_span, instrument, span_enabled, warn, Level};
+use tracing::{error, info, instrument, warn};
 
 use crate::config;
-use crate::logger::inlinify;
 use crate::migration::MigrationRunner;
 use crate::params::PG_HBA_ALL_MD5;
 use crate::pg_helpers::*;
 
 use compute_api::responses::{ControlPlaneComputeStatus, ControlPlaneSpecResponse};
-use compute_api::spec::{ComputeSpec, PgIdent, Role};
+use compute_api::spec::ComputeSpec;
 
 // Do control plane request and return response if any. In case of error it
 // returns a bool flag indicating whether it makes sense to retry the request
@@ -151,625 +146,6 @@ pub fn add_standby_signal(pgdata_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Compute could be unexpectedly shut down, for example, during the
-/// database dropping. This leaves the database in the invalid state,
-/// which prevents new db creation with the same name. This function
-/// will clean it up before proceeding with catalog updates. All
-/// possible future cleanup operations may go here too.
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn cleanup_instance(client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    let existing_dbs = get_existing_dbs(client)?;
-
-    for (_, db) in existing_dbs {
-        if db.invalid {
-            // After recent commit in Postgres, interrupted DROP DATABASE
-            // leaves the database in the invalid state. According to the
-            // commit message, the only option for user is to drop it again.
-            // See:
-            //   https://github.com/postgres/postgres/commit/a4b4cc1d60f7e8ccfcc8ff8cb80c28ee411ad9a9
-            //
-            // Postgres Neon extension is done the way, that db is de-registered
-            // in the control plane metadata only after it is dropped. So there is
-            // a chance that it still thinks that db should exist. This means
-            // that it will be re-created by `handle_databases()`. Yet, it's fine
-            // as user can just repeat drop (in vanilla Postgres they would need
-            // to do the same, btw).
-            let query = format!("DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS {}", db.name.pg_quote());
-            info!("dropping invalid database {}", db.name);
-            client.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Given a cluster spec json and open transaction it handles roles creation,
-/// deletion and update.
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut xact = client.transaction()?;
-    let existing_roles: Vec<Role> = get_existing_roles(&mut xact)?;
-
-    let mut jwks_roles = HashSet::new();
-    if let Some(local_proxy) = &spec.local_proxy_config {
-        for jwks_setting in local_proxy.jwks.iter().flatten() {
-            for role_name in &jwks_setting.role_names {
-                jwks_roles.insert(role_name.clone());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Print a list of existing Postgres roles (only in debug mode)
-    if span_enabled!(Level::INFO) {
-        let mut vec = Vec::new();
-        for r in &existing_roles {
-            vec.push(format!(
-                "{}:{}",
-                r.name,
-                if r.encrypted_password.is_some() {
-                    "[FILTERED]"
-                } else {
-                    "(null)"
-                }
-            ));
-        }
-
-        info!("postgres roles (total {}): {:?}", vec.len(), vec);
-    }
-
-    // Process delta operations first
-    if let Some(ops) = &spec.delta_operations {
-        info!("processing role renames");
-        for op in ops {
-            match op.action.as_ref() {
-                "delete_role" => {
-                    // no-op now, roles will be deleted at the end of configuration
-                }
-                // Renaming role drops its password, since role name is
-                // used as a salt there.  It is important that this role
-                // is recorded with a new `name` in the `roles` list.
-                // Follow up roles update will set the new password.
-                "rename_role" => {
-                    let new_name = op.new_name.as_ref().unwrap();
-
-                    // XXX: with a limited number of roles it is fine, but consider making it a HashMap
-                    if existing_roles.iter().any(|r| r.name == op.name) {
-                        let query: String = format!(
-                            "ALTER ROLE {} RENAME TO {}",
-                            op.name.pg_quote(),
-                            new_name.pg_quote()
-                        );
-
-                        warn!("renaming role '{}' to '{}'", op.name, new_name);
-                        xact.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Refresh Postgres roles info to handle possible roles renaming
-    let existing_roles: Vec<Role> = get_existing_roles(&mut xact)?;
-
-    info!(
-        "handling cluster spec roles (total {})",
-        spec.cluster.roles.len()
-    );
-    for role in &spec.cluster.roles {
-        let name = &role.name;
-        // XXX: with a limited number of roles it is fine, but consider making it a HashMap
-        let pg_role = existing_roles.iter().find(|r| r.name == *name);
-
-        enum RoleAction {
-            None,
-            Update,
-            Create,
-        }
-        let action = if let Some(r) = pg_role {
-            if (r.encrypted_password.is_none() && role.encrypted_password.is_some())
-                || (r.encrypted_password.is_some() && role.encrypted_password.is_none())
-            {
-                RoleAction::Update
-            } else if let Some(pg_pwd) = &r.encrypted_password {
-                // Check whether password changed or not (trim 'md5' prefix first if any)
-                //
-                // This is a backward compatibility hack, which comes from the times when we were using
-                // md5 for everyone and hashes were stored in the console db without md5 prefix. So when
-                // role comes from the control-plane (json spec) `Role.encrypted_password` doesn't have md5 prefix,
-                // but when role comes from Postgres (`get_existing_roles` / `existing_roles`) it has this prefix.
-                // Here is the only place so far where we compare hashes, so it seems to be the best candidate
-                // to place this compatibility layer.
-                let pg_pwd = if let Some(stripped) = pg_pwd.strip_prefix("md5") {
-                    stripped
-                } else {
-                    pg_pwd
-                };
-                if pg_pwd != *role.encrypted_password.as_ref().unwrap() {
-                    RoleAction::Update
-                } else {
-                    RoleAction::None
-                }
-            } else {
-                RoleAction::None
-            }
-        } else {
-            RoleAction::Create
-        };
-
-        match action {
-            RoleAction::None => {}
-            RoleAction::Update => {
-                // This can be run on /every/ role! Not just ones created through the console.
-                // This means that if you add some funny ALTER here that adds a permission,
-                // this will get run even on user-created roles! This will result in different
-                // behavior before and after a spec gets reapplied. The below ALTER as it stands
-                // now only grants LOGIN and changes the password. Please do not allow this branch
-                // to do anything silly.
-                let mut query: String = format!("ALTER ROLE {} ", name.pg_quote());
-                query.push_str(&role.to_pg_options());
-                xact.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
-            }
-            RoleAction::Create => {
-                // This branch only runs when roles are created through the console, so it is
-                // safe to add more permissions here. BYPASSRLS and REPLICATION are inherited
-                // from neon_superuser.
-                let mut query: String = format!(
-                    "CREATE ROLE {} INHERIT CREATEROLE CREATEDB BYPASSRLS REPLICATION IN ROLE neon_superuser",
-                    name.pg_quote()
-                );
-                if jwks_roles.contains(name.as_str()) {
-                    query = format!("CREATE ROLE {}", name.pg_quote());
-                }
-                info!("running role create query: '{}'", &query);
-                query.push_str(&role.to_pg_options());
-                xact.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if span_enabled!(Level::INFO) {
-            let pwd = if role.encrypted_password.is_some() {
-                "[FILTERED]"
-            } else {
-                "(null)"
-            };
-            let action_str = match action {
-                RoleAction::None => "",
-                RoleAction::Create => " -> create",
-                RoleAction::Update => " -> update",
-            };
-            info!(" - {}:{}{}", name, pwd, action_str);
-        }
-    }
-
-    xact.commit()?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Reassign all dependent objects and delete requested roles.
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn handle_role_deletions(spec: &ComputeSpec, connstr: &str, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    if let Some(ops) = &spec.delta_operations {
-        // First, reassign all dependent objects to db owners.
-        info!("reassigning dependent objects of to-be-deleted roles");
-
-        // Fetch existing roles. We could've exported and used `existing_roles` from
-        // `handle_roles()`, but we only make this list there before creating new roles.
-        // Which is probably fine as we never create to-be-deleted roles, but that'd
-        // just look a bit untidy. Anyway, the entire `pg_roles` should be in shared
-        // buffers already, so this shouldn't be a big deal.
-        let mut xact = client.transaction()?;
-        let existing_roles: Vec<Role> = get_existing_roles(&mut xact)?;
-        xact.commit()?;
-
-        for op in ops {
-            // Check that role is still present in Postgres, as this could be a
-            // restart with the same spec after role deletion.
-            if op.action == "delete_role" && existing_roles.iter().any(|r| r.name == op.name) {
-                reassign_owned_objects(spec, connstr, &op.name)?;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Second, proceed with role deletions.
-        info!("processing role deletions");
-        let mut xact = client.transaction()?;
-        for op in ops {
-            // We do not check either role exists or not,
-            // Postgres will take care of it for us
-            if op.action == "delete_role" {
-                let query: String = format!("DROP ROLE IF EXISTS {}", &op.name.pg_quote());
-
-                warn!("deleting role '{}'", &op.name);
-                xact.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
-            }
-        }
-        xact.commit()?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(
-    conf: Config,
-    role_name: &PgIdent,
-    db_owner: &PgIdent,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut client = conf.connect(NoTls)?;
-
-    // This will reassign all dependent objects to the db owner
-    let reassign_query = format!(
-        "REASSIGN OWNED BY {} TO {}",
-        role_name.pg_quote(),
-        db_owner.pg_quote()
-    );
-    info!(
-        "reassigning objects owned by '{}' in db '{}' to '{}'",
-        role_name,
-        conf.get_dbname().unwrap_or(""),
-        db_owner
-    );
-    client.simple_query(&reassign_query)?;
-
-    // This now will only drop privileges of the role
-    let drop_query = format!("DROP OWNED BY {}", role_name.pg_quote());
-    client.simple_query(&drop_query)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-// Reassign all owned objects in all databases to the owner of the database.
-fn reassign_owned_objects(spec: &ComputeSpec, connstr: &str, role_name: &PgIdent) -> Result<()> {
-    for db in &spec.cluster.databases {
-        if db.owner != *role_name {
-            let mut conf = Config::from_str(connstr)?;
-            conf.dbname(&db.name);
-            reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(conf, role_name, &db.owner)?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Also handle case when there are no databases in the spec.
-    // In this case we need to reassign objects in the default database.
-    let conf = Config::from_str(connstr)?;
-    let db_owner = PgIdent::from_str("cloud_admin")?;
-    reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(conf, role_name, &db_owner)?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// It follows mostly the same logic as `handle_roles()` excepting that we
-/// does not use an explicit transactions block, since major database operations
-/// like `CREATE DATABASE` and `DROP DATABASE` do not support it. Statement-level
-/// atomicity should be enough here due to the order of operations and various checks,
-/// which together provide us idempotency.
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn handle_databases(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    let existing_dbs = get_existing_dbs(client)?;
-
-    // Print a list of existing Postgres databases (only in debug mode)
-    if span_enabled!(Level::INFO) {
-        let mut vec = Vec::new();
-        for (dbname, db) in &existing_dbs {
-            vec.push(format!("{}:{}", dbname, db.owner));
-        }
-        info!("postgres databases (total {}): {:?}", vec.len(), vec);
-    }
-
-    // Process delta operations first
-    if let Some(ops) = &spec.delta_operations {
-        info!("processing delta operations on databases");
-        for op in ops {
-            match op.action.as_ref() {
-                // We do not check either DB exists or not,
-                // Postgres will take care of it for us
-                "delete_db" => {
-                    // In Postgres we can't drop a database if it is a template.
-                    // So we need to unset the template flag first, but it could
-                    // be a retry, so we could've already dropped the database.
-                    // Check that database exists first to make it idempotent.
-                    let unset_template_query: String = format!(
-                        "
-                        DO $$
-                        BEGIN
-                            IF EXISTS(
-                                SELECT 1
-                                FROM pg_catalog.pg_database
-                                WHERE datname = {}
-                            )
-                            THEN
-                            ALTER DATABASE {} is_template false;
-                            END IF;
-                        END
-                        $$;",
-                        escape_literal(&op.name),
-                        &op.name.pg_quote()
-                    );
-                    // Use FORCE to drop database even if there are active connections.
-                    // We run this from `cloud_admin`, so it should have enough privileges.
-                    // NB: there could be other db states, which prevent us from dropping
-                    // the database. For example, if db is used by any active subscription
-                    // or replication slot.
-                    // TODO: deal with it once we allow logical replication. Proper fix should
-                    // involve returning an error code to the control plane, so it could
-                    // figure out that this is a non-retryable error, return it to the user
-                    // and fail operation permanently.
-                    let drop_db_query: String = format!(
-                        "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS {} WITH (FORCE)",
-                        &op.name.pg_quote()
-                    );
-
-                    warn!("deleting database '{}'", &op.name);
-                    client.execute(unset_template_query.as_str(), &[])?;
-                    client.execute(drop_db_query.as_str(), &[])?;
-                }
-                "rename_db" => {
-                    let new_name = op.new_name.as_ref().unwrap();
-
-                    if existing_dbs.contains_key(&op.name) {
-                        let query: String = format!(
-                            "ALTER DATABASE {} RENAME TO {}",
-                            op.name.pg_quote(),
-                            new_name.pg_quote()
-                        );
-
-                        warn!("renaming database '{}' to '{}'", op.name, new_name);
-                        client.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Refresh Postgres databases info to handle possible renames
-    let existing_dbs = get_existing_dbs(client)?;
-
-    info!(
-        "handling cluster spec databases (total {})",
-        spec.cluster.databases.len()
-    );
-    for db in &spec.cluster.databases {
-        let name = &db.name;
-        let pg_db = existing_dbs.get(name);
-
-        enum DatabaseAction {
-            None,
-            Update,
-            Create,
-        }
-        let action = if let Some(r) = pg_db {
-            // XXX: db owner name is returned as quoted string from Postgres,
-            // when quoting is needed.
-            let new_owner = if r.owner.starts_with('"') {
-                db.owner.pg_quote()
-            } else {
-                db.owner.clone()
-            };
-
-            if new_owner != r.owner {
-                // Update the owner
-                DatabaseAction::Update
-            } else {
-                DatabaseAction::None
-            }
-        } else {
-            DatabaseAction::Create
-        };
-
-        match action {
-            DatabaseAction::None => {}
-            DatabaseAction::Update => {
-                let query: String = format!(
-                    "ALTER DATABASE {} OWNER TO {}",
-                    name.pg_quote(),
-                    db.owner.pg_quote()
-                );
-                let _guard = info_span!("executing", query).entered();
-                client.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
-            }
-            DatabaseAction::Create => {
-                let mut query: String = format!("CREATE DATABASE {} ", name.pg_quote());
-                query.push_str(&db.to_pg_options());
-                let _guard = info_span!("executing", query).entered();
-                client.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
-                let grant_query: String = format!(
-                    "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE {} TO neon_superuser",
-                    name.pg_quote()
-                );
-                client.execute(grant_query.as_str(), &[])?;
-            }
-        };
-
-        if span_enabled!(Level::INFO) {
-            let action_str = match action {
-                DatabaseAction::None => "",
-                DatabaseAction::Create => " -> create",
-                DatabaseAction::Update => " -> update",
-            };
-            info!(" - {}:{}{}", db.name, db.owner, action_str);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Grant CREATE ON DATABASE to the database owner and do some other alters and grants
-/// to allow users creating trusted extensions and re-creating `public` schema, for example.
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn handle_grants(
-    spec: &ComputeSpec,
-    client: &mut Client,
-    connstr: &str,
-    enable_anon_extension: bool,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    info!("modifying database permissions");
-    let existing_dbs = get_existing_dbs(client)?;
-
-    // Do some per-database access adjustments. We'd better do this at db creation time,
-    // but CREATE DATABASE isn't transactional. So we cannot create db + do some grants
-    // atomically.
-    for db in &spec.cluster.databases {
-        match existing_dbs.get(&db.name) {
-            Some(pg_db) => {
-                if pg_db.restrict_conn || pg_db.invalid {
-                    info!(
-                        "skipping grants for db {} (invalid: {}, connections not allowed: {})",
-                        db.name, pg_db.invalid, pg_db.restrict_conn
-                    );
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            None => {
-                bail!(
-                    "database {} doesn't exist in Postgres after handle_databases()",
-                    db.name
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut conf = Config::from_str(connstr)?;
-        conf.dbname(&db.name);
-
-        let mut db_client = conf.connect(NoTls)?;
-
-        // This will only change ownership on the schema itself, not the objects
-        // inside it. Without it owner of the `public` schema will be `cloud_admin`
-        // and database owner cannot do anything with it. SQL procedure ensures
-        // that it won't error out if schema `public` doesn't exist.
-        let alter_query = format!(
-            "DO $$\n\
-                DECLARE\n\
-                    schema_owner TEXT;\n\
-                BEGIN\n\
-                    IF EXISTS(\n\
-                        SELECT nspname\n\
-                        FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace\n\
-                        WHERE nspname = 'public'\n\
-                    )\n\
-                    THEN\n\
-                        SELECT nspowner::regrole::text\n\
-                            FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace\n\
-                            WHERE nspname = 'public'\n\
-                            INTO schema_owner;\n\
-                \n\
-                        IF schema_owner = 'cloud_admin' OR schema_owner = 'zenith_admin'\n\
-                        THEN\n\
-                            ALTER SCHEMA public OWNER TO {};\n\
-                        END IF;\n\
-                    END IF;\n\
-                END\n\
-            $$;",
-            db.owner.pg_quote()
-        );
-        db_client.simple_query(&alter_query)?;
-
-        // Explicitly grant CREATE ON SCHEMA PUBLIC to the web_access user.
-        // This is needed because since postgres 15 this privilege is removed by default.
-        // TODO: web_access isn't created for almost 1 year. It could be that we have
-        // active users of 1 year old projects, but hopefully not, so check it and
-        // remove this code if possible. The worst thing that could happen is that
-        // user won't be able to use public schema in NEW databases created in the
-        // very OLD project.
-        //
-        // Also, alter default permissions so that relations created by extensions can be
-        // used by neon_superuser without permission issues.
-        let grant_query = "DO $$\n\
-                BEGIN\n\
-                    IF EXISTS(\n\
-                        SELECT nspname\n\
-                        FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace\n\
-                        WHERE nspname = 'public'\n\
-                    ) AND\n\
-                    current_setting('server_version_num')::int/10000 >= 15\n\
-                    THEN\n\
-                        IF EXISTS(\n\
-                            SELECT rolname\n\
-                            FROM pg_catalog.pg_roles\n\
-                            WHERE rolname = 'web_access'\n\
-                        )\n\
-                        THEN\n\
-                            GRANT CREATE ON SCHEMA public TO web_access;\n\
-                        END IF;\n\
-                    END IF;\n\
-                    IF EXISTS(\n\
-                        SELECT nspname\n\
-                        FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace\n\
-                        WHERE nspname = 'public'\n\
-                    )\n\
-                    THEN\n\
-                        ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT ALL ON TABLES TO neon_superuser WITH GRANT OPTION;\n\
-                        ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT ALL ON SEQUENCES TO neon_superuser WITH GRANT OPTION;\n\
-                    END IF;\n\
-                END\n\
-            $$;"
-        .to_string();
-
-        info!(
-            "grant query for db {} : {}",
-            &db.name,
-            inlinify(&grant_query)
-        );
-        db_client.simple_query(&grant_query)?;
-
-        // it is important to run this after all grants
-        if enable_anon_extension {
-            handle_extension_anon(spec, &db.owner, &mut db_client, false)
-                .context("handle_grants handle_extension_anon")?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Create required system extensions
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn handle_extensions(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    if let Some(libs) = spec.cluster.settings.find("shared_preload_libraries") {
-        if libs.contains("pg_stat_statements") {
-            // Create extension only if this compute really needs it
-            let query = "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements";
-            info!("creating system extensions with query: {}", query);
-            client.simple_query(query)?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Run CREATE and ALTER EXTENSION neon UPDATE for postgres database
-#[instrument(skip_all)]
-pub fn handle_extension_neon(client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
-    info!("handle extension neon");
-
-    let mut query = "CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS neon";
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    query = "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS neon WITH SCHEMA neon";
-    info!("create neon extension with query: {}", query);
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    query = "UPDATE pg_extension SET extrelocatable = true WHERE extname = 'neon'";
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    query = "ALTER EXTENSION neon SET SCHEMA neon";
-    info!("alter neon extension schema with query: {}", query);
-    client.simple_query(query)?;
-
-    // this will be a no-op if extension is already up to date,
-    // which may happen in two cases:
-    // - extension was just installed
-    // - extension was already installed and is up to date
-    let query = "ALTER EXTENSION neon UPDATE";
-    info!("update neon extension version with query: {}", query);
-    if let Err(e) = client.simple_query(query) {
-        error!(
-            "failed to upgrade neon extension during `handle_extension_neon`: {}",
-            e
-        );
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 #[instrument(skip_all)]
 pub fn handle_neon_extension_upgrade(client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
     info!("handle neon extension upgrade");

compute_tools/src/spec_apply.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::iter::empty;
+use std::iter::once;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::compute::construct_superuser_query;
+use crate::pg_helpers::{escape_literal, DatabaseExt, Escaping, GenericOptionsSearch, RoleExt};
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use compute_api::spec::{ComputeFeature, ComputeSpec, Database, PgIdent, Role};
+use futures::future::join_all;
+use tokio::sync::RwLock;
+use tokio_postgres::Client;
+use tracing::{debug, info_span, Instrument};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum DB {
+    SystemDB,
+    UserDB(Database),
+}
+
+impl DB {
+    pub fn new(db: Database) -> DB {
+        Self::UserDB(db)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_owned_by(&self, role: &PgIdent) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            DB::SystemDB => false,
+            DB::UserDB(db) => &db.owner == role,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for DB {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            DB::SystemDB => f.debug_tuple("SystemDB").finish(),
+            DB::UserDB(db) => f.debug_tuple("UserDB").field(&db.name).finish(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum PerDatabasePhase {
+    DeleteDBRoleReferences,
+    ChangeSchemaPerms,
+    HandleAnonExtension,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum ApplySpecPhase {
+    CreateSuperUser,
+    DropInvalidDatabases,
+    RenameRoles,
+    CreateAndAlterRoles,
+    RenameAndDeleteDatabases,
+    CreateAndAlterDatabases,
+    RunInEachDatabase { db: DB, subphase: PerDatabasePhase },
+    HandleOtherExtensions,
+    HandleNeonExtension,
+    CreateAvailabilityCheck,
+    DropRoles,
+}
+
+pub struct Operation {
+    pub query: String,
+    pub comment: Option<String>,
+}
+
+pub struct MutableApplyContext {
+    pub roles: HashMap<String, Role>,
+    pub dbs: HashMap<String, Database>,
+}
+
+/// Appply the operations that belong to the given spec apply phase.
+///
+/// Commands within a single phase are executed in order of Iterator yield.
+/// Commands of ApplySpecPhase::RunInEachDatabase will execute in the database
+/// indicated by its `db` field, and can share a single client for all changes
+/// to that database.
+///
+/// Notes:
+/// - Commands are pipelined, and thus may cause incomplete apply if one
+///   command of many fails.
+/// - Failing commands will fail the phase's apply step once the return value
+///   is processed.
+/// - No timeouts have (yet) been implemented.
+/// - The caller is responsible for limiting and/or applying concurrency.
+pub async fn apply_operations<'a, Fut, F>(
+    spec: Arc<ComputeSpec>,
+    ctx: Arc<RwLock<MutableApplyContext>>,
+    jwks_roles: Arc<HashSet<String>>,
+    apply_spec_phase: ApplySpecPhase,
+    client: F,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    F: FnOnce() -> Fut,
+    Fut: Future<Output = Result<&'a Client>>,
+{
+    debug!("Starting phase {:?}", &apply_spec_phase);
+    let span = info_span!("db_apply_changes", phase=?apply_spec_phase);
+    let span2 = span.clone();
+    async move {
+        debug!("Processing phase {:?}", &apply_spec_phase);
+        let ctx = ctx;
+
+        let mut ops = get_operations(&spec, &ctx, &jwks_roles, &apply_spec_phase)
+            .await?
+            .peekable();
+
+        // Return (and by doing so, skip requesting the PostgreSQL client) if
+        // we don't have any operations scheduled.
+        if ops.peek().is_none() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let client = client().await?;
+
+        debug!("Applying phase {:?}", &apply_spec_phase);
+
+        let active_queries = ops
+            .map(|op| {
+                let Operation { comment, query } = op;
+                let inspan = match comment {
+                    None => span.clone(),
+                    Some(comment) => info_span!("phase {}: {}", comment),
+                };
+
+                async {
+                    let query = query;
+                    let res = client.simple_query(&query).await;
+                    debug!(
+                        "{} {}",
+                        if res.is_ok() {
+                            "successfully executed"
+                        } else {
+                            "failed to execute"
+                        },
+                        query
+                    );
+                    res
+                }
+                .instrument(inspan)
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        drop(ctx);
+
+        for it in join_all(active_queries).await {
+            drop(it?);
+        }
+
+        debug!("Completed phase {:?}", &apply_spec_phase);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    .instrument(span2)
+    .await
+}
+
+/// Create a stream of operations to be executed for that phase of applying
+/// changes.
+///
+/// In the future we may generate a single stream of changes and then
+/// sort/merge/batch execution, but for now this is a nice way to improve
+/// batching behaviour of the commands.
+async fn get_operations<'a>(
+    spec: &'a ComputeSpec,
+    ctx: &'a RwLock<MutableApplyContext>,
+    jwks_roles: &'a HashSet<String>,
+    apply_spec_phase: &'a ApplySpecPhase,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Operation> + 'a + Send>> {
+    match apply_spec_phase {
+        ApplySpecPhase::CreateSuperUser => {
+            let query = construct_superuser_query(spec);
+
+            Ok(Box::new(once(Operation {
+                query,
+                comment: None,
+            })))
+        }
+        ApplySpecPhase::DropInvalidDatabases => {
+            let mut ctx = ctx.write().await;
+            let databases = &mut ctx.dbs;
+
+            let keys: Vec<_> = databases
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|(_, db)| db.invalid)
+                .map(|(dbname, _)| dbname.clone())
+                .collect();
+
+            // After recent commit in Postgres, interrupted DROP DATABASE
+            // leaves the database in the invalid state. According to the
+            // commit message, the only option for user is to drop it again.
+            // See:
+            //   https://github.com/postgres/postgres/commit/a4b4cc1d60f7e8ccfcc8ff8cb80c28ee411ad9a9
+            //
+            // Postgres Neon extension is done the way, that db is de-registered
+            // in the control plane metadata only after it is dropped. So there is
+            // a chance that it still thinks that the db should exist. This means
+            // that it will be re-created by the `CreateDatabases` phase. This
+            // is fine, as user can just drop the table again (in vanilla
+            // Postgres they would need to do the same).
+            let operations = keys
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(move |dbname| ctx.dbs.remove(&dbname))
+                .map(|db| Operation {
+                    query: format!("DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS {}", db.name.pg_quote()),
+                    comment: Some(format!("Dropping invalid database {}", db.name)),
+                });
+
+            Ok(Box::new(operations))
+        }
+        ApplySpecPhase::RenameRoles => {
+            let mut ctx = ctx.write().await;
+
+            let operations = spec
+                .delta_operations
+                .iter()
+                .flatten()
+                .filter(|op| op.action == "rename_role")
+                .filter_map(move |op| {
+                    let roles = &mut ctx.roles;
+
+                    if roles.contains_key(op.name.as_str()) {
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        let new_name = op.new_name.as_ref().unwrap();
+                        let mut role = roles.remove(op.name.as_str()).unwrap();
+
+                        role.name = new_name.clone();
+                        role.encrypted_password = None;
+                        roles.insert(role.name.clone(), role);
+
+                        Some(Operation {
+                            query: format!(
+                                "ALTER ROLE {} RENAME TO {}",
+                                op.name.pg_quote(),
+                                new_name.pg_quote()
+                            ),
+                            comment: Some(format!("renaming role '{}' to '{}'", op.name, new_name)),
+                        })
+                    }
+                });
+
+            Ok(Box::new(operations))
+        }
+        ApplySpecPhase::CreateAndAlterRoles => {
+            let mut ctx = ctx.write().await;
+
+            let operations = spec.cluster.roles
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(move |role| {
+                    let roles = &mut ctx.roles;
+                    let db_role = roles.get(&role.name);
+
+                    match db_role {
+                        Some(db_role) => {
+                            if db_role.encrypted_password != role.encrypted_password {
+                                // This can be run on /every/ role! Not just ones created through the console.
+                                // This means that if you add some funny ALTER here that adds a permission,
+                                // this will get run even on user-created roles! This will result in different
+                                // behavior before and after a spec gets reapplied. The below ALTER as it stands
+                                // now only grants LOGIN and changes the password. Please do not allow this branch
+                                // to do anything silly.
+                                Some(Operation {
+                                    query: format!(
+                                        "ALTER ROLE {} {}",
+                                        role.name.pg_quote(),
+                                        role.to_pg_options(),
+                                    ),
+                                    comment: None,
+                                })
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            }
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            let query = if !jwks_roles.contains(role.name.as_str()) {
+                                format!(
+                                    "CREATE ROLE {} INHERIT CREATEROLE CREATEDB BYPASSRLS REPLICATION IN ROLE neon_superuser {}",
+                                    role.name.pg_quote(),
+                                    role.to_pg_options(),
+                                )
+                            } else {
+                                format!(
+                                    "CREATE ROLE {} {}",
+                                    role.name.pg_quote(),
+                                    role.to_pg_options(),
+                                )
+                            };
+                            Some(Operation {
+                                query,
+                                comment: Some(format!("creating role {}", role.name)),
+                            })
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+
+            Ok(Box::new(operations))
+        }
+        ApplySpecPhase::RenameAndDeleteDatabases => {
+            let mut ctx = ctx.write().await;
+
+            let operations = spec
+                .delta_operations
+                .iter()
+                .flatten()
+                .filter_map(move |op| {
+                    let databases = &mut ctx.dbs;
+                    match op.action.as_str() {
+                        // We do not check whether the DB exists or not,
+                        // Postgres will take care of it for us
+                        "delete_db" => {
+                            // In Postgres we can't drop a database if it is a template.
+                            // So we need to unset the template flag first, but it could
+                            // be a retry, so we could've already dropped the database.
+                            // Check that database exists first to make it idempotent.
+                            let unset_template_query: String = format!(
+                                include_str!("sql/unset_template_for_drop_dbs.sql"),
+                                datname_str = escape_literal(&op.name),
+                                datname = &op.name.pg_quote()
+                            );
+
+                            // Use FORCE to drop database even if there are active connections.
+                            // We run this from `cloud_admin`, so it should have enough privileges.
+                            // NB: there could be other db states, which prevent us from dropping
+                            // the database. For example, if db is used by any active subscription
+                            // or replication slot.
+                            // TODO: deal with it once we allow logical replication. Proper fix should
+                            // involve returning an error code to the control plane, so it could
+                            // figure out that this is a non-retryable error, return it to the user
+                            // and fail operation permanently.
+                            let drop_db_query: String = format!(
+                                "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS {} WITH (FORCE)",
+                                &op.name.pg_quote()
+                            );
+
+                            databases.remove(&op.name);
+
+                            Some(vec![
+                                Operation {
+                                    query: unset_template_query,
+                                    comment: Some(format!(
+                                        "optionally clearing template flags for DB {}",
+                                        op.name,
+                                    )),
+                                },
+                                Operation {
+                                    query: drop_db_query,
+                                    comment: Some(format!("deleting database {}", op.name,)),
+                                },
+                            ])
+                        }
+                        "rename_db" => {
+                            if let Some(mut db) = databases.remove(&op.name) {
+                                // update state of known databases
+                                let new_name = op.new_name.as_ref().unwrap();
+                                db.name = new_name.clone();
+                                databases.insert(db.name.clone(), db);
+
+                                Some(vec![Operation {
+                                    query: format!(
+                                        "ALTER DATABASE {} RENAME TO {}",
+                                        op.name.pg_quote(),
+                                        new_name.pg_quote(),
+                                    ),
+                                    comment: Some(format!(
+                                        "renaming database '{}' to '{}'",
+                                        op.name, new_name
+                                    )),
+                                }])
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => None,
+                    }
+                })
+                .flatten();
+
+            Ok(Box::new(operations))
+        }
+        ApplySpecPhase::CreateAndAlterDatabases => {
+            let mut ctx = ctx.write().await;
+
+            let operations = spec
+                .cluster
+                .databases
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(move |db| {
+                    let databases = &mut ctx.dbs;
+                    if let Some(edb) = databases.get_mut(&db.name) {
+                        let change_owner = if edb.owner.starts_with('"') {
+                            db.owner.pg_quote() != edb.owner
+                        } else {
+                            db.owner != edb.owner
+                        };
+
+                        edb.owner = db.owner.clone();
+
+                        if change_owner {
+                            Some(vec![Operation {
+                                query: format!(
+                                    "ALTER DATABASE {} OWNER TO {}",
+                                    db.name.pg_quote(),
+                                    db.owner.pg_quote()
+                                ),
+                                comment: Some(format!(
+                                    "changing database owner of database {} to {}",
+                                    db.name, db.owner
+                                )),
+                            }])
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        databases.insert(db.name.clone(), db.clone());
+
+                        Some(vec![
+                            Operation {
+                                query: format!(
+                                    "CREATE DATABASE {} {}",
+                                    db.name.pg_quote(),
+                                    db.to_pg_options(),
+                                ),
+                                comment: None,
+                            },
+                            Operation {
+                                query: format!(
+                                    "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE {} TO neon_superuser",
+                                    db.name.pg_quote()
+                                ),
+                                comment: None,
+                            },
+                        ])
+                    }
+                })
+                .flatten();
+
+            Ok(Box::new(operations))
+        }
+        ApplySpecPhase::RunInEachDatabase { db, subphase } => {
+            match subphase {
+                PerDatabasePhase::DeleteDBRoleReferences => {
+                    let ctx = ctx.read().await;
+
+                    let operations =
+                        spec.delta_operations
+                            .iter()
+                            .flatten()
+                            .filter(|op| op.action == "delete_role")
+                            .filter_map(move |op| {
+                                if db.is_owned_by(&op.name) {
+                                    return None;
+                                }
+                                if !ctx.roles.contains_key(&op.name) {
+                                    return None;
+                                }
+                                let quoted = op.name.pg_quote();
+                                let new_owner = match &db {
+                                    DB::SystemDB => PgIdent::from("cloud_admin").pg_quote(),
+                                    DB::UserDB(db) => db.owner.pg_quote(),
+                                };
+
+                                Some(vec![
+                                    // This will reassign all dependent objects to the db owner
+                                    Operation {
+                                        query: format!(
+                                            "REASSIGN OWNED BY {} TO {}",
+                                            quoted, new_owner,
+                                        ),
+                                        comment: None,
+                                    },
+                                    // This now will only drop privileges of the role
+                                    Operation {
+                                        query: format!("DROP OWNED BY {}", quoted),
+                                        comment: None,
+                                    },
+                                ])
+                            })
+                            .flatten();
+
+                    Ok(Box::new(operations))
+                }
+                PerDatabasePhase::ChangeSchemaPerms => {
+                    let ctx = ctx.read().await;
+                    let databases = &ctx.dbs;
+
+                    let db = match &db {
+                        // ignore schema permissions on the system database
+                        DB::SystemDB => return Ok(Box::new(empty())),
+                        DB::UserDB(db) => db,
+                    };
+
+                    if databases.get(&db.name).is_none() {
+                        bail!("database {} doesn't exist in PostgreSQL", db.name);
+                    }
+
+                    let edb = databases.get(&db.name).unwrap();
+
+                    if edb.restrict_conn || edb.invalid {
+                        return Ok(Box::new(empty()));
+                    }
+
+                    let operations = vec![
+                        Operation {
+                            query: format!(
+                                include_str!("sql/set_public_schema_owner.sql"),
+                                db_owner = db.owner.pg_quote()
+                            ),
+                            comment: None,
+                        },
+                        Operation {
+                            query: String::from(include_str!("sql/default_grants.sql")),
+                            comment: None,
+                        },
+                    ]
+                    .into_iter();
+
+                    Ok(Box::new(operations))
+                }
+                PerDatabasePhase::HandleAnonExtension => {
+                    // Only install Anon into user databases
+                    let db = match &db {
+                        DB::SystemDB => return Ok(Box::new(empty())),
+                        DB::UserDB(db) => db,
+                    };
+                    // Never install Anon when it's not enabled as feature
+                    if !spec.features.contains(&ComputeFeature::AnonExtension) {
+                        return Ok(Box::new(empty()));
+                    }
+
+                    // Only install Anon when it's added in preload libraries
+                    let opt_libs = spec.cluster.settings.find("shared_preload_libraries");
+
+                    let libs = match opt_libs {
+                        Some(libs) => libs,
+                        None => return Ok(Box::new(empty())),
+                    };
+
+                    if !libs.contains("anon") {
+                        return Ok(Box::new(empty()));
+                    }
+
+                    let db_owner = db.owner.pg_quote();
+
+                    let operations = vec![
+                        // Create anon extension if this compute needs it
+                        // Users cannot create it themselves, because superuser is required.
+                        Operation {
+                            query: String::from("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS anon CASCADE"),
+                            comment: Some(String::from("creating anon extension")),
+                        },
+                        // Initialize anon extension
+                        // This also requires superuser privileges, so users cannot do it themselves.
+                        Operation {
+                            query: String::from("SELECT anon.init()"),
+                            comment: Some(String::from("initializing anon extension data")),
+                        },
+                        Operation {
+                            query: format!("GRANT ALL ON SCHEMA anon TO {}", db_owner),
+                            comment: Some(String::from(
+                                "granting anon extension schema permissions",
+                            )),
+                        },
+                        Operation {
+                            query: format!(
+                                "GRANT ALL ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA anon TO {}",
+                                db_owner
+                            ),
+                            comment: Some(String::from(
+                                "granting anon extension schema functions permissions",
+                            )),
+                        },
+                        // We need this, because some functions are defined as SECURITY DEFINER.
+                        // In Postgres SECURITY DEFINER functions are executed with the privileges
+                        // of the owner.
+                        // In anon extension this it is needed to access some GUCs, which are only accessible to
+                        // superuser. But we've patched postgres to allow db_owner to access them as well.
+                        // So we need to change owner of these functions to db_owner.
+                        Operation {
+                            query: format!(
+                                include_str!("sql/anon_ext_fn_reassign.sql"),
+                                db_owner = db_owner,
+                            ),
+                            comment: Some(String::from(
+                                "change anon extension functions owner to database_owner",
+                            )),
+                        },
+                        Operation {
+                            query: format!(
+                                "GRANT ALL ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA anon TO {}",
+                                db_owner,
+                            ),
+                            comment: Some(String::from(
+                                "granting anon extension tables permissions",
+                            )),
+                        },
+                        Operation {
+                            query: format!(
+                                "GRANT ALL ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA anon TO {}",
+                                db_owner,
+                            ),
+                            comment: Some(String::from(
+                                "granting anon extension sequences permissions",
+                            )),
+                        },
+                    ]
+                    .into_iter();
+
+                    Ok(Box::new(operations))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Interestingly, we only install p_s_s in the main database, even when
+        // it's preloaded.
+        ApplySpecPhase::HandleOtherExtensions => {
+            if let Some(libs) = spec.cluster.settings.find("shared_preload_libraries") {
+                if libs.contains("pg_stat_statements") {
+                    return Ok(Box::new(once(Operation {
+                        query: String::from("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements"),
+                        comment: Some(String::from("create system extensions")),
+                    })));
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(Box::new(empty()))
+        }
+        ApplySpecPhase::HandleNeonExtension => {
+            let operations = vec![
+                Operation {
+                    query: String::from("CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS neon"),
+                    comment: Some(String::from("init: add schema for extension")),
+                },
+                Operation {
+                    query: String::from("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS neon WITH SCHEMA neon"),
+                    comment: Some(String::from(
+                        "init: install the extension if not already installed",
+                    )),
+                },
+                Operation {
+                    query: String::from(
+                        "UPDATE pg_extension SET extrelocatable = true WHERE extname = 'neon'",
+                    ),
+                    comment: Some(String::from("compat/fix: make neon relocatable")),
+                },
+                Operation {
+                    query: String::from("ALTER EXTENSION neon SET SCHEMA neon"),
+                    comment: Some(String::from("compat/fix: alter neon extension schema")),
+                },
+                Operation {
+                    query: String::from("ALTER EXTENSION neon UPDATE"),
+                    comment: Some(String::from("compat/update: update neon extension version")),
+                },
+            ]
+            .into_iter();
+
+            Ok(Box::new(operations))
+        }
+        ApplySpecPhase::CreateAvailabilityCheck => Ok(Box::new(once(Operation {
+            query: String::from(include_str!("sql/add_availabilitycheck_tables.sql")),
+            comment: None,
+        }))),
+        ApplySpecPhase::DropRoles => {
+            let operations = spec
+                .delta_operations
+                .iter()
+                .flatten()
+                .filter(|op| op.action == "delete_role")
+                .map(|op| Operation {
+                    query: format!("DROP ROLE IF EXISTS {}", op.name.pg_quote()),
+                    comment: None,
+                });
+
+            Ok(Box::new(operations))
+        }
+    }
+}

compute_tools/src/sql/add_availabilitycheck_tables.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+DO $$
+BEGIN
+    IF NOT EXISTS(
+        SELECT 1
+        FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables
+        WHERE tablename = 'health_check'
+    )
+    THEN
+    CREATE TABLE health_check (
+        id serial primary key,
+        updated_at timestamptz default now()
+    );
+    INSERT INTO health_check VALUES (1, now())
+        ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE
+         SET updated_at = now();
+    END IF;
+END
+$$

compute_tools/src/sql/anon_ext_fn_reassign.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+    query varchar;
+BEGIN
+    FOR query IN SELECT 'ALTER FUNCTION '||nsp.nspname||'.'||p.proname||'('||pg_get_function_identity_arguments(p.oid)||') OWNER TO {db_owner};'
+    FROM pg_proc p
+        JOIN pg_namespace nsp ON p.pronamespace = nsp.oid
+    WHERE nsp.nspname = 'anon' LOOP
+        EXECUTE query;
+    END LOOP;
+END
+$$;

compute_tools/src/sql/default_grants.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+DO
+$$
+    BEGIN
+        IF EXISTS(
+            SELECT nspname
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace
+            WHERE nspname = 'public'
+        ) AND
+           current_setting('server_version_num')::int / 10000 >= 15
+        THEN
+            IF EXISTS(
+                SELECT rolname
+                FROM pg_catalog.pg_roles
+                WHERE rolname = 'web_access'
+            )
+            THEN
+                GRANT CREATE ON SCHEMA public TO web_access;
+            END IF;
+        END IF;
+        IF EXISTS(
+            SELECT nspname
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace
+            WHERE nspname = 'public'
+        )
+        THEN
+            ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT ALL ON TABLES TO neon_superuser WITH GRANT OPTION;
+            ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT ALL ON SEQUENCES TO neon_superuser WITH GRANT OPTION;
+        END IF;
+    END
+$$;

compute_tools/src/sql/set_public_schema_owner.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+DO
+$$
+    DECLARE
+        schema_owner TEXT;
+    BEGIN
+        IF EXISTS(
+            SELECT nspname
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace
+            WHERE nspname = 'public'
+        )
+        THEN
+            SELECT nspowner::regrole::text
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace
+            WHERE nspname = 'public'
+            INTO schema_owner;
+
+            IF schema_owner = 'cloud_admin' OR schema_owner = 'zenith_admin'
+            THEN
+                ALTER SCHEMA public OWNER TO {db_owner};
+            END IF;
+        END IF;
+    END
+$$;

compute_tools/src/sql/unset_template_for_drop_dbs.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+DO $$
+    BEGIN
+        IF EXISTS(
+            SELECT 1
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_database
+            WHERE datname = {datname_str}
+        )
+        THEN
+            ALTER DATABASE {datname} is_template false;
+        END IF;
+    END
+$$;

control_plane/src/bin/neon_local.rs

@@ -944,6 +944,9 @@ fn handle_init(args: &InitCmdArgs) -> anyhow::Result<LocalEnv> {
                         pg_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
                         http_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
                         other: Default::default(),
+                        // Typical developer machines use disks with slow fsync, and we don't care
+                        // about data integrity: disable disk syncs.
+                        no_sync: true,
                     }
                 })
                 .collect(),

control_plane/src/local_env.rs

@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ pub struct PageServerConf {
     pub listen_http_addr: String,
     pub pg_auth_type: AuthType,
     pub http_auth_type: AuthType,
+    pub no_sync: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for PageServerConf {
@@ -235,6 +236,7 @@ impl Default for PageServerConf {
             listen_http_addr: String::new(),
             pg_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
             http_auth_type: AuthType::Trust,
+            no_sync: false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -249,6 +251,8 @@ pub struct NeonLocalInitPageserverConf {
     pub listen_http_addr: String,
     pub pg_auth_type: AuthType,
     pub http_auth_type: AuthType,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "std::ops::Not::not")]
+    pub no_sync: bool,
     #[serde(flatten)]
     pub other: HashMap<String, toml::Value>,
 }
@@ -261,6 +265,7 @@ impl From<&NeonLocalInitPageserverConf> for PageServerConf {
             listen_http_addr,
             pg_auth_type,
             http_auth_type,
+            no_sync,
             other: _,
         } = conf;
         Self {
@@ -269,6 +274,7 @@ impl From<&NeonLocalInitPageserverConf> for PageServerConf {
             listen_http_addr: listen_http_addr.clone(),
             pg_auth_type: *pg_auth_type,
             http_auth_type: *http_auth_type,
+            no_sync: *no_sync,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -569,6 +575,8 @@ impl LocalEnv {
                     listen_http_addr: String,
                     pg_auth_type: AuthType,
                     http_auth_type: AuthType,
+                    #[serde(default)]
+                    no_sync: bool,
                 }
                 let config_toml_path = dentry.path().join("pageserver.toml");
                 let config_toml: PageserverConfigTomlSubset = toml_edit::de::from_str(
@@ -591,6 +599,7 @@ impl LocalEnv {
                     listen_http_addr,
                     pg_auth_type,
                     http_auth_type,
+                    no_sync,
                 } = config_toml;
                 let IdentityTomlSubset {
                     id: identity_toml_id,
@@ -607,6 +616,7 @@ impl LocalEnv {
                     listen_http_addr,
                     pg_auth_type,
                     http_auth_type,
+                    no_sync,
                 };
                 pageservers.push(conf);
             }

control_plane/src/pageserver.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Context};
 use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
-use pageserver_api::models::{self, AuxFilePolicy, TenantInfo, TimelineInfo};
+use pageserver_api::models::{self, TenantInfo, TimelineInfo};
 use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
 use pageserver_client::mgmt_api;
 use postgres_backend::AuthType;
@@ -273,6 +273,7 @@ impl PageServerNode {
             )
         })?;
         let args = vec!["-D", datadir_path_str];
+
         background_process::start_process(
             "pageserver",
             &datadir,
@@ -334,17 +335,20 @@ impl PageServerNode {
             checkpoint_distance: settings
                 .remove("checkpoint_distance")
                 .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
-                .transpose()?,
+                .transpose()
+                .context("Failed to parse 'checkpoint_distance' as an integer")?,
             checkpoint_timeout: settings.remove("checkpoint_timeout").map(|x| x.to_string()),
             compaction_target_size: settings
                 .remove("compaction_target_size")
                 .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
-                .transpose()?,
+                .transpose()
+                .context("Failed to parse 'compaction_target_size' as an integer")?,
             compaction_period: settings.remove("compaction_period").map(|x| x.to_string()),
             compaction_threshold: settings
                 .remove("compaction_threshold")
                 .map(|x| x.parse::<usize>())
-                .transpose()?,
+                .transpose()
+                .context("Failed to parse 'compaction_threshold' as an integer")?,
             compaction_algorithm: settings
                 .remove("compaction_algorithm")
                 .map(serde_json::from_str)
@@ -353,16 +357,19 @@ impl PageServerNode {
             gc_horizon: settings
                 .remove("gc_horizon")
                 .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
-                .transpose()?,
+                .transpose()
+                .context("Failed to parse 'gc_horizon' as an integer")?,
             gc_period: settings.remove("gc_period").map(|x| x.to_string()),
             image_creation_threshold: settings
                 .remove("image_creation_threshold")
                 .map(|x| x.parse::<usize>())
-                .transpose()?,
+                .transpose()
+                .context("Failed to parse 'image_creation_threshold' as non zero integer")?,
             image_layer_creation_check_threshold: settings
                 .remove("image_layer_creation_check_threshold")
                 .map(|x| x.parse::<u8>())
-                .transpose()?,
+                .transpose()
+                .context("Failed to parse 'image_creation_check_threshold' as integer")?,
             pitr_interval: settings.remove("pitr_interval").map(|x| x.to_string()),
             walreceiver_connect_timeout: settings
                 .remove("walreceiver_connect_timeout")
@@ -399,15 +406,15 @@ impl PageServerNode {
                 .map(serde_json::from_str)
                 .transpose()
                 .context("parse `timeline_get_throttle` from json")?,
-            switch_aux_file_policy: settings
-                .remove("switch_aux_file_policy")
-                .map(|x| x.parse::<AuxFilePolicy>())
-                .transpose()
-                .context("Failed to parse 'switch_aux_file_policy'")?,
             lsn_lease_length: settings.remove("lsn_lease_length").map(|x| x.to_string()),
             lsn_lease_length_for_ts: settings
                 .remove("lsn_lease_length_for_ts")
                 .map(|x| x.to_string()),
+            timeline_offloading: settings
+                .remove("timeline_offloading")
+                .map(|x| x.parse::<bool>())
+                .transpose()
+                .context("Failed to parse 'timeline_offloading' as bool")?,
         };
         if !settings.is_empty() {
             bail!("Unrecognized tenant settings: {settings:?}")
@@ -419,102 +426,9 @@ impl PageServerNode {
     pub async fn tenant_config(
         &self,
         tenant_id: TenantId,
-        mut settings: HashMap<&str, &str>,
+        settings: HashMap<&str, &str>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let config = {
-            // Braces to make the diff easier to read
-            models::TenantConfig {
-                checkpoint_distance: settings
-                    .remove("checkpoint_distance")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'checkpoint_distance' as an integer")?,
-                checkpoint_timeout: settings.remove("checkpoint_timeout").map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                compaction_target_size: settings
-                    .remove("compaction_target_size")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'compaction_target_size' as an integer")?,
-                compaction_period: settings.remove("compaction_period").map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                compaction_threshold: settings
-                    .remove("compaction_threshold")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<usize>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'compaction_threshold' as an integer")?,
-                compaction_algorithm: settings
-                    .remove("compactin_algorithm")
-                    .map(serde_json::from_str)
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'compaction_algorithm' json")?,
-                gc_horizon: settings
-                    .remove("gc_horizon")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'gc_horizon' as an integer")?,
-                gc_period: settings.remove("gc_period").map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                image_creation_threshold: settings
-                    .remove("image_creation_threshold")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<usize>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'image_creation_threshold' as non zero integer")?,
-                image_layer_creation_check_threshold: settings
-                    .remove("image_layer_creation_check_threshold")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<u8>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'image_creation_check_threshold' as integer")?,
-
-                pitr_interval: settings.remove("pitr_interval").map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                walreceiver_connect_timeout: settings
-                    .remove("walreceiver_connect_timeout")
-                    .map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                lagging_wal_timeout: settings
-                    .remove("lagging_wal_timeout")
-                    .map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                max_lsn_wal_lag: settings
-                    .remove("max_lsn_wal_lag")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<NonZeroU64>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'max_lsn_wal_lag' as non zero integer")?,
-                eviction_policy: settings
-                    .remove("eviction_policy")
-                    .map(serde_json::from_str)
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'eviction_policy' json")?,
-                min_resident_size_override: settings
-                    .remove("min_resident_size_override")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'min_resident_size_override' as an integer")?,
-                evictions_low_residence_duration_metric_threshold: settings
-                    .remove("evictions_low_residence_duration_metric_threshold")
-                    .map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                heatmap_period: settings.remove("heatmap_period").map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                lazy_slru_download: settings
-                    .remove("lazy_slru_download")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<bool>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'lazy_slru_download' as bool")?,
-                timeline_get_throttle: settings
-                    .remove("timeline_get_throttle")
-                    .map(serde_json::from_str)
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("parse `timeline_get_throttle` from json")?,
-                switch_aux_file_policy: settings
-                    .remove("switch_aux_file_policy")
-                    .map(|x| x.parse::<AuxFilePolicy>())
-                    .transpose()
-                    .context("Failed to parse 'switch_aux_file_policy'")?,
-                lsn_lease_length: settings.remove("lsn_lease_length").map(|x| x.to_string()),
-                lsn_lease_length_for_ts: settings
-                    .remove("lsn_lease_length_for_ts")
-                    .map(|x| x.to_string()),
-            }
-        };
-
-        if !settings.is_empty() {
-            bail!("Unrecognized tenant settings: {settings:?}")
-        }
-
+        let config = Self::parse_config(settings)?;
         self.http_client
             .tenant_config(&models::TenantConfigRequest { tenant_id, config })
             .await?;

deny.toml

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ allow = [
     "BSD-2-Clause",
     "BSD-3-Clause",
     "CC0-1.0",
+    "CDDL-1.0",
     "ISC",
     "MIT",
     "MPL-2.0",

docs/rfcs/038-aux-file-v2.md

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ generating the basebackup by scanning the `REPL_ORIGIN_KEY_PREFIX` keyspace.
 There are two places we need to read the aux files from the pageserver:
 
 * On the write path, when the compute node adds an aux file to the pageserver, we will retrieve the key from the storage, append the file to the hashed key, and write it back. The current `get` API already supports that.
-*  We use the vectored get API to retrieve all aux files during generating the basebackup. Because we need to scan a sparse keyspace, we slightly modified the vectored get path. The vectorized API will attempt to retrieve every single key within the requested key range, and therefore, we modified it in a way that keys within `NON_INHERITED_SPARSE_RANGE` will not trigger missing key error.
+*  We use the vectored get API to retrieve all aux files during generating the basebackup. Because we need to scan a sparse keyspace, we slightly modified the vectored get path. The vectorized API used to always attempt to retrieve every single key within the requested key range, and therefore, we modified it in a way that keys within `NON_INHERITED_SPARSE_RANGE` will not trigger missing key error. Furthermore, as aux file reads usually need all layer files intersecting with that key range within the branch and cover a big keyspace, it incurs large overhead for tracking keyspaces that have not been read. Therefore, for sparse keyspaces, we [do not track](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/9631) `ummapped_keyspace`.
 
 ## Compaction and Image Layer Generation
 

libs/metrics/src/lib.rs

@@ -110,6 +110,23 @@ static MAXRSS_KB: Lazy<IntGauge> = Lazy::new(|| {
 pub const DISK_FSYNC_SECONDS_BUCKETS: &[f64] =
     &[0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 30.0];
 
+/// Constructs histogram buckets that are powers of two starting at 1 (i.e. 2^0), covering the end
+/// points. For example, passing start=5,end=20 yields 4,8,16,32 as does start=4,end=32.
+pub fn pow2_buckets(start: usize, end: usize) -> Vec<f64> {
+    assert_ne!(start, 0);
+    assert!(start <= end);
+    let start = match start.checked_next_power_of_two() {
+        Some(n) if n == start => n, // start already power of two
+        Some(n) => n >> 1,          // power of two below start
+        None => panic!("start too large"),
+    };
+    let end = end.checked_next_power_of_two().expect("end too large");
+    std::iter::successors(Some(start), |n| n.checked_mul(2))
+        .take_while(|n| n <= &end)
+        .map(|n| n as f64)
+        .collect()
+}
+
 pub struct BuildInfo {
     pub revision: &'static str,
     pub build_tag: &'static str,
@@ -595,3 +612,67 @@ where
         self.dec.collect_into(metadata, labels, name, &mut enc.0)
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const POW2_BUCKETS_MAX: usize = 1 << (usize::BITS - 1);
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pow2_buckets_cases() {
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 1), vec![1.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 2), vec![1.0, 2.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 3), vec![1.0, 2.0, 4.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 4), vec![1.0, 2.0, 4.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 5), vec![1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 6), vec![1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 7), vec![1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 8), vec![1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            pow2_buckets(1, 200),
+            vec![1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, 32.0, 64.0, 128.0, 256.0]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(1, 8), vec![1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(2, 8), vec![2.0, 4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(3, 8), vec![2.0, 4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(4, 8), vec![4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(5, 8), vec![4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(6, 8), vec![4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(7, 8), vec![4.0, 8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(8, 8), vec![8.0]);
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(20, 200), vec![16.0, 32.0, 64.0, 128.0, 256.0]);
+
+        // Largest valid values.
+        assert_eq!(
+            pow2_buckets(1, POW2_BUCKETS_MAX).len(),
+            usize::BITS as usize
+        );
+        assert_eq!(pow2_buckets(POW2_BUCKETS_MAX, POW2_BUCKETS_MAX).len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn pow2_buckets_zero_start() {
+        pow2_buckets(0, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn pow2_buckets_end_lt_start() {
+        pow2_buckets(2, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn pow2_buckets_end_overflow_min() {
+        pow2_buckets(1, POW2_BUCKETS_MAX + 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn pow2_buckets_end_overflow_max() {
+        pow2_buckets(1, usize::MAX);
+    }
+}

libs/pageserver_api/src/config.rs

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ pub struct ConfigToml {
     #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
     pub wal_redo_timeout: Duration,
     pub superuser: String,
+    pub locale: String,
     pub page_cache_size: usize,
     pub max_file_descriptors: usize,
     pub pg_distrib_dir: Option<Utf8PathBuf>,
@@ -106,6 +107,10 @@ pub struct ConfigToml {
     pub ephemeral_bytes_per_memory_kb: usize,
     pub l0_flush: Option<crate::models::L0FlushConfig>,
     pub virtual_file_io_mode: Option<crate::models::virtual_file::IoMode>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub no_sync: Option<bool>,
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub server_side_batch_timeout: Option<Duration>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
@@ -250,12 +255,6 @@ pub struct TenantConfigToml {
     // Expresed in multiples of checkpoint distance.
     pub image_layer_creation_check_threshold: u8,
 
-    /// Switch to a new aux file policy. Switching this flag requires the user has not written any aux file into
-    /// the storage before, and this flag cannot be switched back. Otherwise there will be data corruptions.
-    /// There is a `last_aux_file_policy` flag which gets persisted in `index_part.json` once the first aux
-    /// file is written.
-    pub switch_aux_file_policy: crate::models::AuxFilePolicy,
-
     /// The length for an explicit LSN lease request.
     /// Layers needed to reconstruct pages at LSN will not be GC-ed during this interval.
     #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
@@ -265,6 +264,10 @@ pub struct TenantConfigToml {
     /// Layers needed to reconstruct pages at LSN will not be GC-ed during this interval.
     #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
     pub lsn_lease_length_for_ts: Duration,
+
+    /// Enable auto-offloading of timelines.
+    /// (either this flag or the pageserver-global one need to be set)
+    pub timeline_offloading: bool,
 }
 
 pub mod defaults {
@@ -276,6 +279,11 @@ pub mod defaults {
     pub const DEFAULT_WAL_REDO_TIMEOUT: &str = "60 s";
 
     pub const DEFAULT_SUPERUSER: &str = "cloud_admin";
+    pub const DEFAULT_LOCALE: &str = if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+        "C"
+    } else {
+        "C.UTF-8"
+    };
 
     pub const DEFAULT_PAGE_CACHE_SIZE: usize = 8192;
     pub const DEFAULT_MAX_FILE_DESCRIPTORS: usize = 100;
@@ -311,6 +319,8 @@ pub mod defaults {
     pub const DEFAULT_EPHEMERAL_BYTES_PER_MEMORY_KB: usize = 0;
 
     pub const DEFAULT_IO_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT: usize = 512;
+
+    pub const DEFAULT_SERVER_SIDE_BATCH_TIMEOUT: Option<&str> = None;
 }
 
 impl Default for ConfigToml {
@@ -326,6 +336,7 @@ impl Default for ConfigToml {
             wal_redo_timeout: (humantime::parse_duration(DEFAULT_WAL_REDO_TIMEOUT)
                 .expect("cannot parse default wal redo timeout")),
             superuser: (DEFAULT_SUPERUSER.to_string()),
+            locale: DEFAULT_LOCALE.to_string(),
             page_cache_size: (DEFAULT_PAGE_CACHE_SIZE),
             max_file_descriptors: (DEFAULT_MAX_FILE_DESCRIPTORS),
             pg_distrib_dir: None, // Utf8PathBuf::from("./pg_install"), // TODO: formely, this was std::env::current_dir()
@@ -390,7 +401,10 @@ impl Default for ConfigToml {
             ephemeral_bytes_per_memory_kb: (DEFAULT_EPHEMERAL_BYTES_PER_MEMORY_KB),
             l0_flush: None,
             virtual_file_io_mode: None,
+            server_side_batch_timeout: DEFAULT_SERVER_SIDE_BATCH_TIMEOUT
+                .map(|duration| humantime::parse_duration(duration).unwrap()),
             tenant_config: TenantConfigToml::default(),
+            no_sync: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -475,9 +489,9 @@ impl Default for TenantConfigToml {
             lazy_slru_download: false,
             timeline_get_throttle: crate::models::ThrottleConfig::disabled(),
             image_layer_creation_check_threshold: DEFAULT_IMAGE_LAYER_CREATION_CHECK_THRESHOLD,
-            switch_aux_file_policy: crate::models::AuxFilePolicy::default_tenant_config(),
             lsn_lease_length: LsnLease::DEFAULT_LENGTH,
             lsn_lease_length_for_ts: LsnLease::DEFAULT_LENGTH_FOR_TS,
+            timeline_offloading: false,
         }
     }
 }

libs/pageserver_api/src/key.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub struct Key {
 
 /// When working with large numbers of Keys in-memory, it is more efficient to handle them as i128 than as
 /// a struct of fields.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct CompactKey(i128);
 
 /// The storage key size.

libs/pageserver_api/src/lib.rs

@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ pub mod controller_api;
 pub mod key;
 pub mod keyspace;
 pub mod models;
+pub mod record;
 pub mod reltag;
 pub mod shard;
 /// Public API types
 pub mod upcall_api;
+pub mod value;
 
 pub mod config;

libs/pageserver_api/src/models.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use std::{
     io::{BufRead, Read},
     num::{NonZeroU32, NonZeroU64, NonZeroUsize},
     str::FromStr,
-    sync::atomic::AtomicUsize,
     time::{Duration, SystemTime},
 };
 
@@ -309,9 +308,9 @@ pub struct TenantConfig {
     pub lazy_slru_download: Option<bool>,
     pub timeline_get_throttle: Option<ThrottleConfig>,
     pub image_layer_creation_check_threshold: Option<u8>,
-    pub switch_aux_file_policy: Option<AuxFilePolicy>,
     pub lsn_lease_length: Option<String>,
     pub lsn_lease_length_for_ts: Option<String>,
+    pub timeline_offloading: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 /// The policy for the aux file storage.
@@ -350,68 +349,6 @@ pub enum AuxFilePolicy {
     CrossValidation,
 }
 
-impl AuxFilePolicy {
-    pub fn is_valid_migration_path(from: Option<Self>, to: Self) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            (from, to),
-            (None, _) | (Some(AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation), AuxFilePolicy::V2)
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// If a tenant writes aux files without setting `switch_aux_policy`, this value will be used.
-    pub fn default_tenant_config() -> Self {
-        Self::V2
-    }
-}
-
-/// The aux file policy memory flag. Users can store `Option<AuxFilePolicy>` into this atomic flag. 0 == unspecified.
-pub struct AtomicAuxFilePolicy(AtomicUsize);
-
-impl AtomicAuxFilePolicy {
-    pub fn new(policy: Option<AuxFilePolicy>) -> Self {
-        Self(AtomicUsize::new(
-            policy.map(AuxFilePolicy::to_usize).unwrap_or_default(),
-        ))
-    }
-
-    pub fn load(&self) -> Option<AuxFilePolicy> {
-        match self.0.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Acquire) {
-            0 => None,
-            other => Some(AuxFilePolicy::from_usize(other)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn store(&self, policy: Option<AuxFilePolicy>) {
-        self.0.store(
-            policy.map(AuxFilePolicy::to_usize).unwrap_or_default(),
-            std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Release,
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-impl AuxFilePolicy {
-    pub fn to_usize(self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::V1 => 1,
-            Self::CrossValidation => 2,
-            Self::V2 => 3,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn try_from_usize(this: usize) -> Option<Self> {
-        match this {
-            1 => Some(Self::V1),
-            2 => Some(Self::CrossValidation),
-            3 => Some(Self::V2),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_usize(this: usize) -> Self {
-        Self::try_from_usize(this).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind")]
 pub enum EvictionPolicy {
@@ -1633,71 +1570,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_aux_file_migration_path() {
-        assert!(AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            None,
-            AuxFilePolicy::V1
-        ));
-        assert!(AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            None,
-            AuxFilePolicy::V2
-        ));
-        assert!(AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            None,
-            AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation
-        ));
-        // Self-migration is not a valid migration path, and the caller should handle it by itself.
-        assert!(!AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::V1),
-            AuxFilePolicy::V1
-        ));
-        assert!(!AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::V2),
-            AuxFilePolicy::V2
-        ));
-        assert!(!AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation),
-            AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation
-        ));
-        // Migrations not allowed
-        assert!(!AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation),
-            AuxFilePolicy::V1
-        ));
-        assert!(!AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::V1),
-            AuxFilePolicy::V2
-        ));
-        assert!(!AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::V2),
-            AuxFilePolicy::V1
-        ));
-        assert!(!AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::V2),
-            AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation
-        ));
-        assert!(!AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::V1),
-            AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation
-        ));
-        // Migrations allowed
-        assert!(AuxFilePolicy::is_valid_migration_path(
-            Some(AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation),
-            AuxFilePolicy::V2
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_aux_parse() {
-        assert_eq!(AuxFilePolicy::from_str("V2").unwrap(), AuxFilePolicy::V2);
-        assert_eq!(AuxFilePolicy::from_str("v2").unwrap(), AuxFilePolicy::V2);
-        assert_eq!(
-            AuxFilePolicy::from_str("cross-validation").unwrap(),
-            AuxFilePolicy::CrossValidation
-        );
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_image_compression_algorithm_parsing() {
         use ImageCompressionAlgorithm::*;

libs/pageserver_api/src/record.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+//! This module defines the WAL record format used within the pageserver.
+
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use postgres_ffi::walrecord::{describe_postgres_wal_record, MultiXactMember};
+use postgres_ffi::{MultiXactId, MultiXactOffset, TimestampTz, TransactionId};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use utils::bin_ser::DeserializeError;
+
+/// Each update to a page is represented by a NeonWalRecord. It can be a wrapper
+/// around a PostgreSQL WAL record, or a custom neon-specific "record".
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum NeonWalRecord {
+    /// Native PostgreSQL WAL record
+    Postgres { will_init: bool, rec: Bytes },
+
+    /// Clear bits in heap visibility map. ('flags' is bitmap of bits to clear)
+    ClearVisibilityMapFlags {
+        new_heap_blkno: Option<u32>,
+        old_heap_blkno: Option<u32>,
+        flags: u8,
+    },
+    /// Mark transaction IDs as committed on a CLOG page
+    ClogSetCommitted {
+        xids: Vec<TransactionId>,
+        timestamp: TimestampTz,
+    },
+    /// Mark transaction IDs as aborted on a CLOG page
+    ClogSetAborted { xids: Vec<TransactionId> },
+    /// Extend multixact offsets SLRU
+    MultixactOffsetCreate {
+        mid: MultiXactId,
+        moff: MultiXactOffset,
+    },
+    /// Extend multixact members SLRU.
+    MultixactMembersCreate {
+        moff: MultiXactOffset,
+        members: Vec<MultiXactMember>,
+    },
+    /// Update the map of AUX files, either writing or dropping an entry
+    AuxFile {
+        file_path: String,
+        content: Option<Bytes>,
+    },
+    // Truncate visibility map page
+    TruncateVisibilityMap {
+        trunc_byte: usize,
+        trunc_offs: usize,
+    },
+
+    /// A testing record for unit testing purposes. It supports append data to an existing image, or clear it.
+    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
+    Test {
+        /// Append a string to the image.
+        append: String,
+        /// Clear the image before appending.
+        clear: bool,
+        /// Treat this record as an init record. `clear` should be set to true if this field is set
+        /// to true. This record does not need the history WALs to reconstruct. See [`NeonWalRecord::will_init`] and
+        /// its references in `timeline.rs`.
+        will_init: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+impl NeonWalRecord {
+    /// Does replaying this WAL record initialize the page from scratch, or does
+    /// it need to be applied over the previous image of the page?
+    pub fn will_init(&self) -> bool {
+        // If you change this function, you'll also need to change ValueBytes::will_init
+        match self {
+            NeonWalRecord::Postgres { will_init, rec: _ } => *will_init,
+            #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
+            NeonWalRecord::Test { will_init, .. } => *will_init,
+            // None of the special neon record types currently initialize the page
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
+    pub fn wal_append(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> Self {
+        Self::Test {
+            append: s.as_ref().to_string(),
+            clear: false,
+            will_init: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
+    pub fn wal_clear(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> Self {
+        Self::Test {
+            append: s.as_ref().to_string(),
+            clear: true,
+            will_init: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
+    pub fn wal_init(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> Self {
+        Self::Test {
+            append: s.as_ref().to_string(),
+            clear: true,
+            will_init: true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build a human-readable string to describe a WAL record
+///
+/// For debugging purposes
+pub fn describe_wal_record(rec: &NeonWalRecord) -> Result<String, DeserializeError> {
+    match rec {
+        NeonWalRecord::Postgres { will_init, rec } => Ok(format!(
+            "will_init: {}, {}",
+            will_init,
+            describe_postgres_wal_record(rec)?
+        )),
+        _ => Ok(format!("{:?}", rec)),
+    }
+}

libs/pageserver_api/src/reltag.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use postgres_ffi::Oid;
 // FIXME: should move 'forknum' as last field to keep this consistent with Postgres.
 // Then we could replace the custom Ord and PartialOrd implementations below with
 // deriving them. This will require changes in walredoproc.c.
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy, Serialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct RelTag {
     pub forknum: u8,
     pub spcnode: Oid,

libs/pageserver_api/src/value.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-use crate::walrecord::NeonWalRecord;
-use anyhow::Result;
+//! This module defines the value type used by the storage engine.
+//!
+//! A [`Value`] represents either a completely new value for one Key ([`Value::Image`]),
+//! or a "delta" of how to get from previous version of the value to the new one
+//! ([`Value::WalRecord`]])
+//!
+//! Note that the [`Value`] type is used for the permananent storage format, so any
+//! changes to it must be backwards compatible.
+
+use crate::record::NeonWalRecord;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::ops::AddAssign;
-use std::time::Duration;
 
-pub use pageserver_api::key::{Key, KEY_SIZE};
-
-/// A 'value' stored for a one Key.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum Value {
     /// An Image value contains a full copy of the value
@@ -20,10 +23,12 @@ pub enum Value {
 }
 
 impl Value {
+    #[inline(always)]
     pub fn is_image(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Value::Image(_))
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     pub fn will_init(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Value::Image(_) => true,
@@ -33,17 +38,18 @@ impl Value {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub(crate) enum InvalidInput {
+pub enum InvalidInput {
     TooShortValue,
     TooShortPostgresRecord,
 }
 
 /// We could have a ValueRef where everything is `serde(borrow)`. Before implementing that, lets
 /// use this type for querying if a slice looks some particular way.
-pub(crate) struct ValueBytes;
+pub struct ValueBytes;
 
 impl ValueBytes {
-    pub(crate) fn will_init(raw: &[u8]) -> Result<bool, InvalidInput> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn will_init(raw: &[u8]) -> Result<bool, InvalidInput> {
         if raw.len() < 12 {
             return Err(InvalidInput::TooShortValue);
         }
@@ -79,6 +85,7 @@ impl ValueBytes {
 mod test {
     use super::*;
 
+    use bytes::Bytes;
     use utils::bin_ser::BeSer;
 
     macro_rules! roundtrip {
@@ -229,56 +236,3 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!ValueBytes::will_init(&expected).unwrap());
     }
 }
-
-///
-/// Result of performing GC
-///
-#[derive(Default, Serialize, Debug)]
-pub struct GcResult {
-    pub layers_total: u64,
-    pub layers_needed_by_cutoff: u64,
-    pub layers_needed_by_pitr: u64,
-    pub layers_needed_by_branches: u64,
-    pub layers_needed_by_leases: u64,
-    pub layers_not_updated: u64,
-    pub layers_removed: u64, // # of layer files removed because they have been made obsolete by newer ondisk files.
-
-    #[serde(serialize_with = "serialize_duration_as_millis")]
-    pub elapsed: Duration,
-
-    /// The layers which were garbage collected.
-    ///
-    /// Used in `/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/do_gc` to wait for the layers to be
-    /// dropped in tests.
-    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
-    #[serde(skip)]
-    pub(crate) doomed_layers: Vec<crate::tenant::storage_layer::Layer>,
-}
-
-// helper function for `GcResult`, serializing a `Duration` as an integer number of milliseconds
-fn serialize_duration_as_millis<S>(d: &Duration, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-where
-    S: serde::Serializer,
-{
-    d.as_millis().serialize(serializer)
-}
-
-impl AddAssign for GcResult {
-    fn add_assign(&mut self, other: Self) {
-        self.layers_total += other.layers_total;
-        self.layers_needed_by_pitr += other.layers_needed_by_pitr;
-        self.layers_needed_by_cutoff += other.layers_needed_by_cutoff;
-        self.layers_needed_by_branches += other.layers_needed_by_branches;
-        self.layers_needed_by_leases += other.layers_needed_by_leases;
-        self.layers_not_updated += other.layers_not_updated;
-        self.layers_removed += other.layers_removed;
-
-        self.elapsed += other.elapsed;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
-        {
-            let mut other = other;
-            self.doomed_layers.append(&mut other.doomed_layers);
-        }
-    }
-}

libs/postgres_backend/src/lib.rs

@@ -716,6 +716,9 @@ impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> PostgresBackend<IO> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    // Proto looks like this:
+    // FeMessage::Query("pagestream_v2{FeMessage::CopyData(PagesetreamFeMessage::GetPage(..))}")
+
     async fn process_message(
         &mut self,
         handler: &mut impl Handler<IO>,
@@ -831,7 +834,7 @@ impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> PostgresBackend<IO> {
         use CopyStreamHandlerEnd::*;
 
         let expected_end = match &end {
-            ServerInitiated(_) | CopyDone | CopyFail | Terminate | EOF => true,
+            ServerInitiated(_) | CopyDone | CopyFail | Terminate | EOF | Cancelled => true,
             CopyStreamHandlerEnd::Disconnected(ConnectionError::Io(io_error))
                 if is_expected_io_error(io_error) =>
             {
@@ -871,6 +874,9 @@ impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> PostgresBackend<IO> {
             // message from server' when it receives ErrorResponse (anything but
             // CopyData/CopyDone) back.
             CopyFail => Some((end.to_string(), SQLSTATE_SUCCESSFUL_COMPLETION)),
+
+            // When cancelled, send no response: we must not risk blocking on sending that response
+            Cancelled => None,
             _ => None,
         };
         if let Some((err, errcode)) = err_to_send_and_errcode {
@@ -1048,6 +1054,8 @@ pub enum CopyStreamHandlerEnd {
     /// The connection was lost
     #[error("connection error: {0}")]
     Disconnected(#[from] ConnectionError),
+    #[error("Shutdown")]
+    Cancelled,
     /// Some other error
     #[error(transparent)]
     Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),

libs/postgres_backend/tests/simple_select.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use postgres_backend::{AuthType, Handler, PostgresBackend, QueryError};
 use pq_proto::{BeMessage, RowDescriptor};
-use rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs;
+use rustls::crypto::ring;
 use std::io::Cursor;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ async fn simple_select_ssl() {
     let (client_sock, server_sock) = make_tcp_pair().await;
 
     let server_cfg =
-        rustls::ServerConfig::builder_with_provider(Arc::new(aws_lc_rs::default_provider()))
+        rustls::ServerConfig::builder_with_provider(Arc::new(ring::default_provider()))
             .with_safe_default_protocol_versions()
             .expect("aws_lc_rs should support the default protocol versions")
             .with_no_client_auth()
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ async fn simple_select_ssl() {
     });
 
     let client_cfg =
-        rustls::ClientConfig::builder_with_provider(Arc::new(aws_lc_rs::default_provider()))
+        rustls::ClientConfig::builder_with_provider(Arc::new(ring::default_provider()))
             .with_safe_default_protocol_versions()
             .expect("aws_lc_rs should support the default protocol versions")
             .with_root_certificates({

libs/postgres_ffi/Cargo.toml

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ memoffset.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 utils.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 env_logger.workspace = true

libs/postgres_ffi/src/lib.rs

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ macro_rules! postgres_ffi {
             pub mod controlfile_utils;
             pub mod nonrelfile_utils;
             pub mod wal_craft_test_export;
+            pub mod wal_generator;
             pub mod waldecoder_handler;
             pub mod xlog_utils;
 
@@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ macro_rules! enum_pgversion {
 
 pub mod pg_constants;
 pub mod relfile_utils;
+pub mod walrecord;
 
 // Export some widely used datatypes that are unlikely to change across Postgres versions
 pub use v14::bindings::RepOriginId;

libs/postgres_ffi/src/pg_constants.rs

@@ -243,8 +243,11 @@ const FSM_LEAF_NODES_PER_PAGE: usize = FSM_NODES_PER_PAGE - FSM_NON_LEAF_NODES_P
 pub const SLOTS_PER_FSM_PAGE: u32 = FSM_LEAF_NODES_PER_PAGE as u32;
 
 /* From visibilitymap.c */
-pub const VM_HEAPBLOCKS_PER_PAGE: u32 =
-    (BLCKSZ as usize - SIZEOF_PAGE_HEADER_DATA) as u32 * (8 / 2); // MAPSIZE * (BITS_PER_BYTE / BITS_PER_HEAPBLOCK)
+
+pub const VM_MAPSIZE: usize = BLCKSZ as usize - MAXALIGN_SIZE_OF_PAGE_HEADER_DATA;
+pub const VM_BITS_PER_HEAPBLOCK: usize = 2;
+pub const VM_HEAPBLOCKS_PER_BYTE: usize = 8 / VM_BITS_PER_HEAPBLOCK;
+pub const VM_HEAPBLOCKS_PER_PAGE: usize = VM_MAPSIZE * VM_HEAPBLOCKS_PER_BYTE;
 
 /* From origin.c */
 pub const REPLICATION_STATE_MAGIC: u32 = 0x1257DADE;

libs/postgres_ffi/src/wal_generator.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+use std::ffi::{CStr, CString};
+
+use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
+use crc32c::crc32c_append;
+use utils::lsn::Lsn;
+
+use super::bindings::{RmgrId, XLogLongPageHeaderData, XLogPageHeaderData, XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC};
+use super::xlog_utils::{
+    XlLogicalMessage, XLOG_RECORD_CRC_OFFS, XLOG_SIZE_OF_XLOG_RECORD, XLP_BKP_REMOVABLE,
+    XLP_FIRST_IS_CONTRECORD,
+};
+use super::XLogRecord;
+use crate::pg_constants::{
+    RM_LOGICALMSG_ID, XLOG_LOGICAL_MESSAGE, XLP_LONG_HEADER, XLR_BLOCK_ID_DATA_LONG,
+    XLR_BLOCK_ID_DATA_SHORT,
+};
+use crate::{WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE, XLOG_BLCKSZ};
+
+/// A WAL record payload. Will be prefixed by an XLogRecord header when encoded.
+pub struct Record {
+    pub rmid: RmgrId,
+    pub info: u8,
+    pub data: Bytes,
+}
+
+impl Record {
+    /// Encodes the WAL record including an XLogRecord header. prev_lsn is the start position of
+    /// the previous record in the WAL -- this is ignored by the Safekeeper, but not Postgres.
+    pub fn encode(&self, prev_lsn: Lsn) -> Bytes {
+        // Prefix data with block ID and length.
+        let data_header = Bytes::from(match self.data.len() {
+            0 => vec![],
+            1..=255 => vec![XLR_BLOCK_ID_DATA_SHORT, self.data.len() as u8],
+            256.. => {
+                let len_bytes = (self.data.len() as u32).to_le_bytes();
+                [&[XLR_BLOCK_ID_DATA_LONG], len_bytes.as_slice()].concat()
+            }
+        });
+
+        // Construct the WAL record header.
+        let mut header = XLogRecord {
+            xl_tot_len: (XLOG_SIZE_OF_XLOG_RECORD + data_header.len() + self.data.len()) as u32,
+            xl_xid: 0,
+            xl_prev: prev_lsn.into(),
+            xl_info: self.info,
+            xl_rmid: self.rmid,
+            __bindgen_padding_0: [0; 2],
+            xl_crc: 0, // see below
+        };
+
+        // Compute the CRC checksum for the data, and the header up to the CRC field.
+        let mut crc = 0;
+        crc = crc32c_append(crc, &data_header);
+        crc = crc32c_append(crc, &self.data);
+        crc = crc32c_append(crc, &header.encode().unwrap()[0..XLOG_RECORD_CRC_OFFS]);
+        header.xl_crc = crc;
+
+        // Encode the final header and record.
+        let header = header.encode().unwrap();
+
+        [header, data_header, self.data.clone()].concat().into()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates WAL record payloads.
+///
+/// TODO: currently only provides LogicalMessageGenerator for trivial noop messages. Add a generator
+/// that creates a table and inserts rows.
+pub trait RecordGenerator: Iterator<Item = Record> {}
+
+impl<I: Iterator<Item = Record>> RecordGenerator for I {}
+
+/// Generates binary WAL for use in tests and benchmarks. The provided record generator constructs
+/// the WAL records. It is used as an iterator which yields encoded bytes for a single WAL record,
+/// including internal page headers if it spans pages. Concatenating the bytes will yield a
+/// complete, well-formed WAL, which can be chunked at segment boundaries if desired. Not optimized
+/// for performance.
+///
+/// The WAL format is version-dependant (see e.g. `XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC`), so make sure to import this
+/// for the appropriate Postgres version (e.g. `postgres_ffi::v17::wal_generator::WalGenerator`).
+///
+/// A WAL is split into 16 MB segments. Each segment is split into 8 KB pages, with headers.
+/// Records are arbitrary length, 8-byte aligned, and may span pages. The layout is e.g.:
+///
+/// |        Segment 1         |        Segment 2         |        Segment 3         |
+/// | Page 1 | Page 2 | Page 3 | Page 4 | Page 5 | Page 6 | Page 7 | Page 8 | Page 9 |
+/// | R1 |   R2  |R3|  R4  | R5  |  R6  |                 R7            | R8  |
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct WalGenerator<R: RecordGenerator> {
+    /// Generates record payloads for the WAL.
+    pub record_generator: R,
+    /// Current LSN to append the next record at.
+    ///
+    /// Callers can modify this (and prev_lsn) to restart generation at a different LSN, but should
+    /// ensure that the LSN is on a valid record boundary (i.e. we can't start appending in the
+    /// middle on an existing record or header, or beyond the end of the existing WAL).
+    pub lsn: Lsn,
+    /// The starting LSN of the previous record. Used in WAL record headers. The Safekeeper doesn't
+    /// care about this, unlike Postgres, but we include it for completeness.
+    pub prev_lsn: Lsn,
+}
+
+impl<R: RecordGenerator> WalGenerator<R> {
+    // Hardcode the sys and timeline ID. We can make them configurable if we care about them.
+    const SYS_ID: u64 = 0;
+    const TIMELINE_ID: u32 = 1;
+
+    /// Creates a new WAL generator with the given record generator.
+    pub fn new(record_generator: R) -> WalGenerator<R> {
+        Self {
+            record_generator,
+            lsn: Lsn(0),
+            prev_lsn: Lsn(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Appends a record with an arbitrary payload at the current LSN, then increments the LSN.
+    /// Returns the WAL bytes for the record, including page headers and padding, and the start LSN.
+    fn append_record(&mut self, record: Record) -> (Lsn, Bytes) {
+        let record = record.encode(self.prev_lsn);
+        let record = Self::insert_pages(record, self.lsn);
+        let record = Self::pad_record(record, self.lsn);
+        let lsn = self.lsn;
+        self.prev_lsn = self.lsn;
+        self.lsn += record.len() as u64;
+        (lsn, record)
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts page headers on 8KB page boundaries. Takes the current LSN position where the record
+    /// is to be appended.
+    fn insert_pages(record: Bytes, mut lsn: Lsn) -> Bytes {
+        // Fast path: record fits in current page, and the page already has a header.
+        if lsn.remaining_in_block() as usize >= record.len() && lsn.block_offset() > 0 {
+            return record;
+        }
+
+        let mut pages = BytesMut::new();
+        let mut remaining = record.clone(); // Bytes::clone() is cheap
+        while !remaining.is_empty() {
+            // At new page boundary, inject page header.
+            if lsn.block_offset() == 0 {
+                let mut page_header = XLogPageHeaderData {
+                    xlp_magic: XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC as u16,
+                    xlp_info: XLP_BKP_REMOVABLE,
+                    xlp_tli: Self::TIMELINE_ID,
+                    xlp_pageaddr: lsn.0,
+                    xlp_rem_len: 0,
+                    __bindgen_padding_0: [0; 4],
+                };
+                // If the record was split across page boundaries, mark as continuation.
+                if remaining.len() < record.len() {
+                    page_header.xlp_rem_len = remaining.len() as u32;
+                    page_header.xlp_info |= XLP_FIRST_IS_CONTRECORD;
+                }
+                // At start of segment, use a long page header.
+                let page_header = if lsn.segment_offset(WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE) == 0 {
+                    page_header.xlp_info |= XLP_LONG_HEADER;
+                    XLogLongPageHeaderData {
+                        std: page_header,
+                        xlp_sysid: Self::SYS_ID,
+                        xlp_seg_size: WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE as u32,
+                        xlp_xlog_blcksz: XLOG_BLCKSZ as u32,
+                    }
+                    .encode()
+                    .unwrap()
+                } else {
+                    page_header.encode().unwrap()
+                };
+                pages.extend_from_slice(&page_header);
+                lsn += page_header.len() as u64;
+            }
+
+            // Append the record up to the next page boundary, if any.
+            let page_free = lsn.remaining_in_block() as usize;
+            let chunk = remaining.split_to(std::cmp::min(page_free, remaining.len()));
+            pages.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+            lsn += chunk.len() as u64;
+        }
+        pages.freeze()
+    }
+
+    /// Records must be 8-byte aligned. Take an encoded record (including any injected page
+    /// boundaries), starting at the given LSN, and add any necessary padding at the end.
+    fn pad_record(record: Bytes, mut lsn: Lsn) -> Bytes {
+        lsn += record.len() as u64;
+        let padding = lsn.calc_padding(8u64) as usize;
+        if padding == 0 {
+            return record;
+        }
+        [record, Bytes::from(vec![0; padding])].concat().into()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates WAL records as an iterator.
+impl<R: RecordGenerator> Iterator for WalGenerator<R> {
+    type Item = (Lsn, Bytes);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let record = self.record_generator.next()?;
+        Some(self.append_record(record))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates logical message records (effectively noops) with a fixed message.
+pub struct LogicalMessageGenerator {
+    prefix: CString,
+    message: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl LogicalMessageGenerator {
+    const DB_ID: u32 = 0; // hardcoded for now
+    const RM_ID: RmgrId = RM_LOGICALMSG_ID;
+    const INFO: u8 = XLOG_LOGICAL_MESSAGE;
+
+    /// Creates a new LogicalMessageGenerator.
+    pub fn new(prefix: &CStr, message: &[u8]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            prefix: prefix.to_owned(),
+            message: message.to_owned(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Encodes a logical message.
+    fn encode(prefix: &CStr, message: &[u8]) -> Bytes {
+        let prefix = prefix.to_bytes_with_nul();
+        let header = XlLogicalMessage {
+            db_id: Self::DB_ID,
+            transactional: 0,
+            prefix_size: prefix.len() as u64,
+            message_size: message.len() as u64,
+        };
+        [&header.encode(), prefix, message].concat().into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for LogicalMessageGenerator {
+    type Item = Record;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        Some(Record {
+            rmid: Self::RM_ID,
+            info: Self::INFO,
+            data: Self::encode(&self.prefix, &self.message),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl WalGenerator<LogicalMessageGenerator> {
+    /// Convenience method for appending a WAL record with an arbitrary logical message at the
+    /// current WAL LSN position. Returns the start LSN and resulting WAL bytes.
+    pub fn append_logical_message(&mut self, prefix: &CStr, message: &[u8]) -> (Lsn, Bytes) {
+        let record = Record {
+            rmid: LogicalMessageGenerator::RM_ID,
+            info: LogicalMessageGenerator::INFO,
+            data: LogicalMessageGenerator::encode(prefix, message),
+        };
+        self.append_record(record)
+    }
+}

libs/postgres_ffi/src/xlog_utils.rs

@@ -7,13 +7,12 @@
 // have been named the same as the corresponding PostgreSQL functions instead.
 //
 
-use crc32c::crc32c_append;
-
 use super::super::waldecoder::WalStreamDecoder;
 use super::bindings::{
     CheckPoint, ControlFileData, DBState_DB_SHUTDOWNED, FullTransactionId, TimeLineID, TimestampTz,
     XLogLongPageHeaderData, XLogPageHeaderData, XLogRecPtr, XLogRecord, XLogSegNo, XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC,
 };
+use super::wal_generator::LogicalMessageGenerator;
 use super::PG_MAJORVERSION;
 use crate::pg_constants;
 use crate::PG_TLI;
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ use bytes::{Buf, Bytes};
 use log::*;
 
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::prelude::*;
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@ use utils::bin_ser::SerializeError;
 use utils::lsn::Lsn;
 
 pub const XLOG_FNAME_LEN: usize = 24;
+pub const XLP_BKP_REMOVABLE: u16 = 0x0004;
 pub const XLP_FIRST_IS_CONTRECORD: u16 = 0x0001;
 pub const XLP_REM_LEN_OFFS: usize = 2 + 2 + 4 + 8;
 pub const XLOG_RECORD_CRC_OFFS: usize = 4 + 4 + 8 + 1 + 1 + 2;
@@ -489,64 +489,14 @@ impl XlLogicalMessage {
 /// Create new WAL record for non-transactional logical message.
 /// Used for creating artificial WAL for tests, as LogicalMessage
 /// record is basically no-op.
-///
-/// NOTE: This leaves the xl_prev field zero. The safekeeper and
-/// pageserver tolerate that, but PostgreSQL does not.
-pub fn encode_logical_message(prefix: &str, message: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut prefix_bytes: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(prefix.len() + 1);
-    prefix_bytes.write_all(prefix.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-    prefix_bytes.push(0);
-
-    let message_bytes = message.as_bytes();
-
-    let logical_message = XlLogicalMessage {
-        db_id: 0,
-        transactional: 0,
-        prefix_size: prefix_bytes.len() as u64,
-        message_size: message_bytes.len() as u64,
-    };
-
-    let mainrdata = logical_message.encode();
-    let mainrdata_len: usize = mainrdata.len() + prefix_bytes.len() + message_bytes.len();
-    // only short mainrdata is supported for now
-    assert!(mainrdata_len <= 255);
-    let mainrdata_len = mainrdata_len as u8;
-
-    let mut data: Vec<u8> = vec![pg_constants::XLR_BLOCK_ID_DATA_SHORT, mainrdata_len];
-    data.extend_from_slice(&mainrdata);
-    data.extend_from_slice(&prefix_bytes);
-    data.extend_from_slice(message_bytes);
-
-    let total_len = XLOG_SIZE_OF_XLOG_RECORD + data.len();
-
-    let mut header = XLogRecord {
-        xl_tot_len: total_len as u32,
-        xl_xid: 0,
-        xl_prev: 0,
-        xl_info: 0,
-        xl_rmid: 21,
-        __bindgen_padding_0: [0u8; 2usize],
-        xl_crc: 0, // crc will be calculated later
-    };
-
-    let header_bytes = header.encode().expect("failed to encode header");
-    let crc = crc32c_append(0, &data);
-    let crc = crc32c_append(crc, &header_bytes[0..XLOG_RECORD_CRC_OFFS]);
-    header.xl_crc = crc;
-
-    let mut wal: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
-    wal.extend_from_slice(&header.encode().expect("failed to encode header"));
-    wal.extend_from_slice(&data);
-
-    // WAL start position must be aligned at 8 bytes,
-    // this will add padding for the next WAL record.
-    const PADDING: usize = 8;
-    let padding_rem = wal.len() % PADDING;
-    if padding_rem != 0 {
-        wal.resize(wal.len() + PADDING - padding_rem, 0);
-    }
-
-    wal
+pub fn encode_logical_message(prefix: &str, message: &str) -> Bytes {
+    // This function can take untrusted input, so discard any NUL bytes in the prefix string.
+    let prefix = CString::new(prefix.replace('\0', "")).expect("no NULs");
+    let message = message.as_bytes();
+    LogicalMessageGenerator::new(&prefix, message)
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .encode(Lsn(0))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

libs/pq_proto/src/lib.rs

@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ pub struct CancelKeyData {
 
 impl fmt::Display for CancelKeyData {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // TODO: this is producing strange results, with 0xffffffff........ always in the logs.
         let hi = (self.backend_pid as u64) << 32;
         let lo = self.cancel_key as u64;
         let id = hi | lo;

libs/remote_storage/src/azure_blob.rs

@@ -97,10 +97,7 @@ impl AzureBlobStorage {
 
     pub fn relative_path_to_name(&self, path: &RemotePath) -> String {
         assert_eq!(std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR, REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR);
-        let path_string = path
-            .get_path()
-            .as_str()
-            .trim_end_matches(REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR);
+        let path_string = path.get_path().as_str();
         match &self.prefix_in_container {
             Some(prefix) => {
                 if prefix.ends_with(REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR) {
@@ -277,19 +274,14 @@ impl RemoteStorage for AzureBlobStorage {
         cancel: &CancellationToken,
     ) -> impl Stream<Item = Result<Listing, DownloadError>> {
         // get the passed prefix or if it is not set use prefix_in_bucket value
-        let list_prefix = prefix
-            .map(|p| self.relative_path_to_name(p))
-            .or_else(|| self.prefix_in_container.clone())
-            .map(|mut p| {
-                // required to end with a separator
-                // otherwise request will return only the entry of a prefix
-                if matches!(mode, ListingMode::WithDelimiter)
-                    && !p.ends_with(REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR)
-                {
-                    p.push(REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR);
+        let list_prefix = prefix.map(|p| self.relative_path_to_name(p)).or_else(|| {
+            self.prefix_in_container.clone().map(|mut s| {
+                if !s.ends_with(REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR) {
+                    s.push(REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR);
                 }
-                p
-            });
+                s
+            })
+        });
 
         async_stream::stream! {
             let _permit = self.permit(RequestKind::List, cancel).await?;

libs/remote_storage/src/config.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,16 @@ pub struct RemoteStorageConfig {
     pub timeout: Duration,
 }
 
+impl RemoteStorageKind {
+    pub fn bucket_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            RemoteStorageKind::LocalFs { .. } => None,
+            RemoteStorageKind::AwsS3(config) => Some(&config.bucket_name),
+            RemoteStorageKind::AzureContainer(config) => Some(&config.container_name),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn default_timeout() -> Duration {
     RemoteStorageConfig::DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 }
@@ -178,6 +188,14 @@ impl RemoteStorageConfig {
     pub fn from_toml(toml: &toml_edit::Item) -> anyhow::Result<RemoteStorageConfig> {
         Ok(utils::toml_edit_ext::deserialize_item(toml)?)
     }
+
+    pub fn from_toml_str(input: &str) -> anyhow::Result<RemoteStorageConfig> {
+        let toml_document = toml_edit::DocumentMut::from_str(input)?;
+        if let Some(item) = toml_document.get("remote_storage") {
+            return Self::from_toml(item);
+        }
+        Self::from_toml(toml_document.as_item())
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -185,8 +203,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     fn parse(input: &str) -> anyhow::Result<RemoteStorageConfig> {
-        let toml = input.parse::<toml_edit::DocumentMut>().unwrap();
-        RemoteStorageConfig::from_toml(toml.as_item())
+        RemoteStorageConfig::from_toml_str(input)
     }
 
     #[test]

libs/remote_storage/src/error.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ pub enum DownloadError {
     ///
     /// Concurrency control is not timed within timeout.
     Timeout,
+    /// Some integrity/consistency check failed during download. This is used during
+    /// timeline loads to cancel the load of a tenant if some timeline detects fatal corruption.
+    Fatal(String),
     /// The file was found in the remote storage, but the download failed.
     Other(anyhow::Error),
 }
@@ -29,6 +32,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for DownloadError {
             DownloadError::Unmodified => write!(f, "File was not modified"),
             DownloadError::Cancelled => write!(f, "Cancelled, shutting down"),
             DownloadError::Timeout => write!(f, "timeout"),
+            DownloadError::Fatal(why) => write!(f, "Fatal read error: {why}"),
             DownloadError::Other(e) => write!(f, "Failed to download a remote file: {e:?}"),
         }
     }
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ impl DownloadError {
     pub fn is_permanent(&self) -> bool {
         use DownloadError::*;
         match self {
-            BadInput(_) | NotFound | Unmodified | Cancelled => true,
+            BadInput(_) | NotFound | Unmodified | Fatal(_) | Cancelled => true,
             Timeout | Other(_) => false,
         }
     }

libs/utils/scripts/restore_from_wal.sh

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 
 set -euxo pipefail
 
@@ -6,17 +6,52 @@ PG_BIN=$1
 WAL_PATH=$2
 DATA_DIR=$3
 PORT=$4
+PG_VERSION=$5
 SYSID=$(od -A n -j 24 -N 8 -t d8 "$WAL_PATH"/000000010000000000000002* | cut -c 3-)
+
+# The way that initdb is invoked must match how the pageserver runs initdb.
+function initdb_with_args {
+    local cmd=(
+        "$PG_BIN"/initdb
+        -E utf8
+        -U cloud_admin
+        -D "$DATA_DIR"
+        --locale 'C.UTF-8'
+        --lc-collate 'C.UTF-8'
+        --lc-ctype 'C.UTF-8'
+        --lc-messages 'C.UTF-8'
+        --lc-monetary 'C.UTF-8'
+        --lc-numeric 'C.UTF-8'
+        --lc-time 'C.UTF-8'
+        --sysid="$SYSID"
+    )
+
+    case "$PG_VERSION" in
+        14)
+            # Postgres 14 and below didn't support --locale-provider
+            ;;
+        15 | 16)
+            cmd+=(--locale-provider 'libc')
+            ;;
+        *)
+            # Postgres 17 added the builtin provider
+            cmd+=(--locale-provider 'builtin')
+            ;;
+    esac
+
+    eval env -i LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$PG_BIN"/../lib "${cmd[*]}"
+}
+
 rm -fr "$DATA_DIR"
-env -i LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$PG_BIN"/../lib "$PG_BIN"/initdb -E utf8 -U cloud_admin -D "$DATA_DIR" --sysid="$SYSID"
+initdb_with_args
 echo "port=$PORT" >> "$DATA_DIR"/postgresql.conf
 echo "shared_preload_libraries='\$libdir/neon_rmgr.so'" >> "$DATA_DIR"/postgresql.conf
 REDO_POS=0x$("$PG_BIN"/pg_controldata -D "$DATA_DIR" | grep -F "REDO location"| cut -c 42-)
 declare -i WAL_SIZE=$REDO_POS+114
 "$PG_BIN"/pg_ctl -D "$DATA_DIR" -l "$DATA_DIR/logfile.log" start
 "$PG_BIN"/pg_ctl -D "$DATA_DIR" -l "$DATA_DIR/logfile.log" stop -m immediate
-cp "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 .
+cp "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 "$DATA_DIR"
 cp "$WAL_PATH"/* "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/
 for partial in "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/*.partial ; do mv "$partial" "${partial%.partial}" ; done
-dd if=000000010000000000000001 of="$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 bs=$WAL_SIZE count=1 conv=notrunc
-rm -f 000000010000000000000001
+dd if="$DATA_DIR"/000000010000000000000001 of="$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 bs=$WAL_SIZE count=1 conv=notrunc
+rm -f "$DATA_DIR"/000000010000000000000001

libs/utils/scripts/restore_from_wal_initdb.sh

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ REDO_POS=0x$("$PG_BIN"/pg_controldata -D "$DATA_DIR" | grep -F "REDO location"|
 declare -i WAL_SIZE=$REDO_POS+114
 "$PG_BIN"/pg_ctl -D "$DATA_DIR" -l "$DATA_DIR/logfile.log" start
 "$PG_BIN"/pg_ctl -D "$DATA_DIR" -l "$DATA_DIR/logfile.log" stop -m immediate
-cp "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 .
+cp "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 "$DATA_DIR"
 cp "$WAL_PATH"/* "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/
 for partial in "$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/*.partial ; do mv "$partial" "${partial%.partial}" ; done
-dd if=000000010000000000000001 of="$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 bs=$WAL_SIZE count=1 conv=notrunc
-rm -f 000000010000000000000001
+dd if="$DATA_DIR"/000000010000000000000001 of="$DATA_DIR"/pg_wal/000000010000000000000001 bs=$WAL_SIZE count=1 conv=notrunc
+rm -f "$DATA_DIR"/000000010000000000000001

libs/utils/src/auth.rs

@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ pub enum Scope {
     /// Allows access to storage controller APIs used by the scrubber, to interrogate the state
     /// of a tenant & post scrub results.
     Scrubber,
+
+    /// This scope is used for communication with other storage controller instances.
+    /// At the time of writing, this is only used for the step down request.
+    #[serde(rename = "controller_peer")]
+    ControllerPeer,
 }
 
 /// JWT payload. See docs/authentication.md for the format

libs/utils/src/crashsafe.rs

@@ -123,15 +123,27 @@ pub async fn fsync_async_opt(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Like postgres' durable_rename, renames file issuing fsyncs do make it
-/// durable. After return, file and rename are guaranteed to be persisted.
+/// Like postgres' durable_rename, renames a file and issues fsyncs to make it durable. After
+/// returning, both the file and rename are guaranteed to be persisted. Both paths must be on the
+/// same file system.
 ///
-/// Unlike postgres, it only does fsyncs to 1) file to be renamed to make
-/// contents durable; 2) its directory entry to make rename durable 3) again to
-/// already renamed file, which is not required by standards but postgres does
-/// it, let's stick to that. Postgres additionally fsyncs newpath *before*
-/// rename if it exists to ensure that at least one of the files survives, but
-/// current callers don't need that.
+/// Unlike postgres, it only fsyncs 1) the file to make contents durable, and 2) the directory to
+/// make the rename durable. This sequence ensures the target file will never be incomplete.
+///
+/// Postgres also:
+///
+/// * Fsyncs the target file, if it exists, before the rename, to ensure either the new or existing
+///   file survives a crash. Current callers don't need this as it should already be fsynced if
+///   durability is needed.
+///
+/// * Fsyncs the file after the rename. This can be required with certain OSes or file systems (e.g.
+///   NFS), but not on Linux with most common file systems like ext4 (which we currently use).
+///
+/// An audit of 8 other databases found that none fsynced the file after a rename:
+/// <https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/9686#discussion_r1837180535>
+///
+/// eBPF probes confirmed that this is sufficient with ext4, XFS, and ZFS, but possibly not Btrfs:
+/// <https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/9686#discussion_r1837926218>
 ///
 /// virtual_file.rs has similar code, but it doesn't use vfs.
 ///
@@ -149,9 +161,6 @@ pub async fn durable_rename(
     // Time to do the real deal.
     tokio::fs::rename(old_path.as_ref(), new_path.as_ref()).await?;
 
-    // Postgres'ish fsync of renamed file.
-    fsync_async_opt(new_path.as_ref(), do_fsync).await?;
-
     // Now fsync the parent
     let parent = match new_path.as_ref().parent() {
         Some(p) => p,

libs/utils/src/http/json.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use super::error::ApiError;
 
+/// Parse a json request body and deserialize it to the type `T`.
 pub async fn json_request<T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>>(
     request: &mut Request<Body>,
 ) -> Result<T, ApiError> {
@@ -27,6 +28,27 @@ pub async fn json_request<T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>>(
         .map_err(ApiError::BadRequest)
 }
 
+/// Parse a json request body and deserialize it to the type `T`. If the body is empty, return `T::default`.
+pub async fn json_request_maybe<T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de> + Default>(
+    request: &mut Request<Body>,
+) -> Result<T, ApiError> {
+    let body = hyper::body::aggregate(request.body_mut())
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to read request body")
+        .map_err(ApiError::BadRequest)?;
+
+    if body.remaining() == 0 {
+        return Ok(T::default());
+    }
+
+    let mut deser = serde_json::de::Deserializer::from_reader(body.reader());
+
+    serde_path_to_error::deserialize(&mut deser)
+        // intentionally stringify because the debug version is not helpful in python logs
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse json request: {e}"))
+        .map_err(ApiError::BadRequest)
+}
+
 pub fn json_response<T: Serialize>(
     status: StatusCode,
     data: T,

libs/utils/src/lsn.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::seqwait::MonotonicCounter;
 pub const XLOG_BLCKSZ: u32 = 8192;
 
 /// A Postgres LSN (Log Sequence Number), also known as an XLogRecPtr
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Hash)]
 pub struct Lsn(pub u64);
 
 impl Serialize for Lsn {
@@ -138,6 +138,11 @@ impl Lsn {
         self.0.checked_sub(other).map(Lsn)
     }
 
+    /// Subtract a number, saturating at numeric bounds instead of overflowing.
+    pub fn saturating_sub<T: Into<u64>>(self, other: T) -> Lsn {
+        Lsn(self.0.saturating_sub(other.into()))
+    }
+
     /// Subtract a number, returning the difference as i128 to avoid overflow.
     pub fn widening_sub<T: Into<u64>>(self, other: T) -> i128 {
         let other: u64 = other.into();

libs/wal_decoder/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[package]
+name = "wal_decoder"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+testing = ["pageserver_api/testing"]
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+bytes.workspace = true
+pageserver_api.workspace = true
+postgres_ffi.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+utils.workspace = true
+workspace_hack = { version = "0.1", path = "../../workspace_hack" }

libs/wal_decoder/src/decoder.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+//! This module contains logic for decoding and interpreting
+//! raw bytes which represent a raw Postgres WAL record.
+
+use crate::models::*;
+use crate::serialized_batch::SerializedValueBatch;
+use bytes::{Buf, Bytes};
+use pageserver_api::reltag::{RelTag, SlruKind};
+use pageserver_api::shard::ShardIdentity;
+use postgres_ffi::pg_constants;
+use postgres_ffi::relfile_utils::VISIBILITYMAP_FORKNUM;
+use postgres_ffi::walrecord::*;
+use utils::lsn::Lsn;
+
+impl InterpretedWalRecord {
+    /// Decode and interpreted raw bytes which represent one Postgres WAL record.
+    /// Data blocks which do not match the provided shard identity are filtered out.
+    /// Shard 0 is a special case since it tracks all relation sizes. We only give it
+    /// the keys that are being written as that is enough for updating relation sizes.
+    pub fn from_bytes_filtered(
+        buf: Bytes,
+        shard: &ShardIdentity,
+        next_record_lsn: Lsn,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<InterpretedWalRecord> {
+        let mut decoded = DecodedWALRecord::default();
+        decode_wal_record(buf, &mut decoded, pg_version)?;
+        let xid = decoded.xl_xid;
+
+        let flush_uncommitted = if decoded.is_dbase_create_copy(pg_version) {
+            FlushUncommittedRecords::Yes
+        } else {
+            FlushUncommittedRecords::No
+        };
+
+        let metadata_record = MetadataRecord::from_decoded(&decoded, next_record_lsn, pg_version)?;
+        let batch = SerializedValueBatch::from_decoded_filtered(
+            decoded,
+            shard,
+            next_record_lsn,
+            pg_version,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(InterpretedWalRecord {
+            metadata_record,
+            batch,
+            next_record_lsn,
+            flush_uncommitted,
+            xid,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl MetadataRecord {
+    fn from_decoded(
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        next_record_lsn: Lsn,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        // Note: this doesn't actually copy the bytes since
+        // the [`Bytes`] type implements it via a level of indirection.
+        let mut buf = decoded.record.clone();
+        buf.advance(decoded.main_data_offset);
+
+        match decoded.xl_rmid {
+            pg_constants::RM_HEAP_ID | pg_constants::RM_HEAP2_ID => {
+                Self::decode_heapam_record(&mut buf, decoded, pg_version)
+            }
+            pg_constants::RM_NEON_ID => Self::decode_neonmgr_record(&mut buf, decoded, pg_version),
+            // Handle other special record types
+            pg_constants::RM_SMGR_ID => Self::decode_smgr_record(&mut buf, decoded),
+            pg_constants::RM_DBASE_ID => Self::decode_dbase_record(&mut buf, decoded, pg_version),
+            pg_constants::RM_TBLSPC_ID => {
+                tracing::trace!("XLOG_TBLSPC_CREATE/DROP is not handled yet");
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            pg_constants::RM_CLOG_ID => Self::decode_clog_record(&mut buf, decoded, pg_version),
+            pg_constants::RM_XACT_ID => {
+                Self::decode_xact_record(&mut buf, decoded, next_record_lsn)
+            }
+            pg_constants::RM_MULTIXACT_ID => {
+                Self::decode_multixact_record(&mut buf, decoded, pg_version)
+            }
+            pg_constants::RM_RELMAP_ID => Self::decode_relmap_record(&mut buf, decoded),
+            // This is an odd duck. It needs to go to all shards.
+            // Since it uses the checkpoint image (that's initialized from CHECKPOINT_KEY
+            // in WalIngest::new), we have to send the whole DecodedWalRecord::record to
+            // the pageserver and decode it there.
+            //
+            // Alternatively, one can make the checkpoint part of the subscription protocol
+            // to the pageserver. This should work fine, but can be done at a later point.
+            pg_constants::RM_XLOG_ID => {
+                Self::decode_xlog_record(&mut buf, decoded, next_record_lsn)
+            }
+            pg_constants::RM_LOGICALMSG_ID => {
+                Self::decode_logical_message_record(&mut buf, decoded)
+            }
+            pg_constants::RM_STANDBY_ID => Self::decode_standby_record(&mut buf, decoded),
+            pg_constants::RM_REPLORIGIN_ID => Self::decode_replorigin_record(&mut buf, decoded),
+            _unexpected => {
+                // TODO: consider failing here instead of blindly doing something without
+                // understanding the protocol
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn decode_heapam_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        // Handle VM bit updates that are implicitly part of heap records.
+
+        // First, look at the record to determine which VM bits need
+        // to be cleared. If either of these variables is set, we
+        // need to clear the corresponding bits in the visibility map.
+        let mut new_heap_blkno: Option<u32> = None;
+        let mut old_heap_blkno: Option<u32> = None;
+        let mut flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_VALID_BITS;
+
+        match pg_version {
+            14 => {
+                if decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_HEAP_ID {
+                    let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+
+                    if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INSERT {
+                        let xlrec = v14::XlHeapInsert::decode(buf);
+                        assert_eq!(0, buf.remaining());
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_DELETE {
+                        let xlrec = v14::XlHeapDelete::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_DELETE_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_UPDATE
+                        || info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_HOT_UPDATE
+                    {
+                        let xlrec = v14::XlHeapUpdate::decode(buf);
+                        // the size of tuple data is inferred from the size of the record.
+                        // we can't validate the remaining number of bytes without parsing
+                        // the tuple data.
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks.last().unwrap().blkno);
+                        }
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            // PostgreSQL only uses XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED on a
+                            // non-HOT update where the new tuple goes to different page than
+                            // the old one. Otherwise, only XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED is
+                            // set.
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_LOCK {
+                        let xlrec = v14::XlHeapLock::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_HEAP2_ID {
+                    let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+                    if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP2_MULTI_INSERT {
+                        let xlrec = v14::XlHeapMultiInsert::decode(buf);
+
+                        let offset_array_len =
+                            if decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE > 0 {
+                                // the offsets array is omitted if XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE is set
+                                0
+                            } else {
+                                size_of::<u16>() * xlrec.ntuples as usize
+                            };
+                        assert_eq!(offset_array_len, buf.remaining());
+
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP2_LOCK_UPDATED {
+                        let xlrec = v14::XlHeapLockUpdated::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Unknown RMGR {} for Heap decoding", decoded.xl_rmid);
+                }
+            }
+            15 => {
+                if decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_HEAP_ID {
+                    let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+
+                    if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INSERT {
+                        let xlrec = v15::XlHeapInsert::decode(buf);
+                        assert_eq!(0, buf.remaining());
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_DELETE {
+                        let xlrec = v15::XlHeapDelete::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_DELETE_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_UPDATE
+                        || info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_HOT_UPDATE
+                    {
+                        let xlrec = v15::XlHeapUpdate::decode(buf);
+                        // the size of tuple data is inferred from the size of the record.
+                        // we can't validate the remaining number of bytes without parsing
+                        // the tuple data.
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks.last().unwrap().blkno);
+                        }
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            // PostgreSQL only uses XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED on a
+                            // non-HOT update where the new tuple goes to different page than
+                            // the old one. Otherwise, only XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED is
+                            // set.
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_LOCK {
+                        let xlrec = v15::XlHeapLock::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_HEAP2_ID {
+                    let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+                    if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP2_MULTI_INSERT {
+                        let xlrec = v15::XlHeapMultiInsert::decode(buf);
+
+                        let offset_array_len =
+                            if decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE > 0 {
+                                // the offsets array is omitted if XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE is set
+                                0
+                            } else {
+                                size_of::<u16>() * xlrec.ntuples as usize
+                            };
+                        assert_eq!(offset_array_len, buf.remaining());
+
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP2_LOCK_UPDATED {
+                        let xlrec = v15::XlHeapLockUpdated::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Unknown RMGR {} for Heap decoding", decoded.xl_rmid);
+                }
+            }
+            16 => {
+                if decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_HEAP_ID {
+                    let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+
+                    if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INSERT {
+                        let xlrec = v16::XlHeapInsert::decode(buf);
+                        assert_eq!(0, buf.remaining());
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_DELETE {
+                        let xlrec = v16::XlHeapDelete::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_DELETE_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_UPDATE
+                        || info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_HOT_UPDATE
+                    {
+                        let xlrec = v16::XlHeapUpdate::decode(buf);
+                        // the size of tuple data is inferred from the size of the record.
+                        // we can't validate the remaining number of bytes without parsing
+                        // the tuple data.
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks.last().unwrap().blkno);
+                        }
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            // PostgreSQL only uses XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED on a
+                            // non-HOT update where the new tuple goes to different page than
+                            // the old one. Otherwise, only XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED is
+                            // set.
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_LOCK {
+                        let xlrec = v16::XlHeapLock::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_HEAP2_ID {
+                    let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+                    if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP2_MULTI_INSERT {
+                        let xlrec = v16::XlHeapMultiInsert::decode(buf);
+
+                        let offset_array_len =
+                            if decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE > 0 {
+                                // the offsets array is omitted if XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE is set
+                                0
+                            } else {
+                                size_of::<u16>() * xlrec.ntuples as usize
+                            };
+                        assert_eq!(offset_array_len, buf.remaining());
+
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP2_LOCK_UPDATED {
+                        let xlrec = v16::XlHeapLockUpdated::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Unknown RMGR {} for Heap decoding", decoded.xl_rmid);
+                }
+            }
+            17 => {
+                if decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_HEAP_ID {
+                    let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+
+                    if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INSERT {
+                        let xlrec = v17::XlHeapInsert::decode(buf);
+                        assert_eq!(0, buf.remaining());
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_DELETE {
+                        let xlrec = v17::XlHeapDelete::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_DELETE_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_UPDATE
+                        || info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_HOT_UPDATE
+                    {
+                        let xlrec = v17::XlHeapUpdate::decode(buf);
+                        // the size of tuple data is inferred from the size of the record.
+                        // we can't validate the remaining number of bytes without parsing
+                        // the tuple data.
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks.last().unwrap().blkno);
+                        }
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            // PostgreSQL only uses XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED on a
+                            // non-HOT update where the new tuple goes to different page than
+                            // the old one. Otherwise, only XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED is
+                            // set.
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_LOCK {
+                        let xlrec = v17::XlHeapLock::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_HEAP2_ID {
+                    let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+                    if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP2_MULTI_INSERT {
+                        let xlrec = v17::XlHeapMultiInsert::decode(buf);
+
+                        let offset_array_len =
+                            if decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE > 0 {
+                                // the offsets array is omitted if XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE is set
+                                0
+                            } else {
+                                size_of::<u16>() * xlrec.ntuples as usize
+                            };
+                        assert_eq!(offset_array_len, buf.remaining());
+
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP2_LOCK_UPDATED {
+                        let xlrec = v17::XlHeapLockUpdated::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Unknown RMGR {} for Heap decoding", decoded.xl_rmid);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+
+        if new_heap_blkno.is_some() || old_heap_blkno.is_some() {
+            let vm_rel = RelTag {
+                forknum: VISIBILITYMAP_FORKNUM,
+                spcnode: decoded.blocks[0].rnode_spcnode,
+                dbnode: decoded.blocks[0].rnode_dbnode,
+                relnode: decoded.blocks[0].rnode_relnode,
+            };
+
+            Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Heapam(HeapamRecord::ClearVmBits(
+                ClearVmBits {
+                    new_heap_blkno,
+                    old_heap_blkno,
+                    vm_rel,
+                    flags,
+                },
+            ))))
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn decode_neonmgr_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        // Handle VM bit updates that are implicitly part of heap records.
+
+        // First, look at the record to determine which VM bits need
+        // to be cleared. If either of these variables is set, we
+        // need to clear the corresponding bits in the visibility map.
+        let mut new_heap_blkno: Option<u32> = None;
+        let mut old_heap_blkno: Option<u32> = None;
+        let mut flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_VALID_BITS;
+
+        assert_eq!(decoded.xl_rmid, pg_constants::RM_NEON_ID);
+
+        match pg_version {
+            16 | 17 => {
+                let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_OPMASK;
+
+                match info {
+                    pg_constants::XLOG_NEON_HEAP_INSERT => {
+                        let xlrec = v17::rm_neon::XlNeonHeapInsert::decode(buf);
+                        assert_eq!(0, buf.remaining());
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    pg_constants::XLOG_NEON_HEAP_DELETE => {
+                        let xlrec = v17::rm_neon::XlNeonHeapDelete::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_DELETE_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    pg_constants::XLOG_NEON_HEAP_UPDATE
+                    | pg_constants::XLOG_NEON_HEAP_HOT_UPDATE => {
+                        let xlrec = v17::rm_neon::XlNeonHeapUpdate::decode(buf);
+                        // the size of tuple data is inferred from the size of the record.
+                        // we can't validate the remaining number of bytes without parsing
+                        // the tuple data.
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks.last().unwrap().blkno);
+                        }
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            // PostgreSQL only uses XLH_UPDATE_NEW_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED on a
+                            // non-HOT update where the new tuple goes to different page than
+                            // the old one. Otherwise, only XLH_UPDATE_OLD_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED is
+                            // set.
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    pg_constants::XLOG_NEON_HEAP_MULTI_INSERT => {
+                        let xlrec = v17::rm_neon::XlNeonHeapMultiInsert::decode(buf);
+
+                        let offset_array_len =
+                            if decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE > 0 {
+                                // the offsets array is omitted if XLOG_HEAP_INIT_PAGE is set
+                                0
+                            } else {
+                                size_of::<u16>() * xlrec.ntuples as usize
+                            };
+                        assert_eq!(offset_array_len, buf.remaining());
+
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_INSERT_ALL_VISIBLE_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            new_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    pg_constants::XLOG_NEON_HEAP_LOCK => {
+                        let xlrec = v17::rm_neon::XlNeonHeapLock::decode(buf);
+                        if (xlrec.flags & pg_constants::XLH_LOCK_ALL_FROZEN_CLEARED) != 0 {
+                            old_heap_blkno = Some(decoded.blocks[0].blkno);
+                            flags = pg_constants::VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    info => anyhow::bail!("Unknown WAL record type for Neon RMGR: {}", info),
+                }
+            }
+            _ => anyhow::bail!(
+                "Neon RMGR has no known compatibility with PostgreSQL version {}",
+                pg_version
+            ),
+        }
+
+        if new_heap_blkno.is_some() || old_heap_blkno.is_some() {
+            let vm_rel = RelTag {
+                forknum: VISIBILITYMAP_FORKNUM,
+                spcnode: decoded.blocks[0].rnode_spcnode,
+                dbnode: decoded.blocks[0].rnode_dbnode,
+                relnode: decoded.blocks[0].rnode_relnode,
+            };
+
+            Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Neonrmgr(NeonrmgrRecord::ClearVmBits(
+                ClearVmBits {
+                    new_heap_blkno,
+                    old_heap_blkno,
+                    vm_rel,
+                    flags,
+                },
+            ))))
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn decode_smgr_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLR_RMGR_INFO_MASK;
+        if info == pg_constants::XLOG_SMGR_CREATE {
+            let create = XlSmgrCreate::decode(buf);
+            let rel = RelTag {
+                spcnode: create.rnode.spcnode,
+                dbnode: create.rnode.dbnode,
+                relnode: create.rnode.relnode,
+                forknum: create.forknum,
+            };
+
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Smgr(SmgrRecord::Create(SmgrCreate {
+                rel,
+            }))));
+        } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_SMGR_TRUNCATE {
+            let truncate = XlSmgrTruncate::decode(buf);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Smgr(SmgrRecord::Truncate(truncate))));
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_dbase_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        // TODO: Refactor this to avoid the duplication between postgres versions.
+
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLR_RMGR_INFO_MASK;
+        tracing::debug!(%info, %pg_version, "handle RM_DBASE_ID");
+
+        if pg_version == 14 {
+            if info == postgres_ffi::v14::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_CREATE {
+                let createdb = XlCreateDatabase::decode(buf);
+                tracing::debug!("XLOG_DBASE_CREATE v14");
+
+                let record = MetadataRecord::Dbase(DbaseRecord::Create(DbaseCreate {
+                    db_id: createdb.db_id,
+                    tablespace_id: createdb.tablespace_id,
+                    src_db_id: createdb.src_db_id,
+                    src_tablespace_id: createdb.src_tablespace_id,
+                }));
+
+                return Ok(Some(record));
+            } else if info == postgres_ffi::v14::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_DROP {
+                let dropdb = XlDropDatabase::decode(buf);
+
+                let record = MetadataRecord::Dbase(DbaseRecord::Drop(DbaseDrop {
+                    db_id: dropdb.db_id,
+                    tablespace_ids: dropdb.tablespace_ids,
+                }));
+
+                return Ok(Some(record));
+            }
+        } else if pg_version == 15 {
+            if info == postgres_ffi::v15::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_WAL_LOG {
+                tracing::debug!("XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_WAL_LOG: noop");
+            } else if info == postgres_ffi::v15::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_FILE_COPY {
+                // The XLOG record was renamed between v14 and v15,
+                // but the record format is the same.
+                // So we can reuse XlCreateDatabase here.
+                tracing::debug!("XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_FILE_COPY");
+
+                let createdb = XlCreateDatabase::decode(buf);
+                let record = MetadataRecord::Dbase(DbaseRecord::Create(DbaseCreate {
+                    db_id: createdb.db_id,
+                    tablespace_id: createdb.tablespace_id,
+                    src_db_id: createdb.src_db_id,
+                    src_tablespace_id: createdb.src_tablespace_id,
+                }));
+
+                return Ok(Some(record));
+            } else if info == postgres_ffi::v15::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_DROP {
+                let dropdb = XlDropDatabase::decode(buf);
+                let record = MetadataRecord::Dbase(DbaseRecord::Drop(DbaseDrop {
+                    db_id: dropdb.db_id,
+                    tablespace_ids: dropdb.tablespace_ids,
+                }));
+
+                return Ok(Some(record));
+            }
+        } else if pg_version == 16 {
+            if info == postgres_ffi::v16::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_WAL_LOG {
+                tracing::debug!("XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_WAL_LOG: noop");
+            } else if info == postgres_ffi::v16::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_FILE_COPY {
+                // The XLOG record was renamed between v14 and v15,
+                // but the record format is the same.
+                // So we can reuse XlCreateDatabase here.
+                tracing::debug!("XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_FILE_COPY");
+
+                let createdb = XlCreateDatabase::decode(buf);
+                let record = MetadataRecord::Dbase(DbaseRecord::Create(DbaseCreate {
+                    db_id: createdb.db_id,
+                    tablespace_id: createdb.tablespace_id,
+                    src_db_id: createdb.src_db_id,
+                    src_tablespace_id: createdb.src_tablespace_id,
+                }));
+
+                return Ok(Some(record));
+            } else if info == postgres_ffi::v16::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_DROP {
+                let dropdb = XlDropDatabase::decode(buf);
+                let record = MetadataRecord::Dbase(DbaseRecord::Drop(DbaseDrop {
+                    db_id: dropdb.db_id,
+                    tablespace_ids: dropdb.tablespace_ids,
+                }));
+
+                return Ok(Some(record));
+            }
+        } else if pg_version == 17 {
+            if info == postgres_ffi::v17::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_WAL_LOG {
+                tracing::debug!("XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_WAL_LOG: noop");
+            } else if info == postgres_ffi::v17::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_FILE_COPY {
+                // The XLOG record was renamed between v14 and v15,
+                // but the record format is the same.
+                // So we can reuse XlCreateDatabase here.
+                tracing::debug!("XLOG_DBASE_CREATE_FILE_COPY");
+
+                let createdb = XlCreateDatabase::decode(buf);
+                let record = MetadataRecord::Dbase(DbaseRecord::Create(DbaseCreate {
+                    db_id: createdb.db_id,
+                    tablespace_id: createdb.tablespace_id,
+                    src_db_id: createdb.src_db_id,
+                    src_tablespace_id: createdb.src_tablespace_id,
+                }));
+
+                return Ok(Some(record));
+            } else if info == postgres_ffi::v17::bindings::XLOG_DBASE_DROP {
+                let dropdb = XlDropDatabase::decode(buf);
+                let record = MetadataRecord::Dbase(DbaseRecord::Drop(DbaseDrop {
+                    db_id: dropdb.db_id,
+                    tablespace_ids: dropdb.tablespace_ids,
+                }));
+
+                return Ok(Some(record));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_clog_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & !pg_constants::XLR_INFO_MASK;
+
+        if info == pg_constants::CLOG_ZEROPAGE {
+            let pageno = if pg_version < 17 {
+                buf.get_u32_le()
+            } else {
+                buf.get_u64_le() as u32
+            };
+            let segno = pageno / pg_constants::SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT;
+            let rpageno = pageno % pg_constants::SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT;
+
+            Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Clog(ClogRecord::ZeroPage(
+                ClogZeroPage { segno, rpageno },
+            ))))
+        } else {
+            assert!(info == pg_constants::CLOG_TRUNCATE);
+            let xlrec = XlClogTruncate::decode(buf, pg_version);
+
+            Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Clog(ClogRecord::Truncate(
+                ClogTruncate {
+                    pageno: xlrec.pageno,
+                    oldest_xid: xlrec.oldest_xid,
+                    oldest_xid_db: xlrec.oldest_xid_db,
+                },
+            ))))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn decode_xact_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        lsn: Lsn,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLOG_XACT_OPMASK;
+        let origin_id = decoded.origin_id;
+        let xl_xid = decoded.xl_xid;
+
+        if info == pg_constants::XLOG_XACT_COMMIT {
+            let parsed = XlXactParsedRecord::decode(buf, decoded.xl_xid, decoded.xl_info);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Xact(XactRecord::Commit(XactCommon {
+                parsed,
+                origin_id,
+                xl_xid,
+                lsn,
+            }))));
+        } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_XACT_ABORT {
+            let parsed = XlXactParsedRecord::decode(buf, decoded.xl_xid, decoded.xl_info);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Xact(XactRecord::Abort(XactCommon {
+                parsed,
+                origin_id,
+                xl_xid,
+                lsn,
+            }))));
+        } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_XACT_COMMIT_PREPARED {
+            let parsed = XlXactParsedRecord::decode(buf, decoded.xl_xid, decoded.xl_info);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Xact(XactRecord::CommitPrepared(
+                XactCommon {
+                    parsed,
+                    origin_id,
+                    xl_xid,
+                    lsn,
+                },
+            ))));
+        } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_XACT_ABORT_PREPARED {
+            let parsed = XlXactParsedRecord::decode(buf, decoded.xl_xid, decoded.xl_info);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Xact(XactRecord::AbortPrepared(
+                XactCommon {
+                    parsed,
+                    origin_id,
+                    xl_xid,
+                    lsn,
+                },
+            ))));
+        } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_XACT_PREPARE {
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Xact(XactRecord::Prepare(
+                XactPrepare {
+                    xl_xid: decoded.xl_xid,
+                    data: Bytes::copy_from_slice(&buf[..]),
+                },
+            ))));
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_multixact_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLR_RMGR_INFO_MASK;
+
+        if info == pg_constants::XLOG_MULTIXACT_ZERO_OFF_PAGE
+            || info == pg_constants::XLOG_MULTIXACT_ZERO_MEM_PAGE
+        {
+            let pageno = if pg_version < 17 {
+                buf.get_u32_le()
+            } else {
+                buf.get_u64_le() as u32
+            };
+            let segno = pageno / pg_constants::SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT;
+            let rpageno = pageno % pg_constants::SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT;
+
+            let slru_kind = match info {
+                pg_constants::XLOG_MULTIXACT_ZERO_OFF_PAGE => SlruKind::MultiXactOffsets,
+                pg_constants::XLOG_MULTIXACT_ZERO_MEM_PAGE => SlruKind::MultiXactMembers,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::MultiXact(MultiXactRecord::ZeroPage(
+                MultiXactZeroPage {
+                    slru_kind,
+                    segno,
+                    rpageno,
+                },
+            ))));
+        } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_MULTIXACT_CREATE_ID {
+            let xlrec = XlMultiXactCreate::decode(buf);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::MultiXact(MultiXactRecord::Create(
+                xlrec,
+            ))));
+        } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_MULTIXACT_TRUNCATE_ID {
+            let xlrec = XlMultiXactTruncate::decode(buf);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::MultiXact(MultiXactRecord::Truncate(
+                xlrec,
+            ))));
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_relmap_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let update = XlRelmapUpdate::decode(buf);
+
+        let mut buf = decoded.record.clone();
+        buf.advance(decoded.main_data_offset);
+        // skip xl_relmap_update
+        buf.advance(12);
+
+        Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Relmap(RelmapRecord::Update(
+            RelmapUpdate {
+                update,
+                buf: Bytes::copy_from_slice(&buf[..]),
+            },
+        ))))
+    }
+
+    fn decode_xlog_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        lsn: Lsn,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLR_RMGR_INFO_MASK;
+        Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Xlog(XlogRecord::Raw(RawXlogRecord {
+            info,
+            lsn,
+            buf: buf.clone(),
+        }))))
+    }
+
+    fn decode_logical_message_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLR_RMGR_INFO_MASK;
+        if info == pg_constants::XLOG_LOGICAL_MESSAGE {
+            let xlrec = XlLogicalMessage::decode(buf);
+            let prefix = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[0..xlrec.prefix_size - 1])?;
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
+            if prefix == "neon-test" {
+                return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::LogicalMessage(
+                    LogicalMessageRecord::Failpoint,
+                )));
+            }
+
+            if let Some(path) = prefix.strip_prefix("neon-file:") {
+                let buf_size = xlrec.prefix_size + xlrec.message_size;
+                let buf = Bytes::copy_from_slice(&buf[xlrec.prefix_size..buf_size]);
+                return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::LogicalMessage(
+                    LogicalMessageRecord::Put(PutLogicalMessage {
+                        path: path.to_string(),
+                        buf,
+                    }),
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_standby_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLR_RMGR_INFO_MASK;
+        if info == pg_constants::XLOG_RUNNING_XACTS {
+            let xlrec = XlRunningXacts::decode(buf);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Standby(StandbyRecord::RunningXacts(
+                StandbyRunningXacts {
+                    oldest_running_xid: xlrec.oldest_running_xid,
+                },
+            ))));
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_replorigin_record(
+        buf: &mut Bytes,
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
+        let info = decoded.xl_info & pg_constants::XLR_RMGR_INFO_MASK;
+        if info == pg_constants::XLOG_REPLORIGIN_SET {
+            let xlrec = XlReploriginSet::decode(buf);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Replorigin(ReploriginRecord::Set(
+                xlrec,
+            ))));
+        } else if info == pg_constants::XLOG_REPLORIGIN_DROP {
+            let xlrec = XlReploriginDrop::decode(buf);
+            return Ok(Some(MetadataRecord::Replorigin(ReploriginRecord::Drop(
+                xlrec,
+            ))));
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+}

libs/wal_decoder/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod decoder;
+pub mod models;
+pub mod serialized_batch;

libs/wal_decoder/src/models.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+//! This module houses types which represent decoded PG WAL records
+//! ready for the pageserver to interpret. They are derived from the original
+//! WAL records, so that each struct corresponds closely to one WAL record of
+//! a specific kind. They contain the same information as the original WAL records,
+//! but the values are already serialized in a [`SerializedValueBatch`], which
+//! is the format that the pageserver is expecting them in.
+//!
+//! The ingestion code uses these structs to help with parsing the WAL records,
+//! and it splits them into a stream of modifications to the key-value pairs that
+//! are ultimately stored in delta layers.  See also the split-out counterparts in
+//! [`postgres_ffi::walrecord`].
+//!
+//! The pipeline which processes WAL records is not super obvious, so let's follow
+//! the flow of an example XACT_COMMIT Postgres record:
+//!
+//! (Postgres XACT_COMMIT record)
+//! |
+//! |--> pageserver::walingest::WalIngest::decode_xact_record
+//!      |
+//!      |--> ([`XactRecord::Commit`])
+//!           |
+//!           |--> pageserver::walingest::WalIngest::ingest_xact_record
+//!                |
+//!                |--> (NeonWalRecord::ClogSetCommitted)
+//!                     |
+//!                     |--> write to KV store within the pageserver
+
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use pageserver_api::reltag::{RelTag, SlruKind};
+use postgres_ffi::walrecord::{
+    XlMultiXactCreate, XlMultiXactTruncate, XlRelmapUpdate, XlReploriginDrop, XlReploriginSet,
+    XlSmgrTruncate, XlXactParsedRecord,
+};
+use postgres_ffi::{Oid, TransactionId};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use utils::lsn::Lsn;
+
+use crate::serialized_batch::SerializedValueBatch;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum FlushUncommittedRecords {
+    Yes,
+    No,
+}
+
+/// An interpreted Postgres WAL record, ready to be handled by the pageserver
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct InterpretedWalRecord {
+    /// Optional metadata record - may cause writes to metadata keys
+    /// in the storage engine
+    pub metadata_record: Option<MetadataRecord>,
+    /// A pre-serialized batch along with the required metadata for ingestion
+    /// by the pageserver
+    pub batch: SerializedValueBatch,
+    /// Byte offset within WAL for the start of the next PG WAL record.
+    /// Usually this is the end LSN of the current record, but in case of
+    /// XLOG SWITCH records it will be within the next segment.
+    pub next_record_lsn: Lsn,
+    /// Whether to flush all uncommitted modifications to the storage engine
+    /// before ingesting this record. This is currently only used for legacy PG
+    /// database creations which read pages from a template database. Such WAL
+    /// records require reading data blocks while ingesting, hence the need to flush.
+    pub flush_uncommitted: FlushUncommittedRecords,
+    /// Transaction id of the original PG WAL record
+    pub xid: TransactionId,
+}
+
+/// The interpreted part of the Postgres WAL record which requires metadata
+/// writes to the underlying storage engine.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum MetadataRecord {
+    Heapam(HeapamRecord),
+    Neonrmgr(NeonrmgrRecord),
+    Smgr(SmgrRecord),
+    Dbase(DbaseRecord),
+    Clog(ClogRecord),
+    Xact(XactRecord),
+    MultiXact(MultiXactRecord),
+    Relmap(RelmapRecord),
+    Xlog(XlogRecord),
+    LogicalMessage(LogicalMessageRecord),
+    Standby(StandbyRecord),
+    Replorigin(ReploriginRecord),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum HeapamRecord {
+    ClearVmBits(ClearVmBits),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ClearVmBits {
+    pub new_heap_blkno: Option<u32>,
+    pub old_heap_blkno: Option<u32>,
+    pub vm_rel: RelTag,
+    pub flags: u8,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum NeonrmgrRecord {
+    ClearVmBits(ClearVmBits),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum SmgrRecord {
+    Create(SmgrCreate),
+    Truncate(XlSmgrTruncate),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SmgrCreate {
+    pub rel: RelTag,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum DbaseRecord {
+    Create(DbaseCreate),
+    Drop(DbaseDrop),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct DbaseCreate {
+    pub db_id: Oid,
+    pub tablespace_id: Oid,
+    pub src_db_id: Oid,
+    pub src_tablespace_id: Oid,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct DbaseDrop {
+    pub db_id: Oid,
+    pub tablespace_ids: Vec<Oid>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum ClogRecord {
+    ZeroPage(ClogZeroPage),
+    Truncate(ClogTruncate),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ClogZeroPage {
+    pub segno: u32,
+    pub rpageno: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ClogTruncate {
+    pub pageno: u32,
+    pub oldest_xid: TransactionId,
+    pub oldest_xid_db: Oid,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum XactRecord {
+    Commit(XactCommon),
+    Abort(XactCommon),
+    CommitPrepared(XactCommon),
+    AbortPrepared(XactCommon),
+    Prepare(XactPrepare),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct XactCommon {
+    pub parsed: XlXactParsedRecord,
+    pub origin_id: u16,
+    // Fields below are only used for logging
+    pub xl_xid: TransactionId,
+    pub lsn: Lsn,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct XactPrepare {
+    pub xl_xid: TransactionId,
+    pub data: Bytes,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum MultiXactRecord {
+    ZeroPage(MultiXactZeroPage),
+    Create(XlMultiXactCreate),
+    Truncate(XlMultiXactTruncate),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct MultiXactZeroPage {
+    pub slru_kind: SlruKind,
+    pub segno: u32,
+    pub rpageno: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum RelmapRecord {
+    Update(RelmapUpdate),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct RelmapUpdate {
+    pub update: XlRelmapUpdate,
+    pub buf: Bytes,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum XlogRecord {
+    Raw(RawXlogRecord),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct RawXlogRecord {
+    pub info: u8,
+    pub lsn: Lsn,
+    pub buf: Bytes,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum LogicalMessageRecord {
+    Put(PutLogicalMessage),
+    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
+    Failpoint,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PutLogicalMessage {
+    pub path: String,
+    pub buf: Bytes,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum StandbyRecord {
+    RunningXacts(StandbyRunningXacts),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct StandbyRunningXacts {
+    pub oldest_running_xid: TransactionId,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum ReploriginRecord {
+    Set(XlReploriginSet),
+    Drop(XlReploriginDrop),
+}

libs/wal_decoder/src/serialized_batch.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,871 @@
+//! This module implements batch type for serialized [`pageserver_api::value::Value`]
+//! instances. Each batch contains a raw buffer (serialized values)
+//! and a list of metadata for each (key, LSN) tuple present in the batch.
+//!
+//! Such batches are created from decoded PG wal records and ingested
+//! by the pageserver by writing directly to the ephemeral file.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
+use pageserver_api::key::rel_block_to_key;
+use pageserver_api::keyspace::KeySpace;
+use pageserver_api::record::NeonWalRecord;
+use pageserver_api::reltag::RelTag;
+use pageserver_api::shard::ShardIdentity;
+use pageserver_api::{key::CompactKey, value::Value};
+use postgres_ffi::walrecord::{DecodedBkpBlock, DecodedWALRecord};
+use postgres_ffi::{page_is_new, page_set_lsn, pg_constants, BLCKSZ};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use utils::bin_ser::BeSer;
+use utils::lsn::Lsn;
+
+use pageserver_api::key::Key;
+
+static ZERO_PAGE: Bytes = Bytes::from_static(&[0u8; BLCKSZ as usize]);
+
+/// Accompanying metadata for the batch
+/// A value may be serialized and stored into the batch or just "observed".
+/// Shard 0 currently "observes" all values in order to accurately track
+/// relation sizes. In the case of "observed" values, we only need to know
+/// the key and LSN, so two types of metadata are supported to save on network
+/// bandwidth.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum ValueMeta {
+    Serialized(SerializedValueMeta),
+    Observed(ObservedValueMeta),
+}
+
+impl ValueMeta {
+    pub fn key(&self) -> CompactKey {
+        match self {
+            Self::Serialized(ser) => ser.key,
+            Self::Observed(obs) => obs.key,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn lsn(&self) -> Lsn {
+        match self {
+            Self::Serialized(ser) => ser.lsn,
+            Self::Observed(obs) => obs.lsn,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper around [`ValueMeta`] that implements ordering by
+/// (key, LSN) tuples
+struct OrderedValueMeta(ValueMeta);
+
+impl Ord for OrderedValueMeta {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        (self.0.key(), self.0.lsn()).cmp(&(other.0.key(), other.0.lsn()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for OrderedValueMeta {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for OrderedValueMeta {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        (self.0.key(), self.0.lsn()) == (other.0.key(), other.0.lsn())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for OrderedValueMeta {}
+
+/// Metadata for a [`Value`] serialized into the batch.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SerializedValueMeta {
+    pub key: CompactKey,
+    pub lsn: Lsn,
+    /// Starting offset of the value for the (key, LSN) tuple
+    /// in [`SerializedValueBatch::raw`]
+    pub batch_offset: u64,
+    pub len: usize,
+    pub will_init: bool,
+}
+
+/// Metadata for a [`Value`] observed by the batch
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ObservedValueMeta {
+    pub key: CompactKey,
+    pub lsn: Lsn,
+}
+
+/// Batch of serialized [`Value`]s.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SerializedValueBatch {
+    /// [`Value`]s serialized in EphemeralFile's native format,
+    /// ready for disk write by the pageserver
+    pub raw: Vec<u8>,
+
+    /// Metadata to make sense of the bytes in [`Self::raw`]
+    /// and represent "observed" values.
+    ///
+    /// Invariant: Metadata entries for any given key are ordered
+    /// by LSN. Note that entries for a key do not have to be contiguous.
+    pub metadata: Vec<ValueMeta>,
+
+    /// The highest LSN of any value in the batch
+    pub max_lsn: Lsn,
+
+    /// Number of values encoded by [`Self::raw`]
+    pub len: usize,
+}
+
+impl Default for SerializedValueBatch {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            raw: Default::default(),
+            metadata: Default::default(),
+            max_lsn: Lsn(0),
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SerializedValueBatch {
+    /// Build a batch of serialized values from a decoded PG WAL record
+    ///
+    /// The batch will only contain values for keys targeting the specifiec
+    /// shard. Shard 0 is a special case, where any keys that don't belong to
+    /// it are "observed" by the batch (i.e. present in [`SerializedValueBatch::metadata`],
+    /// but absent from the raw buffer [`SerializedValueBatch::raw`]).
+    pub(crate) fn from_decoded_filtered(
+        decoded: DecodedWALRecord,
+        shard: &ShardIdentity,
+        next_record_lsn: Lsn,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<SerializedValueBatch> {
+        // First determine how big the buffer needs to be and allocate it up-front.
+        // This duplicates some of the work below, but it's empirically much faster.
+        let estimated_buffer_size = Self::estimate_buffer_size(&decoded, shard, pg_version);
+        let mut buf = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(estimated_buffer_size);
+
+        let mut metadata: Vec<ValueMeta> = Vec::with_capacity(decoded.blocks.len());
+        let mut max_lsn: Lsn = Lsn(0);
+        let mut len: usize = 0;
+        for blk in decoded.blocks.iter() {
+            let relative_off = buf.len() as u64;
+
+            let rel = RelTag {
+                spcnode: blk.rnode_spcnode,
+                dbnode: blk.rnode_dbnode,
+                relnode: blk.rnode_relnode,
+                forknum: blk.forknum,
+            };
+
+            let key = rel_block_to_key(rel, blk.blkno);
+
+            if !key.is_valid_key_on_write_path() {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "Unsupported key decoded at LSN {}: {}",
+                    next_record_lsn,
+                    key
+                );
+            }
+
+            let key_is_local = shard.is_key_local(&key);
+
+            tracing::debug!(
+                lsn=%next_record_lsn,
+                key=%key,
+                "ingest: shard decision {}",
+                if !key_is_local { "drop" } else { "keep" },
+            );
+
+            if !key_is_local {
+                if shard.is_shard_zero() {
+                    // Shard 0 tracks relation sizes.  Although we will not store this block, we will observe
+                    // its blkno in case it implicitly extends a relation.
+                    metadata.push(ValueMeta::Observed(ObservedValueMeta {
+                        key: key.to_compact(),
+                        lsn: next_record_lsn,
+                    }))
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Instead of storing full-page-image WAL record,
+            // it is better to store extracted image: we can skip wal-redo
+            // in this case. Also some FPI records may contain multiple (up to 32) pages,
+            // so them have to be copied multiple times.
+            //
+            let val = if Self::block_is_image(&decoded, blk, pg_version) {
+                // Extract page image from FPI record
+                let img_len = blk.bimg_len as usize;
+                let img_offs = blk.bimg_offset as usize;
+                let mut image = BytesMut::with_capacity(BLCKSZ as usize);
+                // TODO(vlad): skip the copy
+                image.extend_from_slice(&decoded.record[img_offs..img_offs + img_len]);
+
+                if blk.hole_length != 0 {
+                    let tail = image.split_off(blk.hole_offset as usize);
+                    image.resize(image.len() + blk.hole_length as usize, 0u8);
+                    image.unsplit(tail);
+                }
+                //
+                // Match the logic of XLogReadBufferForRedoExtended:
+                // The page may be uninitialized. If so, we can't set the LSN because
+                // that would corrupt the page.
+                //
+                if !page_is_new(&image) {
+                    page_set_lsn(&mut image, next_record_lsn)
+                }
+                assert_eq!(image.len(), BLCKSZ as usize);
+
+                Value::Image(image.freeze())
+            } else {
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::Postgres {
+                    will_init: blk.will_init || blk.apply_image,
+                    rec: decoded.record.clone(),
+                })
+            };
+
+            val.ser_into(&mut buf)
+                .expect("Writing into in-memory buffer is infallible");
+
+            let val_ser_size = buf.len() - relative_off as usize;
+
+            metadata.push(ValueMeta::Serialized(SerializedValueMeta {
+                key: key.to_compact(),
+                lsn: next_record_lsn,
+                batch_offset: relative_off,
+                len: val_ser_size,
+                will_init: val.will_init(),
+            }));
+            max_lsn = std::cmp::max(max_lsn, next_record_lsn);
+            len += 1;
+        }
+
+        if cfg!(any(debug_assertions, test)) {
+            let batch = Self {
+                raw: buf,
+                metadata,
+                max_lsn,
+                len,
+            };
+
+            batch.validate_lsn_order();
+
+            return Ok(batch);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            raw: buf,
+            metadata,
+            max_lsn,
+            len,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Look into the decoded PG WAL record and determine
+    /// roughly how large the buffer for serialized values needs to be.
+    fn estimate_buffer_size(
+        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
+        shard: &ShardIdentity,
+        pg_version: u32,
+    ) -> usize {
+        let mut estimate: usize = 0;
+
+        for blk in decoded.blocks.iter() {
+            let rel = RelTag {
+                spcnode: blk.rnode_spcnode,
+                dbnode: blk.rnode_dbnode,
+                relnode: blk.rnode_relnode,
+                forknum: blk.forknum,
+            };
+
+            let key = rel_block_to_key(rel, blk.blkno);
+
+            if !shard.is_key_local(&key) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if Self::block_is_image(decoded, blk, pg_version) {
+                // 4 bytes for the Value::Image discriminator
+                // 8 bytes for encoding the size of the buffer
+                // BLCKSZ for the raw image
+                estimate += (4 + 8 + BLCKSZ) as usize;
+            } else {
+                // 4 bytes for the Value::WalRecord discriminator
+                // 4 bytes for the NeonWalRecord::Postgres discriminator
+                // 1 bytes for NeonWalRecord::Postgres::will_init
+                // 8 bytes for encoding the size of the buffer
+                // length of the raw record
+                estimate += 8 + 1 + 8 + decoded.record.len();
+            }
+        }
+
+        estimate
+    }
+
+    fn block_is_image(decoded: &DecodedWALRecord, blk: &DecodedBkpBlock, pg_version: u32) -> bool {
+        blk.apply_image
+            && blk.has_image
+            && decoded.xl_rmid == pg_constants::RM_XLOG_ID
+            && (decoded.xl_info == pg_constants::XLOG_FPI
+            || decoded.xl_info == pg_constants::XLOG_FPI_FOR_HINT)
+            // compression of WAL is not yet supported: fall back to storing the original WAL record
+            && !postgres_ffi::bkpimage_is_compressed(blk.bimg_info, pg_version)
+            // do not materialize null pages because them most likely be soon replaced with real data
+            && blk.bimg_len != 0
+    }
+
+    /// Encode a list of values and metadata into a serialized batch
+    ///
+    /// This is used by the pageserver ingest code to conveniently generate
+    /// batches for metadata writes.
+    pub fn from_values(batch: Vec<(CompactKey, Lsn, usize, Value)>) -> Self {
+        // Pre-allocate a big flat buffer to write into. This should be large but not huge: it is soft-limited in practice by
+        // [`crate::pgdatadir_mapping::DatadirModification::MAX_PENDING_BYTES`]
+        let buffer_size = batch.iter().map(|i| i.2).sum::<usize>();
+        let mut buf = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(buffer_size);
+
+        let mut metadata: Vec<ValueMeta> = Vec::with_capacity(batch.len());
+        let mut max_lsn: Lsn = Lsn(0);
+        let len = batch.len();
+        for (key, lsn, val_ser_size, val) in batch {
+            let relative_off = buf.len() as u64;
+
+            val.ser_into(&mut buf)
+                .expect("Writing into in-memory buffer is infallible");
+
+            metadata.push(ValueMeta::Serialized(SerializedValueMeta {
+                key,
+                lsn,
+                batch_offset: relative_off,
+                len: val_ser_size,
+                will_init: val.will_init(),
+            }));
+            max_lsn = std::cmp::max(max_lsn, lsn);
+        }
+
+        // Assert that we didn't do any extra allocations while building buffer.
+        debug_assert!(buf.len() <= buffer_size);
+
+        if cfg!(any(debug_assertions, test)) {
+            let batch = Self {
+                raw: buf,
+                metadata,
+                max_lsn,
+                len,
+            };
+
+            batch.validate_lsn_order();
+
+            return batch;
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            raw: buf,
+            metadata,
+            max_lsn,
+            len,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add one value to the batch
+    ///
+    /// This is used by the pageserver ingest code to include metadata block
+    /// updates for a single key.
+    pub fn put(&mut self, key: CompactKey, value: Value, lsn: Lsn) {
+        let relative_off = self.raw.len() as u64;
+        value.ser_into(&mut self.raw).unwrap();
+
+        let val_ser_size = self.raw.len() - relative_off as usize;
+        self.metadata
+            .push(ValueMeta::Serialized(SerializedValueMeta {
+                key,
+                lsn,
+                batch_offset: relative_off,
+                len: val_ser_size,
+                will_init: value.will_init(),
+            }));
+
+        self.max_lsn = std::cmp::max(self.max_lsn, lsn);
+        self.len += 1;
+
+        if cfg!(any(debug_assertions, test)) {
+            self.validate_lsn_order();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extend with the contents of another batch
+    ///
+    /// One batch is generated for each decoded PG WAL record.
+    /// They are then merged to accumulate reasonably sized writes.
+    pub fn extend(&mut self, mut other: SerializedValueBatch) {
+        let extend_batch_start_offset = self.raw.len() as u64;
+
+        self.raw.extend(other.raw);
+
+        // Shift the offsets in the batch we are extending with
+        other.metadata.iter_mut().for_each(|meta| match meta {
+            ValueMeta::Serialized(ser) => {
+                ser.batch_offset += extend_batch_start_offset;
+                if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+                    let value_end = ser.batch_offset + ser.len as u64;
+                    assert!((value_end as usize) <= self.raw.len());
+                }
+            }
+            ValueMeta::Observed(_) => {}
+        });
+        self.metadata.extend(other.metadata);
+
+        self.max_lsn = std::cmp::max(self.max_lsn, other.max_lsn);
+
+        self.len += other.len;
+
+        if cfg!(any(debug_assertions, test)) {
+            self.validate_lsn_order();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add zero images for the (key, LSN) tuples specified
+    ///
+    /// PG versions below 16 do not zero out pages before extending
+    /// a relation and may leave gaps. Such gaps need to be identified
+    /// by the pageserver ingest logic and get patched up here.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this function does not validate that the gaps have been
+    /// identified correctly (it does not know relation sizes), so it's up
+    /// to the call-site to do it properly.
+    pub fn zero_gaps(&mut self, gaps: Vec<(KeySpace, Lsn)>) {
+        // Implementation note:
+        //
+        // Values within [`SerializedValueBatch::raw`] do not have any ordering requirements,
+        // but the metadata entries should be ordered properly (see
+        // [`SerializedValueBatch::metadata`]).
+        //
+        // Exploiting this observation we do:
+        // 1. Drain all the metadata entries into an ordered set.
+        // The use of a BTreeSet keyed by (Key, Lsn) relies on the observation that Postgres never
+        // includes more than one update to the same block in the same WAL record.
+        // 2. For each (key, LSN) gap tuple, append a zero image to the raw buffer
+        // and add an index entry to the ordered metadata set.
+        // 3. Drain the ordered set back into a metadata vector
+
+        let mut ordered_metas = self
+            .metadata
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(OrderedValueMeta)
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+        for (keyspace, lsn) in gaps {
+            self.max_lsn = std::cmp::max(self.max_lsn, lsn);
+
+            for gap_range in keyspace.ranges {
+                let mut key = gap_range.start;
+                while key != gap_range.end {
+                    let relative_off = self.raw.len() as u64;
+
+                    // TODO(vlad): Can we be cheeky and write only one zero image, and
+                    // make all index entries requiring a zero page point to it?
+                    // Alternatively, we can change the index entry format to represent zero pages
+                    // without writing them at all.
+                    Value::Image(ZERO_PAGE.clone())
+                        .ser_into(&mut self.raw)
+                        .unwrap();
+                    let val_ser_size = self.raw.len() - relative_off as usize;
+
+                    ordered_metas.insert(OrderedValueMeta(ValueMeta::Serialized(
+                        SerializedValueMeta {
+                            key: key.to_compact(),
+                            lsn,
+                            batch_offset: relative_off,
+                            len: val_ser_size,
+                            will_init: true,
+                        },
+                    )));
+
+                    self.len += 1;
+
+                    key = key.next();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.metadata = ordered_metas.into_iter().map(|ord| ord.0).collect();
+
+        if cfg!(any(debug_assertions, test)) {
+            self.validate_lsn_order();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if the batch is empty
+    ///
+    /// A batch is empty when it contains no serialized values.
+    /// Note that it may still contain observed values.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        let empty = self.raw.is_empty();
+
+        if cfg!(debug_assertions) && empty {
+            assert!(self
+                .metadata
+                .iter()
+                .all(|meta| matches!(meta, ValueMeta::Observed(_))));
+        }
+
+        empty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of values serialized in the batch
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size of the buffer wrapped by the batch
+    pub fn buffer_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.raw.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn updates_key(&self, key: &Key) -> bool {
+        self.metadata.iter().any(|meta| match meta {
+            ValueMeta::Serialized(ser) => key.to_compact() == ser.key,
+            ValueMeta::Observed(_) => false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn validate_lsn_order(&self) {
+        use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+        let mut last_seen_lsn_per_key: HashMap<CompactKey, Lsn> = HashMap::default();
+
+        for meta in self.metadata.iter() {
+            let lsn = meta.lsn();
+            let key = meta.key();
+
+            if let Some(prev_lsn) = last_seen_lsn_per_key.insert(key, lsn) {
+                assert!(
+                    lsn >= prev_lsn,
+                    "Ordering violated by {}: {} < {}",
+                    Key::from_compact(key),
+                    lsn,
+                    prev_lsn
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, feature = "testing"))]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn validate_batch(
+        batch: &SerializedValueBatch,
+        values: &[(CompactKey, Lsn, usize, Value)],
+        gaps: Option<&Vec<(KeySpace, Lsn)>>,
+    ) {
+        // Invariant 1: The metadata for a given entry in the batch
+        // is correct and can be used to deserialize back to the original value.
+        for (key, lsn, size, value) in values.iter() {
+            let meta = batch
+                .metadata
+                .iter()
+                .find(|meta| (meta.key(), meta.lsn()) == (*key, *lsn))
+                .unwrap();
+            let meta = match meta {
+                ValueMeta::Serialized(ser) => ser,
+                ValueMeta::Observed(_) => unreachable!(),
+            };
+
+            assert_eq!(meta.len, *size);
+            assert_eq!(meta.will_init, value.will_init());
+
+            let start = meta.batch_offset as usize;
+            let end = meta.batch_offset as usize + meta.len;
+            let value_from_batch = Value::des(&batch.raw[start..end]).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(&value_from_batch, value);
+        }
+
+        let mut expected_buffer_size: usize = values.iter().map(|(_, _, size, _)| size).sum();
+        let mut gap_pages_count: usize = 0;
+
+        // Invariant 2: Zero pages were added for identified gaps and their metadata
+        // is correct.
+        if let Some(gaps) = gaps {
+            for (gap_keyspace, lsn) in gaps {
+                for gap_range in &gap_keyspace.ranges {
+                    let mut gap_key = gap_range.start;
+                    while gap_key != gap_range.end {
+                        let meta = batch
+                            .metadata
+                            .iter()
+                            .find(|meta| (meta.key(), meta.lsn()) == (gap_key.to_compact(), *lsn))
+                            .unwrap();
+                        let meta = match meta {
+                            ValueMeta::Serialized(ser) => ser,
+                            ValueMeta::Observed(_) => unreachable!(),
+                        };
+
+                        let zero_value = Value::Image(ZERO_PAGE.clone());
+                        let zero_value_size = zero_value.serialized_size().unwrap() as usize;
+
+                        assert_eq!(meta.len, zero_value_size);
+                        assert_eq!(meta.will_init, zero_value.will_init());
+
+                        let start = meta.batch_offset as usize;
+                        let end = meta.batch_offset as usize + meta.len;
+                        let value_from_batch = Value::des(&batch.raw[start..end]).unwrap();
+                        assert_eq!(value_from_batch, zero_value);
+
+                        gap_pages_count += 1;
+                        expected_buffer_size += zero_value_size;
+                        gap_key = gap_key.next();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Invariant 3: The length of the batch is equal to the number
+        // of values inserted, plus the number of gap pages. This extends
+        // to the raw buffer size.
+        assert_eq!(batch.len(), values.len() + gap_pages_count);
+        assert_eq!(expected_buffer_size, batch.buffer_size());
+
+        // Invariant 4: Metadata entries for any given key are sorted in LSN order.
+        batch.validate_lsn_order();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_creation_from_values() {
+        const LSN: Lsn = Lsn(0x10);
+        let key = Key::from_hex("110000000033333333444444445500000001").unwrap();
+
+        let values = vec![
+            (
+                key.to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo")),
+            ),
+            (
+                key.next().to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("bar")),
+            ),
+            (
+                key.to_compact(),
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("baz")),
+            ),
+            (
+                key.next().next().to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("taz")),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let values = values
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, lsn, value)| (key, lsn, value.serialized_size().unwrap() as usize, value))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let batch = SerializedValueBatch::from_values(values.clone());
+
+        validate_batch(&batch, &values, None);
+
+        assert!(!batch.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_put() {
+        const LSN: Lsn = Lsn(0x10);
+        let key = Key::from_hex("110000000033333333444444445500000001").unwrap();
+
+        let values = vec![
+            (
+                key.to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo")),
+            ),
+            (
+                key.next().to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("bar")),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let mut values = values
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, lsn, value)| (key, lsn, value.serialized_size().unwrap() as usize, value))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let mut batch = SerializedValueBatch::from_values(values.clone());
+
+        validate_batch(&batch, &values, None);
+
+        let value = (
+            key.to_compact(),
+            Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+            Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("baz")),
+        );
+        let serialized_size = value.2.serialized_size().unwrap() as usize;
+        let value = (value.0, value.1, serialized_size, value.2);
+        values.push(value.clone());
+        batch.put(value.0, value.3, value.1);
+
+        validate_batch(&batch, &values, None);
+
+        let value = (
+            key.next().next().to_compact(),
+            LSN,
+            Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("taz")),
+        );
+        let serialized_size = value.2.serialized_size().unwrap() as usize;
+        let value = (value.0, value.1, serialized_size, value.2);
+        values.push(value.clone());
+        batch.put(value.0, value.3, value.1);
+
+        validate_batch(&batch, &values, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extension() {
+        const LSN: Lsn = Lsn(0x10);
+        let key = Key::from_hex("110000000033333333444444445500000001").unwrap();
+
+        let values = vec![
+            (
+                key.to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo")),
+            ),
+            (
+                key.next().to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("bar")),
+            ),
+            (
+                key.next().next().to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("taz")),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let mut values = values
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, lsn, value)| (key, lsn, value.serialized_size().unwrap() as usize, value))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let mut batch = SerializedValueBatch::from_values(values.clone());
+
+        let other_values = vec![
+            (
+                key.to_compact(),
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo")),
+            ),
+            (
+                key.next().to_compact(),
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("bar")),
+            ),
+            (
+                key.next().next().to_compact(),
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("taz")),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let other_values = other_values
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, lsn, value)| (key, lsn, value.serialized_size().unwrap() as usize, value))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let other_batch = SerializedValueBatch::from_values(other_values.clone());
+
+        values.extend(other_values);
+        batch.extend(other_batch);
+
+        validate_batch(&batch, &values, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_gap_zeroing() {
+        const LSN: Lsn = Lsn(0x10);
+        let rel_foo_base_key = Key::from_hex("110000000033333333444444445500000001").unwrap();
+
+        let rel_bar_base_key = {
+            let mut key = rel_foo_base_key;
+            key.field4 += 1;
+            key
+        };
+
+        let values = vec![
+            (
+                rel_foo_base_key.to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo1")),
+            ),
+            (
+                rel_foo_base_key.add(1).to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo2")),
+            ),
+            (
+                rel_foo_base_key.add(5).to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo3")),
+            ),
+            (
+                rel_foo_base_key.add(1).to_compact(),
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo4")),
+            ),
+            (
+                rel_foo_base_key.add(10).to_compact(),
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo5")),
+            ),
+            (
+                rel_foo_base_key.add(11).to_compact(),
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo6")),
+            ),
+            (
+                rel_foo_base_key.add(12).to_compact(),
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("foo7")),
+            ),
+            (
+                rel_bar_base_key.to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("bar1")),
+            ),
+            (
+                rel_bar_base_key.add(4).to_compact(),
+                LSN,
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::wal_append("bar2")),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let values = values
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, lsn, value)| (key, lsn, value.serialized_size().unwrap() as usize, value))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let mut batch = SerializedValueBatch::from_values(values.clone());
+
+        let gaps = vec![
+            (
+                KeySpace {
+                    ranges: vec![
+                        rel_foo_base_key.add(2)..rel_foo_base_key.add(5),
+                        rel_bar_base_key.add(1)..rel_bar_base_key.add(4),
+                    ],
+                },
+                LSN,
+            ),
+            (
+                KeySpace {
+                    ranges: vec![rel_foo_base_key.add(6)..rel_foo_base_key.add(10)],
+                },
+                Lsn(LSN.0 + 0x10),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        batch.zero_gaps(gaps.clone());
+        validate_batch(&batch, &values, Some(&gaps));
+    }
+}

pageserver/Cargo.toml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 default = []
 # Enables test-only APIs, incuding failpoints. In particular, enables the `fail_point!` macro,
 # which adds some runtime cost to run tests on outage conditions
-testing = ["fail/failpoints", "pageserver_api/testing" ]
+testing = ["fail/failpoints", "pageserver_api/testing", "wal_decoder/testing"]
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow.workspace = true
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ enum-map.workspace = true
 enumset = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"]}
 strum.workspace = true
 strum_macros.workspace = true
+wal_decoder.workspace = true
+smallvec.workspace = true
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "linux")'.dependencies]
 procfs.workspace = true

pageserver/benches/bench_ingest.rs

@@ -8,17 +8,16 @@ use pageserver::{
     context::{DownloadBehavior, RequestContext},
     l0_flush::{L0FlushConfig, L0FlushGlobalState},
     page_cache,
-    repository::Value,
     task_mgr::TaskKind,
-    tenant::storage_layer::inmemory_layer::SerializedBatch,
     tenant::storage_layer::InMemoryLayer,
     virtual_file,
 };
-use pageserver_api::{key::Key, shard::TenantShardId};
+use pageserver_api::{key::Key, shard::TenantShardId, value::Value};
 use utils::{
     bin_ser::BeSer,
     id::{TenantId, TimelineId},
 };
+use wal_decoder::serialized_batch::SerializedValueBatch;
 
 // A very cheap hash for generating non-sequential keys.
 fn murmurhash32(mut h: u32) -> u32 {
@@ -103,13 +102,13 @@ async fn ingest(
         batch.push((key.to_compact(), lsn, data_ser_size, data.clone()));
         if batch.len() >= BATCH_SIZE {
             let this_batch = std::mem::take(&mut batch);
-            let serialized = SerializedBatch::from_values(this_batch).unwrap();
+            let serialized = SerializedValueBatch::from_values(this_batch);
             layer.put_batch(serialized, &ctx).await?;
         }
     }
     if !batch.is_empty() {
         let this_batch = std::mem::take(&mut batch);
-        let serialized = SerializedBatch::from_values(this_batch).unwrap();
+        let serialized = SerializedValueBatch::from_values(this_batch);
         layer.put_batch(serialized, &ctx).await?;
     }
     layer.freeze(lsn + 1).await;
@@ -168,6 +167,7 @@ fn criterion_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
         16384,
         virtual_file::io_engine_for_bench(),
         conf.virtual_file_io_mode,
+        virtual_file::SyncMode::Sync,
     );
     page_cache::init(conf.page_cache_size);
 

pageserver/benches/bench_layer_map.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use criterion::measurement::WallTime;
 use pageserver::keyspace::{KeyPartitioning, KeySpace};
-use pageserver::repository::Key;
 use pageserver::tenant::layer_map::LayerMap;
 use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::LayerName;
 use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::PersistentLayerDesc;
+use pageserver_api::key::Key;
 use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
 use rand::prelude::{SeedableRng, SliceRandom, StdRng};
 use std::cmp::{max, min};

pageserver/benches/bench_walredo.rs

@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ use anyhow::Context;
 use bytes::{Buf, Bytes};
 use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion};
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use pageserver::{config::PageServerConf, walrecord::NeonWalRecord, walredo::PostgresRedoManager};
+use pageserver::{config::PageServerConf, walredo::PostgresRedoManager};
+use pageserver_api::record::NeonWalRecord;
 use pageserver_api::{key::Key, shard::TenantShardId};
 use std::{
     future::Future,

pageserver/compaction/src/helpers.rs

@@ -35,6 +35,15 @@ pub fn overlaps_with<T: Ord>(a: &Range<T>, b: &Range<T>) -> bool {
     !(a.end <= b.start || b.end <= a.start)
 }
 
+/// Whether a fully contains b, example as below
+/// ```plain
+/// |      a       |
+///       |  b  |
+/// ```
+pub fn fully_contains<T: Ord>(a: &Range<T>, b: &Range<T>) -> bool {
+    a.start <= b.start && a.end >= b.end
+}
+
 pub fn union_to_keyspace<K: Ord>(a: &mut CompactionKeySpace<K>, b: CompactionKeySpace<K>) {
     let x = std::mem::take(a);
     let mut all_ranges_iter = [x.into_iter(), b.into_iter()]

pageserver/ctl/Cargo.toml

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ postgres_ffi.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 tokio-util.workspace = true
-toml_edit.workspace = true
 utils.workspace = true
 svg_fmt.workspace = true
 workspace_hack.workspace = true

pageserver/ctl/src/draw_timeline_dir.rs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 //!
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use pageserver::repository::Key;
+use pageserver_api::key::Key;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::io::{self, BufRead};
 use std::path::PathBuf;

pageserver/ctl/src/layer_map_analyzer.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //!
 //! Currently it only analyzes holes, which are regions within the layer range that the layer contains no updates for. In the future it might do more analysis (maybe key quantiles?) but it should never return sensitive data.
 
-use anyhow::Result;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
 use pageserver::context::{DownloadBehavior, RequestContext};
 use pageserver::task_mgr::TaskKind;
@@ -11,15 +11,16 @@ use pageserver::virtual_file::api::IoMode;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
 use std::ops::Range;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::{fs, str};
 
 use pageserver::page_cache::{self, PAGE_SZ};
-use pageserver::repository::{Key, KEY_SIZE};
 use pageserver::tenant::block_io::FileBlockReader;
 use pageserver::tenant::disk_btree::{DiskBtreeReader, VisitDirection};
 use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::delta_layer::{Summary, DELTA_KEY_SIZE};
-use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::range_overlaps;
+use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::{range_overlaps, LayerName};
 use pageserver::virtual_file::{self, VirtualFile};
+use pageserver_api::key::{Key, KEY_SIZE};
 
 use utils::{bin_ser::BeSer, lsn::Lsn};
 
@@ -74,35 +75,15 @@ impl LayerFile {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn parse_filename(name: &str) -> Option<LayerFile> {
-    let split: Vec<&str> = name.split("__").collect();
-    if split.len() != 2 {
-        return None;
-    }
-    let keys: Vec<&str> = split[0].split('-').collect();
-    let lsn_and_opt_generation: Vec<&str> = split[1].split('v').collect();
-    let lsns: Vec<&str> = lsn_and_opt_generation[0].split('-').collect();
-    let the_lsns: [&str; 2];
+pub(crate) fn parse_filename(name: &str) -> anyhow::Result<LayerFile> {
+    let layer_name =
+        LayerName::from_str(name).map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to parse layer name: {e}"))?;
 
-    /*
-     * Generations add a -vX-XXXXXX postfix, which causes issues when we try to
-     * parse 'vX' as an LSN.
-     */
-    let is_delta = if lsns.len() == 1 || lsns[1].is_empty() {
-        the_lsns = [lsns[0], lsns[0]];
-        false
-    } else {
-        the_lsns = [lsns[0], lsns[1]];
-        true
-    };
-
-    let key_range = Key::from_hex(keys[0]).unwrap()..Key::from_hex(keys[1]).unwrap();
-    let lsn_range = Lsn::from_hex(the_lsns[0]).unwrap()..Lsn::from_hex(the_lsns[1]).unwrap();
     let holes = Vec::new();
-    Some(LayerFile {
-        key_range,
-        lsn_range,
-        is_delta,
+    Ok(LayerFile {
+        key_range: layer_name.key_range().clone(),
+        lsn_range: layer_name.lsn_as_range(),
+        is_delta: layer_name.is_delta(),
         holes,
     })
 }
@@ -157,6 +138,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn main(cmd: &AnalyzeLayerMapCmd) -> Result<()> {
         10,
         virtual_file::api::IoEngineKind::StdFs,
         IoMode::preferred(),
+        virtual_file::SyncMode::Sync,
     );
     pageserver::page_cache::init(100);
 
@@ -179,7 +161,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn main(cmd: &AnalyzeLayerMapCmd) -> Result<()> {
 
             for layer in fs::read_dir(timeline.path())? {
                 let layer = layer?;
-                if let Some(mut layer_file) =
+                if let Ok(mut layer_file) =
                     parse_filename(&layer.file_name().into_string().unwrap())
                 {
                     if layer_file.is_delta {

pageserver/ctl/src/layers.rs

@@ -5,24 +5,12 @@ use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
 use clap::Subcommand;
 use pageserver::context::{DownloadBehavior, RequestContext};
 use pageserver::task_mgr::TaskKind;
-use pageserver::tenant::block_io::BlockCursor;
-use pageserver::tenant::disk_btree::DiskBtreeReader;
-use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::delta_layer::{BlobRef, Summary};
 use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::{delta_layer, image_layer};
 use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::{DeltaLayer, ImageLayer};
 use pageserver::tenant::{TENANTS_SEGMENT_NAME, TIMELINES_SEGMENT_NAME};
 use pageserver::virtual_file::api::IoMode;
 use pageserver::{page_cache, virtual_file};
-use pageserver::{
-    repository::{Key, KEY_SIZE},
-    tenant::{
-        block_io::FileBlockReader, disk_btree::VisitDirection,
-        storage_layer::delta_layer::DELTA_KEY_SIZE,
-    },
-    virtual_file::VirtualFile,
-};
-use std::fs;
-use utils::bin_ser::BeSer;
+use std::fs::{self, File};
 use utils::id::{TenantId, TimelineId};
 
 use crate::layer_map_analyzer::parse_filename;
@@ -59,44 +47,32 @@ pub(crate) enum LayerCmd {
 }
 
 async fn read_delta_file(path: impl AsRef<Path>, ctx: &RequestContext) -> Result<()> {
-    let path = Utf8Path::from_path(path.as_ref()).expect("non-Unicode path");
     virtual_file::init(
         10,
         virtual_file::api::IoEngineKind::StdFs,
         IoMode::preferred(),
+        virtual_file::SyncMode::Sync,
     );
     page_cache::init(100);
-    let file = VirtualFile::open(path, ctx).await?;
-    let file_id = page_cache::next_file_id();
-    let block_reader = FileBlockReader::new(&file, file_id);
-    let summary_blk = block_reader.read_blk(0, ctx).await?;
-    let actual_summary = Summary::des_prefix(summary_blk.as_ref())?;
-    let tree_reader = DiskBtreeReader::<_, DELTA_KEY_SIZE>::new(
-        actual_summary.index_start_blk,
-        actual_summary.index_root_blk,
-        &block_reader,
+    let path = Utf8Path::from_path(path.as_ref()).expect("non-Unicode path");
+    let file = File::open(path)?;
+    let delta_layer = DeltaLayer::new_for_path(path, file)?;
+    delta_layer.dump(true, ctx).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn read_image_file(path: impl AsRef<Path>, ctx: &RequestContext) -> Result<()> {
+    virtual_file::init(
+        10,
+        virtual_file::api::IoEngineKind::StdFs,
+        IoMode::preferred(),
+        virtual_file::SyncMode::Sync,
     );
-    // TODO(chi): dedup w/ `delta_layer.rs` by exposing the API.
-    let mut all = vec![];
-    tree_reader
-        .visit(
-            &[0u8; DELTA_KEY_SIZE],
-            VisitDirection::Forwards,
-            |key, value_offset| {
-                let curr = Key::from_slice(&key[..KEY_SIZE]);
-                all.push((curr, BlobRef(value_offset)));
-                true
-            },
-            ctx,
-        )
-        .await?;
-    let cursor = BlockCursor::new_fileblockreader(&block_reader);
-    for (k, v) in all {
-        let value = cursor.read_blob(v.pos(), ctx).await?;
-        println!("key:{} value_len:{}", k, value.len());
-        assert!(k.is_i128_representable(), "invalid key: ");
-    }
-    // TODO(chi): special handling for last key?
+    page_cache::init(100);
+    let path = Utf8Path::from_path(path.as_ref()).expect("non-Unicode path");
+    let file = File::open(path)?;
+    let image_layer = ImageLayer::new_for_path(path, file)?;
+    image_layer.dump(true, ctx).await?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -133,8 +109,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn main(cmd: &LayerCmd) -> Result<()> {
             let mut idx = 0;
             for layer in fs::read_dir(timeline_path)? {
                 let layer = layer?;
-                if let Some(layer_file) = parse_filename(&layer.file_name().into_string().unwrap())
-                {
+                if let Ok(layer_file) = parse_filename(&layer.file_name().into_string().unwrap()) {
                     println!(
                         "[{:3}]  key:{}-{}\n       lsn:{}-{}\n       delta:{}",
                         idx,
@@ -163,8 +138,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn main(cmd: &LayerCmd) -> Result<()> {
             let mut idx = 0;
             for layer in fs::read_dir(timeline_path)? {
                 let layer = layer?;
-                if let Some(layer_file) = parse_filename(&layer.file_name().into_string().unwrap())
-                {
+                if let Ok(layer_file) = parse_filename(&layer.file_name().into_string().unwrap()) {
                     if *id == idx {
                         // TODO(chi): dedup code
                         println!(
@@ -180,7 +154,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn main(cmd: &LayerCmd) -> Result<()> {
                         if layer_file.is_delta {
                             read_delta_file(layer.path(), &ctx).await?;
                         } else {
-                            anyhow::bail!("not supported yet :(");
+                            read_image_file(layer.path(), &ctx).await?;
                         }
 
                         break;
@@ -199,6 +173,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn main(cmd: &LayerCmd) -> Result<()> {
                 10,
                 virtual_file::api::IoEngineKind::StdFs,
                 IoMode::preferred(),
+                virtual_file::SyncMode::Sync,
             );
             pageserver::page_cache::init(100);